187-223

2003-4-001-001-000018-2

(Benedict 1972)
(Tibeto-Karen)
(Tibeto-Burman) (Karen)
Bradley (1979) (Matisoff 1986)

(1971)
(Benedict 1972)
(Gong 1995)

1.
(Conrady 1896)
(Die stliche (siamesisch-chinesische)
Gruppe) (Die westliche (tibeto-barmanische)

188

Gruppe) 1 (1937)2

(Kam-Tai) (Miao-Yao) (Tibeto-Burman)

(1954)
(1991:2) (Shafer 1955)
(Sinitic Division) (Daic Division) (Bodic
Division) (Burmic Division) (Baric Division)
(Karenic Division) (Benedict 1942)
(Sino-Tibetan: A
Conspectus) (Benedict 1972)
(Tibeto-Karen)
(Tibeto-Burman) (Karen)Bradley (1979:15)
(Matisoff 1983:67)

(1971) (Benedict 1972)

(Gong 1995)
(Gong 1980)

1
2

(1957:25)
Journal of Chinese Linguistics 1.1:1-12, 1973

189

190

2.

(1954:146-166)
a
$, a, n, A, 4

u


e




o
o

a
(1957:261)

Trubetzkoy 1962:86-114 1963:165Lehmann

1992:98f

e
u
o

(1957:
77-101) a
uau
3

a, e, i, o, u a, i,
u Benedict 1972:59

191

o


a $

ad ag
1985:
53, 57 $ $i
e o
i u e o i u o
u e (1971:23)
ie
*i ie (vowel breaking)

(1971)
a, i, u, *-p, *-t, *-k, *-m, *-n, *-ng, *-b,
*-d, *-g *-r *-kw, *-gw, *-ngw
u, uk au, auk
gw, kw agw, akw (Li
1971:61)
4

1985:51-60
u o o u o
o

192

-m

-n

-ng

-b ~ -p

-d ~ -t

-g ~ -k

-ngw
-gw ~ -kw

a
*-r
*-d *-d
*-r *-d
*-r*-l *-y
1993Gong 1995
(Gong 1995:62-64, 66-67, 69)
*-r*-l *-d-
*-g, *-d, *-b
5 (Benedict 1972:185)

kiu g

(*kjgwx)

*d-kuw

giX g

(*gwjgh)

*gu

sug

(*sugh)

*su(w)

biu g

(*bjgx)

*buw

kioAg

(*kjgw)

*kuw

gio g

(*gjgwx)

*kuw

sid

(*sjidh)

*b-liy

pid

(*pjidh*s-bjids)

*biy

sir

(*sjidx)

*siy

(1999:383-407)

193

-g-d -r
(Benedict 1972:185, note 486)
1948b *-g *-d
*-w *-y (offglide)

446 1948
*yd *wg

(Benedict 1948) -g-d

*--, *-o (Karlgren 1940:18, Class II) *-ak, *-ag

(Karlgren 1940, Class XVII)
*-a

*-b, *-d, *-g

*-ag
*-a *-w *-g
*-w-g

*ngo

(*ngag)

*1a

*ngo

(*ngagx)

*l-1a~b-1a

*ko

(*khagx)

*ka

*ngio

(*ngjag)

*1ya

-g-d

d g
*g- ji- *d-

194

i-
-g -d
(Benedict 1948:198)
y w
y w

*g *d
i

(unwanted)
*-u *-w *-g
*-i *-y *-d

(Simon 1929)

*-g *-d
(offglide phenomena) *w *u
*g *y *i *d

*-g*-d *g-*d-
*w *g *y
*d 6

*d- *l-
*g- (Gong 1990) *gwrj-

195

*-w *-y
*-g *-d 7 *-g
*-d
*-g*-d*-b
1987:78

*-w *-y *-g *-d

8
OC

PTB

PST
9

1.

*njit

*niy sun, day (STC #81)

*njit~*njid

2.

*hwit

*s-hwiy10 blood (STC#222)

*hwit~*hwid

3.

*tshjit

*tsiy paint (STC#65)

*tsjit~*tsjid

4.

*m-ljat

*m-lay11 tongue (STC#281)

*m-ljat~*m-ljad

*-t *-y
(Benedict 1948:199)

*-t (suffixed -t)

10

11

1979 -i, -u
-i, -u 1987:59
*-y, *-w
PTB (Proto-Tibeto-Burman) PST (Proto-Sino-Tibetan)
OC (Old Chinese)
(Benedict 1972) Sino-Tibetan :
A Conspectus STC#
(Benedict 1948:199) *s-
(Benedict 1972:51) *s-hwiy
*s-hywy
*-iy *-y
(Benedict 1972:64) *m-lay~*s-lay
*s- *s-
(innovation) *m-

196

-y -y
*-d *-t *-d

*-t *-d *-k *-g

OC
5.

*kruk

PTB

PST

*kruw horn (STC#37)

*kruk~*krug

1 5 *-t*-k
*-y *-w *-y
*-d *-w *-g
*-t*-k *-t *-k
*-y*-d *-w*-g

OC

PTB

PST

6.

*bak

*ba thin (STC#25)

*bak~*bag

7.

*prak

*r-gya hundred (STC#164)

*br-ujak~*br-ujag

8.

*sljak

*s-la moon (STC#144)

*s-ljak~*s-ljag

9.

*blk

*b-la arrow (STC#449)

*blk~*blg

10.

*mjagx

12

12

*d-mak

martial/war

*mjag~*mjak

Coblin (1986:108) Matisoff (1972:58) (PLB)

soldier/war *mak

197

11.

*bjgx

12.

*m(r)jugs

*bak, *ba carry (STC#26)

*bjg~*bjk

*(r)muuk~*(r-)muw fog(gy)

*mjug~*mjuk

(STC#357, 488)

6789 *-a *-
*-g
*-g

*-k
1011 12 *d-mak
*bak *(r)muuk *-k

11 12 *bak *ba *(r)muuk

*(r-)muw 11Benedict 1972:19
p.16 N-ba-ba ba
ba ba ba
*ba 71
p.198 ba
ba

*bak
*ba
*ba
*bag *bak *bag

*bjgx
*bks *pk

13
13

*-g Gong 1995:57-59

198

*r-muuk *(r-)muw
(archaic doublet) Benedict 1972:77 236
p.236

*-b, *-d, *-g, *-gw

*(r-)muw *(r-)mug *(r-)muuk

*r-muuk *(r-)mug

OC

PTB

PST

13.

*mragx

*mrang horse (STC#145)

*mrag~*mrang

14.

*njagx

*nang thou (STC#407)

*njag~*njang

*na thou (STC#407)

*njag

15.

*ngag

*nga I (STC p.186)

*ngag~

*ngang

*ngang

13 14 (*-g)
(*-ng)

*-g (1957:77)

*-ng
*-t, *-k -ng

*-d, *-g, *-gw

*-b

199

(Benedict 1972:160) *nang

*na
14
(unstressed form) (ad
hoc)

*-ng *-g
15*ngag *ngang
14 *nang *na*nag
13 *mrang*mrag

16.

OC

PTB

*ngrjak

*ngrang contradict, deny (STC#155) *ngrjak ~*ngrjang

PST

*ngrjang
17.

*sjin*sjing

18.

15*sjin*sjing *sing wood, firewood (STC#233) *sjing~*sjik

*g-sik new

*sjing~*sjik

19.

*grjang

*grang cold (weather) (STC#120) *grjang~*grjak

*grak (STC n.124)(JAM)

16 *ngrang
*ngrjak

14

15

(Thami) (Magari) (Chepang) na1

(Kachin) na1~na na1 (Garo) naa n$1-ni
(Lushei) (Dhimal) (Nung) na Benedict 1972
#407
*-ng-n (Benedict 1948:199)
*-i- (assimilative shift)

200

*ngrags
1raA meet with
*ngrang 17 *g-sik
*sjing*sjin

sac*sik

19 *grak
*grang

(1982:22-23)
mn1
mn1 ptk

c m53pon55 c p53 pon55

k$ n55ti55 k$ t55 ti55
i155tso155 ik55 tso155
(1986:17-21)
(Shafer 1940)

/-p/ /-m/

201

3.
(Benedict 1972:58)

(-u)

(-o)

-a

(-e)

(-i)

-uw

-ow

-aw

(-ew)

-ey

-iy

-auw

(-oy)

-ay
-auy

a, o, u, i, e
a w
y

(Gong 1980:461) -y
*-d -w
*-g
a *-g

(Benedict 1972:61) *-iy

-e*-iy (Kachin) (Garo)
(Lushei) -i
s#i-ba si se si
thi *siy *-uw -ui
*-uw -u dgu

202

dz#khu kui sku kua-a

*d-kuw
188
(Benedict 1972:57)
*-w *-y
*-uw *-iy p.223
 *-w
*-y *-uw *-iy *-w *-y *-ow
*-ey
*o *-w
*e -y
* *-w *-ow*-y *-ey

(i)

(u)

iy

uw

()

ay

w
a

aw

-i -e -iy
*-iy *-y

*-
*sirsi (Karlgren 1957 GSR 558a)*pir
pi (Karlgren 1957 GSR 122)

203

(1971:48) *sjidxsi*pjidxpi

i *-iy *-y
*-d
*-uw *-w

-u *-uw
*-w
*-uw
*-gw *-ug
*- *-gw
*-u-
*-iy *-uw
*-y *-w
*-d *-g, *-gw
*-d *-g,
*-gw
PST

OC

PTB

*sjid

*sjidx

*siy die (STC#232)

*njug

*njugx

*nuw breast; milk (STC#419)

*kjgw

*kjgwx

*d-kuw nine (STC#13) p.131

4.
(Benedict 1972:126, note 344)

204

(Benedict 1972:179)

(1971)
(Gong 1980, 1995)

-j-
-j- -j- -y-
(Bodman 1980:157-161) -j- -j-
(primary yod) -j-
-j-(secondary yod)
(1987)
-j- -j- (1956:150)

14

12

30

61

23%

20%

49%

8%

100%

(1987:73)

31
j

205

-j- -j-
31 30

*-i- *-i-

*-r-
-r-

*-r- *-r-
*-j- *-rj-
1997

(Gong 1995:42-45) *-j-

-j-
*-j-

PST
*sjid
*njug
*kjgw

16
17

OC

16

PTB17

*sjidx

*sji2

*siy die (STC#232)

*njugx
*kjgwx

*nuw breast; milk (STC#419)

*d-kuw nine (STC#13) p.131

*nju

*gj

1 2
PTB -j-

206

(Gong 1994)

*-j-
*-j-
*-j-

*-j- *-j-
*-j-
*-j-
*-j- *-j-

(Benedict 1948:
200)
(quantitative distinction) *tsk *nng *s ng

(Benedict 1972:180)

ie ie
(Mikir) (Sgaw)

(length distinction)

*si1

the1

7e

sie n

*s-niu1

ni1

ni

nien

207

e
i
*-ji-
*-je-*sjin sje n

-j-*ni1

*-j-
*tsit*tsik
*nin*ning
*sjin*sjing *-j-
*-j-

*-j-

*sjing

*sjin*sjing

*sji1

*tsik

*tsit*tsik

*tsewr1*tsiwr1

*-j- -i
*-j-

*sjing

*sjin*sjing

s#ing

*sjid

*sjidx

s#i, *N-s#iN-ts#i

*sjin

*sjin

*m-s#inm-ts#in

208

*tsik

*tsit*tsik

tshigs

*njit~*njid

*njit

nyi

*ning

*nin*ning

ning

(Benedict 1972 STC#64, 368, 233)

*-j-

5.

5.1
*-p, *-t, *-k, *-m, *-n, *-ng
*-k *-ng *-i-
*-k*-t*-ng*-n *-kw *-ngw
*-k *-ng *-kw
*-ngw *-k *-ng

*-p

PST
*-jp

*-jap
*-jup
*-t

*-iat

OC
*kjp
*khrjp
*(g-)rjp
*tsjap
*njp

PTB
*kaup
*krap
*g-ryap
*tsyap
*nup~*nip

draw (water) (STC#336)

weep (STC#116, p.41, p.73)
stand (STC#246)
join, connect (STC#186)
sink (STC#400)

*priat
*r-siat

*b-r-gyat
*g-sat

eight (STC#163)
kill (STC#58)

209

*-k

*-uat
*-jit

*hluat
*ujit

*-k
*-jk

*-ik
*-jik
*-juk

*lk
*tjk
*sjk
*N-ljk
*s-ljks
*tsik*tsit
*uiks, *ujiks
*srjik*srjit18
*khjuk

*g-lwat
*it

free, release (STC#209)

one (STC p.94)

*lak
*tak
*sak
*(m-)lyak
*(s-)lyak
*tsik
*ik
*s-rik
*guk~kuk

arm, hand (STC#86)

weave (STC#17)
breathe, breath (STC#485)
lick (STC#211)
feed an animal (STC#211)
joint (STC#64)
strangle (STC#113)
louse (STC#439)
bend; crooked (STC p.77)

*-kw *-kw *dkw

*duk~*tuk poison (STC#472)
*-jkw *phjkw, *bjkw *puuk~*buk cave; belly (STC#358)
*d-ruk
six (STC#411)
*drjkw
*-m

*-m

*-jim
*-um
*-jum

*khjmx pit
*sm
*ljm19

*kim
*g-sum
*lum

put into mouth (STC#491)

jaw (molar teeth) (STC#50)
eat, drink (STC#481)
fathom (arm-spread)
(STC p.71, n.220)
house (STC#53)
three (STC#409 p.131)
warm (STC#381)

*-an
*-jin

*kan
*sjin

*kan
*m-sin

dry up (STC p.166)

liver (STC#234)

*-jm

*-n

*gm
*gm
*ujmx
*ljm

*gam
*gam
*am
*la[u]m

bitter, pungent

18

19

*-k*-t (Benedict 1948:199)

*-i- (assimilative shift)
(Karlgren 1957 GSR 662a) a measure (8 ch) (Sh); loan for id. to
warm up (sc. food) (Kuoy)Coblin (1986:158) *ljum

210

*-ng

*-jng
*-jang

*-ing
*-jing

*mjngs
*tjng
*phjangx
*grjang
*ngrjang
*bling
*ning*nin
*mjing
*srjing
*sjing*sjin
*njing*njin

*-ngw *-jngw *kjngw

*mang
*ta1
*pa1
*gra1
*1a1
*bli1~pli1
*ni1
*r-mi1
*sri1
*sing
*s-ni1

dream (STC#82)
pine, fir (STC n.215)
spindle (STC#48)
cold (weather) (STC#120)
contradict, deny (STC#135)
full, fill (STC#142)
year (STC#368)
name (STC#83)
sister (STC p.108,171)
tree, wood (STC#233)
heart (STC#367)

*gu1

body (STC p.182)

*-b
20
*now *nw
*-d *-y

*mey *my

me m
*-g *a *-
*u *-g *-w
*-gw *-w

*-b
*-d

20

PST
*-b

OC
*njb*njgw

PTB
*nw

tender, soft (STC#274)

*-d
*-ad

*smjdx
*padx/s
*tads

*my
*pwauy
*tay

fire (STC#290)
husks (STC#170)
big (STC#298)

*njgw*njb Gong 1995:61

211

*-id
*-jid

*kwadx
*ngadx
*lad
*sjids
*pjidx
*sbjids
*krjidx
*skhljidx

*sjidx
*-g

*-g
*-jg

*-ag

*-jag

*-ug
*-jug

*mgx
*bjgx
*tsjgx
*dzjg
*dzjgs
*njgx
*ngwjg
*pagx
*khagx
*ngag
*ngagx
*gwag
*pjagx
*pjag

*bjagx
*mjag
*ngjag
*dzjag
*njagx
*khugx
*khugs
*m(r)jugs

*kwauy
*1ay
*lay
*b-liy
*piy
*biy
*kriy
*kliy
*siy

bee (STC#157)
I; self (STC#285)
change, exchange (STC#283)
four (STC#410, p.94, p.131)
grandmother (STC#36, p.185)
give (STC#427, p.103)
foot (STC#38)
excrement, dung
(STC #125, p.178)
die (STC#232)

*ma
mother (STC#487)
*ba, *bak carry (STC#26)
*tsa
child, offspring (STC p.27)
*m-dza
love (STC#67)
*za
child, offspring (STC#59)
*r-na~*g-na ear (STC#453)
*1wa
cattle (STC#215)
*pa
sew, patch (STC p.122)
*ka
bitter (STC#8)
*1a
I (STC p.186)
*l-1a~*b-1a five (STC#78)
*gwa
fox (STC p.186)
*r-pwa
ax (STC#441)
*(p)wa
man; husband
(STC#100, pp.24, 74)
*pa
father (STC#24)
*ma
not (STC p.97)
*1ya
fish (STC#189)
*dza
eat (STC#66)
*na
thou (STC#407)
*kuw
mouth (STC p.184)
*r-kuw
steal (STC#33)
*(r-)muw fog (STC#357, 488)

212

*-gw *-gw

*khjug
*njugx

*(s-)kuw
*nuw

body (STC p.184)

breast; milk (STC#419)

*pgwx

*puw

*bgwx

*buw

*-jgw *kjgw
*kjgwx
*gjgwx

*kuw
*d-kuw
*kuw

valuable; value, price

(STC#41)
carry (on back or shoulders)
(STC#28)
pigeon (STB#495)
nine (STC#13, p.131)
uncle (maternal) (STC#255)

*-agw

*m/s-gaw
*gaw
*r-1aw
*sauw
*pyaw

head (STC#490)
call (STC#14)
fry, roast (STC#270)
oil, fat, grease (STC#272)
fly (STC#176)

*gagw
*gagws
*ngagw
*sagw
*-jagw *phjagw

*-r*-l
*-n

21

*-l

21

PST
*-al
*-ul

OC
*kan liver
*pn

PTB
*m-kal
*bul~*pul

*-jul

*ngjn
*mjn

*(d)-1ul
*s-brul

kidney (STC#12)
root, stump, tree
(STC p.166)
silver (STC p.15, 173)
snake (STC p.15)
a kind of snake

1993Benedict 1972:172 p.301

*-r -n -r~-n

213

*-r

*-jal
*-il

*brjal
*silx

*bal
tired (STC#29)
*(m-)s(y)il wash (STC#493, p.173)

*-ar

*s-bars

*bwar

*-jar
*-uar
*-jur

*bar, *par
*pjans
*sjan
*suan
*pjr

*pwa:r
*par
*sar
*swaur
*pur~*pir

spread out, sow

(STC pp.172-173)22
white (STC p.172)
trade, buy, sell (STC p.35)
new, fresh (STC p.147, 172)
sour (STC p.172)
fly (STC#398)

*-g,
*-gw *-d
1. *-d *-y
2. *-gw *-w
3. *-g *-u- *-w
*-a- *--

5.2
5.2.1 *-
*-
*-d *-b *-u
*-a

22

Matisoff 1994:43

214

*-

PST
*-m
*-jm

*-jp

*-k
*-k/g
*-g
*-jk

*-jg

*-jng

OC
*gm
*gm
*ujmx
*ljm

*kjp
*khrjp
*(g-)rjp
*lk
*blk
mgx
*tjk
*sjk
*N-ljk
*s-ljks
*bjgx
*tsjgx
*dzjg
*dzjgs
*njgx
*ngwjg
*mjngs
*tjng

PTB
*gam
*gam
*am
*la[u]m

put into mouth (STC#491)

jaw (molar teeth) (STC#50)
eat, drink (STC#481)
fathom (arm-spread)
(STC n.220)
*kaup
draw (water) (STC#336)
*krap
weep (STC#116, p.41, 73)
*g-ryap
stand (STC#246)
*lak
arm, hand (STC#86)
*b-la
arrow (STC#449)
*ma
mother (STC#487)
*tak
weave (STC#17)
*sak
breathe, breath (STC#485)
*(m-)lyak
lick (STC#211)
*(s-)lyak
feed an animal (STC#211)
*ba, *bak
carry (STC#26)
*tsa
child, offspring (STC p.27)
*m-dza
love (STC#67)
*za
child, offspring (STC#59)
*r-na~*g-na ear (STC#453)
*1wa
cattle (STC#215)
*mang
dream (STC#82)
*ta1
pine, fir (STC n.215)

*mey

*now *my *nw

*-d
*-b

*smjdx
*njb

*my
*nw

fire (STC#290)
tender, soft (STC#274)

215

*-

PST
*-gw

OC
*pgwx

PTB
*puw

valuable; value, price

(STC#41)
*buw
carry (on back or shoulders)
*bgwx
(STC#28)
*-jgw *kjgw
*kuw
pigeon (STB#495)
*d-kuw
nine (STC#13, p.131)
*kjgwx
*kuw
uncle (maternal) (STC#255)
*gjgwx
*-kw *dkw
*duk~*tuk poison (STC#472)
*-jkw *phjkw, *bjkw *puuk~*buk cave; belly (STC#358)
*d-ruk
six (STC#411)
*drjkw
*-jngw *kjngw
*gu1
body (STC p.182)

*-
*-u

5.2.2 *-a
*-a

*-a

PST
*-ag

OC
*pagx
*khagx
*ngagx
*gwag
*-ag/ng *mragx
*ngag, *ngang
*-ak/g *bak
*prak
*-jag
*pjagx
*pjag

PTB
*pa
*ka
*l-1a~*b-1a
*gwa
*mra1
*1a
*ba
*r-gya
*r-pwa
*(p)wa

sew, patch (STC p.122)

bitter (STC#8)
five (STC#78)
fox (STC p.186)
horse (STC#145)
I (STC p.186)
thin (STC#25)
hundred (STC#164)
ax (STC#441)
man; husband
(STC#100, p.24, 174)

216

*-jang

*-jag/ng/k

*-jang/k

*bjagx
*mjag
*ngjag
*dzjag
*phjangx
*njagx
*njak
*ngrjang
*ngrjak
*grjang

*-jag/k

*mjagx
*sljak
*priat
*r-siat
*h-luat
*padx/s
*tads
*kwadx
*ngadx
*lad

*-iat
*-uat
*-ad

*-jat/d
*-an
*-jap
*-agw

*-jagw
*-al
*-jal
*-ar

*m-ljat
*kan
*tsjap
*gagw
*gagws
*ngagw
*sagw
*phjagw
*kan liver
*brjal
*s-bars

*pa
*ma
*1ya
*dza
*pa1
*na, *nang
*1ra1

father (STC#24)
not (STC p.97)
fish (STC#189)
eat (STC#66)
spindle (STC#48)
thou (STC#407)
you (GSR 777a)
contradict, deny (STC#135)

*grang
cold (weather) (STC#120)
*grak (STC n.124) (JAM) a doublet of *gra1
*d-mak
martial/war (Matisoff 1972:58)
*s-la
moon (STC#144)
*b-r-gyat
eight (STC#163)
*g-sat
kill (STC#58)
*g-lwat
free, release (STC#209)
*pwauy
husks (STC#170)
*tay
big (STC#298)
*kwauy
bee (STC#157)
*1ay
I; self (STC#285)
*lay
change, exchange
(STC#283)
*m-lay
tongue (STC#281)
*kan
dry up (STC p.166)
*tsyap
connect (STC#186)
*m/s-gaw
head (STC#490)
*gaw
call (STC#14)
*r-1aw
fry, roast (STC#270)
*sauw
oil, fat, grease (STC#272)
*pyaw
fly (STC#176)
*m-kal
kidney (STC#12)
*bal
tired (STC#29)
*bwar
spread out, sow
(STC pp.172-3)

217

*-uar
*-jar

*bar, *par
*suan
*pjans
*sjan

*pwa:r
*swaur
*par
*sar

white (STC p.172)

sour (STC p.172)
trade, buy, sell (STC p.35)
new, fresh (STC p.147, 172)

5.2.3 *-i
*-i
*-

*-i

PST
*-ik
*-jik
*-ing
*-jing

*-id
*-jid

*-jit
*-jids

OC
*tsik*tsit
*uiks, *ujiks
*srjik*srjit
*ning*nin
*bling
*mjing
*srjing
*sjing*sjin
*sjing*sjin
*njing*njin
*sjids
*pjidx

PTB
*tsik
*ik
*s-rik
*ni1
*bli1~*pli1
*r-mi1
*sri1
*g-sik
*sing
*s-ning
*b-liy
*piy

*sbjids*pjids

*biy

*krjidx
*skhljidx

*kriy
*kliy

*sjidx
*ujit
*snjit*tshjit
*njids

*siy
*it
*s-nis
*g-nis

joint (STC#64)
strangle (STC#113)
louse (STC#439)
year (STC#368)
full, fill (STC#142)
name (STC#83)
sister (STC p.108, 171)
new
tree, wood (PTB#233)
heart (STC#367)
four (STC#410, p.94, 131)
grandmother
(STC#36, p.185)
give
(STC#427, p.103)
foot (STC#38)
excrement, dung
(STC#125, p.178)
die (STC#232)
one (STC p.94)
seven (STC#5, p.131)
two (STC#4, p.131)

218

*-jit/d

*-jin
*-il
*-jim

*njit
*niy
*tshjit
*tsiy
*hwit
*s-hwiy
*sjin
*m-sin
bitter, pungent
*(m-)s(y)il
*silx
*khjmx pit *kim

sun, day (STC#81)

paint (STC#65)
blood (STC#222)
liver (STC#234)
wash (STC#493, p.173)
house (STC#53)

5.2.4 *-u
*-u
*-

*-u

PST
*-ug

OC
*khugx
*khugs
*-ug/k *kruk
*-jug
*khjug
*njugx
*-juk
*khjuk
*-jug/k *m(r)jugs
*-jup
*njp
*-ul
*pn
*-jul
*-um
*-jum
*-jur

*ngjn
*mjn
*sm
*ljm
*pjr

PTB
*kuw
mouth (STC p.184)
*r-kuw
steal (STC#33)
*kruw
horn (STC#37)
*(s-)kuw
body (STC p.184)
*nuw
breast; milk (STC#419)
*guk~*kuk
bend; crooked (STC p.77)
*(r-)muuk~*(r-)muw fog (STC#357, 488)
*nup~*nip
sink (STC#400)
*bul~*pul
root, stump, tree
(STC p.166)
*(d)-1ul
silver (STC p.15, 173)
*s-brul
snake (STC p.15)
*g-sum
three (STC #409, p.131)
*lum
warm (STC #381)
*pur~*pir
fly (STC 398)

219

6.
(1971) (1972)
(1995)

-e- -o-

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223

The Phonological Changes of Finals from

Proto-Sino-Tibetan to Old Chinese and to
Proto-Tibeto-Burman
Hwang-cherng Gong
Academia Sinica

There have been different ways of sub-grouping Sino-Tibetan languages.

Benedict (1972) sets up two sub-groups, which are Chinese and Tibeto-Karen, and
subdivides Tibeto-Karen into Tibeto-Burman and Karen. Bradley (1979) and
Matisoff (1986) consider it unnecessary to posit an intermediate Tibeto-Karen
level. They regard Karenic as a subfamily of Tibeto-Burman, on the same taxonomic
level as Lolo-Burmese of Kuki-Chin-Naga.
On the basis of this sub-grouping, this paper discusses the phonological
changes of finals that had occurred when Proto-Sino-Tibetan split into Old Chinese
and Proto-Tibeto-Burman. In this study Old Chinese is based on Li (1971),
Proto-Tibeto-Burman on Benedict (1972), and Proto-Sino-Tibetan on Gong (1995).
In citing Benedicts reconstruction I propose some revisions to his system. I have
shown that with slight revisions Benedicts system of Proto-Tibeto-Burman will be
compatible with Lis system of Old Chinese and can be aligned with my
reconstruction of Proto-Sino-Tibetan. This paper attempts to bring together the
study of Old Chinese phonology and the reconstruction of Proto-Tibeto-Burman,
which have hitherto been pursued separately, and to trace the phonological
development of Sino-Tibetan languages.