2/10/2014

4 (Grounding)

.. 2556

(
... 2556 4 )

. (KMITT)

. (NIDA)

Graduate Level programs in Power Engineering in Electrical Power Distribution ;Pennsylvania State
University
11

(2547-)
...( 2537- )
..
( 2544-)
(.) .. 2557 2559
(
... 2556 4 )

2/10/2014

2
3
4
5

6
7
8
9
10
11

12

13

14

1 6

EIT Standard 2556

( ... 2556 4 )

4
4.1


4.2

4.3
4.3
4.4

4.5

( ... 2556 4 )

2/10/2014

... 2001-51 4

NEC Article 250 Grounding

IEC 60364-5-54 Earthing Arrangement

and Protective Conductors

( ... 2556 4 )

????
......

(EARTH)

( ... 2556 4 )

2/10/2014

( ... 2556 4 )

1)

2)

3)

( ... 2556 4 )

2/10/2014

...

( )
(Direct contact)
(Indirect contact)

)
(

( ... 2556 4 )

1.

N
L

10
( ... 2556 4 )

2/10/2014

(N )

11
( ... 2556 4 )

( 50 V)

(PPE)

( ... 2556 4 )

12

2/10/2014

IP2X or IPXXB

(insulation)

< 50V

( ... 2556 4 )

13

(Enclosure)

( ... 2556 4 )

14

2/10/2014

( ... 2556 4 )

15

4
4.1


4.2

4.3
4.4
4.5

4.6

( ... 2556 4 )

16

2/10/2014

4.1


(Grounding Service-Supplied AC. Systems

4.1.1
4.1.2

( ... 2556 4 )

17

??
( System Grounding )

.....

1)

(Lightning)

(Line Surge)
(Accidental

Touching)

2)

3)

(Ground fault)

( ... 2556 4 )

18

2/10/2014

1. (EQIUPMENT
GROUNDING)
2. (SYSTEM
GROUNDING)
3. (LIGHTNING
PROTECTION GROUNDING)
( ... 2556 4 )

19

1. (EQUIPMENT GROUNDING)
(

2. (SYSTEM GROUNDING)
NEUTRAL
single line to ground fault

( ... 2556 4 )

20

10

2/10/2014

G
N

21

( ... 2556 4 )

G
N

.(R)
( ... 2556 4 )

22

11

2/10/2014

G
N

( ... 2556 4 )

23

G
N

( ... 2556 4 )

24

12

2/10/2014

!!

G
N

RCD

...
!!
... 2556 4

25

4.1

4.1.1

50
1,000

) 1 2
) 1 3
) 3 3
) 3 4

( ... 2556 4 )

26

13

2/10/2014

4.1


2

1.

50 < 1000 V
2.

1000 V

3 4

3 3

1 3

1 2

( ... 2556 4 )

27

(N)
.
.

N G
(MDB)

(
. 4)

( ... 2556 4 )

28

14

2/10/2014

12 kV 24 kV 3 3 .

24kV
24kV

24kV

24kV

(N) .

( Solidly Grounded System)

( ... 2556 4 )

29

400/230V 3 4 .

(N) .

( Solidly Grounded System)

( ... 2556 4 )

30

15

2/10/2014

( )

(Separately Derived
Systems)

4.6
( ... 2556 4 )

31

Control Panel

EMDB

MDB

)
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

( ... 2556 4 )

ATS
) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

32

16

2/10/2014

3-P Transfer Switch

Load

( ... 2556 4 )

33

( Separately Derived System )

4-P Transfer Switch

Load

4.6

( ... 2556 4 )

34

17

2/10/2014

4
4.1


4.2

4.3
4.4
4.5

4.6

( ... 2556 4 )

35

4.2

4.2.1

4.2.2 (health care facility)

( ... 2556 4 )

36

18

2/10/2014

..

Medical IT Systems

( ... 2556 4 )

37

4
4.1


4.2

4.3
4.4
4.5

4.6

( ... 2556 4 )

38

19

2/10/2014

4.3

4.3.1
4.1





1

N
(Y )

( ... 2556 4 )

39

4.3

-
N

MDBNeutral

Ground

( ... 2556 4 )

40

20

2/10/2014

4.3

1

( ... 2556 4 )

N G

G N
41

!
G
N

4.3.2

1,000

N G

N G

( ... 2556 4 )

42

21

2/10/2014

(Code
Handbook
...
2556 4 )

Ref. National Electrical
2002
Edition

43

4
4.1


4.2

4.3
4.4
4.5

4.6

( ... 2556 4 )

44

22

2/10/2014

4.4

1,000V. ( 50V) N

N G

N
G
-


-


( ... 2556 4 )

45

1
2


N ( )
1

( ... 2556 4 )

46

23

2/10/2014

2 2


N G ( )
1

( ... 2556 4 )

47

...

2

(EGC)
Ref. National Electrical Code Handbook 2008 Edition(

... 2556 4 )

48

24

2/10/2014

4
4.1


4.2

4.3
4.4
4.5

4.6

( ... 2556 4 )

49

4.5
LP2

N G
N
G

N G

LP1
N

MDB
N

( ... 2556 4 )

50

25

2/10/2014

4.5
LP2
N

N G
N
G

??

LP1
N

MDB

( ... 2556 4 )

51

4.5

N G

LP2
N
G

LP1
N

????
MDB

!!!
( ... 2556 4 )

52

26

2/10/2014

(4.15.6)
(System Main
Bonding Jumper) 4.15.6 (-)
T 4-1

T 4-1 12.5%

(N)


3.2.4

4.15.6()

T 4-2

(Bonding Jumper)
4.15.6()
T 4-1
53

( ... 2556 4 )

4.1

() ..
35
35 50
50 95
95 185
185 300
300 500
500

() ..
10
16
25
35
50
70
95

4-1 12.5%

( ... 2556 4 )

54

27

2/10/2014

.4-1

1x500 mm2

630kVA

4-1
300-500 mm2

1000A

70 mm2

( ... 2556 4 )

55

4.2

400/230V. 3 4
3x500 mm2

3x500 mm2
2,000kVA = 3 x 500 = 1500 mm2

500 mm2

4.15.6
0.125 x 1500
= 187.5 mm2

240 mm2

( ... 2556 4 )

56

28

2/10/2014

( Grounding Electrode System)

....

( ... 2556 4 )

57

( ... 2556 4 )

58

29

2/10/2014

( Ground Electrode )

16 . 2.40 .

1800 .. 6 .

(1.5 .) 1.6 .

( ... 2556 4 )

59

0.75 .

45O

( ... 2556 4 )

0.3 .

0.6 .

60

30

2/10/2014

LP1
G

200
N

0.3 .

400

MDB
G

0.6 .
( ... 2556 4 )

61

LP1

200

MDB
N

400

0.75 .

0.75 .
( ... 2556 4 )

62

31

2/10/2014

4.1 (4.19)

() ..
10
16
25
35
50
70
95

() ..
35
35 50
50 95
95 185
185 300
300 500
500

4.19
4-1

( ... 2556 4 )

63

. 4-3

15(45)A 400V. 3
4

4 x 16 SQMM

4-1
16 mm2
= 10 mm2

( ... 2556 4 )

64

32

2/10/2014

.4-4

400 A 400/230V 3

4
2 ( 4 x 150 mm2 IMC 2 x 80
mm ( 3 )
MDB
2(4x 150 mm2)In IMC 2x80mm

2 x 150 = 300 mm2
4-1

300-500 mm2
70 mm2

1x 70 mm2
( ... 2556 4 )

65

4
4.1


4.2

4.3
4.4
4.5

4.6

( ... 2556 4 )

66

33

2/10/2014

( Equipment Grounding )

( ... 2556 4 )

67

( ... 2556 4 )

68

34

2/10/2014

2.40

2.4 .

( ... 2556 4 )

69

( ... 2556 4 )

70

35

2/10/2014

( ... 2556 4 )

71

( ... 2556 4 )

72

36

2/10/2014

(EGC)



AC, MI MC

10 ..

( ... 2556 4 )

73

( 4.19)
(
GEC) 4-1

( 4.20)
(EGC)
4-2
( 4.20)
(EGC)
4-2

( ... 2556 4 )

74

37

2/10/2014

.4-5




(EGC)

CB = 300AT
EGC 25 SQMM.

300 AT

CB = 100AT
EGC 10 SQMM.

100 AT

20 AT

CB = 20AT
EGC 2.5 SQMM.


LOAD

( ... 2556 4 )

75

.4-6

400A

400

LP2
G

200A

200

LP1

200
N

1-16

LP1
LP2

1-25

400

MDB
4-2

( ... 2556 4 )

76

38

2/10/2014

.4-6
()
150AT
20AT
LP2
G

1-2.5

40AT
1-4
100AT

LP1

1-16

3-240, 1-150
MDB

4-1

1-50

200
400

1-10
G

( ... 2556 4 )

77

4-2 ( )

Fault, Phase to grounding conductor

L

CB

( ... 2556 4 )

78

39

2/10/2014

.4-7


500 A
2 1




o 2
1
o
2

4-2 500 A
35 mm2
( ... 2556 4 )

79

CB

( ... 2556 4 )

80

40

2/10/2014

.4-8


4
20 A , 40 A , 15 A 20 A

40 A
o 4-2
40
AT 4 mm2

( ... 2556 4 )

81

()

225A

115A

100A
115A ( 4-2)

( ... 2556 4 )

82

41

2/10/2014

(Main Bonding Jumper)

T 4-1
12.5%

N
(N)


3.2.4

4-2

( ... 2556 4 )

83

4
4.2

4.3
4.4
4.5

4.6
4.7

( ... 2556 4 )

84

42

2/10/2014

10 ..

( ... 2556 4 )

10 ..

85

L/A
86

43

2/10/2014

87

Line Lead Length

Ground Lead Length

88

44

2/10/2014

Line Lead Length

Ground Lead Length

89

50

1

L/A
V1 = 5.3 kV/m.
V2 = 46 kV
V3 = 5.3 kV/m
V = V1+V2+V3 = 56.690 kV

( ... 2556 4 )

45

2/10/2014

2

L/A
V1 = 5.3 kV/m.
V2 = 46 kV
V3=5.3 kV/m
V = V1+V2-V3 = 46 kV
( ... 2556 4 )

91

, Vdrop

Vdrop
,

92

46

2/10/2014

4
4.5

4.6
4.7
4.8

( ... 2556 4 )

93

4.15.2.2 - 4.15.2.5

( ... 2556 4 )

94

47

2/10/2014

(4.13)

( ... 2556 4 )

95

( ... 2556 4 )

96

48

2/10/2014

4-1

( ... 2556 4 )

97

4-2

( ... 2556 4 )

98

49

2/10/2014

( ... 2556 4 )

99

!!!!!

( ... 2556 4 )

100

50

2/10/2014

......

!!!!

( ... 2556 4 )

101

110 V

( ... 2556 4 )

102

51

2/10/2014

(RCD)

( ... 2556 2.) 2556

103

104

(RCD, RCCB, RCBO, GFCI)

L

main coils
trip
coil

N
G

magnetic circuit
L

amplifiler

test
push

search
coil

N
R

52

2/10/2014

RCBO & RCCB

RCCB
25 A
30 mA
RCBO
16 A
30 mA

105

( ... 2001-51 2.) 2555

(RCD) RCBO or RCCB??

RCBO = RCCB + Overcurrent
500 mA
RCBO = (short-circuit + overload protection)
IEC 61008,IEC61009 .909-2548
RCD(HS): 6 10 30 mA (for direct-contact / life injury
protection),

RCCB
30 mA

RCD(MS): 100 300 500 1000 mA (for fire protection),

RCD(LS): 3 10 30 A (typically for protection of

machines).

... 2556 3

RCCB = Residual current

circuit-breakers
106

53

2/10/2014

:RCD
RCD:
operating current 30 mA
operating time
0.04 s
15 - 30 mA

15 - 30 mA

107

... 2556 3

230 V

0V

230 V
1100 + 10 =

207 mA
Cardiac
fibrillation

1100

10

... 2556 3

108

54

2/10/2014

(Critical current thresholds IEC 60479)
10

5%V.F
50%V.F
> 50%V.F
Ventricular
Fibrillation

5
2

()

0.5

AC-1

0.2

AC-2

AC-4

AC-3

0.1
.05

30 mA

.01
0.1 0.2

0.5 1

10

20

50

100 200 500 1000 2000 5000 10000

(mA)
( ... 2556 2.) 2556

109

30mA

Critical current thresholds IEC 60479

DURATION

0.5mA

10mA

40 mA
90mA

5s

50 100mA

1s

instantaneous
30 mA
RCD

100 ms
40 ms
20 ms
0.5mA

30mA

EIT Standard 2001-51 ( 4 ),IEC60479

150mA

500mA

1.2 A

CURRENT

110

55

2/10/2014

Safety Curve (dry premises) IEC 60364

Duration of contact

Continuous

0.2 s

0.1 s
0.03 s

50 V
EIT Standard 2001-51 ( 4 ) ,IEC60479

110 V

220V

300V

Touch
voltage

111

Resistance of body
Hand-to-hand

500 ohms
100 ohms

500 ohms

= 500+500 ohms
= 1000 ohms

Foot-to-foot

= 500+500 ohms
= 1000 ohms

Hand-to-foot

500 ohms

500 ohms

( ... 2556 2.) 2556

= 500+100+500 ohms
= 1100 ohms

112

56

2/10/2014

Current magnitude

500 ohms

100 ohms

500 ohms

I (amps) =

(volts)

(ohms)

Energy

J
500 ohms

500 ohms

(joules)

I R t

(second)

( ... 2556 2.) 2556

113

Hand-to-foot current flow path

100 ohms

500 ohms
I

=
=

500 ohms

230 (volts)
1100 (ohms)
209 mA

Source

Ground
( ... 2556 2.) 2556

114

57

2/10/2014

(1-loop)
230 V
0V

230 V
1100 + 10

207 mA

Cardiac
fibrillation

1100

10

( ... 2556 2.) 2556

115

( ... 2556 4 )

116

58

2/10/2014

IEC60364-3

3
4 IEC 60364-3 TN-C,
TN-S,TN-C-S, IT TT

=
I = (Isolated) Impedance
T

EIT Standard 2001-51 ( 4 ), IEC60364-3

117

TT System ; TT = Terre- Terre

L1
L2
L3
N

PE
Rn

EIT Standard 2001-51 ( 4 ) , IEC60364-3

118

59

2/10/2014

TT system; Earth-fault study

Uo = 230 V

400 V/230 V
If = Uo / (Rn + Ru)

If = 23 A

Exposed
conductive
part

Uf = Ru x If
Uf =
115V

Rn
=5

Ru
=5
EIT Standard 2001-51 ( 4 ) , IEC60364-3

119

TN-S System
TN-S = Terre Neutral- Separate =

L1
L2
L3
N
PE

EIT Standard 2001-51 ( 4 ) , IEC60364-3

120

60

2/10/2014

TN-C System
E56892

TN-C = Terre Neutral- Combined = (N)

(PEN)

T N-C

L1
L2
L3
PEN

MDB

Neutral

EIT Standard 2001-51 ( 4 ) , IEC60364-3

121

TN-C-S System
TN-C-S = Terre Neutral- Combined Separate
= (TN-C)
(TN-S)

T N-C-S
MDB

TN-C

EIT Standard 2001-51 ( 4 ) , IEC60364-3

TN-S

L1
L2
L3
N
PE

122

61

2/10/2014

TN-C-S system

TN-S

TN-C

MDB

EIT Standard 2001-51 ( 4 ) , IEC60364-3

123

IT System
L1
L2
L3
N
PE

MDB

EIT Standard 2001-51 ( 4 ) , IEC60364-3

124

62

2/10/2014

IT system; Earth-fault study

EIT Standard 2001-51 ( 4 ) , IEC60364-3

125

( ... 2556 4 )

126

63

2/10/2014

Voltage Around Ground Rod

R 1/A
R
R = Resistance
A = Surface Area
= Resistivity

( ... 2556 4 )

127

( Saline Water )

( Compositions )
( Size of Particles )
( Compactness )
( Temperature )
( Moisture )
( Weather Conditions )

( ... 2556 4 )

128

64

2/10/2014

()

10 - ????
1
1

10

1
10
( ... 2556 4 )

129

()
R (
Wenner)
ohm

6-10 m
0.3-0.5 m
a=3
a

R
R 3
( ... 2556 4 )

130

65

2/10/2014

()
R (
Wenner)

b = 0.3-0.5 m
a = 6-10 m
b

( ... 2556 4 )

131

()
R

( ... 2556 4 )

132

66

2/10/2014

()

( ... 2556 4 )

133

()

( ... 2556 4 )

134

67

2/10/2014

()

ohm

a > 50m

( ... 2556 4 )

135

Exothermic Welding

Connector , ,

( ... 2556 4 )

136

68

2/10/2014

.
(Exothermic Welding)

Exothermic
Welding)

2.4.1

0.3
m.

( ... 2556 4 )

137

Exothermic welding

( ... 2556 4 )

138

69

2/10/2014

Typical
Substation Connection
Exothermic
Weld

CADWELD Connections
( ... 2556 4 )

139

Types of Connections

Mechanical (Bolted, Wedge,

Compression)

Rely on Physical Pressure to

Maintain Connection

Exothermic Welding

Permanent Molecular Bond

( ... 2556 4 )

140

70

2/10/2014

CADWELD vs. MECHANICAL

CONNECTIONS

CADWELDED JOINTS

MECHANICAL JOINTS

( ... 2556 4 )

141

MECHANICAL / BOLTED
CONNECTOR

( ... 2556 4 )

142

71

2/10/2014

CLAMP TYPE CONNECTOR

( ... 2556 4 )

143

CADWELD TYPE CONNECTION

( ... 2556 4 )

144

72