S

Skeletal System
S Your skeleton:
S Supports the body
S Protects internal organs
S Provides movement
S Stores minerals
S Forms red blood cells

S 206 bones in adult
S Axial skeleton- supports central axis of body-
skull, vertebral column, rib cage
S Appendicular skeleton- arms, legs, pelvic
girdle and pectoral girdle
Anatomy of a long bone
S Long bones are longer than
they are wide
S Periosteum- tough
connective tissue covering
bone

S Epiphysis- expanded portion
of bone at either end
S Diaphysis- portion between
the epiphyses
S Medullary cavity- in the
center of diaphysis; contains
yellow bone marrow (fatty)
S The epiphyses have spongy
bone (lightweight, but
strong)
S The diaphysis has compact
bone (dense bone tissue)
S Bones are made of tissue
that include several types of
cells
S Blood vessels and nerves
run through the bone in a
series of canals
Bone Development and
Growth
S Ossification- formation of bone
S 1
st
- bones are composed of
cartilage
S 2
nd
- periosteum forms
S 3
rd
- compact bone develops
from center of bone
S 4
th
- medullary cavity is formed
S 5
th
- secondary ossification
occurs at the epiphyseal plate
(growth plate)
S 6
th
- no epiphyseal plate
present- growth is complete
Axial Skeleton
S Cranium
S Protects brain
S Made of 8 bones
S Separated by immovable joints called sutures
S Newborns have fontanels- membranous region where bones
have not fused yet
S Vertebral column
S Extends from skull to pelvis
S Between each vertebrae are intervertebral disks
S The first 2 cervical vertebrae are called the atlas and axis
S Atlas- supports/balances the head
S Axis- the atlas pivots around the axis
S Coccyx- tailbone
S Rib cage
S Protects heart & lungs
S 12 pairs of ribs
S Ribs connect directly to thoracic vertebrae
S Sternum (breastbone)- 3 bones that fuse in development
Appendicular Skeleton
S Pectoral Girdle
S Two clavicles (collarbones),
two scapulae (shoulder
blades)
S Muscles are attached to
move the arms
S Upper Limb
S Bones of the arm and hand:
S Humerus
S Radius
S Ulna
S Hand
S Carpals, metacarpals, phalanges
S Pelvic girdle
S 2 coxal bones (hipbones) : ilium, ischium, pubis
S Sacrum (5 sacral vertebrae fused together)
S Coccyx (tailbone)
S Lower limb
S Femur
S Tibia
S Fibula
S Foot
S Tarsals
S Metatarsals
S phalanges
Joints in the Human Body
S Joint- where one bone attaches to another
S Permits bones to move without damaging each other

S Joints may be:
S Immovable
S Slightly movable joints
S Freely movable joints
S Immovable Joints
S Fused or held together by
connective tissue
S Joints of the cranium are
immovable- sutures
S Slightly Movable Joints
S Permit a small amount of
restricted movement
S Joints between tibia and
fibula
S Joints between the
vertebrae
S Freely Movable Joints
S Permit movement in one or more directions
S Ball-and-socket: circular movement
S Hinge joint: back and forth movement
S Pivot joint: one bone rotates around another
S Saddle joints: one bone slides in two directions
Structure of Joints
S The ends of each bone are covered in cartilage-
protects bones
S Ligaments- attach bones to bones
Fractures of Bones
S Complete: bone is broken through
S Simple: bone ends dont pierce the skin
S Compound: skin is torn open by bone

S Incomplete: bone is not separated into 2 parts
complete
incomplet
e
simple Compound

Osteoporosis
S Osteoporosis- caused by a reduction in mass of individual
bones that make up the skeleton
S After age 50 bone breakdown exceeds bone formation- leads
to a decrease in overall bone mass
S Male and female hormones also play a role in osteoporosis
S This is why females are more likely to suffer from osteoporosis
Scoliosis
S Abnormal side-to-side curvature
of spine
S Occurs most often in thoracic
region
S Usually first seen in late
childhood
Kyphosis
S hunchback
S Increased roundness of
the thoracic vertebrae
Lordosis
S swayback
S Exaggerated lumbar
curvature
S Can be seen in pregnant
women or people with large
midsections