Engineering

Technology

Form 4 Notes
Chapter 1
The Development of Engineering Technology
Introduction
Engineering technology is a combination of two different areas Engineering can provide
the best! safest and most efficient solution to overcome physical problem in
manufacturing products Technology! on the other hand! is re"uired to manufacture these
product
11 #hat Is Engineering Technology$
Engineering is an area that re"uires e%pertise in the applied sciences! mathematics! and
social science
Technology is an applied science which involves the mechanics! practices and activites
of producing daily use products
Engineering Technology is a scientific study of converting natural resources into tools
and machines which eventually will fulfil the needs and demands of ever&charging
society
Engineering technology should encompass the following'
(roduct manufactured should have commercial valve and "uality
)esource management must be efficient to avoid unnecessary wastage and
destruction
(reservation of the well being of environment and human life
*ociety demand for the need of a particular products
*ocio&cultural! political and intellectual aspects
Community life
Tips +++
Concept of Engineering Technology
N,T-),. )E*/-)CE* EN0INEE)IN0
TEC1N/./02
Engineering Technology
helps to solve problems
in daily life to ma3e it
more comfortable and
safer
14 Technology and Community
Technology has led us into a comfortable world 5arious product have been introduced
into this new ever&charging society For e%ample! facsimile machines! smart cards!
vehicles! television! mobile phone and s3yscrapers
The role of the community in technology can be seen from many different aspects'
,s the main contributor to the advancement in technology
To ensure that product are tailored according to the society6s or country6s needs
To ensure that the form of products are determined by the socio&cultural aspect!
interest! preferences taste! regulations and politics
To produce product that cater for international mar3et For e%ample! countries that
e%perience the four seasons are li3ely to use products appropriate to the seasons
To ensure that product which have side effects or which disrupt life will be re7ected
by the society
18 The Importance of Technology
(roduct and services in engineering technology are of several form! including'
Instrument&thermometer! barometer
5ehicle&ship! car! motorcycle
E"uipment&sporting gear! 9&ray machine! telephone
,ccessories&audio system! lightning
*ervices&health! postal
1uman needs&food! clothing! accommodation
Area of Technology Examples of Importance
Energy and (ower To operate various instruments and machines
Domestic 5arious household items
Industry :anufacturing various types of products
*port ; )ecreation )ecreational and sporting gear
Education (olytechnics!smart schools
,griculture :odern agriculture! seeds and pests
Construction <uala .umpur International ,irport! twin towers! (enang =ridge and
highways
1ealth :edicine! C,T scan! 9&ray
:anufacturing Industrial tools! robot! computer numerical control machine
Transportation =us! truc3! car! airplane! ship
Communication Computer networ3! wireless networ3! telecommunication! satellite
Economy ;
Commerce
Increase in employment opportunities! to increase individual and
national income
Defence ,nti&missiles! radar system! submarine! roc3et
14 The Development of Technology and Societal Changes
Changes in society happen when there are new developments in technology
Period Characteristic and Form of Technology
*tone age Tribal and nomadic life
.iving in cave
#eapons made form stone
*ign language! pictorial writings
1unting life&style to fulfil food and clothing needs
Discovery of fire
(ractice barter trading
(rehistoric .iving in group
.iving in wooden! bamboo or stone houses
#eapons made from metal
Individual spo3en and written languages
,c"uire craft s3ills! wheeled carts! sailing ships
(ractice beyond territorial trading
Industrial
)evolution
.iving in concrete house
,rms
:achines created! discovery of steam engines! airplanes! electricity
Construction of factories!open&up mines and farms! produces s3illed
wor3ers
#ritten and standard language
Information
Technology
.iving in flats! apartment! condominiums
*ophisticated weapons and defence system
5arious professional 7obs
#ritten and standard language
,dvance transportation system
#idely using computer&based system
/nline ban3ing and businesses
1> Technology and Its Effect On Education Economy and !usiness
Fields Technology Effect
Education :edia or teaching aids
The use of compact discs?CD@!
video compact discs?5CD@!
tapes! televisions and internet
5ideo conferencing enables the
sharing of information throughout
the world
.ive consultation with e%perts
,n increase in the effectiveness
of teaching and learning
Economy The construction of ports! roads
and various infrastructures
,n increase in the employment
opportunities! activate
manufacturing industry and
service providers such as ban3ing
and insurance transaction
,mple infrastructure will attract
investors! will result in the
increase of the country6s revenue
=usiness The creation of various product ,n informed and systematic
businessman is more successful
5arious business and service For
e%ample! E&Commerce
E%pansion of business in
borderless world
Technology Advantages
Transportation ,llows people to'
Travel! do business! go for vacation! ta3e part in sports! supplement
income! do wor3
Communication ,llows peoples to'
.isten to news! entertain themselves! rela%! educate themselves! bring
people together! do business! control traffic
:anufacturing ,llows people to'
(roduce vehicle for transportation! live comfortably! process food!
produce clothing! produce household e"uipment
Construction Conducive wor3ing environment! comfortable living space! spacious
stores
Energy and
power
Enable machineries and vehicles to function
Chapter 4
Introduction to manufacturing
Introduction
:ost products are manufacturing by industrial processes These processes are largely
carried out through a combination of human! tools and machines which convert raw
materials into useful products :aterials which have gone through industrial processes
are called manufactured products (roducts change according to consumers6 re"uirements
and time
41:anufacturing *ystem
In a manufacturing system! various tas3s and activities are involved These tas3s support
one another to achieve a manufacturing ob7ective The combined abilities of human! tools
and machines to convert raw materials into useful product is called manufacturing! while
the combination of tas3s and activities to convert the material is called a system
Therefore! the manufacturing system is a comple% activity It varies according to product
"uantity! or e"uipment layout used
,n e%ample of an open manufacturing system
Input Process Output
,n e%ample of a closed manufacturing system
Input (rocess /utput
441 Input Element
The main tas3 in an input element is to plan and identify the products to be made
#hen this is definite! the ne%t step is to prepare the materials and resources The
materials and resources consist of raw materials! tools! machines! energy! information
capital! and the s3ills to create the product
Input Element
Energy
Time
:achineAE"uipment
)aw :aterials
CapitalACast
*3ill
Information
Feedbac3 and Effect
444 (rocess Element
In the process element! raw materials are converted into a product?finished goods@ There
are various ways to treat raw materials These include separating! mi%ing! distributing!
blending and forging ,ll these are managed in an orderly and systematic manner The
raw materials will show results after undergoing the process element to convert them into
useful and valuable products in mar3et :ost of the tas3s in this element are in the form
of function and wor3 distribution! which includes designing! management! installation!
manufacturing! testing! modification and restoration
(ac3ing and Buality control
Process Element
Designing
*eparating
:i%ing
=lending
Forging
(ac3aging
:anaging
Distribution of wor3
448 /utput Element
In the output element! the physical product is manufactured This product can be used by
consumers but the manufacturer must ta3e other precautions such as ma3ing sure that the
production is not hindrances are legal to the damages they cause to the environment
,fter sale service
/utput Element
(ollution
:ar3et
,fter *ale *ervice
(roduct
#aste :aterials
444 Feedbac3 and Effect Element
Feedbac3 and effect element is an evaluation on the result of the manufactured products
This element monitors and coordinates the input! process and output element Feedbac3 is
very important in ensuring the smooth and safe running of the corrective measures and
the manufacturing system operation The re"uired feedbac3 includes finding wea3nesses
in the entire manufacturing system and ta3ing steps to overcome them The feedbac3 can
be obtained either from consumers! studies or manufacturers The manufacturer must
carry out improvement steps if they want to be competitive
Feedbac3 and Effect Element
(ollution
Cost
Needs
#ea3nesses
Effectiveness
Cheerfulness
*tandard
1armony
48 ,n E%ample /f , :anufacturing *ystem
The steps below provide a clear understanding of how the element in a manufacturing
system relate to one another
*tep 1 ' Determine the product to be made
*tep 4 ' Carry out a mar3et study on product
*tep 8 ' Estimate the manufacturing cost! including the e"uipment preparation!
:anpower and material
*tep 4 ' Is the input element readily available and sufficient$
*tep > ' Engineers to determine the re"uired materials! physical to avoid rewor3 process
*tep C ' The manufacturing wor3 is divided into small tas3s and all these tas3s must be
completed
*tep D ' The product is inspected to ma3e sure that it complies with the re"uired standard
*tep E ' the product is only mar3eted when it fulfils the re"uired standard
*tep F ' obtain feedbac3 from customers to improve the product
:anufacturing system

*tart
Input Element
Closed
:anufacturing (rocess
:anufacturing Fail?re7ected@
TestingAInspection
*ystem (ass?accepted@
:ar3et
Feedbac3
End
44 Types of :anufacturing *ystem
:anufacturing involves various activities! materials and processing techni"ues 1owever!
the same manufacturing system cannot be used for products of varying siGes and
"uantities :anufacturing system can be categorised by production "uantity and plant
layout
Types of manufacturing systems
:anufacturing *ystem E%planation E%ample /f (roduct
(roduction Buantity
Total wor3 system
:anufacturing according to
order! limited production!
uni"ue and it ta3es time to
complete
Hewelry!yacht!lu%ury car
0roup system (roduct manufactured in
groupsAlots! need a large
storage space
Furniture! paint! boo3s
:ass system Components are assembled
in se"uence the same
repetitive operation!
automatically controlled!
conveyer used! large&scale
production
Television! car! canned food
(lant .ayout
.ocation of product
E"uipment is arranged
according to the location
where product re to be made
Car! motorcycle! consumer
electronics! hand&phone
Function of e"uipment E"uipment is arranged
according to its function
0riding! cutting! drilling!
welding!lathe wor3
,ccording to product E"uipment is arranged
according to the method of
assembly or production
(ac3aging! boiling!
blending! shearing! painting
Criteria for manufacturing system types based on production "uantity
*ystem
Type
Diversity of
0oods
(roduction
Buantity
E"uipment (rice *3ill
.evel
(roduct
E%ample
Total
wor3
system
*mall! based
on process
*mall Common
e"uipment
1igh *3illed
wor3ers
/rnamentsA
7ewelry
0roup
system
:edium!
based on
product
:edium ,d7ustable
e"uipment
:edium 5ersatile
s3ill
Coo3ingA
utensils
:ass
system
.arge! based
on product
.arge *pecial
e"uipment
?robot@
.ow :ostly
are
uns3illed
Electrical
appliances
Chapter 8 Tools
Introduction
In manufacturing the functions of hand tools are verry important in "asic #or$
such as mar$ing cutting clamping
%holding& and testing' For e%ample! what will happen if we cut a piece of metal without
any mar3ings on the metal surface as a guide$ Can we ma3e an accurate and a perfect
cut$ #ithout any guide or mar3ing! this is difficult to achieve Therefore! we must first
use hand tools to measure and mar3 the metal piece before any cutting is done
Types of (and Tools
:ar3ing! measuring and
testing tools
1oldingAclamping tools
Driving tools
Cutting tools
81:ar3ing! :easuring ,nd Testing Tools
These hand tools are usually used for basic wor3 in a manufacturing process They are
used for measuring! mar3ing the surface of a wor3piece and testing for accuracy
Steel )uler
This tool is made from stainless steel and is available in three siGes! ie1>Imm! 8IImm
and 1IIImm
*criber
, scriber is made of steel with hardened points It has two sharp points to ma3e the tas3
of mar3ing metal surface easier It is used to draw a line or mar3ing on metal surface
(unch
The three common types of punches used in an engineering wor3shop are'
(in punch
Centre punch
Drift punch
Types *se +ethod of *sing
.&s"uare
,n .&s"uare consists of two main parts! ie The blade and the body The length of the
blade determines the siGe of this tool The blade and body are at right angles to each
other The common blade siGes are 1I cm ?4 inches@ and 1>cm ?C inches@
*pring divider
, spring divider has a pair of sharp! pointed legs The spring at its legs allows for easy
ad7ustment
This tools is used to ma3e a curve or a circle on a wor3piece surface It can also be used
for measuring distance
Trammel
This tool has a pair of sharp&pointed legs that can be ad7usted along its beam .oosening
and tightening its ad7ustable nut allow the legs to be ad7usted to the re"uired
measurement
, trammel is use for drawing'
, curve
, large circle
/r mar3ing parallel lines