DNA CHIP TECHNOLOGY

By
Navnath L .
Shete
BCA II nd
Year
Guidence :-
Prof :- Om Karad Sir MIT Pune
DNA CHIPS
(DNA MICROARRAYS)
What is DNA?
•Deoxyribonucleic
Acid
•
•It is nucleic acid
that contain genetic
instruction used in
Development of all
Known living
organism& viruses
 What is a DNA Chip?
• “DNA chip” is slang for DNA microarray.

 Containing all the gene(40,000)
• in the entire Human Genome into
• hundreds to thousand pixels.

 Each gene or “probe” occupies a
• particular “spot” on the chip.
•

 various glowing activity show different level of

• gene activity In genetic material.
 DNA chips
 Probes are DNA fragments, usually bigger than
PCR.
•

 Probes are deposited on a solid support,

•either positively charged nylon or glass slide


 At least two samples are hybridized to chip

 Samples are labeled using fluorescent dyes
•

 Fluorescence at different wavelengths

• measured by a scanner
 Gens : Piece of genome
•Genome is all of leaving thing’s genetic material, work for
assembling cell.

•
•
•Genes are responsible for control
and hereditary transfer of
a single characteristic.
•
•
•
•Genes were linked to DNA.
•
Few concepts :
What is probe?
A single standard DNA molecules used to
detect the presence of a complementary
sequence among a mixture of other single-
stranded DNA.

PCR: (Polymer Chain Reaction)

Is a technique to amplify a single Or few
copies of a piece of DNA.
The Power of Micro - Arrays
•Micro-Arrays quickly
show the relationships
between specific genes
and specific character
and similarity.

•Thus, we efficiently
gain valuable coming
into how our genetics
specifically affect us.
 Hybridization
perspective
 DNA hybridization (1960s)
• Detection of hybrids
a) radioactive labeling (chemical process to replace stable
chemical element with radioactive tracer)
b) enzyme-linked detection (Detection reagents in a varity
of sensitive immunoassys)
c) fluorescent labeling (covalently attaching a flurophor to
another molecule )
•

 Fixing sample on solid support

a) Southern blots (1970s):Study of specific DNA sequence
b) Northern blots: Study of detection of RNA
c) Dot blots : used to detect Bimolecule.
 DNA chip design
• Probe selection
• Non-redundant set of probes
• Includes genes of interest to project
• Corresponds to physically available clones
• Chip layout
• Grouping of probes by function
• Correspondence between wells in microtitre
plates and spots on the chip
 How DNA Chips Are Made
 Step 1: Make gene probes.

tep 2 : Manufacture substrate wafer .

Step 3 : Deposit genetic sequences

Step 4 : Customer use .

How Genetic Sequencing
Works
Step 1 : Determine chemical structure of
fragment .

Step 2 : Separate strands .

Step 3 : Introduce sample .

Step 4 : Identify result .

Advantages
Present

&
feature
Use by DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency )

•DARPA funds projects of DNA chip’s for "dual use“.

•
•Must have both civilian and military applications.
•
•Advanced detection of battlefield biological and
chemical weapons.
•
Universal Hybridization Chips

•Universal hybridization chip technology that

can be used for a multitude of genetic analysis
applications.
•
•
•
•
 future diagnostic
applications
 Analysts have high hopes for future
diagnostic applications of DNA chips,
such as this standard 100-site
microarray .

 DNA-chip developers have commercialized
by forming partnerships with drug
manufacturers

 Using this tech. they will come know that
which proper medicine should be
preferred for controlling daises.
•
 Microfabrication
 Rapid advances are also being made in
microfabrication.

 It is a technology essential for the manufacture of
DNA chips.

 Researchers are beginning to develop microchip-
called nanoscale devices, the name implying a
1000-fold improvement over micrometer-scale
achievements.


Conclusion
 DNA chips will bring about a sea change in
the way that some of humankind's most
difficult diseases are diagnosed and
treated.

 Development of DNA chips is accelerating.

 By 2015—or sooner— absolutely believe
that we will see instrumentation using
DNA chips in point-of-care applications.

 Questions?

Thank You For Your Time

Thank You For Your Time
• Respected,
• All The Faculty Member
•

• By
• Navnath L. Shete
• MIT Pune