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13

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14

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(10)

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t

, JV J
JV = J f v .

25

(11)

2.1.1.
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(V ) (S ) (V )
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[27,41,43]
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1 N
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t
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26

i -

(14)
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2.1.2.
(
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r
pn

r
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dt dV = ( +F)dV .

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i

i =1

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- , i - .
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r r
r
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d
(x v + k )dV = (x p n + q n )dS + (x F + h)dV ,
dt

qn - , h -
.

r
qn = n m ,

, ,

27

 (x (n ) + n m)dS = ( m+ x ( ) I)dV .
r

r
r = I

- . ,
x (

dv
F ) = 0
dt

dk

( dt m + I h)dV = 0 ,

dk
m + I h = 0 .
dt

(17)

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ij = ji ,
.
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d | v |2
( v ) + tr ( v ) F v = 0 ,
2 dt

(18)

tr(A) .
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=
dt
dt

| v |2
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2

vdV + F vdV tr ( v)dV .

tr ( v) = tr ( E) ,

- -

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2.1.5.
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ij

km

r r r r
ei ek e j em

28

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i

q& i - , .

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dt

u = cV T ,

(19)

T - , cV - . (1),

cV

dT
= q + tr ( ) + q& i .
dt

(20)

.
2.4.

,
29

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F = e E+ j H ,
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30

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= tr (e)I + 2e .

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0

2.6.
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38

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39

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11. , ( ) , .
i = 0i + RT ln Ci

0i - i- . ,

i = 0i + RT ln Ci + zi F

- , F =
96484.56 / - .
: 1. .
. - .: , 1978. - 214 .; 2. .., .. . - .: , 1984. - 464 .
4. -
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2T
=a 2
t
x

t = 0:

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t >0,

x = 0:

x :

(1)
(2)
T
= qw ;
x

T( t, x ) T0 .

40

(3)
(4)

 a, , T0, qw .
: 1. .. : / ..
. . : , 1978. 460 .; 2. .. / .. , .. . . : , 2003. 784 .
4.2.
, , . [41].
C
2C
= D 2 + (C ) , (C ) = k 0 C ,
t
x
t =0:

C(0, x ) = C 0 ;

t >0,

x = 0:

x=h:

C( t,0) = C 0 ;

(1)
(2)
(3)

C( t , h ) = C * .

(4)
, D , k0
.
: Murray J.D. Lectures on Nonlinear Differential Equation Models in Biology / J.D. Murray. Oxford : Clarendon Press, 1977. (
: . . / . . . : , 1983. 400 .)
4.3.
h d
>> h. - ,
.

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, T0 , ,
(T 4 T04 ) , - -, - .
(T )C (T )

T
T
= (T ) , 0 < x < , t > 0
t x
x
41

(1)

t = 0 : T (0, x ) = T0 , 0 x ;

T
x

(T )

T
x

(2)

= q w ,t > 0 ,

(3)

= * (T 4 T04 ), t > 0, T > T0 .

(4)

x =0

(T )

x =

T0, qw (T), C(T), (T) .

: .. / ..
, .. , .. . .: , 1991. 287 .;
4.4.
. .
C ik
= div N ik , (k=1,2,3; i=1,2,n)
t

(1)

zi e k k
Di Ci grad ,
kT

(2)

N ik = Dik gradC ik

z C

sign ( z1 ) 1k = 0 .

(3)

t =0:

C ki (0, r ) = C ik 0 ;

(4)

t >0,

r =0:

r = r0 :

N 1i = N i2 ,

i1 = i2 ;

C C

k
i

Ci1
= 0 , 1 (t ,0) = 0 ;
r

(5)
(6)

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ik = ik 0 + RTln C ik + z i F k - i- k-
; = 1.6021892 10-19 ; k =
1.38066210-23 /. .
: 1. . . /
. . . : , 1962. 490 .; 2. Zagorodni A.A. Ion Exchange Materials. Properties and Applications / A.A. Zagorodni. Amsterdam : Elsevier, 2007. 499
p.
r:

2
i

20
i

4.5.
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: . , , 42

, , . ,
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- , ,
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+ (v ) v = p + 2 v ( * )g .
t

(1)

v =0.

(2)

+ v = 2 .
t

c p

(3)

v - ; ; t ; , , , , - ,
, , ; 2 .
: 1. ..
/ .. . - . 1990. 228 .; 2. . - , - : 2- / . [ .]. . : , 1991. 1206 .
4.6.
, , .

43

.6.

- .
v = 0

(1)

( v )v = P + F

(2)

c p v = 2 + D

(3)

(Cv ) =

(4)

D 2 C ,

, , ,
. . ,
,

P( x, y ) = x + p ( x, y ) ,

.
: 1. .. - / .. [ .]. . :
, 2003. 232 .; 2. Alexiadis A. Laminar Flow Transitions
in a 2D Channel with Circular Spacers / A. Alexiadis, D.E. Wiley, D.F. Fletcher // Ind.
Eng. Chem. Res., 2007. V. 46, 16. P. 5387 5396; 3. Fimbres-Weihs G.A. Numerical study of two-dimensional multi-layer spacer designs for minimum drag and
maximum mass transfer / G.A. Fimbres-Weihs, D.E. Wiley. // J. Membr. Sci., 2008.
V. 325. P.809 822; 4. Koutsou C.P. Shear stresses and mass transfer at the base of a
stirred filtration cell and corresponding conditions in narrow channels with spacers /
C.P. Koutsou, A.J. Karabelas. // J. Membr. Sci., 2012. V. 399 400. P. 60 72.
4.7.
, , . , .
, .
vr

vr
v
1 p
v

+ vz r =
+ 2 vr r2
r
r
z
r

44

(1)

vr

vz
v
1 p
+ vz z =
+ 2 vz
r
z
z

(2)

vr vr v z
+ +
=0
r
r
z
vr

C
C
+ vz
= D 2 C
r
z

z =0:

v r ( r ,0) =

r = r0 :
k
v w = p

0;

v r (0, z ) = 0 ;

r =0:

(3)
(4)

v z (r ,0) = v 0z (r ) ;

C(r ,0) = C0

v z C
=
=0
r
r
;

v r ( r0 , z ) = v w ;

vz = 0 ;

C
=0
r

(5)
(6)

C
+ a 2C = 0
r
;

(7)

- .

: 1. .
/ M. . . : , 1999. 513 .; 2. ..
/ .. . .: , 1986. 272 .; 3. Baker R.W. Membrane Technology and Applications / R.W. Baker. 2nd Ed. Chichester : Wiley, 2004.
538 p.; 4. Wang L.K. Membrane and Desalination Technologies / L.K. Wang, J.P.
Chen. New York : Human Press, 2011. 716 p.
4.8.

, . , . .
d 2 C ik z i e d k d k
Ci
+
kT dx
dx
dx 2
2

z C
i =1

k
i

= 0 , (i = 1,2; k = 1,2,3)

sign( z1 ) 2k = 0 , (k = 1,2,3)

x = -:

C ki ( ) = C ik 0 ,

( ) = 0

(1)
(2)
(3)

x = 0:

N1i = N i2 ,

i1 = i2

(4)

x = h:

N i2 = N 3i ,

i2 = i3

(5)

x = h+:

C 3i ( h + ) = C3i* ,

45

( h + ) = *

(6)

 N ik - , -. ( 4.3).
: 1. .. /
.. , .. . .: , 1996. 392 .; 2. Probstein R.F.
Physicochemical Hydrodynamics: An Introduction / R.F. Probstein. New York e.a. :
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, 2002. 143 .
4.9.

.
.
,
.

.
- ,
.
, . , ,

, , , , (.
.).
-

-
-
-, .
..
.. , . ,
.. .
. 7.
, -
. ,
46

dJ i
= 0,
dx

(i = 1,2) ,

dci
z e d J i
= i ci
,
dx
kT dx Di

(i = 1,2)

(1)

d 2
= F ( z1c1 + z 2 c2 )
dx 2

x [0, ], zi , Di , J i , ci - , ,
i- ; -
; - ; F =
9.65104 / .
. , , ,
, ,
x = 0 : ci (0) = ci0 (i = 1,2) ,
(0) = 0 .
0
, ci (i=1,2) 0
, ci -

,
z1c10 + z 2 c 20 = 0 .
,
- ,

.
, , ,
, . , , i- . , -,
,
x = :

Ji =

n i j0
(i = 1,2) ,
zi F

( ) = 0 .

0 > 0 - -; j0 - , 0 .
47

 0 , j0 , ,
j0 . ,
j0 , ,
.
(1) ,
, (3.1)
Ji =

n i j0
(i = 1,2) .
zi F

, ,

dci
z e d
n i j0
= i ci

dx
kT dx zi FDi

(i = 1,2)

d 2
= F ( z1c1 + z 2 c2 )
dx 2

x = 0:

ci (0) = ci0 (i = 1,2) ; (0) = 0

x = :

( ) = 0

2007 .
: 1. .. /
.. , .. . .: , 1996. 392 .; 2. Probstein R.F.
Physicochemical Hydrodynamics: An Introduction / R.F. Probstein. New York e.a. :
Wiley, 1994. 406 p.; 3. Rubinstein I. Electro-Diffusion of ions / I. Rubinstein. Philadelphia: SIAM, 1990. 265 p.; 4. .. - / .. . : - , 1998. 126 .; 5. .. / .. , .. . //
, 2007. . 7, . 5. .815 824.
4.10.
.
1999 . ,
, 48

 .
:
w( z )

d 2 c z e d d
d ci
Di 2i + i
ci
= 0 (i = 1,2) ,
dz
kT dz dz
dz

d 2
2 = F (z1c1 + z 2 c2 )
dz

z = 0:

d ci zi e d
n j
+
ci
= i ,
dz kT dz
zi FDi
z=d:
z :

(0) = 0 ;

( d ) = 0 ;
ci ( z ) ci0 .

: 1. . / U.
. .: , 1974. 712 .; 2. .. - / .. . .: , 1959. 699 .; 3. ..
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4.11.

,
. , , .

49

.8.
,
, .
.
, .
, (, , , ..),
. ,
, . , ,
.
. , , .

+ ( v ) =
t
v
+ ( v v ) = P + F + vr
t

P = -pI + div v + 2effE;

eff

k
+ ( k v) =
k + Gk + k 0
t
k

eff


+ ( v ) =
+ (C1Gk C 2 ) + 0
t

k
Ci
+ (Ci v) = N i + i , (i=f,o,p)
t
eff
Ni =
C i , (i=f,o,p)

E
+ ( E v ) = q ( v P ) + E
t
=

Ai C j j

(1)

(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)

j =1

X pc

Aebu min X , ,B ebu

1+

d vL
= Fi e
dt
i

d 2
d L = f ( Nu )
dt
1
d D( t )
=
,
dt
def

(10)
(11)
(12)

t = 0 : D( 0 ) = 0 .

50

(13)

 : 1. ..
/ .. ,
.. , .. . .: , 1989. 256 .; 2. ..
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.. , .. [ .] . : , 1993. 751 .; 3. .. / .. , .. , .. [ .]. . : , 2009. 512 .
4.12.
. : (), , , ,
, , , .

.9.
. 1. . , ,
- , .
51

.10. .11.


.
. . . , .
.
d ( g u g A)
dx

=0

(1)

dp
d

g u g2 A = A g f g p g u g u g D, S = f g p g u g u g D
dx
dx 8
8
dp
d
g
c pg ( g u g ATg ) = u g A
+ hg Awh (Twh Taw ) + Awh Twh4 Tg4
dx
dx

(2)

p g = g RT g

(3)
(4)

q = (q h + q r ) Awh = q w Awh = q c Awc

(5)

k
q w = w (Twh Twc )
e

(6)

k 3 (Twh3 Twc3 )
k2
k w = k1 + (Twc + Twh ) +
2
3 (Twh Twc )

(7)

k w = k1 + k 2Tw + k 3Tw2

(8)

.
d ( c uc A)
=0
ds

(9)
52

dp
d
c u c2 A = A c f c pc u c u c D
ds
ds 8

c pc

(10)

dp
d
( c u c ATc ) = u c A c + hc Awc (Twc Taw ) + Awc Twc4 Tc4
ds
ds

c = 1 + 2Tc + 3Tc2

(11)
(12)

.
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717.
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MIDREX)

,
MIDREX.
,
,
, .

.12. MIDREX.
. :
R0
-

53

 Tg0 ,

Tp0 .

, , ,

Fe 2 O3 + {C ; CO; H 2 ; CH 4 } Fe + (CO; CO2 ; H 2O ) .

R& (t ) R (t ) .

,
.

()
()
()
.13.
,

(0 1 ) dR = J (t ) .
dt

R - , 0 1
.

t = 0 : R (0) = R0 .

0

0 (T ) 0 (T )

T
= (0 (T )T ) .
t

0 , 0 , 0 - , 0 .
54

T1
+ v 1 T1 = (1 (T1 )T1 ) ,
t

1 (T1 ) 1 (T1 )

c1
+ v1 c1 = (D1 (c1 , T1 )c1 ) ,
t
v1 =

p1 , v1 = 0 .

T2

+ v 2 T2 = (2 (T2 )T2 ) ,
t

2 (T2 ) 2 (T2 )

c2
+ v 2 c2 = (D2 (c2 , T2 )c2 ) ,
t
v2

+ ( v 2 )v 2 = p2 + ( 2 (T )v 2 ) + 2 (T )f ,
t

2 (T )

v2 = 0 .

t = 0:

ui (r ,0) = ci (r ,0) = 0, (i = 1,2) ,

pi (r ,0) = p

(i = 1,2) ,

T0 (r ,0) = Tp0 ,
0

t > 0, r = R(t ) :

Ti (r ,0) = Tg0 .

T0
T
R& (t ) = 1 1 ,
r
r

D1

c1
= ( A k1c1 )R& (t ) , u1 ( R (t ), t ) = R& (t ) ,
r

t > 0, r = R (t ) :

T0 ( R(t ), t ) = T1 ( R(t ), t ) ;

t > 0, r = R0 :

T1 ( R0 , t ) = T2 ( R0 , t ),
1

T1
T
= 2 2 , c1( R0 , t ) = c2 ( R0 , t ) ,
r
r

D1

c1
c
= D2 2 ,
r
r

u1 ( R0 , t ) = u2 ( R0 , t ) , p1 ( R0 , t ) = p2 ( R0 , t ) ,
55

t > 0, r : u2 (r , t ) 0, c2 (r , t ) 0,
T2 (r , t ) T ,

p2 (r , t ) p .

.
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. , . , .
,
l0, r0, r0<< l0.
, , , T0
T*.
.
- ,

cv

2T 1 T
T

= 2 +

r
r
r

, 0 r r0 ;

(10) , ,
.


t = 0:
T (r ,0) = T0 , 0 r r0 ,

t > 0, r = r0 :
q = (T 4 T*4 ) ;
56

 , ,
(12)
t > 0, r = r0 :

= T 4 T*4 ;
r

t > 0,

r = 0:

T
= 0.
r

: 1. .. / .. , .. , .. . . : , 1990. 239 .; 2. ..
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- ,
,
, .

, .

.14. .

, [6].
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57

(1)

+ (v ) = ( + + ) + v + l .
t

(2)

.
(1)-(2) ,
,
T

+ v T = 2T + ( + )D + Dw .
t

cv

(3)

D - , Dw -
.

, [5], (1) , (3)

eE , j E .

(4)

E = 0 , ( E ) = e

(5)

: 1. .. / .. , .. .
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, , .
.
1859
.
58

 . , , .
,
. .
, .
, . , . .

v
+ ( v )v = p + f ,
t

(1)

v = 0.

(2)

- (3)-(4)
vr (r , t ) p (r , t )
. ,
,
t = 0:
vr (r ,0) = 0, p (r ,0) = p0 0 r < R(t ) ,
(3)
p(r ,0) = p R(t ) r < .

R(t ) - ,

t = 0 : R (0) = R0 .

(4)

, ,

t > 0, r = R(t ) :

pb (t ) = p( R(t ), t ) +

2
,
R(t )

(5)

vr ( R (t ), t ) = R& (t ) .

pb - , p( R(t ), t ) - , ; -
. (9) ,

59

 ,
.
, , .
,
t > 0, r :
vr (r , t ) 0,
p(r , t ) p .
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. ,
.



.15. .
FD =
FL =

MD =

C D0 V2 R 2 2 cos 3 0 3 cos 2 1 3 sin 2 cos 0 ,

[(

(1)

C L0 V2 R 2 sin 2 1 cos 4 0 cos 2 3 cos 2 1 sin 4 0 ,

[(

(2)

(3)

(4)

C D0 V2 R 3 sin 2 1 cos 4 0 cos 2 3 cos 2 1 sin 4 0 ,

12 + 3 sin 4 0 4 cos 2 0 sin 2

0 2 3
ML =
C L V R sin 2 cos 0 8 cos 2 + 4 sin 2 cos 2
40

5 3 cos 0 cos 0

60

 - (
); 0 - ; R - ; FD, FL - ; MD, ML - .
: 1. ..
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. / . , . .
. : , 1984. 360
4.18.

, . ,
.
[ .. .(1987)].
u (r )

C
= D 2C + (C ) ,
z

(1)

(C ) = k 0 k 1 C ;

(2)

z = 0:

C(0,r) = C0;

(3)

r = r1,

r = r2:

C
= 0.
r

(4)

. .
: 1. .. / .. , .. , .. . . : , 1987. 237 .; 2. .
/ . , . , . . . : , 1974. 688 .


u dC/dx = K(C)

(1)

K(C)=k0 - k1C(x)

(2)

x=0:

(3)

C(0)=C0

61

u := 0.001

- , /

k0 := 10

k1 := 0.001

C0 := 10

- , /3

L := 1

- ,

n := 100

:
x := 0 ,

L
n

.. L

1 (1 k1 C0) e k0k1 u

C( x) :=

k1

999.955

1000
750
500

C ( x)

250
0

0.25

0.5
x

0.75

1
1

16. .
4.19.

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.17.

.
,
, .
,
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