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UNIT 1 AND 2 REVIEW

TEST ON SAFETY, SCIENTIFIC MEASUREMENTS AND MATTER


LAB SAFETY
5 RULES OF LAB SAFETY
1. DRESS FOR LAB
2. PERSONAL PROTECTIVE
EQUIPMENT [PPE]
3. CHEMICAL SAFETY
4. SAFETY EQUIPMENT
5. LAB BEHAVIOR

LAB SAFETY
DRESSING FOR THE
LAB
NEVER WEAR OPEN TOE
SHOES
WEAR LONG PANTS
DO NOT WEAR DANGLING
CLOTHES OR JEWELRY
TIE LONG HAIR BACK

DISPOSING OF
CHEMICALS

NEVER PUT USED MATERIALS
BACK INTO THE ORIGINAL
CONTAINER
FOLLOW DISPOSABLE RULES
FROM THE MSD SHEET
NEVER DISPOSE IN SINK
UNLESS TOLD TO
BEST RULE-ASK YOUR
TEACHER

PPE
WEAR GOGGLES FOR EYE
PROTECTION
WEAR LAB APRONS TO PROTECT
CLOTHING
WEAR GLOVES-UNLESS WORKING
WITH FLAMES

STEPS TO THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD
SIX
GREAT
FARMERS
PLANT
ALL
DAY
STATE THE PROBLE
GATHER INFORMATION
FORM A HYPOTHESIS
PLAN AN EXPERIMENT
ANALYZE THE DATA
DRAW A CONCLUSION
INDEPENDENT AND DEPENDENT VARIABLE

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
THE VARIABLE THAT IS CHANGED ON
PURPOSE
IT IS WHAT IS BEING TESTED
INDEPENDENT VARIABLES ARE THE
VARIABLES THAT THE EXPERIMENTER
CHANGES TO TEST THEIR DEPENDENT
VARIABLE
DEPENDENT VARIABLE
IS THE VARIABLE BEING TESTED IN A
SCIENTIFIC EXPERIMENT.
IT IS DEPENDENT ON THE
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
AS THE EXPERIMENTER CHANGES THE
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE, THE CHANGE
IN THE DEPENDENT VARIABLE IS
OBSERVED AND RECORDED.
CONTROL
THE STANDARD FOR COMPARISON IN AN
EXPERIMENT; THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
IS NOT APPLIED TO THE CONTROL

EXAMPLES

WHAT IS THE INDEPENDENT
VARIABLE ?

WHAT IS THE DEPENDENT VARIABLE?
WHAT IS THE CONTROL


THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE IS THE
LIGHT

THE DEPENDENT VARIABLE IS THE
REACTION OF THE MOTH TO THE
LIGHT
THE CONTROL IS THE REGULAR
CONDITIONS WITH NO LIGHT
A scientist is testing the effect of
light and dark on the behavior of
moths by turning a light on and off.
The scientist observed the moth in
regular conditions with no light, then
the scientist look the light and would
turn the light on for 10min the off for
10 min
EXAMPLES
WHAT IS THE INDEPENDENT
VARIABLE

WHAT IS THE DEPENDENT VARIABLE
WHAT IS THE CONTROL
THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE IS THE
PLAYING OF CLASSICAL MUSIC
THE DEPENDENT VARIABLE IS THE
REACTION OF THE PEOPLE-
WHETHER THEY RELAX OR NOT
THE CONTROL IS NO MUSIC
A researching is looking to see if by
playing classical music will relax
people, the research first observed the
people without music, then observed
with music
MEASUREMENTS
ALL MEASUREMENTS IN SCIENCE
ARE DONE IN THE METRIC SYSTEM
IT IS IMPORTANT TO KNOW WHAT
THE BASIC UNITS IN THEN METRIC
UNIT ARE
IT IS ALSO IMPORTANT TO KNOW
WHAT INSTRUMENTS ARE USED
WHEN MEASURING IN THESE BASIC
UNITS
WHAT ARE THE BASIC UNITS IN THE METRIC
SYSTEM AND WHAT DO THEY MEASURE FOR
GRAMS

LITERS

METERS
MEASURE MASS

MEASURE VOLUME

MEASURE LENGTH
WHAT IS THE PHRASE THAT WILL HELP YOU
REMEMBER THE CONVERSION IN THE
METRIC SYSTEM
DENSITY
DENSITY IS A PHYSICAL PROPERTY
OF MATTER, AS EACH ELEMENT AND
COMPOUND HAS A UNIQUE DENSITY
ASSOCIATED WITH IT. DENSITY
DEFINED IN A QUALITATIVE MANNER
AS THE MEASURE OF THE RELATIVE
"HEAVINESS" OF OBJECTS WITH A
CONSTANT VOLUME.
DENSITY MAY ALSO REFER TO HOW
CLOSELY "PACKED" OR "CROWDED"
THE MATERIAL APPEARS TO
FOR EXAMPLE: A ROCK IS
OBVIOUSLY MORE DENSE THAN A
CRUMPLED PIECE OF PAPER OF THE
SAME SIZE.
A STYROFOAM CUP IS LESS DENSE
THAN A CERAMIC CUP.

WHAT IS THE MEASUREMENT FOR THE
FOLLOWING
WHAT IS THE READING FOR THE
GRADUATED CYLINDER
36 ML
CONVERT 36 ML TO CL
36ML=
1
10
= DIVIDE
3.6 CL

WAY TO MEASURE DENSITY
DENSITY IS ALSO DEFINED BY HOW
YOU MEASURE IT
D=


CALCULATE THE DENSITY IN G/ML IF A
50 ML BLOCK WEIGHS135 G.
D=
135
50

D=2.70
G/ML
YOU CAN ALSO IDENTIFY ELEMENTS AND
COMPOUNDS BY THERE DENSITY
TAKE THE PREVIOUS EXAMPLE OF
DENSITY. THE ANSWER IS
D=2.70 G/ML
YOU CAN USE THAT ANSWER TO SEE
IF YOU CAN IDENTIFY THE ELEMENT
OR COMPOUND BECAUSE THE
DENSITY OF AN ELEMENT OR
COMPOUND REGARDLESS OF MASS
OR VOLUME WILL REMAIN THE SAME
WHAT ELEMENT IS THIS?
ALUMINUM IS CORRECT

Densities of Common Elements and
Compounds

Substance

Density
grams per mL

Pine wood

0.35 -0.50

Water

1.00

Salt, NaCl

2.16

Aluminum, Al

2.70

Iron, Fe

7.80

Gold, Au

19.30

Mercury, Hg

13.5
DENSITY-IS DEFINED IN QUALITATIVE MANNER AS
THE MEASURE OF THE RELATIVE HEAVINESS OF
OBJECTS WITH A CONSTANT VOLUME
DENSITY COMPARISON TO WATER:
IN CHEMISTRY, THE DENSITY OF
MANY SUBSTANCES IS COMPARED
TO THE DENSITY OF WATER. DOES
AN OBJECT FLOAT ON WATER OR
SINK IN THE WATER?

WHICH IS MORE DENSE - COKE OR DIET
COKE?
BOTH CANS SAY 12 FL. OZ. (FLUID
ONCES) OR 355 ML. SO THEY APPEAR
TO BE THE SAME SIZE AND WEIGHT
SO SHOULD HAVE THE SAME
DENSITY.

Coke Diet Coke
355 ml 355 ml
Water=
355 g
Water=
355 g
Sugar= 39 g Sugar= 0 g
Nutra Sweet= 0 g Nutra Sweet= 0.1g
Total Wt= 394 g Total Wt= 355.1 g
Can you explain why this is,
you must write it in paragraph
form for the test.
SCIENTIFIC NOTATIONS
SCIENTIFIC NOTATION IS A WAY TO WRITE VERY
SMALL OR LARGE NUMBERS IN A SIMPLE WAY

700 7 x 10
2

Number Scientific
Notation
.0000005 5 x 10
-7

573000000
5.73 x 10
8

Number should be written between 1-10
.000345
3.45 x 10
-4

PRACTICE
CHANGE THIS NUMBER

10000000000000

123400000000000000000000000

.00000000000000000000809

00000000006
TO SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
1 X 10
13


1.234 X 10
26


8.09 X 10
-21


6 X 10
-11

MATTER
MATTER IS ANYTHING
THAT TAKES UP SPACE
AND HAS MASS
THERE ARE FIVE STATES
OF MATTER
SOLID
LIQUID
GAS
PLASM

PROPERTIES OF A SOLID
SOLIDS CAN BE HARD LIKE A ROCK,
SOFT LIKE FUR, BIG LIKE AN ASTEROID,
OR SMALL LIKE GRAINS OF SAND.
THE KEY IS THAT SOLIDS HOLD THEIR
SHAPE
ATOMS INSIDE OF A SOLID ARE NOT
ALLOWED TO MOVE AROUND TOO
MUCH.
THE MOLECULES IN A SOLID ARE
STUCK IN A SPECIFIC STRUCTURE OR
ARRANGEMENT OF ATOMS. THE ATOMS
STILL VIBRATE AND THE ELECTRON FLY
AROUND IN THEIR ORBITALS, BUT THE
ENTIRE ATOM WILL NOT CHANGE ITS
POSITION.
PROPERTIES OF A LIQUID
LIQUIDS ARE FOUND BETWEEN THE
SOLID AND GAS STATES.
LIQUIDS FILL THE SHAPE OF ANY
CONTAINER THEY ARE IN
THE TOP OF A LIQUID WILL USUALLY
HAVE A FLAT SURFACE. THAT FLAT
SURFACE IS THE RESULT OF
GRAVITY PULLING ON THE LIQUID
MOLECULES. LIQUIDS CAN ONLY FILL
THE BOTTOM OF A CONTAINER
THE PARTICLES THAT FORM A LIQUID
ARE RELATIVELY CLOSE TOGETHER,
BUT NOT AS CLOSE TOGETHER AS
THE PARTICLES IN THE
CORRESPONDING SOLID.
PROPERTIES OF GASES
GASES ARE EVERYWHERE. YOU MAY
HAVE HEARD ABOUT THE ATMOSPHERE.
THE ATMOSPHERE IS AN ENVELOPE OF
GASES THAT SURROUNDS THE EARTH.
THE MOLECULES IN GASES ARE REALLY
SPREAD OUT, FULL OF ENERGY, AND
CONSTANTLY MOVING AROUND IN
RANDOM WAYS.
GASES CAN FILL A CONTAINER OF ANY
SIZE OR SHAPE. IT DOESN'T MATTER
HOW BIG THE CONTAINER IS. THE
MOLECULES SPREAD OUT TO FILL THE
WHOLE SPACE EQUALLY.
LIQUIDS CAN ONLY FILL THE BOTTOM OF
A CONTAINER, WHILE GASES CAN FILL IT
ENTIRELY. THE SHAPE OF LIQUIDS IS
VERY DEPENDENT ON GRAVITY, WHILE
LESS DENSE GASES ARE LIGHT ENOUGH
TO HAVE A MORE FREEDOM TO MOVE.


PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES OF MATTER
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
MOLECULES CAN MOVE FROM ONE
PHYSICAL STATE TO ANOTHER AND
NOT CHANGE THEIR BASIC
STRUCTURE.
A PHYSICAL CHANGE CAN OCCUR IN
A MOLECULE BUT THE MOLECULE
DESPITE THE CHANGE REMAINS THE
SAME MOLECULE
EXAMPLE : WATER IS A LIQUID, WHEN
FROZEN IT IS ICE A SOLID, WHEN
LIQUID IS HEATED IT BECOME A GAS-
VAPOR
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
CHEMICAL CHANGES OCCUR WHEN THE
BONDS BETWEEN ATOMS IN A MOLECULE ARE
CREATED OR DESTROYED. CHANGES IN THE
PHYSICAL STATE ARE RELATED TO CHANGES
IN THE ENVIRONMENT SUCH AS
TEMPERATURE, PRESSURE, AND OTHER
PHYSICAL FORCES.
IF THE FORMULA OF WATER WERE TO
CHANGE, THAT WOULD BE A CHEMICAL
CHANGE. IF YOU COULD ADD A SECOND
OXYGEN ATOM TO A WATER MOLECULE, YOU
WOULD HAVE HYDROGEN PEROXIDE (H
2
O
2
).
THE MOLECULES WOULD NOT BE WATER
ANYMORE. THE REALITY OF CREATING
HYDROGEN PEROXIDE IS MORE DIFFICULT.
SO THE MOLECULE IS CHANGED TO
SOMETHING DIFFERENT
EXAMPLES OF PHYSICAL CHANGES
CRUSHING A CAN
MELTING OF ICE
BOILING WATER
MIXING SAND AND WATER
BREAKING GLASS
DISSOLVING SUGAR AND WATER
EXAMPLES OF CHEMICAL
CHANGE
Mixing an acid and a base, such as hydrochloric
acid (HCL) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH)

Cooking an egg

digesting sugar with the amylase
(enzyme) in saliva

mixing baking soda and vinegar to produce carbon
dioxide gas

baking a cake

Striking a match

Burning wood
CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER

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