Physics 182 Equation Sheet for Exams

Good Stu from 181:

Kinematics: v =
dr
dt
; a =
dv
dt
; (a = const : x = x
0
+v
0
t+
1
2
at
2
; v = v
0
+at; v
2
= v
2
0
+2ax)
Dynamics:

F = ma
Conservation of Energy:

W
nc
= K +

U; K =
1
2
mv
2
; U
grav
= mgy; U
spring
=
1
2
kx
2
Gravity:

F
g
= (
Gm
1
m
2
r
2
, attractive) U
g
=
Gm
1
m
2
r
Chapter 16:
Moles : n =
M(in g)
M
mol
=
N
N
A
Ideal Gas : PV = nRT = Nk
B
T k
B
=
R
N
A
Temperatures: T
F
=
9
5
T
C
+ 32

T
K
= T
C
+ 273
Chapter 17:
Work:
W(on the system) =

V
f
V
i
P dV = (area under PV curve) (general)
= PV (isobaric)
= nRT ln
(
V
f
V
i
)
(isothermal)
=
[
P
f
V
f
P
i
V
i
(1 )
]
(adiabatic)
First Law: Solids/Liquids: E
th
= Q = McT Q
f
= ML
f
Q
v
= ML
v
First Law: Gases: E
th
= Q + W
Specic Heats: (constant volume) Q = nC
V
T (constant pressure) Q = nC
P
T
(any process) E
th
= nC
V
T C
P
= C
V
+ R
Adiabatic Process: Q = 0 PV

= constant TV
1
= constant
Heat Transfer: Conduction:
Q
t
= k
A
L
T Radiation:
Q
emit
t
= eAT
4 Q
net
t
= eA(T
4
T
4
e
)
Chapter 18:
Mean Free Path: =
1
4

2(N/V )r
2
r .5 10
10
m(monatomic), r 1 10
10
m(diatomic)
Kinetic Theory: P =
1
3
(
N
V
)mv
2
rms
=
2
3
(
N
V
)
avg

avg
=
1
2
mv
2
rms
=
3
2
k
B
T v
rms
=

3k
B
T
m
Ideal Gases: E
th
= nC
V
T
Monatomic: C
V
=
3
2
R C
P
=
5
2
R =
C
P
C
V
=
5
3
Diatomic: C
V
=
5
2
R C
P
=
7
2
R =
C
P
C
V
=
7
5
Solids: E
th
= nCT C = 3R
Chapter 19:
Work done by the system: W
s
= W(on the system) = +

PdV
Heat Engine: Q
H
= Q
C
+ W
out
=
W
out
Q
H
= 1
Q
C
Q
H

Carnot
= 1
T
C
T
H
Refrigerator: W
in
+ Q
C
= Q
H
K =
Q
C
W
in
=
Q
C
Q
H
Q
C
K
Carnot
=
T
C
T
H
T
C
1
Chapter 26:
Coulomb Law: |F
q
1
q
2
| = K
|q
1
||q
2
|
r
2
=
1
4
0
|q
1
||q
2
|
r
2
Charge in a Field:

F = q

E
Field of a Point Charge q:

E = K
q
r
2
r =
1
4
0
q
r
2
r
Chapter 27:
Dipole Moment: p = (qs, from q to + q)

E(on axis p)
2K p
r
3

E(on axis p)
K p
r
3
Continuous Charge Distribution Q: d

E = K
dq
r
2
r

E =

Q
d

E
Charge Densities: 1D : = Q/L 2D : = Q/A 3D : = Q/V
Special Field Results: Innite Wire:

E = (
2K||
r
; away for > 0, toward for < 0)
Innite Plane:

E = (
||
2
0
; away for > 0, toward for < 0)
Parallel Plate Capacitor:

E = (

0
, positive to negative)
Ring of Charge: E
z
=
1
4
0
zQ
(z
2
+R
2
)
3/2
Disk of Charge: E
z
=

2
0
[
1
z

z
2
+R
2
]
Chapter 28:
Flux through Surface S:
e
=

E d

A
Special Cases: Planar surface & uniform

E:
e
=

E

A
Planar surface uniform

E:
e
= EA
Gauss Law: For closed surface S:
e
=

E d

A =
Q
in

0
Some Geometry: Cylinder (radius r, length L): A = 2rL + 2r
2
; V = r
2
L
Sphere (radius r): A = 4r
2
; V =
4
3
r
3
Chapter 29:
Electric Potential Energy: Uniform eld: U = qEs point charges: U =
kq
1
q
2
r
=
1
4
0
q
1
q
2
r
Electric Potential: V =
U
q
V =

E ds
Special Cases: Uniform

E: V =

E s Point Charge: V =
kq
r
=
1
4
0
q
r
Continuous Distribution: dV =
kdq
r
Chapter 30:
Field and Potential: V = V
B
V
A
=

B
A

Eds E
x
= V/x E
y
= V/y E
z
= V/z
Capacitors: C =
Q
V
Parallel Plate: C =

0
A
d
Energy: U
c
=
Q
2
2C
=
1
2
C(V )
2
Energy Density: u
E
=
1
2

0
E
2
Combinations: Parallel: C = C
1
+ C
2
Series:
1
C
=
1
C
1
+
1
C
2
Dielectric: C = C
0
Chapter 31:
Electron Current: i = nAv
d
v
d
=
e
m
e
E
Current:

I = (dQ/dt, direction of

E) I = ei = JA J = nev
d

J =

E =

E/ =
1

=
ne
2

m
e
Conservation of Current: Current is the same at any point along the wire.
Resistance: R =
L
A
Ohms Law: I =
V
R
Chapter 32:
Kirchos Laws Junction:

I
in
=

I
out
Closed Loop:

i
(V )
i
= 0
Conventions: EMF: V = E
(
from +
from +
)
Resistor: V = IR
(
with I
against I
)
Power: P
bat
= IE P
R
= I
2
R =
(V )
2
R
= IV
Combinations: Series: R = R
1
+ R
2
Parallel:
1
R
=
1
R
1
+
1
R
2
RC Circuit: Discharging: Q(t) = Q
0
e
t/
I(t) = I
0
e
t/
Time Constant: = RC
Charging: Q(t) = Q
max
(1 e
t/
) I(t) =
E
R
e
t/
2
Chapter 33:
BiotSavart Law: Charge:

B =

0
4
qv r
r
2
Current: d

B =

0
4
Ids r
r
2
Amperes Law:

B ds =
0
I
thru
Field of an Innite Straight Wire: B =

0
I
2r
Field of an Ideal Solenoid: B =

0
NI
L
Magnetic Forces: on a Charge:

F = qv

B on a wire : d

F = Ids

B
on a straight wire in uniform eld:

F = I

L

B
Chapter 34:
Magnetic Flux:
m
=

B d

A Faradays Law: E = |
d
m
dt
|
Lenzs Law:
The direction of the induced current is such that
the induced magnetic eld opposes the change in ux.
Chapter 35:
Transformation of Fields for frame S

moving relative to S at constant speed V along x-axis:

=

E +

V

B

B

=

B
1
c
2

V

E
(inverse: interchange primes and unprimes, replace

V with

V )
Maxwells Equations:

E d

A =
Q
in

B d

A = 0

E ds =
d
dt

B d

B ds =
0
I
thru
+
0

0
d
dt

E d

A
Lorentz Force Law:

F = q

E + qv

B
Chapter 37:
Lorentz Transformations for frame S

moving relative to S at constant speed v along x-axis:

x = (x

+ vt

) ; y = y

; z = z

; t = (t

+ vx

/c
2
)
Velocity Components:
u
x
=
u

x
+ v
1 + vu

x
/c
2
; u
y
=
u

y
(1 + vu

x
/c
2
)
; u
z
=
u

z
(1 + vu

x
/c
2
)
where:
=
1

1 v
2
/c
2
(For inverse transformations: interchange unprimed quantities with primed and change v to -v.)
Length Contraction and Time Dilation:
L
p
= L ; t = t
p
Dynamics:
p =
u
mu ; E = K + mc
2
=
u
mc
2
; K = (
u
1)mc
2
; E
2
= p
2
c
2
+ m
2
c
4
3