KIDNEY STONES

Kidney stones (renal lithiasis) are small, hard deposits of mineral and acid on the inner surfaces
of your kidneys. Normally, the substances that make up kidney stones are diluted in the urine.
When urine is concentrated, though, minerals may crystallize, stick together and solidify. The
result is a kidney stone.

ETIOLOGY
Metabolic ( high mineral content in drinking water).
Lifestyle (high intake of sodium and calcium).
Genetic factors
Drugs
RISK FACTORS
Inmobility
Sedentary life style
Dehidratation
Metabolic disturbances
History of renal calculi
UTI female genital
Prolonged indwelling catheterization
Neurogenic blader
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
1. Slow urine flow, resulting in supersaturation of the urine with the particular element
that first become crystallized and later become stone.
2. Damage to lining of the urinary tract.
3. Decreased inhibitor substances in the urine that would otherwise prevent
supersaturation and crystalline aggregation

TYPES OF STONES
Calcium Phosphate
Calcium oxalate
Uric acid
Cystine
Struvite
if the stone is small, you may need nothing more than to take pain medication and drink lots of
water to pass a kidney stone. In other instances, surgery may be needed.