 Conventional AM (DSBFC)

 Carrier power constitutes two-thirds or

more of the total transmitted power.
 Utilizes twice as much bandwidth as
needed with single sideband systems
 Single Sideband Systems
- mathematically recognized and
understood as early as 1914
- first patent completed and a
successful communications link
established between England and US in
1923
 AM Single-Sideband Full Carrier
(SSBFC)
- form of amplitude modulation in
which the carrier is transmitted at full
power, but only one of the sidebands is
transmitted.

Full-Carrier Single
SSBFC Waveform
Sideband
 AM Single-Sideband Suppressed
Carrier(SSSC)
- a form of amplitude modulation in
which the carrier is totally suppressed
and one of the sidebands removed.

Suppressed-Carrier SSBSC Waveform

Single Sideband
 AM Single-Sideband Reduced
Carrier(SSBRC)
- a form of amplitude modulation in which one
sideband is totally removed and the carrier
voltage is reduced to approximately 10% of its
unmodulated amplitude
- Single-Sideband Reinserted Carrier
Pilot carrier
- Exalted Carrier
Reduced-Carrier Single
Sideband
 AM Independent Sideband (ISB)
- a form of amplitude modulation in
which a single carrier frequency is
independently modulated by two
different modulating signals
- a form of double-sideband
transmission in which the transmitter
consists of two independent single-
sideband suppressed carrier modulators
Independent
Sideband

ISB Waveform
 AM Vestigial Sideband (VSB)
- a form of amplitude modulation in
which the carrier and one complete
sideband are transmitted, but only part
of the second sideband is transmitted.

Vestigial
Sideband
 Comparison of Single-Sideband
Transmission to Conventional AM
Peak Envelope Power (PEP)
- the rms power developed
at the crest of the modulation envelope
 Advantages:
 Power Conservation
 Bandwidth Conservation
 Selective Fading
 Noise Reduction
 Disadvantages:
 Complex Receivers
 Tuning Difficulties
Conventional AM
vs Single
Sideband
 Example:

For a 500W carrier modulated to

a depth of 80%, find the total power in
each of the following forms of AM: (a)
A3E (b) J3E (c) H3E (d) DSB.
 Recall:
Forms of Amplitude Modulation
A3E – Double Sideband Full Carrier
H3E – Single Sideband Full Carrier
B8E – Independent Sideband
J3E – Single Sideband Suppressed Carrier
R3E – Single Sideband Reduced Carrier
C3F – Vestigial Sideband
 Mathematical Analysis of
Suppressed-Carrier AM

Carrier AM Modulator Vam (t)

Modulating Signal

Vam(t) = [ 1 + m sin (2π fmt)] [ Ec sin

(2π fct)]
Constant + modulating signal Unmodulated carrier
Vam(t) = [ m sin (2π fmt ) ] [ Ec sin (2π fct) ]

Vam(t) = -mEc/2 cos [2π (fc+fm)t] + mEc/2 cos [ 2π (fc-fm)t]

Upper sideband frequency Lower sideband frequency

component component
Single-Sideband Generation
- most SSB system has either
suppressed carrier or reduced carrier
Notch Filters – remove carrier from the
modulated wave or reduce its amplitude
- do not have sufficient Q-factor to
remove the carrier without also
removing a portion of the sideband
 Double-Sideband Suppressed-
Carrier Modulators
- modulator circuits that
inherently remove the carrier during
the modulation process
- Balanced Modulator
 Balanced Ring Modulator
- Balanced Lattice Modulator
- Balanced Modulator
- made up of diodes and transformers
Semiconductor Diodes – ideally suited
for use in balanced modulator circuits
because they are stable, requires no
external power source, have long life and
require virtually no maintenance
 Balanced Ring Modulator

2 Inputs: single carrier frequency and modulating signal

 Circuit Operation
D1 to D4 – electronic switches that
control whether the modulating signal
is passed from the input transformer to
output transformer as is or with a 180°
phase shift
 Carrier Polarity: D1 and D2 – FB
D3 and D4 – RB
* The modulating signal is transferred
across the closed switches from T1 to T2
without phase reversal.
 Carrier Polarity Reverses: D1 and D2
– RB
D3 and D4 – FB
* Modulating signal undergoes a 180°
phase reversal before reaching T2
 Carrier current flows from its source to the
center taps of T1 and t2 where it splits and
goes in opposite directions through the upper
and lower halves of the transformers.
 Thus, their magnetic field cancel on the
secondary windings of the transformers and
the carrier is suppressed.
Carrier Leak – the small carrier component
always present in the output signal
- 40 dB- 60dB is the amount of carrier
suppression
Modulating signal

Carrier Signal

Output Waveform Before Filtering

Output Waveform After Filtering

 Output: Consists of a series of RF pulses whose
repetition rate is determined by the RF carrier
switching frequency.
: The amplitude is controlled by the level of
the modulating signal.
: It takes the shape of the modulating signal,
except with the alternating positive and
negative polarities that correspond to the
polarity of the carrier signal.
 Example:

For a Balanced Ring Modulator, a

carrier input frequency fc= 400kHz and
a modulating signal frequency range
fm= 0 kHz to 4 kHz; determine (a)
output frequency spectrum
(b) output frequency for a
single-frequency input fm= 2.8 kHz
 FET Push-Pull Balanced Modulator
FET – a non-linear device that exhibits
square-law properties and produce only
second-order cross-product frequencies
FET Modulator – product modulator and
produces only the sidebands at its output and
suppresses the carrier
FET Push-Pull Balanced Modulator
 Circuit Operation
 Carrier is fed into the circuit in such a way that it is
applied simultaneously and in phase to the gates of
both FET amplifier (QA and QB).
 Carrier produces currents in both the top and bottom
halves of the output transformer T3 that are equal in
magnitude but 180° out of phase.
 Therefore, they cancel and no carrier component
appears in the output waveform.
 Circuit Operation
 Modulating signal is applied to the circuit
in such a way that it is applied
simultaneously to the gate of the two FETs
180° out of phase.
 Modulating signal causes an increase in
the drain current in one FET and a
decrease in the drain current in the other
FET.
 In-phase sum of dc and carrier
currents
Itb Ita

Idb Iqb Iqa Ida

 Out-of-Phase sum of dc and
carrier currents
Iqb Iqa

Idb Ida
Itb Ita
 Sum of dc, carrier, and modulating
signal current
Idb Iqb Iqa Ida

Imb Ima
Itb
Ita
 Balanced Bridge Modulator
- operation is completely dependent
on the switching action of the diodes D1
through D4 under the influence of the
carrier and modulating signal voltages
- carrier voltage controls the on and
off conditions of the diodes
 Balanced Bridge Modulator

How does the carrier signal being suppressed?

 Operation:

Diode biased off Diode biased on

 Output Waveform
 Linear Integrated-Circuit Balanced Modulators
- available up to 100MHz
- LM 1496/1596
- can provide carrier suppression of 50dB at
100MHz
- 65 dB at 500 kHz
- a double-balanced modulator/demodulator that
produces an output signal that is proportional to the
product of its input signals.
Differential Amplifier
AM DSBSC modulator using the LM1496/1596 LIC
 Assignment:

Research on the methods on how

single-sideband is being generated.