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Chapter 1

Introduction
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Figure 1.1 Five components of data communication
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Figure 1.2 Data flow (simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex)
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Figure 1.3 Types of connections: point-to-point and multipoint
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Figure 1.4 Categories of topology
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Figure 1.5 A fully connected mesh topology (five devices)
Advantages:
1. Each connection can carry its own
data load. Eliminating traffic
problems.
2. Security
3. P2P make fault (identification and
isolation) easy.


Disadvantages:
1. installation and reconnection are
difficult .
2. Expensive.

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Figure 1.6 A star topology connecting four stations
Advantages:

1. Easy to install and wire.
2. No disruptions to the network then
connecting or removing devices.
3. Easy to detect faults and to remove
parts.

Disadvantages:
1. Requires more cable length than a
linear topology.
2. If the hub or concentrator fails,
nodes attached are disabled.
3. More expensive than linear bus
topologies because of the cost
of the concentrators.

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Figure 1.7 A bus topology connecting three stations
Advantages:
1. Easy to connect a computer or
peripheral .
2. Requires less cable length than a
star topology.



Disadvantages:
1. Entire network shuts down if there
is a break in the main cable.
2. Terminators are required at both
ends of the backbone cable.
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Figure 1.8 A ring topology connecting six stations
Advantages:
1. Easy to install and reconfigure.
2. Easy to add or delete a device .



Disadvantages:
1. Entire network shuts down if there
is a break in any station.
2. Unidirectional traffic.
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Figure 1.9 A hybrid topology: a star backbone with three bus networks
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A tree topology compines of linear bus and star topologies.
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Figure 1.10 An isolated LAN connecting 12 computers to a hub in a closet
Early LAN Data rate 4-6 Mbps
Today 100 1000 Mbps
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Figure 1.11 WANs: a switched WAN and a point-to-point WAN
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Figure 1.12 A heterogeneous network made of four WANs and two LANs
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Figure 1.13 Hierarchical organization of the I nternet
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1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS
Protocols
Standards
Standards Organizations
Internet Standards