Non-projected AV

aids
MRS. S.RAJAMANI M.Sc(N)
DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHIATRY
COLLEGE OF NURSING
MADURAI MEDICAL COLLEGE
MADURAI
INTRODUCTION
An adequate knowledge of
theory and practices of
educational technology and
their proper use would enable
the teacher to understand and
effectively discharge her roles
in the present day education
system


DEFINITION
ANY DEVICE WHICH CAN BE USED TO
MAKE THE LEARNING EXPERIENCE MORE
CONCENTRATE,MORE REALISTIC AND
MOST DYNAMIC CAN BE CONSIDERED
AUDIO VISUAL AIDS MATERIAL .
- KINDER.
NEED/ IMPORTANCE/PURPOSE OF
EDUCATIONAL COMMUNICATION
MEDIA
Enable the audience to look and learn
improve and make teaching effective.
Make learning interesting and profitable.
Quicken the phase of learning.

CHARTS
DEFINITION:
Charts are graphic teaching material
including diagrams, posters, pictures, maps
and graphs.
PURPOSES:
It serves as an illustrative visual media.
It depicts logical relationship between main
idea and supporting facts.
contd
It is a useful in a teaching situation
It is useful in showing point of comparison
PRINCIPLES:
self-explanatory
Captioned in bold letters.
High light contrasting features with different
colors.
Large enough and least size-50*70 cm chart
paper
TYPES AND PROCESS OF PREPARING
CHARTS
TYPES:
Tree chart
Stream chart
Tabular chart
Flow chart
Organization chart

PROCESS OF PREPARING CHARTS
ARTICLES NEEDED:
Chart paper.
Sketch or felt pens
Scale, pencil, hard board and glass paper.
PROCESS OF MAKING:
Take a chart paper of 50*70cm size.
Draw borders on all 4 edges and decide the idea
to be depicted in the chart.

ADVAVTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES:
Helpful in attracting students attention.
Conveys information in a condensed form.
Presents information efficiently.
Cheap and easily available.
DISADVANTAGES:
It is fully understood only by a literate and small
group of people and maintenance is difficult.


POSTERS
DEFINITION:
Posters are graphical presentation of simple
ideas, which combine picture and short
headlines.
CHARACTERISTICS:
It tells the message and eye catching.
Brief, clear and captivate the audience
TYPES AND PURPOSES
TYPES:
Teacher prepared posters.
Commercially prepared posters.
PURPOSES:
Educate regarding particular matter.
Convey message easily, understood mater at a
glance.
Make an instant appeal.
MATERIALS TO USE
Commonly used materials are drawing paper,
poster board or construction paper and chart.
Material to write or draw is thick cryon, water
colors, felt-tip pens, bright colored pencils.
Size- 55cm wide by 70 cm long 22 *28 or 70
cm wide by 112 cm.
Avoid crowding of letters lettering should be
5 cm in length

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES:
Permits correlation of information.
Assists organization of material.
Easily produced and depicted.
DISADVANATAGES:
For small group only.
Life period is very little.
May not convey the exact message.

GRAPHS AND DIAGRAMS
DEFINITION:
Graphs and Diagrams are visual teaching aids
for presenting statistical information and
constructing the trends or changes of certain
attributes. It has a powerful impact on
imagination of people.
PURPOSES
Becomes simple and meaningful
Forms an impression
Stimulate varieties and give more
information to the learner.
Is very intensive and economical.
PRINCIPLES:
Use true class intervals on the horizontal line.
If possible have equal class intervals.
contd
The vertical and horizontal axis should be
equal in length.
The graphs should be clearly labeled and a
key should be given.
All columns should be same width
Use contrast colors
Write with capital letters on a charts and
simplicity in labeling should be there.

TYPES OF GRAPHS AND DIAGRAMS
GRAPHS TYPES:
Histogram.
Frequency polygon.
Frequency curve.
Line chart or curve.
Cumulative frequency curve or olive.
Scatter or dot diagram.
Diagrams types:
Bar diagram
Pie or sector diagram /pictogram or spot map.

ADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES:
Graphs make presentation of quantitative
data.
Huge data and long list of figure put in
simple way.
Pictorial graphs have a popular appeal to
children
Promotes correlation of information and
easily produced and duplicated.
DISADVANTAGES
Suitable for small audience .
Many representations are difficult to follow.
Concentration is needed and too many slices
in the pie it become confused.

BOOKLET, LEAFLET, PAMPHLET
DEFINITIONS:
BOOKLET:
A booklet is a small book with a cover page
LEAFLET:
A leaflet is a simple sheet carrying helpful
information on useful themes on one or both of its
sides.
Pamphlet:
A pamphlet is printed material consisting of only a
few pages about a specific topic.
PURPOSES AND PRINCIPLES
PURPOSES:
Basic information to the topic and additional
knowledge are provided.
Reinforces learning and increased retention of
contents.
Effective mass media and learning aid at any age.
Principles:
Should center on a single concept and should be
logical sequence.
contd
Writing be based on readable level.
Should create interest, attractive and objective is
based on need of the population.
ADVANATAGES:
Individualized learning.
High efficiency and easy to transport
Commonly and constantly availably.
Allow self-spacing.

DISADVANATGES
Some may throw it out.
Storing is found to be difficult
Demands good typing and no group dynamic
is encouraged.
Limited feedback
Cant be used for illiterate person.
FLASH CARDS
DEFINITION:
Flash cards are set of pictures with suitable captions
or a write up prepared on any theme.
PURPOSES:
Used to attract a groups attention.
Convey in a sequential manner.
Supplementary aid in education.
Playing education games.
TYPES AND ADVANTAGES
TYPES:
Plain, laminated ,synthetic flash cards
Made of heavy cloth and prepared form old tins or
metal cans.
ADVANTAGES:
Inexpensive easily transport
Handmade form local materials and holds attention
of the audience
Overcomes the language barrier and encourage the
participation of the audience.
DISADVANTAGES OF FLASH CARDS
Effectiveness is influenced by way of presentation.
Spoil if made of paper and cannot be used for big
audience.
FLANNEL GRAPH:
DEFINITION:
Flannel or felt board is a rigid surface covered with
cotton flannel, wool, terry cloth of felt cloth.
Types:
Hanging type and self-supporting flannel board.
PURPOSES AND PREPARATION
PURPOSES:
Enable the teacher to develop an idea.
Add variety to the class room actively.
Motivate the learner and provide information.
Present an idea in a more appealing way .
PREPARATION:
Board size: 120*80 cm and material plywood,
hardboard, thick card board.
Cloth- flannel and color dark.
Cutouts- 15*20cm size cutout is used.


ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES:
Inexpensive and made from locally available
materials.
Easily maintained and figures can be used in
diferent position.
DISADVANTAGES:
Require considerable advance preparation.
Practice is needed to develop te potential of the
material for story telling.

FLIP CHARTS
Flip charts are a series of charts containing visual
information about the same area of knowledge.
PURPOSES:
Show continuity in process.
Increase motivation in the student.
Summarize information and show development of
picture.
PREPARATION:
Size- 21*27cm and picture drawn on one side.
contd
Explanations are given on the back of the previous
chart.
Arrange in order so that it conveys the exact
message.
ADVANTAGES:
It gives a continues stimuli and economical
Stimulates of the interest of the students
DISADVANTAGES:
Disturb the continuity if not sequentially presented
and only for limited audience

BORADS
CHALK BOARD:USES:
Definite ,accurate, purposeful and positive.
Clearly visible to students.
Free from meaning less scrawling and clearly labeled
TYPES:
Paint coated pressed wood.
Dull finished plastic surface.
Vitreous coated steel surface and ground glass board.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES:
Easily available and no need to depend on
electricity and reusable.
DISADVANTAGES:
Cannot be used with large groups and materials
cannot saved.
Eye contact does not maintained.
Poor handwriting students cannot read.
ROLLER BOARD
It is a type of chalk board made up of flexible and
soft material . It is lighter than chalk board and can
be folded and rolled easily.
ADVANTAGES:
Easy to carry anywhere, use at anytime and
anywhere
Useful for small groups and less cost and
preparation done before the class.
DISADVANTAGES: Used for small groups and
cannot write more contents.



BULLIETIN BOARD



DEFINTION:
It is a display board, which shows learning materials
on a specific subject, which is informational and has
educational value.
PURPOSE:
Motivate the learner.
Broaden sensory experiences and provide specific
information, save time and correlates instruction .
Types: felt ,magentic, peg, plastic and soft board.
MATERIALS ADVANTAGES AND
DISADVANTAGES
Materials:
Board- soft board, straw board or cork
board.Dimension- 1.5 mm *2mm size.
ADVANTAGES:
Less expensive and stimulates interest of the
student.
DISADVANTAGES:
Creativeness is requires and one person has to take
reponsibility of display board
MODELS
A model is a life size miniature or an oversize replica
of the object to be studied.
TYPES :
Models- physical, conceptual, working and non-
working models.
PRINCIPLES:
Size life size or larger and stimulate interest
Represent the internal and external parts.
Modeling structure and function viewer to
comprehend better
PREPARATION AND METHODS
PREPARATION:
Articles needed: Clay, painting material, brush
adhesive material.
METHODS:
China clay is used to prepare.
Left out for 4 to 5 days. Dry parts joined with one
another to for a model and painted with fabric
poster colors. At last it should be labeled and fixed
on the cardboard.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
Advantages:
Makes learning meaningful and direct.
Illustrate application principle and laws
Explain complete and makes comprehension easier.
DISADVANTAGES:
Some models are difficult to make and need
expertise to make.
Expensive and lot of time to make
Handled carefully
SPECIMEN
Definition:
specimen is a part of an object. It may be sample
that shows quality or structural of the actual.
PRINCIPLES:
Direct real life experiences and should enable the
viewer to comprehend better.
Stimulate interest and direct experience with
reality.
USES:
Clear cut images, concrete experience, motivates
students to learning and stimualtes discussion.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES:
Conveys different meanings and correct initial
concepts and clear cut images.
Stimulates reflective thinking and further enquiry.
DISADVANTAGES:
Collecting specimens may prove difficult
Specialized skills in preserving specimens
Needs proper handling
Expensive preserving agents.

PUPPET
It is an education cum entertainment aid in which a
doll is dressed as a character in the story and
manipulated by the puppeteer.
PURPOSE:
Motivate the student, create interest , add sense of
humor and give examples of how people behave in
real life.
TYPES:
String puppets or marionettes, shadow puppets and
hand puppets.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES:
Dramatization along with providing
amusement
Playfulness brought in to class room
Cost effective and useful for illiterate
people.
DISADVANATGES:
Cannot be used for a large group.
It are seen as extra or supplemental
enrichment activity.

The teacher has to plan
in advance so that she
can incorporate
audiovisual materials
effectively in the
teaching learning
process.