Lecture Method of Consistent Deformation PDF

13.
Method of Consistent Deformations

1
13. Method of Consistent Deformations
By James C. Maxwell in 1864
2
13.1 Structures with a Single Degree of Indeterminacy
A
B
C
32k
E = 30,000 ksi
I = 512 in
4
10 10
1. Free-Body Diagram
32 k
A
x
A
y
C
y
M
A
)
y A y x
C , M , A , (A
) 0 , 0 , 0 (

= = = M F F
y x
Unknown variables = 4
3 Equations of Equilibrium =
Statically Indeterminate Structure
Degree of Indeterminacy = 4 -3 =1
= Number of Redundancy
3
32 k
Ax
Ay
Cy
Ma
2. Selecting C
y
as a redundant
32k
A
xo
A
yo
M
AO
Determinate Structure
Primary Structure
CO
0 =
x
F 0 =
xo
A
= k A
yo
32 0
y
= F
kf k M
AO
= 320
0 10 32 =
AO
M 0 =
A
M
4
32k
32k
321 k-ft
CO
Bending Moment Diagram

A B C
-320
Determining
CO
using conjugate-beam method,
EI
320

5
EI
320
) 10 10
3
2
2
1
10
320
+ = (
EI
CO
EI
67 . 26666
=
512 30000
12 67 . 26666
3
=
3
ft k
in 0 . 3 =
= in .
CO
0 3
3. Applying the redundant
A
xc
M
AC
CC
f
y
C
1 k
A
yc
f
CC
: Flexibility Coefficient
6
Axc
Ayc
Mac
CC
f
1k
y
C
0 =
xc
A 0 =
x
F
= k A
yc
1
0
y
= F
kf k M
AC
= 20
0 20 1 = +
AC
M 0 =
A
M
Bending Moment Diagram
A B C
10
20
y
C
7
Determining f
CC
using conjugate-beam method,
EI
20
) 20
3
2
(
2
1
20
20
=
EI
f
CC
EI
ft k
3
67 . 2666
=
512 30000
12 67 . 2666
3
= = in 3 . 0
y CC CC
C f =
4. Compatibility Condition
0 = + =
y CC CO C
C f
y CC CO
C f =
Unknowns : Forces
Force Method
Flexibility Method
Flexibility
8
=
= k
f
C
CC
CO
y
10
3 . 0
0 . 3
5. Reaction Forces
Using the equilibrium equations,
0 A , 0 = =
x x
F
= = + = k 22 A 0, 10 32 , 0
y y y
A F
120 , 0 20 10 10 32 , 0 ft k M M M
A A A
= = + =
9
Using the principle of superposition,
32 k
32k
321 k-ft
in 0 . 3
1k x 10
20 k-ft x 10
10 3 . 0 in
32 k
A
y
= 22 k
M
A
= 120 k-ft
A
x
= 0
C
y
= 10 k
10
6. Shear Force Diagram & Bending Moment Diagram
Using the reaction forces & the applied loads,
A B C
-320
A B C
20 x 10
10 x 10
A
B
C
-120
100
11
Moment as a redundant
Primary Structure Statically Determinate & Stable , ( )
Redundant
A
x
A
y
C
y
M
A
Selecting A
x
as a redundant,
A
y
C
y
M
A
Unstable Structure
12
A
x
A
y
C
y
M
A
32k
32k
Selecting M
A
as a redundant,
A
yo
C
yo
32k
A
xo
Statically Determinate & Stable Structures
13
2. Selecting M
A
as a redundant
A
xo
A
yo
C
yo
32k
AO
0 =
xo
A
0 =
x
F
= k C
yo
16
0 =
A
M
= k A
yo
16
0
y
= F
EI
PL
16
2
= rad 0075 . 0 =
AO

14
A
xA
A
yA
C
yA
ft k 1
AA
f
A
M
0 =
xA
A
0 =
x
F
= k C
yA
20
1
0 =
A
M
= k A
yA
20
1
0
y
= F
EI
L
3
=
AA
f
ft k rad = / 0000625 . 0
A AA AA
M f =
15
0 = + =
A AA AO A
M f
A AA AO
M f =
0000625 . 0
0075 . 0
=
AA
AO
A
f
M

=
ft k =120
5. Reaction Forces
Using the equilibrium equations,
Using the reaction forces & the applied loads,
16
Example 13.1
A
B
L
M
EI = constant
A
x
A
y
C
y
M
A
M
17
A
x
A
y
B
y
M
A
M
2. Selecting B
y
as a redundant
M
M
AO
BO
Primary Structure
=
BO
18
M
AB
BB
f
y
B
1
A
yB
=
BB
f
0 = + =
y BB BO B
B f
= =
BB BO y
f B /
5. Reaction Forces
19
Example 13.2
15 kN/m
60 kN
A
B C
D
10 m 5 m 5 m
E = 200 GPa
I = 70010
6
mm
4
A
x
A
y
B
y
15 kN/m
60 kN
D
y
20
A
x
A
y
B
y
15 kN/m
60 kN
D
y
2. Selecting B
y
as a redundant
15 kN/m
60 kN
A
xo
A
yo
D
yo
BO
=
BO
21
1
y
B
A
xB
A
yB
D
yB
BB
f
=
BB
f
0 = + =
y BB BO B
B f
= =
BB BO y
f B /
5. Reaction Forces
22
Example 13.3
25 k
25 k
28 k
3 @ 20 ft
15 ft
A
B
C
D
E
F
23
25 k
25 k
28 k
A
x
A
y
D
y
D
x
m + r
Unknown variables = = 13
Equations of Equilibrium = 2j = 12
Degree of Indeterminacy = 13 12 = 1
24
25 k
25 k
28 k
A
x
A
y
D
y
D
x
2. Selecting D
x
as a redundant
25 k
25 k
28 k
A
xo
A
yo
D
yo
DO

25
= F
AE
L
F
v
O
F
D
u
= =
O D DO
F
AE
L
u
26
1
A
xD
A
yD
D
yD
DD
f
x
D
= F
AE
L
F
v
D
u
= =
AE
L
u f
D DD
2
27
0 = + =
x DD DO D
D f
= =
DD DO x
f D /
5. Reaction Forces
28
Example 13.4
3 k/ft
30 ft
A
B
C
EI = constant
20 ft
29
3 k/ft
A
x
A
y
C
y
C
x
30
2. Selecting A
x
as a redundant
3 k/ft
A
y
C
y
C
x
AO

31
= dx
EI
M
M
v
O
M
A
m
= =

dx
EI
M
m
O
A AO
32
1
A
yA
C
yA
C
xA
AA
f
= dx
EI
M
M
v
A
m x
A
= =
dx
EI
m
f
A
AA
2
33
0 = + =
x AA AO A
A f
= =
AA AO x
f A /
5. Reaction Forces
34
13.2 Internal Forces and Moments as Redundants
10 k
A
B
C
10 k 12 k
6 ft 8 ft
6 ft 20 ft 10 ft
EI = constant
10 k
10 k 12 k
A
y
B
y
C
y
A
x
35
B
M
B
BR BL
=
BL
BR
Brel
BL BR
=
0 =
36
2. Selecting Internal Moment (Bending Moment) M
B
as a redundant
10 k
10 k 12 k
BOL
BOR
Primary Structure
BOR BOL

BOrel
BOL BOR
= 0
EI
ft k
BOR
2
33 . 533
=
EI
ft k
BOL
2
420
=
EI
ft k
BOrel
2
33 . 953
=
37
1
1
BBL
f
BBR
f
B
M
EI
ft k ft k
f
BBR

=
/ 10
2
EI
ft k ft k
f
BBL

=
/ 67 . 6
2
EI
ft k ft k
f
BBrel

=
/ 67 . 16
2
38
0 = + =
B BBrel BOrel Brel
M f
ft k f M
BBrel BOrel B
= = 19 . 57 /
5. Reaction Forces
- Equilibrium Equations of Members & Joints
57.19
57.19
10 10
57.19
12
57.19
A
y
= 7.14
B
y
AB
= 12.86
C
y
= 6.09
B
y
BC
= 5.91 12.86 5.91
B
y
= 18.77
39
Internally Indeterminate Structures
Selecting a reaction as a redundant
OR Selecting an internal force or moment as a redundant
Externally determinate, but Internally indeterminate structures
Selecting a reaction as a redundant ()
Selecting an internal force or moment as a redundant
A
B
C
D
P
40
1. Static Determinacy
Externally Static Determinacy
r = 3
Statically Determinate Externally
A
B
C
D
P
Internally Static Determinacy
m = 6, r = 3, j = 4
m + r > 2j
Statically Indeterminate
41
2. Selecting Internal Force F
AD
as a redundant
= F
AE
L
F
v
= =
O AD ADO
F
AE
L
u
A
B
C
D
P
ADO
O
F
A
B
C
D
1
AD
u
1
F
O
: Internal Forces due to External Forces
of the Primary System
u
AD
: Internal Forces due to unit axial Forces
of the Primary System
ADO
F
0 =
AD AD
u
,
0 . 1 =
42
A
B
C
D
1
1
AD AD
f
,
= F
AE
L
F
v
AD
u
AD
F
= =
AE
L
u f
AD AD AD
2
,
0
,
= + =
AD AD AD ADO AD
F f
= =
AD AD ADO AD
f F
,
/
43
5. Member Forces
AD AD O
F u F F + =
6. Reaction Forces
AD AD O
F r R R + =
44
Example 13.5
45
Example 13.6
46
13.3 Structures with Multiple Degrees of Indeterminacy
w
A
B C D
E
A
x
A
y
B
y
C
y
w
D
y
E
y
Degree of Indeterminacy = 6 - 3 =3
47
A
x
A
y
B
y
C
y
w
D
y
E
y
2. Selecting B
y
, C
y
and D
y
as the redundants
w
A
xO
A
yO
E
yO
BO
CO
DO
=
BO
=
CO
=
DO
48
1
y
B
BB
f
A
xB
A
yB
E
yB
CB
f
DB
f
=
BB
f =
CB
f =
DB
f
1
y
C
BC
f
A
xC
A
yC
E
yC
CC
f
DC
f
=
BC
f =
CC
f
=
DC
f
1
y
D
BD
f
A
xD
A
yD
E
yD
CD
f
DD
f
=
BD
f =
CD
f =
DD
f
49
0 = + + +
y BD y BC y BB BO
D f C f B f
0 = + + +
y CD y CC y CB CO
D f C f B f
0 = + + +
y DD y DC y DB DO
D f C f B f
No. of Unknown Redundants = 3
No. of Compatibility Equations = 3
B
y
, C
y
, D
y
50
5. Reaction Forces
Deflections to be calculated for determining unknown reducdants
=
DO
=
CO
=
BO
=
DB
f
=
CB
f =
BB
f
=
DC
f
=
BC
f =
CC
f
=
BD
f
=
CD
f
=
DD
f
12
51
According to the Maxwells Law of Reciprocal Deflections,
=
BO
=
CO
=
DO
=
BB
f =
CB
f
=
DB
f
=
BC
f =
CC
f
=
DC
f
=
BD
f
=
CD
f
=
DD
f
9
Homework 4 (10 Points)
Definition & Proof
- Bettis Law
- Maxwells Law of Reciprocal Deflections
52
Example 13.7
53
Example 13.8
54
Example 13.9
55
Example 13.10
56
Example 13.11
57
13.4 Support Settlements and Temperature Changes
Support Settlements
w
A
B
C
D
B
2. Selecting B
y
and C
y
as the redundants
w
BO
CO
=
CO
=
BO
58
1
BB
f
CB
f
y
B
=
CB
f
=
BB
f
1
BC
f
CC
f
=
BC
f =
CC
f
y
C
= + +
y BC y BB BO
C f B f
B
= + +
y CC y CB CO
C f B f
C

59
A
B
C
D
A
= + +
y BC y BB BO
C f B f
= + +
y CC y CB CO
C f B f
Rigid-Body Displacement
C
h
o
r
d
o
f P
r
im
a
r
y
B
e
a
m
BR
CR
BR
CR
Relative Displacement
60
Rigid-Body Displacement
A
B
C
D
No Bending Deformations
No Member Forces (Bending Moments)
No Stresses
Support Settlements in a Externally Determinate Structure
No Effects
61
Example 13.12
62
Temperature Changes
Support Settlements or Temperture Changes in a Determinate Structure
No Effects
Support Settlements or Temperture Changes in a Indeterminate Structure
Resulting Stresses
Externally Indeterminate, and Internally Indeterminate
Reactions 0 Internal Forces 0
Externally Determinate, and I nternally I ndeterminate
Reactions =0 I nternal Forces 0
Externally Determinate, and Internally Determinate
Reactions = 0 Internal Forces = 0
63
Example 13.13
A
B
C D
1
T
2
T
1. Static Determinacy
Externally Static Determinacy
r = 3
Statically Determinate Externally
Internally Static Determinacy
m = 6, r = 3, j = 4
m + r > 2j
Statically Indeterminate
64
2. Selecting Internal Force F
AD
as a redundant
A
B
C D
1
T
2
T
ADO
= L T F
v
) (
A
B
C D
1
1
AD
u
= =

L T u
AD ADO
) (
65
A
B
C D
1
1
AD
F
AD AD
f
,
= F
AE
L
F
v
AD
u
= =
AE
L
u f
AD AD AD
2
,
0
,
= + =
AD AD AD ADO AD
F f
= =
AD AD ADO AD
f F
,
/
66
5. Member Forces
AD AD
F u =
AD AD O
F u F F + =
6. Reaction Forces
AD AD
F r =
AD AD O
F r R R + =
0 =
67
13.5 Method of Least Work
w
A
B
C
A
x
A
y
B
y
C
y
Selecting B
y
as the redundant
w
B
y
w
B
y
68
= U
) , (
y
B w f
) (w f
= U
According to the Castiglianos Second Theorem,
=
y
B
U
0
Compatibility Condition
For the value of the redundant that satisfies the equilibrium equation and compatibility,
the strain energy of the structure is a maximum or minimum.
MI NI MUM
The magnitude of the redundants of a statically indeterminate structure
must be such that the strain energy (internal work) is a minimum (the least).
Principle of Least Work
69
For structures with n redundants,
) , , , , , (
3 2 1 n
R R R R w f L
= U
0
1
=
R
U
0 =
n
R
U
0
2
=
R
U
0
3
=
R
U
L
70
Example 13.14
30 kN/m
80 kN
10 m 5 m 5 m
B C
EI = constant
A
D
A
x
A
y
B
y
D
y
Free-Body Diagram
30 kN/m 80 kN
3
Equations of Equilibrium =
Degree of Indeterminacy = 4 - 3 = 1
71
Selecting B
y
as the redundant
30 kN/m
80 kN
A
x
A
y
D
y
B
y
y y
B D 5 . 0 135 =
0 =
x
A
y y
B A 5 . 0 245 =
L
dx
EI
M
0
2
2
= U
L
y
dx
EI
M
B
M
0
0 = =
y
B
U
72
30 kN/m
80 kN
245 0.5B
y
135 0.5B
y
B
y
A
B
C
D
(m) Limit
s coordinate X
Segment
2
15 ) 5 . 0 245 ( x x B
y

x B
y
) 5 . 0 135 (
) 5 ( 80 ) 5 . 0 135 ( x x B
y
y
B M /
M
Origin
x 5 . 0
10 0
A
AB
x 5 . 0
D
5 0 DC
x 5 . 0 10 5
CB D
=
L
y
dx
EI
M
B
M
0
=
y
B
U
10
0
dx L

+
5
0
dx L

+
10
5
dx L 0 =
) ( 5 . 242 = kN B
y
=
y
A =
y
D
73
Example 13.15
74
Example 13.16
75
Why cannot the method of least work be used for analyzing the effects of support
settlements and temperature changes?
76
Solve the following problems.
13.1 ~ 13.12 : 2 problems
13.13 ~ 13.25 : 2 problems
13.26 ~ 13.36 : 2 problems
13.37 ~ 13.45 : 2 problems
13.46 ~ 13.47 : 1 problem
13.48 : 1 problem
13.49 ~ 13.61 : 2 problems
12 problems

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13.

Method of Consistent Deformations

Bending Moment Diagram

13. Method of Consistent Deformations

13. Method of Consistent Deformations

13. Method of Consistent Deformations

13. Method of Consistent Deformations

13. Method of Consistent Deformations

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