Fiber Optic Technology

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Contents
1

Introduction

Connector Example

Advantages

Video
Video

How to Work

Business of Fiber Optic

Type of Fiber Optic

Connector

Video

Communication #1

Intro #1

Principle of Light Guidance

refractive index,

Intro #1

Intro #1

History of Optical Communications

1880 Bell (Photophone)

Photoelectric

(Scattering

Intro #2
2


Dielectric
1951 Loss
1000 dB/km

Intro #3
1966 Mr.Kao STL (England)

Loss
20 dB/km

1970 CORNING GLASS

(USA)
20
dB/km
Loss

Intro #4
Light Source 1960 He-Ne
Semiconductor LASER ( 200 C)
1970 Semiconductor LASER GaAlAs
1970
2 Low Loss Optic Fiber Semiconductor Light Source
Semiconductor LASER

Advantages of Fiber Optic #1

(High Bandwidth)

Bandwidth 200MHz/km 850 Nm Bandwidth
1,000MHz/km 1,300 Nm
(Low Loss) 1-45
Km.
(Noise Immunity)

Advantages of Fiber Optic #1

(Small Size)
(Light Weight)
(No Short Circuit, No Spark or Fire Hazard)
(Transmission Security)

(Topology Compatibility)

Advantages of Fiber Optic #2

Advantages of Fiber Optic #3

(Backbone)
(Core)
2 Cores TX RX)
core
Core Cladding
Cladding
Core
Cladding Buffer
Core
Jacket

Type of Fiber Optic #1

Dielectric
Silica glass optic fiber -> SiO2 Dopant -> Ge, B, F

Multi component glass optic fiber -> Soda Calcium, ,

Boron Silica
Plastic optic fiber -> Silicon Resin, Acryl Resin

Type of Fiber Optic #1

Propagation Mode
Single Mode Optic Fiber (SM Fiber)
Core ~ 5-10
Multi Mode Optic Fiber (MM Fiber)
Core ~ 50

Type of Fiber Optic #1

Single Mode

Multi Mode

Type of Fiber Optic #2

Single Mode
Cladding 5-10 125

Fiber Optic Multi-mode

Mode
Multi Mode

Type of Fiber Optic #3

Multi Mode
Multimode Fiber Optic Cladding
50 62.5 Cladding 125

Input Fiber Optic
Multi Mode 2
Step Index
Grade Index

Type of Fiber Optic #4

Step Index

Core

Type of Fiber Optic #1

Grade Index

Step Index
Step Index

Type of Fiber Optic #1

Type of Fiber Optic #1

Multimode fiber
" Multiple paths" for the light to travel

Single mode fiber

"Single path" for the light to travel
LED

Laser

Light
Emitting
Diode

Core
50 or 62.5 micron
diameter

Core
9 micron diameter

Cladding
125 micron diameter

Cladding
125 micron diameter

Outer coating
250 micron diameter

LAN

Outer coating
250 micron diameter

telecom, CATV, Broadcast, Data

communciation

For comparison purposes

this is the relative size of a
human hair ( @ 70 microns)

Type of Fiber Optic #1

Type of Fiber Optic #1

(Ducted cable or Lash aerial)

(Direct buried)
(Figure 8 Aerial)
(Submarine)
(Overhead ground wire)

Type of Fiber Optic #1

Type of Fiber Optic #1

Type of Fiber Optic #1

Type of Fiber Optic #1

Type of Fiber Optic #1

Component of Fiber Optic #1

Component of Fiber Optic #2

Core

Cladding

Jacket
Core Cladding

Component of Fiber Optic #2

Air

Human hair
for comparison

Coating
Cladding

50 80 m

Core

~6-10 m
125 m
~250 m

1 m = 1/1000000 m

Typical refractive indices:

Cladding:
ncl = 1.4440
Core: nco = 1.4512
Light is guided along the core by
Total Internal Reflection
Cladding helps isolate light from
edge of fibre where losses and
scattering are high

 #1
(Absorption Loss)
(Reyleigh Scattering Loss)

 #2

(Uniformity Loss)

(Bending Loss)

 #1
Micro Bending

Connection Loss

Example of Fiber Optic #1

Example of Fiber Optic #2

Internal Reflection #1
Rays striking an interface between two dielectrics from the higher
index side are totally internally reflected if the refracted ray angle
calculated from Snells Law would otherwise exceed 90.

Refractive index = n 1

Refracted ray
( < crit)
Total internal
reflection ( > crit)

crit
Refractive index = n 2 (n2 > n 1 )

n2 sin crit = n1 sin 1 = n1 sin 90 = n1

o

crit

n
= sin 1
n2
1

If n1 = 1.470 and n2 =1.475, say, then crit = 85.28 within a fibre core

Bound rays & Refract rays

Bound rays zig-zag indefinitely along a fibre or waveguide
Cladding
Core

> crit

Refracting rays decay rapidly as they propagate

Cladding
Core

< crit

Component of Fiber Optic #2

(light source) light-emitting diode
(LED) laser diode

Example of Fiber Optic #1

TRANSMITTER

FIBER

Performance
+

modulation
fiber

Example of Fiber Optic #1

Light Emitting Diode (LED)

Typical performance data

Power in MM-fiber:
Power in SM-fiber:
Direct Modulation Bandwidth:

100 W
1
W
100 MHz

Example of Fiber Optic #1

Laser

Typical performance
Power (in fiber):
Max:
Direct Modulation Bandwidth:

5-10
mW
100-300 mW
1-10
GHz

Example of Fiber Optic #1

Photodiode detector

Typical performance data

Responsivity:
Bandwidth:

~1 mA / mW
1-20 GHz

Example of Fiber Optic #1

Transmitter and Receiver
optical fiber

optical
transmitter

optical
receiver

Light emitter
LED (light emitting diode); (<1Gbps), multimode fiber
Laser diode
Light detector
PIN photodiode: LED
Avalanche photodiode; PIN

How to Work #2

Block Diagram of Optical Communication

System
MUX

DEMUX

Modulator

Demodulator

How to Work #3

Connector fiber optic #1

Connector fiber optic #2

ST - straight-tip

SC - subscriber channel

ST to ST Fiber Optic Cable

62.5/125u Multimode Duplex

Connector fiber optic #3

SC to SC Fiber Optic Cable
62.5/125u Multi mode Duplex

MT-RJ to SC Fiber Optic Cable

62.5/125u Multi mode Duplex

MTRJ to LC Fiber Optic Cable

62.5/125u Multimode Duplex

Connector fiber optic #1

 fiber optic #1

 fiber optic #2
out door

 fiber optic #3
in door

 fiber optic #4

 fiber optic #5
Fiber Optic

 fiber optic #6

 fiber optic #7

 fiber optic #8

 fiber optic #9

 fiber optic #10

 fiber optic #11

 fiber optic #12

 fiber optic #14

 fiber optic #15

 fiber optic #16

 fiber optic #17

 fiber optic #18

 fiber optic #19

 fiber optic #20

 fiber optic #1
Video

Business Fiber Optic

1.
2.
3.

(Telephone Systems)

Video
Video Trunk Studio
CATV
Video Trunking
4.
5.
6.

Business Fiber Optic

Optical Data Link

Kensai Electric
Company
Overhead ground wire 45 Mb/s
10

(Central Traffic Control) Bullet Train

On-Line

Business Fiber Optic

Optical ITV
ITV : Industrial Television
(Monitering)

Supporo 12
Repeater

Business Fiber Optic

Optical CATV
Interactive
Optical Network

Business Fiber Optic

Fiber Optic
(.) :
21 .. 2533
(Optical Fiber Transmission System)

3,000
20 (
17 .. 2535)
.. 2533
(Teleport) (Teleport)

Business Fiber Optic

Fiber Optic
(.) :
4 2534
(Submarine Optical Fiber Cable Project)
1,200

.. 2538
. . .

Business Fiber Optic

Fiber Optic
(.) :
14 2543 (Transmission
Network Expansion Project: TNEP)
(SDH)

23 .. 2548
Metro LAN
(LAN)
(Mbps) (Gbps)

Global Network

Global Network

Global Network

Global Network

Global Network

Global Network

Global Network

Fiber to the Home (FTTH)

(Fiber To The Home - FTTH)

(
subscriber) (end user) (access)


(CATV) (Broadband)

Fiber to the Home (FTTH)

Fiber to the Home (FTTH)

Fiber to the Home (FTTH)

Fiber to the Home (FTTH)

.. 1970

FTTC (fiber To The Curb)
HFC (Hybrid Fiber/Coax) FTTC HFC

FTTC

FTTC HFC
FTTH

Fiber to the Home (FTTH)

FTTH
( 1970 ) (FTTH)

(2002) FTTH NTT

(2005) FTTH

(2006) FTTH

Fiber to the Home (FTTH)

.. 1970

FTTC (fiber To The Curb)
HFC (Hybrid Fiber/Coax) FTTC HFC

FTTC

FTTC HFC
FTTH

 Fiber optic technology

Fiber optic

Laser LED Fiber Data
rate 622 Mbps

Fiber optic ?

WDM Concept
( )



Spectrum
Fiber optic Capacity

WDM Technology
Wavelength Division Multiplexing
FDM (Frequency Division Multiplexing)
( )
Fiber optic

WDM Technique

Multipoint WDM

WDM Device
WADM (Wavelength Add/Drop Multiplexer)
Switch Wavelength Drop
Add
Wavelength Crossconnect Switch
Input Output
WXC (Wavelength Selective Crossconnect)
Wavelength routing switch

98

DWDM (DENSE WDM)

Wideband WDM : 80
2

Narrowband WDM : 90

DWDM : 90
40
100-200 GHz (
400 Gbps)
99

DWDM (DENSE WDM)

64-160
25-50 GHz
( 1.6 Tbps)

100

Chromatic dispersion
Chromatic Disperion
Hyperbolic Cosine

Example: New fiber Optic Technology

101

Trend in the future

1. Fiber to the home (FTTH)
: Dunwoody Atlanta
BellSouth
: Toronto
Futureway
,
2.
Computer (
)
3. DWDM
1 Pbps (Petabit 1 ,
bps)

102

STANDARD IEEE 802

103

Reference
Computer Networks, Fourth Edition, Andrew S.Tanenbaum, Pearson Education
Indochina
Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach Featuring the Internet, James F.
Kurose and Keith W. Ross
, . , 2547
Internet Today, ARiP, , 2543
, , ,
,
, . , ,
,
http://www.searchNetworking.com, June 24, 2008
http://www.eht.com/oldradio/history/outline/Fess-voc.htm, June 24, 2008
http://www.bartleby.com/59/23/microwavecom.html, June 24, 2008
http://www.noaa.gov/satellites.html, June 24, 2008
http://www.guru-ict.com, March 04, 2551
104


http://www.searchNetworking.com
http://www.eht.com/oldradio/history/outline/Fess-voc.htm
http://www.bartleby.com/59/23/microwavecom.html
http://www.noaa.gov/satellites.html
http://www.globalcrossing.com/network/
http://www.ntt.net/
http://www.cat.net.th/home.html
http://www.verizonbusiness.com/about/network/
http://www.caida.org/tools/visualization/mapnet/Backbones/
http://www.youtube.com/
http://www.thaitelecomkm.org/


http://www.samsung.com/global/system/business/telecommunications/
http://www.americantechsupply.com/