Properties and Classifications of Matter

(huge kudos if you guess all of the musicians)

First: Lets get Physical

Next: Chemicals between us
.


Physical Properties:
describe the substance itself
(alone).

intensive properties: do
not change with amount;
used for identification

extensive properties:
depend on the amount of
matter present; not constant;
not used for identification
Examples:
Density
color
texture
boiling point
freezing point
odor
Examples:
Mass
Length
Heat
volume
weight
Chemical
Properties:
describe how the
substance reacts
with something
else
Examples:

-Does it burn?

-How does it react with
acids?

-Does it react with water?
Ch-Ch-Ch-Changes
Two Types:

Physical changes: will change its physical state but not its composition; most
physical changes are reversible
Examples: grinding, bending, dissolving and all physical state changes


Some physical state changes have specific names

a) Solid changing to a liquid melting

b) Liquid changing to a vapor evaporation

c) Vapor changing to a liquid condensation

d) Liquid changing to a solid freezing

e) Solid changing to a vapor sublimation

f) Vapor changing to a solid deposition


Chemical changes: involve a NEW substance being formed; usually not reversible
Examples: Burning, neutralization, etc.

But how can you tell if its a chemical change?
a color change
a texture change
a gas produced
a precipitate formed (a precipitate is a solid, insoluble product)
an obvious mass change
temperature change







So Pure

In chemistry, everything is classified as a pure substance or as a mixture.






Pure
Substances:
Cannot be
separated by
simple physical
means
elements
compound
Mixture:
Combo of two or
more substances in
which each
retaining individual
properties
Homogeneous:
same throughout;

Examples:
saltwater
milk
paint
brass

Heterogeneous:
Not same throughout;
Individual substances
remain distinct

Examples:
sandy water
soup
But wait!!!!
Colloids:
homogeneous, but
has different phases
Examples: fog, smoke
Can separate by:
Filtration
Distillation
Chromatography
Solubility
Magnetism
Kinetic Molecular Theory

KMT is a way to understand the physical properties of substances by considering their smallest
particles and their motion. Pressure, temperature, volume, and changes of state can be better
understood through the lens of KMT.
KMT is based on the concept of kinetic energy. Equation: KE = mv
2
Since particles move,
different size particles or particles moving at different velocities would have different amounts of
kinetic energy. Temperature, then, is simply an average of the kinetic energies of all particles.
Gas molecule simulators can be used to observe how changing certain physical properties will affect a
substance.
Play with this simulator: http://mc2.cchem.berkeley.edu/Java/molecules/index.html
(Notice how changes to particle size, temperature, volume, and pressure are all interrelated.)

States of Matter (aka Phases of Matter)
Description of solids, liquids and gases
Space between molecules
1. Gases: molecules very far apart
2. Liquids: molecules much closer together.
3. Solids: molecules are very close.
Attraction between molecules Intermolecular interactions
1. Gases: little attraction, overcome by kinetic energy
2. Liquids: attraction keeps volume constant
3. Solids: attraction keeps molecules in fixed position
Freedom of motion
1. Gases: move freely in all directions
2. Liquids: limited freedom of motion
3. Solids: very restricted freedom of motion (essentially vibrate in a fixed position)
Diffusion: the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to lower
concentration
1. Gases: diffuse rapidly and easily.
2. Liquids: diffuse easily but slower than gases.
3. Solids: Diffuse so slowly that it is not apparent.
Density solids are most dense and gases least dense, with liquids in between
exception: water is more dense as a liquid than as a gas (why ice floats)
Compressibility
1. Gases easily compressed
2. Liquids and solids are incompressible
Shape and volume
1. Gases: Take shape and volume of container
2. Liquids: Definite volume, but takes shape of container
3. Solids: Definite volume, definite shape
Expansion rate for a given temperature increase, gases expand most and solids expand least