Chapter 1.

REPRODUCTION IN ORGANISMS
1mark
1) No two individuals, especially in mammals (except monozygotic twins) look
alike. What distinguishes them from the rest 1
!) " plant was introduced in #ndia $ecause of its $eautiful flowers % shape of
leaves. #t propagates vegetatively at a phenomenal rate and spread all over the
water $odies and has $ecome a threat. Which plant is $eing referred to 1
&) " few plants exhi$it unusual flowering phenomena which flowers once in
their life time and die. 'uggest an evidence of the same from monocotyledon.1
() #dentify " and ) *a$el (1) and (!) in the given figure 1
+) ,he Nilgiris $elt form the large $lue stretches in the hilly areas of -erala,
-arnataka, % ,amilnadu and attracted a large num$er of tourists. What reason
do you attri$ute to this phenomenal change of nature once in 1! years 1
.) Why estrous cycle is not seen in humans 1
/) "ll papaya and date palm plants produce flowers yet only few papaya and
date palm seen to produce fruit. What could $e the possi$le reason for the rest
not producing them 1
0) 1ften the num$er of male gametes produced in an organism is in large
num$er as compared to female. Why has nature taken up this developmental
disparity 1
2) ,his figure shows fruit containing seed inside. *a$el ' % 3 shown in fig. 1
14) #n nature for $oth plants % animals, hormones are responsi$le for transitions
$etween the three phases of reproduction. Which & phases are $eing referred to
here1
! marks
11) *a$el " and ) and write the type of the vegetative propagule. !
"
)
1!. (i) ,hough ginger is found under the soil. 5et it is not a root, $ut stem.
6ustify your answer with two reasons.
(ii) What are the specialised cells which undergo meiosis in the diploid
organisms, called as
1&) Why can7t man $e oviparous 6ustify the statement. !
1() (i) Name the process of development of em$ryo from the zygote. !
(ii) What are the two changes which the zygote undergoes during this
process
1+) *a$el the figures " and ) and also mark 8 and 5. !

" )

8 5
1.) Why dogs and cats have oestrus cycle $ut human $eings have menstrual
cycle, though all are mammals !
1/) #n $isexual flowers, why is the transfer of pollen grains easier than in
unisexual flowers Name the specialized event in unisexual flowers which helps
in transfer of pollen. !
10) 9an we refer the off :springs formed $y asexual reproduction, as a clone
#f yes, why !
12) ,he posterior end of cockroach shows the following structures. ;ention if it
is a male or female. "lso la$el the part marked 787.
!
8
!4) "rrange the following events in proper se<uence=: !
(a) >m$ryogenesis
($) ?ertilization
(c) @ametogenesis
(d) Aygote formation.
What will happen if meiosis does not take place during gametogenesis
Chapter-2.
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS.
1mark
1) Bo pollen grains survive in adverse conditions 1
!) Non: al$uminons seeds do not have endosperm, then from where do they take the
food during germination 1
&) ,.'. of anther shows four layers in the wall:epidermis, endothelium, tapetum and
middle layer, "rrange them from outermost to innermost. 1
() #dentify the figure given $elow and la$el the parts indicated in the figure. 1
+) 9omplete the flow chart. 1
.) #f the num$er of chromosomes in the leaf cell of a flowering plant is !0, What
num$er would you expect in the em$ryo and endosperm 1
! marks
/) (a) C,he microspore is haploid while that of microspore mother cell is diploidC
comment. !
($) Dow many male gametes and female gamets are produced $y
(i) ?ive microspore mother cell (ii) ?ive megaspore mother cell
0) (a) what is the process shown in the diagram given $elow
($)Name the structure at (a) of the figure given $elow !
.
2) Why do you think that the zygote is dormant for some time in a fertilized ovule !
14) What will $e the fate of ovule if the synergids are a$sent in the em$ryo sac !
11) 5our friend would like to cross:pollinate the $isexual flower. Dow can you guide
him to $e successful in his experiment !
1!) Dow does the flower of maize and canna$is are pollinated What are the features
found in these flowers for such type of pollination !
& marks
1&) @enerally nucellus does not persist in mature seeds. 9ite two examples which show
persistence of nucellus in the seed and what name is given to the persistent nucellulus&
1() #f one can induce parthenocarpy through the application of phytohormones, which
fruit would you select to induce parthenocarpy and why &
+ marks
1+) " student wants to know the ploidy of coconut. "fter studying its different parts he
inferred the ploidy of the following parts. 9heck whether the student is correct. +
(a) Water inside the fruit:n
($) White -ernal:!n
(c) 'eed coat:n
(d) >m$ryo:&n
(e) ,epal:!n
Chapter- -!UMAN REPRODUCTION
1 mark
1) Aygote undergoes mitosis to form 1. celled stage of em$ryo. What is it
known as 1
!) Name the important mammary gland secretions that help in resistance of the
new $orn $a$y. 1
! marks
1) ?ill in the $oxes !
!) Why does fertilisation take place in fallopian tu$e and not in uterus !
&) Which cell organelle is present in the neck of the sperm What is its
significance !
() ?ailure of fertilisation leads to menstruation. >xplain. !
& marks
1) Dow does the ovum ensure that only one sperm fertilizes it &
!) Name the part of the female reproductive system where the em$ryo is
implanted. ;ention the type of tissue $y which it is made up of and give their
functions &
&) What is the fate of inner cell mass in the $lastocyst ;ention their
significance. &
() *a$el a,$,c in the following diagram. &
" mark#
1) @ive the term E reason +
a) ;echanism responsi$le for parturition.
$) Fole of oxytocin during expulsion of the $a$y out of uterus
c) Why does zona pellucida layer $lock the entry of additional sperms
d) 'perm cannot reach ovum without seminal plasma.
e) "ll copulations do not lead to fertilization and pregnancy.
!. Women are often $lamed for giving $irth to girl child in our society. What is
your view +
&. ?urnish the technical term for the following= +
a) 9ushion of fatty tissue covered $y skin and pu$ic hair in female
external genitalia.
$) ,he finger like proGections which collect ovum after ovulation
c) ,he middle thick layerEwall of uterus
d) 'emen without sperm
e) ,he finger:like proGections appearing on the tropho$last after
implantation.
Chapter- $
REPRODUCTI%E !EALT!
1MAR&
1. " large num$er of couples are said to $e infertile. ,he couples could $e
assisted to have children through certain special techni<ues. Name the
techni<ues. 1
!. "t what stage Aygote can $e introduced in the fallopian tu$e in Aygote #ntra
?allopian ,ransfer (A.#.?.,) 1
&. " woman7s hus$and is infertile. 'o the lady has decided to have $a$y $y
taking sperms from sperm $ank. Which techni<ue will you suggest for her
pregnancy 1
(. " newly married couple does not want to produce children at least for one
year and also not to use any contraceptives. 'uggest a method to prevent
pregnancy. 1
+. " doctor has $een o$served the chromosomal disorders in developing foetus
and advised the couple to undergo a$ortion. suggest the techni<ue $y which
doctor a$sor$ed the chromosomal disorders. 1
.. What precautions a lady can take to prevent unwanted pregnancy 1
i) Name the $arrier
ii) ;ention the composition of it.
! marks
1. Buring lactation chances of conception are almost zero. 1H1I!
(i) @ive the reason
(ii) @ive the term used to descri$e the phenomenon.
!. ?ollowing ta$le gives certain terms associated with "F,' '('('('
?ill in the spaces a,$,c and d.
S.NO COLUMN I COLUMN II
1 #J? and >, a
!


$


#ntroduction of Aygote or
em$ryo with 0 $lastomers
into
?allopian tu$e.
&

c

#ntroduction of ova of a
donor into
?allopian tu$e.
( #.K.,. d
&." $arrier method prevents conception is said to $e, user friendly, easily
availa$le and prevent ',B7s. 1H1
& marks
1. (a) #dentify the given diagram. What it is used for &
Chapter ". PRINCIPLES OF IN!ERITANCE AND %ARIATION
1) ,he following ta$le shows the genotypes for ")1 $lood grouping and their
phenotypes .
?ill in the gaps left in the ta$le.. !
!)" homozygous green seeded plant is crossed with yellow seeded plant. ,he
progeny o$tained was half yellow seeded and half green seeded . !
i) Write the genotype of yellow seeded progeny.
ii)Write the technical name of the cross.
& ;"F-'
1) #n the following pedigree chart, state if the trait is autosomal dominant,
autosomal recessive or sex linked. @ive a reason for your answer &
!) " man with $lood group " married a woman with ) group, they have a son
with ") $lood group and a daughter with $lood group 1, work out the
possi$ility of inheritance with the help of a 3unnet s<uare. &
&) #n a hy$rid cross the following recom$ination fre<uencies are o$served, i.e.
14L, !!L and .L of recom$inants. &
i)Dow is this recom$inant percentage related to the loci of the gene responsi$le
for recom$inants.
ii) Which phenomenon is associated with this
+;"F-'
1) ,wo plants (snapdragon) with red flowers and white flowers are crossed and
the following results are shown= +
Fed(FF) White(rr)
?1 generation= "ll pink flowers
i) What phenomenon is shown in ?1 generation
ii) Write the genotype of ?1 and phenotype of ?! generation.
iii) What is the phenotypic and genotypic ratio of the ?! generation
iv) With the help of a punnet s<uare illustrate the result.
Chapter)* MOLECULAR +ASIS OF IN!ERITANCE
,UESTIONS*

1) Name the "mino acid residues of histones. 1
!) What function does ):galoctosidase carry out 1
&) Which factor determines the coding strand and the template strand 1
() Why only one mFN" is produced in transcription 1
+) Why the strand +7:&7 is called coding strand though it does not take part in
transcription 1
.) What are >',s 1
/) BN" is a polynucleotide characterised $y two types of peaks. Which peak is
known as satellite BN" 1
0) " criminal case of 14 years old was registered for investigation. What
samples they might have tested 1
2) " particular human gene has the largest num$er of $ases. #dentify it. 1
14) #solation, digestion and separation of BN" in a specific gene. Name the
techni<ue. 1
2 Mark#
11) ,hree enzymes re<uired for meta$olism of lactose, what would happen to
the machinery of the operon if mutation occur in z:gene. !
1!) " point mutation leads to adverse change in the function of hemoglo$in ():
glo$in chain). #dentify the disease that may occur due to this mutation. ;ention
the change of amino acids in the polypeptide due to this mutation. !
1&) i) *a$el the amino acid at ", and write the name of FN" s $elow. !
ii) Name the process in progress.
Mark#
1() 1ne student has drawn mFN" $ut he made some mistake in codons &
i) #dentify the mistakes made $y him in codons
ii) 9orrect the mistakes
1+) Dow is peptide $ond formed &
1.) ,wo persons filed a case against a lady claiming to $e the father of her only
daughter. Dow to identify the real $iological father &
1/) #f a nucleosome contain !44$ps. Dow many nucleosome are there in a
mamalian cell What changes occur to $eads of string of B.N." during
metaphase
10)
i) Name fragment ") % ))
ii) Name the process of given diagram
iii) #n what phase of cell cycle this process takes place.
12.#llustrate $elow in a BN" segment which constitute a gene.
i) Will the whole gene $e transcri$ed in FN" primarily
ii) Name the shaded % unshaded part to the gene.
iii)>xplain how is gene expressed.
iv) Dow is this gene different from prokaryotic gene in its expression
!4) @iven $elow schematic representation of two interacting $acterial cells.
i) Name the $acterium and descri$e the process illustrate.
ii) What is the use of such process in genetics
iii) Which of two cells act as male
iv) Braw a la$eled diagram of stage immediately next to the one shown here.
Chapter-. E%OLUTION
1) 'tudy the figures (a) and ($) given $elow and answer the <uestion given after
the graph &
i) Knder the influence of which type of natural selection would graph (a) $ecome like
graph ($) &
ii) What could $e the likely reasons of new variations arising in the population
iii) Who suggested natural selection as a mechanism of evolution
!) #n >ngland, after industrialization it was o$served that white winged moth did
not survive. &
i) What you think the cause may $e
ii) What was the change and why it has happened
iii) Which organism is known as natural indicator to air pollution
&) 'tudy the following pairs of organs and identify them as homologous or
analogous organs= &
i) ,horns of )ougainvillea and cucur$it tendrils.
ii) ?ore legs of horse and arms of man
iii) Wings of $at and $utterfly
iv) ?lipper of whale and fins of fish
v) ,runk of elephant and human nose.
() 9omplete $oth columns representing evolutionary history of verte$rates,
through geological periods. &
%erte.rate#
Ge/0/123a0
per2/4566-"67
Early Reptilis _________
_________ Jurassic(150)
_________ Tertiary (50)

+) ?ill up the missing se<uence in the evolution of man &

.) ,race the evolutionary stages of any one $ird or animal using various
resources such as internet, li$rary etc. !
/) 'ometimes the change in allele fre<uency is so different in the new sample of
population that they $ecome a different species. 'tate the factors known to affect
Dardy Wein$erg e<uili$rium. !
0. 9an we call the human evolution as an example of adaptive radiation 1
Chapter-8. !UMAN !EALT! AND DISEASE

1) " personMs nails and lips turn grey to $luish. ?ind out the disease he is
suffering from. Name the pathogen. 1
!) " group of viruses infect only nose and the respiratory passage $ut not the
lungs.
;ention the disease and its causative organism. !
&) ,he health department would like to control malaria without using chemicals
in any form.
)eing a student of )iology what method would you suggest 1
() 1nly ?emale "nopheles mos<uito acts as a vector Why 1
+) Name the missing organismsE diseases in the ta$le given $elow. !
Or1a92#m D2#ea#e

;icrosporum "
) >lephantiasis
9 "moe$iasis
3lasmodium
falciporam B
.) Why do children of metro cities of #ndia suffer from allergies and asthma !
/) " doctor inGects preformed anti$odies against a snake $ite. What type of
immunity does it develop in the patient 1
0) " person has developed allergic reactions like sneezing, watery eyes, running
nose and difficulty in $reathing. What could $e the reason for these symptoms
Dow can it $e controlled !
2) " patient has lost his immunity. &
(i) Name the disease associated with it.
(ii) Name the confirmatory test to diagnose the disease.
(iii) Why did he lose his immunity
14) " person claimed that he has seen sounds, heard colours and smelt light. &
(i) What could $e the possi$le reason
(ii) Name two chemicals responsi$le for this condition.
(iii) ;ention any one source for these chemicals.
11) 9omplete the following flow chart showing replication of retrovirus. !
D#J
Jiral FN"
Jiral FN"
Jiral BN"
#ncorporate host BN"
;ove and attack
Chapter-:.
STRATEGIES FOR EN!ANCEMENT INFOOD PRODUCTION
1) Which process decreases fertility and productivity in crops 1
!) Why do we use apical and axillary meristems for tissue culture 1
&)Name the technology which in addition to tissue culture techni<ues play a pivotal role
in enhancing food production. 1
() Why mutation $reeding is necessary for producing disease resistance 1
+. What is the reference material for comparison of any new improved variety1
.. Why hy$rids of selected parents are self pollinated till a state of homozygosity1
/. Name the parents of hisardale. 1
0. ?or which amino acids maize is $iofortified 1
2. ,o which micro organism is 3ar$hani -ranti resistant and give the $otanical
name of it 1
14. Which are the characters will you look for, to confirm that the plant given to
you is a pest resistant1
11. Why the $reeding programme for millets is mainly focused for the development
of high yielding varieties
1
! ;arks
1)Name the pest organisms for which 3usa stem: ! % pusa stem N & are prepared as
pest resistant recom$inants !
!),he somatic hy$rid of tomato % potato is OpomatoP $ut it is not grown on commercial
scale. Why !
&) ,o which products are the following related !
a) @reen revolution
$) )lue Fevolution
() 9omplete the following missing steps and aims in the $reeding of new genetic
variety of a crop. !
Step A2m
a.QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ :collection of pre:existing genetic
varia$ility
).3ure line creation :,o evaluate and select parents.
c.QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ :,o com$ine the desired characters
of different plants
d. screening the superior QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
com$inant
e. Felease and commercialization QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
of new cultivars
+) Dow is outcrossing different from cross $reeding !
.) Dow was 3ar$hani kranti created !
/) Which of the following crop plants are not matching as correct pairs !
a. Wheat : Dimgiri
$. )rassica: 3usa @aurav
c. 9auliflower: 3usa 'hu$ra
d. 9hilli:3usa swarnim
0)9omplete the following ta$le !
Wheat " Fesistant to leaf and stipe rust
) Pusa
swarnim
Fesistant to white rust
Ca;02<0/=er 9 Fesistant to $lack rot %
Q
Pusa
sadabahar
>
& marks
1).C"rtificial insemination helps overcome several pro$lems of normal matingC:
6ustify the statement and list a few of them. &
!) Name the steps represented in the following process &
"
>valuation % selection of parents

+

C
,esting release % commercialization of new culture
&). ;atch " with ) &
" )
i) ,urnip ;osaic a) )acteria
ii) 9itrus canker $) Jirus
iii) 'ugar cane red rot c) ?ungi
()?ollowing are the steps for $reeding process. "rrange them in correct order, name the
process % state its advantages. &
a. ,he female is mated with a male of good variety
$. ,he fertilized egg at 0:&! called stage are recovered % transferred to surrogate
mother.
c. ,he female is administered hormones to induce super:ovulation.
Chapter 16. MICRO+ES IN !UMAN WELFARE
1 mark
1) Brinks like Whisky and Fum are more intoxicating than wine. Why 1
!) 9an we imagine a world without anti$iotics >xplain $riefly. 1
&) )ottled Guices are clearer compared to homemade Guice. @ive reason. 1
() Which one of these is a proteinaceous infecting agent 1
a) Jiroids, $) prions, c) protern, d) wat.
+) "n organic farmer re<uires a $io control agent which is species specific and
has no negative impact on non:target organism. 'uggest the name of such a $io
control agent.1
.) 'cientists have succeeded in introducing toxin gene of )acillus thuringiensis
into plants like cotton. What purpose is achieved through this action 1
/)" small amount of curd was added to cold milk for converting it into curd. )ut
milk did not get curdled. Why 1
0) 9onsuming curd keeps the gastro:intestinal tract in tact. @ive reason. 1
2) 1n fermentation the dough of idli and dosa puffs up. Which meta$olic
pathway is responsi$le for this process 1
14) Dow do lactic acid $acteria help in increasing the nutritional <uality of curd
11) ,he excreta of cattle do not contain any cellulose $ut human excreta may
contain cellulose. Why 1
1!) "nti$iotics are always sold in com$ination with lacto$acillus. Why 1
1&) Why are some micro$es useful in detergent formulation 1
1() ;icro$es release gases during meta$olism. Dow will it help in the
production of energy 1
1+) Why does 7'wiss:cheese7 contain large holes. 1
1.)#n what way the relationship $etween )1B and organic matter in 'ewage
will $e useful in ecology
1/)Why do $ottled fruit Guices appear clearer than the home made ones
10)What is the principle $ehind the conversion of milk into curd and partial
digestion of milk protein performed $y *actic "cid )acteria
12)Wine and $eer are different from whisky and $randy though they are all
alcoholic $everages. What is the name of the process that $rings out this
difference
!4)Name the group of $acteria that are capa$le of living at high temperature
a$ove 144
4
9. Dow does it $ecome possi$le $y these $acteria(1E!H1E!)
!1)Why do doctors prescri$e 'treptokinases for $rain hemorrhage patients
;ention the source of industrial production of this $iomolecule.(1E! H R)
!!)Dow are the holes produced in $read and cheese
2mark#
1) " farmer was suggested to apply certain micro$ial culture in his field to
increase the yield. 'uggest the types of micro$es he could use in his paddy field
and how do they help in increasing the yield. !
!) #t was o$served that certain plant roots are infected $y fungus. in spite of this
infection the plant showed increased growth and development. @ive reason.!
&) "rrange the steps in sewage treatment in proper se<uence. !
a) "naero$ic sludge digestion
$) 7?loc7 formation
c) 3rimary effluent in aeration tank
d) ?ormation of $iogas
e) 9onstant agitation in presence of oxygen.
f)Bigestion $y anaero$ic $acteria
() )acteria that convert effluent into activated sludge play one more $eneficial
side.;ention the role
+) #n the given figure la$el 8 % 5
and explain the functioning of the $elow plant.
.) Dow does ;onascus help in lowering $lood:cholesterol
/) 9omplete the given ta$le
Name /< the /r1a92#m Pr/4;3t>E9?@me>+2/a3t2Ae ma0e 3;0e

"spergillus niger (i)
(ii) >thanol
(iii) 9yclosporin:"
(iv) "cetic acid
Monascus purpureus (v)
Streptococcus (vi)
& marks
1) ?or what significant properties the )aculoviruses are considered as $est )iological
control agent. ;ention its importance in organic farming.
!). @ive one example and one use of the following=:
i) ?ree living fungi
ii) 'ym$iotic fungi
iii) ?ree living $acteria
" Mark#
1)Why is organic farming favoured these days Bescri$e the methods employed in the
process.
!.) (i) ,hree water samples namely river water, untreated sewage water and secondary
effluent discharge from a sewage treatment plan were su$Gected to )1B test. ,he
samples were la$eled ", ) and 9 $ut the la$ attendant did not note which )1B is for
which water. ,he )1B values of three samples ", ) and 9 were recorded as !4mgE*,
0mgE* and (44mgE* respectively. Which sample of the water is most polluted 9an
you assign the correct la$el to each, assuming that the river water is relatively clean.
(1)
(ii) Which is not a tool of Fecom$inant BN" technology.
a) Festriction enzyme
$) Jector
c))ioreactor (1)
(iii) *a$el the following diagram % #dentify the selecta$le markers (!)
(iv) What is the role of polymerase (1)
Chapter 11. +IOTEC!NOLOGB-PRINCIPLES C PROCESSES
1Festriction >nzymes are called S;olecular scissorsT. #n what context they are
referred so
! #n what way the following two plasmids differ 1
" )
&. What is the source of thermosta$le BN" polymerase and Name that polymerase. Why
thermosta$le BN" polymerase is essential in 39F 1
( S,he prophase # of meiosis plays a vital role in r:BN" formationT 6ustify the statement.1
+ >ukaryotes do not have restriction endonuclease, then how they manage with normal
endonuclease enzyme1
.What special feature do prokaryotes have to defend themselves from $acteriophages1
/QQQQQI Benaturation HQQQQQQH>xtenton.1
0.9omplete the following palindrome se<uence and name the restriction endonuclese that
recognises this.1
+P &P
@ " , 9
9 , " @
&P +P
1) #s advisa$le to use different restriction endonucleases to cut the vector BN"
and source BN" Why !
!) What will happen if more than one recognition sites are present in a vector!
& Kncontrolled recom$inant BN" technology experiments is dangerous to
mankind. 9omment on it. !
( H I
?oreign BN" H plasmid I UUUUUUUU
9omplete the a$ove se<uence of diagrammatic representation and name it.
+. (a) Which is the most commonly used matrix in gel electrophoresis
($) What is the source of it
. ?ind the Oodd one out and write why that is OoddP
(a) 'al #, 3st #, 9la #, )amD #, p)F &!!
($) )acteria, Jirus, @ene:gun, ?ungi
/ Betect the mismatch from the following and replace the
wrong match with a right one
(a) >91F # N)acteria
($) >thidium )romid<e: @el electrophoresis
(c) *ysozyme: ?ungi
(d) 3alindrome se<uence:Festriction enzyme
Fesistant gene.
($)9ellulose,QQQQQQQQQQ,QQQQQQQQQQ,fungus
0.Write the use of the following in )iotechnology.
(a) 9hilled ethanol ($) ;icroinGection
(c) )ioreactor (d) plasmid
2. #s there any difference $etween recom$inant BN" and
recom$inant protein 'upport your answer.
MAR&S
1. @ive the correct term for the followingV :
(a) Feplacing a defective mutant allele with a normal functional allele E
gene.
($) #ncreasing the copies (content) of a gene
(c) 3reventing m:FN" translation
(d) 'pecific pattern of $ase pairs that are recognized $y restriction enzymes.
(e) ;o$ile genetic element
(f) 1ne BN" copies itself and produces two
!. Name the enzyme involved in the following process=
(a) Fepeated amplification of BN" fragments.
($) ?ormation of short piece of FN" strand for annealing.
(c) )reaking of $acterial cell to release BN" and other macromolecules.
(d) 9utting and reGoining BN" fragments.
(e) ?ormation of m:FN".
(f) 6oining of foreign BN" fragments with plasmid.
&. >xplain the following, emphasizing their formation.
(a) rBN"
($) cBN"
(c) dsFN"
(. Name the diagram and la$el the parts OaP to OeP.
3
4 e
a .
PART D D E" MAR&S EAC!F
1.
(a) >xplain how recom$inants and non: recom$inants are differentiated on the
$asis of colour production in the presence of a chremogenic su$strate. Name that
procedure.
($)Bescri$e the temperature treatment (:& step:) that enhances the $acteria to
take up the rBN".
Chapter- 12. +IOTEC!NOLOGB AND ITS APPICATIONS
1) C,he @reen Fevolution has $een achieved due to the use of improved crop
varieties and agrochemicals, $ut it is still not enough to feed the growing
populationC. 'uggest a suita$le method of agriculture to meet the demand. 1
!) " species of 'olanum is intolerant to salty soil. Dow will you make the
species tolerant to the given a$iotic stress. 1
&) Why do we use @; to create tailor made plants. 1
2 mark#
1) 'ome cotton plants grown $y farmers are known as 7)t cotton7. !
a) What does )t stand for.
$)What is the advantage of this cotton plant
c)Dow did scientists achieve this
!) ,he $acillus is not killed even after the application of insecticidal protein
which is toxic. 9omment. !
&) )t toxins are insect group specific. ,he toxin is coded $y a gene named cry.
Dow does the genes cry #"c differ from cry #"$
() Br."run developed a vitamin " rich potato through his research on genetics.
a)What do you call such potato plants !
$)Who can approve the validity and safety of introducing potato for pu$lic uses.
+) Nematode specific genes.
H
"gro $acterium
Dost plant with nematode gene
ds FN"
9
i) What is this techni<ue of pest control called
ii) 'pecify a, $ % c in the chart given.
& ;"F-'
1) " (:year old girl suffered from "B" deficiency. &
she was cured $y inserting a correct gene into her.
a)What is this process called
$)#n which cells are the genes introduced
c) Name the vector used to introduce the gene
!) ,urmeric is $eing used as a traditional medicine $y #ndians for a long time.
,he genetic material of this species was taken out of the country and a hy$rid
variety created. ,his 7New7 variety was claimed as an invention $y them. &
a)Bo you think it is an invention
$)Dow could we have restricted the movement of this material
c)What term is used for such an act
&) #ndians have $een producing and utilising $asmati rice, turmeric, neem etc.
how can they $e protected from $iopiracy Who is authorized to amend the rule
Chapter1. ORGANISMS AND POPULATIONS
1) ;ost living organisms cannot survive at temperatures a$ove (+Wc. Dow are
some micro$es a$le to live in ha$itats with temperature $eyond 144Wc 1
!) "n orchid plant is growing on a mango tree. Dow do you descri$e the
interaction $etween the orchid and the mango tree 1
() 3eople living in higher altitudes have higher F)9 count. @ive reasons
+) 9attle or goats never graze on weeds of calotropis. @ive reasons. 1
+) ,wo closely related species competing for the same resources cannot co:exist
indefinitely.'tate the principle which supports this phenomenon. 1
.) What type of growth status the following pyramid represents 1
/) C"$ingdon tortoise in @alapagos islands $ecame extinct within a decade after
goats were introduced in that islandC. 9an you cite the possi$le reason for the
same 1 ! ;"F-'
1) 'tudy the graphical representation shown $elow and mention the
conditions responsi$le for the curves SaT and S$T respectively. !
!)
!
a) Which type of growth curve does it represent
$) What do the notations represent in the a$ove e<uation
&) -angaroo rats can survive in the a$sence of an external source of water. Dow
do they adapt themselves to such conditions !
() 'mall animals are rarely found in 3olar Fegions. @ive reasons. !
+) #f a marine fish is placed in fresh water a<uarium, will the fish $e a$le to
surviveWhy !
+) C'now leopards are not found in -erala forests and tuna fish are rarely found
$eyond tropical latitude in the oceanC. 'tudy the a$ove two cases and states the
possi$le reasons for the same. !
& ;"F-'
1) ;r. Fam on a trip to Fohtang 3ass 'uddenly experienced heart 3alpitations,
Nausea, fatigue etc on reaching the destination. 'uggest the reasons for his
sudden deterioration of health and also state Whether his $ody will withstand
this pro$lem if he stays there for long and how &
!) "nand on a visit through an under the ocean a<uarium found that many sea
anemones are attached to hermit cra$ shells, sucker fisher attached to the ventral
surface of sharks and clown fish living among the sea anemones. De wondered
whether all these associations are of the same typeV can you help him to arrive at
the correct conclusion. &
Chapter 1$. ECOSBSTEM
1) Dow does the man made ecosystem differ from the natural ecosystem 1
!) Betritus contri$ute to the $iogeochemical cycles, how 1
&) 9an temperature regulate the rate of decomposition how 1
() ,he detritus food chain and grazing food chain differ. Dow 1
+) "s succession proceeds the num$ers and types of animals and decomposers
also change. Dow 1
.) #n $urnt out ?orests and flooded lands succession takes place faster. Why 1
/) 'edimentary cycle is <uite different from a gaseous cycle with respect to its
reservoir. )ring out the difference. 1
! marks
1) C?low of energy is unidirectional $ut nutrient flow is in a cycleC @ive reason!
!) CBecomposition is an oxygen re<uiring processC comment. !
&) 'ome organisms are called top carnivores. Why @ive some examples. !
() @iven $elow is the primary hydrarch succession. )ring out the missing sere
stages in the process !

+) @iven $elow is a simplified model of phosphorus cycle. Write down the
natural reservoir of phosphorus and also the processes that put in phosphorus to
the soil.
1H'('
& marks
1) )oth car$on and phosphorus cycles are $iogeochemical cycles $ut they differ in three
aspects. *ist them. &
!) >cosystems should carry a hefty price tag for its various services. >nlist six of
them. &
Chapter -1". +IODI%ERSITB
1 mark#

1) a) #ndia has more than +4444 different strains of rice and 1444 varieties of
mangoes.
$) Western @hats have a greater "mphi$ian diversity than the >astern @hats.
What do you infer from the a$ove two statements
! marks
17 2
#dentify a,$,c and d in the a$ove pie diagram showing glo$al $iodiversity of
plants.
!) 9olum$ia located near the e<uator has nearly 1(44 species of $irds while new
york at (1X N has 14+ species and @reenland at /1X N has only +. species.
9omment. !
&) Would the extinction of one insect pollinator affect the ecosystem >xplain !
() ,he species diversity of plants is much less than that of animals. What could
$e the reason for this and figure out how animals achieved greater
diversifications !
+) 'eeds of different genetic strains are kept for long periods in seed $anks.
>xplain the conservative strategy involved in this process. !
.) "mazon forests are regarded are C*ungs of the 3lanetC. Why !
/) National parks come under 7in situ7 conservation while Aoological parks under
7exsitu7 conservation. comment. !
0) ,here are &( $iodiversity hot spots in the world. What are the criteria of
selection of such hot spots !
2) *antana % >ichornia are examples of two weeds. Dow do they affect the
ecosystem !
& marks
1) )iologists are not sure a$out how many prokaryotic species there might $e.
@ive reasons. &
!) #n an experiment, the slope of regression (z) is 4.! and in another experiment
the value o$tained is 1.!. >xplain the two situations in respect of species area
relationships. &
&) Would Western @hats ecosystems $e less functional if one of its tree frog
species is lost forever 'u$stantiate your answer in the light of hypothesis
proposed $y 3aul >hrlich. &
Chapter1). EN%IRONMENTAL ISSUES
1 mark
1)." factory drains its waste water into a near$y lake. What will $e its effect on
the lake after a few days
!. ,he names of organisms in an a<uatic food chain is given $elow. @ive the
organism having the maximum concentration of BB,. 1
*arge fish:Aooplankton:fish >ating $irds: small fish:phytoplankton.

&),he central pollution control $oard o$served that a thermal power plant is
emitting 04L of its particulate matter in the exhaust due to poor maintenance
What could $e the cause for this increase in L of particular matter 1
() ,he $irds egg shells $ecome thinner in an area where there is an excess
application of pesticides. 9omment. 1
+) ;otor vehicles with catalytic converter should use unleaded petrol. Why1
.) Why should we $e thankful to micro:organism present in domestic sewage1

2 mark#
1) Jehicles are fitted with catalytic converters. @ive reason !

!) #t was o$served that some of the a<uatic $irdsP population has $een declining.
1n analysis of the water in their ha$itat, high concentration of BB, was found
a) What caused the decline is $irdsP population
$) What is this phenomenon known as !
&) " man had a ). class )enz which has a very good catalytic converter. 1n his
way the petrol was exhausted % he stopped at a petrol pump. ,he person at the
petrol pump had only leaded petrol. 1ut of necessity the man had to fill leaded
petrol in his car. !
a) What is its impact on the catalytic activity of the converter
$) >xplain the impact on the environment.
() " person has inhaled air having particulate pollutants of size less than !.+
micrometers in diameter. What could $e the impact of their pollutants on his
respiratory system !
") ;ention the green house gases % their proportion in the pie diagram given
$elow.!
.) " farmer saw water in a pond turned green % with dead fishes. !
a) What is the reason for the death of fishes
$) Name the phenomenon that leads to the death of fishes.
/) (?ig 1..& pg No. !/(:$iology text $ook for class xii)
#n the a$ove graph what does " % ) depict !
0) ,he application of BB, for a long period resulted in the elimination of $ird
species from a locality. Dow does it happen >xplain. !
2) #dentify the wrong pairEs and correct it. !
a) 9herno$yl incident:Fadio active waste
$) 'now $lindness cataract: Digh dose of 9?9
c) 9hipko movement: 'ave trees
d) 3oly$lend:'olves air pollution.
14) Bumping waste in landfills is not a real solution for disposing wastes. Why
!
11) Famesh collected water samples on his $oat:trip downstream along a river.
1n analysis it was o$served that the dissolved oxygen content reduced initially
and later increased gradually. 9an you help him plot a graph on concentration of
B1 % )1B downstream !
& marks
1) ;any coastal areas may get su$merged due to the environmental changes
taking place at the present rate. @ive the cause, and state two measures to check
it. &
!) #ntegrated organic forming is a cyclical zero waste procedure. 6ustify. &
&) >cosan toilets are a hygienic, efficient and cost effective solution to the
disposal of human wastes. 6ustify. &
+ marks
1) 1$serve the following figure carefully and answer the <uestions that follow.
!H!H1I+
a) *a$el the parts ", ), 9 % B
$) What are the steps involved in the removal of particulate matter
c) Dow is it different from scru$$er

ANSWERS*1. REPRODUCTION IN ORGANISMS
1) ;onozygotic twins develop from a single zygote. #n rest of the individuals,
the zygote develops directly into an individual.
!) Water hyacinth. #t grows in a$undance as result oxygen depletion occurs.
&) )am$oo.
() ": 3enicillium 1. 9onidia
):'ponge !. @emmules
+) #ts shows mass flowering of 'tro$ilanthus kunthaiana.
.) ;an is an advanced animal, with more reproductive capacity.
/) 3apaya and date are dioecious plants.
0) ;ale gametes are motile in nature and they are destroyed.
2) ': 'eed, 3:3rotective pericarp.
14) a) 3re:fertilization $) 3ost:fertilization c) >m$ryogenesis
11) ":>yes ):@erminating eye $ud ,ype:,u$er
1!) (i) #t is a modified stem and has nodes, internodes and $ud.
(ii) 9ell division and cell differentiation.
1&. ;an is a placental animal having adaptation to give $irth.
1(. i)>m$ryogenesis ii)cell differention and organogenesis
1+) 3arts of fig:8:"rchegoniopore
5:"ntheridiophore
a: ?emale thallus of marchantia
):;ale thallus of marchantia.
1.) Bogs and cats are seasonal $reeders having heat period during which
ovulation takes place $ut human females have this cycle every month.
1/) )oth the reproductive organs stamens and pistils are present in the same
flower close to each other $ut in unisexual flower they are present in two
different flowers. ii) 3ollination
10) 5es, since all the organisms are exactly similar to the parents.
12) ,he figure indicates part of female cockroach, name of the part: ovary.
!4) @ametogenesis, fertilization, zygote em$ryogenesis.
@ametes will $e diploid.


A9#=er# 2* SeG;a0 Repr/4;3t2/9 I9 P0a9t#
1) 5es, sporopollenin is present in exine
which is not digested $y enzymes.
!) ,hey take food from cotyledons
&) outer most: >pidermis
>ndothecium
;iddle layer
#nner most. ,apetum
() ". vacuoles
). Nucleus
Bevelopment of pollen grain
+) (i) 3ollination
(ii) @eitonogamy
.) >m$ryo : !0
>ndosperm : (!
/) (a) ;;9 under goes meiotic division to form microspores.
($) (i) ;ale gametes:!4
(ii) ?emale gamets:+
0) (a) ;icrosporogenesis
($) 3ollen grain tetrad.
2) Aygote divides only after the formation of endosperm $ecause endosperm nourishes
the developing em$ryo.
14) 'ynergids have filiform apparatus at the micropylar end which guides pollen tu$e
into the egg apparatus, otherwise pollen tu$e may not enter to em$ryo sac, no
fertilization.
11) >masculation followed $y artificial pollination, i.e. 3ollens of selected plants have
to $e dusted on the stigma $efore $agging the flower.
1!) )y Wind
(i) 3ollen grains are dry, light, produced in large <uantity
(ii) stigma is hairy and feathery
1&) (a) )lack pepper and $eet
($) 3erisperm
1() 1range, lemon, watermelon, @uava etc.
,hese seedless fruits are economically important
9ommercially via$le for horticulturists.
1+)
(a) &(
($) &(
(c) !(
(d) !(
(e) !(
A9#=er# -. !;ma9 Repr/4;3t2/9
O9e mark
1. ;orula
!. 9olostrum
T=/ mark H;e#t2/9#*
1. a) 3rimary spermatocytes
$) 'permatids
!. ,he pD is not suita$le for fertilization in uterus.
&. ;itochondria
#t produces energy for the movement of tail that facilitates sperm motility
essential for fertilization.
(. #n the a$sence of fertilization corpus luteum degenerates. ,his causes
disintegration of endometrium leading to menstruation.
Three mark#
1. Buring fertilisation a sperm comes in contact with Aona pellucida layer of the
ovum % induces change in the mem$rane that $lock entry of additional sperms.
,hus it ensures single sperm entry.
!. Kterus
Kterus is made of three tissue layersQQQQQQ
a) >xternal thin mem$ranous layerQQ3erimetrium
$) ;iddle thick layer of smooth muscleQQ;yometrium
c) #nner glandular layerQQ>ndometrium.
>ndometrial layer undergoes cyclic changes during menstrual cycle.
;yometrium exhi$its strong contraction during delivery of the $a$y.
&) ,he inner cell mass of em$ryo differentiates into
i) 1uter layer::::>ctoderm
ii) #nner layer::::endoderm
iii) ;iddle layer::::;esoderm
,hese three layers give rise to all tissues (organs) in adults.
(.a). Nipple
$). "mpulla
c). ?at
F2Ae mark#
1. a) complete nuero:endocrine mechanism
$) 1xytocin acts on uterine muscle for stronger contraction
c) ,o ensure the fusion of one sperm
d) 'eminal plasma is a li<uid medium which helps the sperm to move %
nourishes it.
e) ,he movement of sperm and ovum does not occur simultaneously many
times.
!. ,he $elief is totally wrong.
#t is the pro$a$ility of 8 or 5 chromosome com$ination that decides the sex of
the child.
Betail in page +! of N9>F, class xii (sex determination)
9hromosome 5 decides the sex.
&. a) ;ons pu$is
$) ?im$riae
c) ;yometrium
d) 'eminal plasma
e) 9horionic villi
3hapter-$. Repr/4;3t2Ae !ea0th
A9#=er# 1 MAR&
1. "ssisted reproductive technologies("F,) 1
!. 0:celled stage 1
&. #ntra cytoplasmic sperm inGection(#9'#) 1
(.3eriodic o$stience or coitus interruptus 1
+. "mniocentesis 1
.. 3ills (3rogestogen:estrogen com$ination.)or 3rogestogen
! ;"F-'
1. a) 1vulation does not take place
$) *actational amenorrhea. 1H1
!. a:#n vitro fertilization and em$ryo transfer
$:A.#.?.,
c: @#?,
d:#ntra uterine insemination
&.a) 9ondom
$) *atexEru$$er
&;"F-'
1. #mplants
?unctions 1H1H1
i) ,hey contain progestogens or progestogen. estrogen com$ination
ii) ,hey inhi$it ovulation and implantation of em$ryo to the uterine wall.
.
". Pr2932p0e# /< I9her2ta93e C %ar2at2/9
ANSWERS*
2 Mark#
1)
! ) #t is a $ack cross. ,he genotype of yellow seed is 5y.
Mark#
1) ,he trait is autosomal dominant. ,he dark circle character is on autosomal
dominant character in the heterozygous condition. ,he progeny is 1=1
!)
o " 1
) ") )1
1 "1 11
&. i);ore the recom$ination fre<uency percentage more recom$inants
varieties..ii) linkage.
" Mark#
1.i) #ncomplete dominance.
ii) @enotype ?1 I Fr
@enotype ?! I 1FF = ! Fr = 1rr
iii) 3henotypic ratio Fed = 3ink = White
1 = ! = 1
iv) ?1 Fr 8 rr 1 FF: Fed
! Fr:3ink
1 rr:White
)* M/0e3;0ar +a#2# /< 29her2ta93e
ANSWERS*
1) *ysine and "rginine.
!) #t hydrolyses lactose into galactose and glucose.
&) ,he polarity &7:+7 determines the template strand and +7:&7 and determines
coding strand.
() ,emplate strand only is involved in transcription.
+) "ll the reference point is made with coding strand.
.) >xpressed se<uence ,ags is one of the methodologies involved in Duman
@enome proGect.
/) 'mall peaks are referred as satellite BN".
0) " sample of hair follicle or $one.
2) Bystrophin:!.( million $ases.
14) 39FEBN" finger printing
11) A:gene can not produce $eta:galactosidose. Dint: N9>F,:page 11.% 11/
1!) 'ickle cell anemia, glutamate to valine
N9>F, page :11&
1&) i) ": ;ethionine, ):.t:FN" ii) ,ranscription
hint=:N9>F, 3age:11(
1() i) the initiating and terminating codon changed.
ii) "K@ as initiating codon, K@": terminating codon.
hint:N9>F, page 11+.
1+) ":Dydrogen $ond $etween $ase pairs. ):3hosphate and sugar $onds. 9:
)ond $etween sugar and $asis
hint=:N9>F, page:2.

1.) ,he $iological father can $e identified $y BN" finger printing techni<ue.
( N9>F, ,>8, )11- : page 1!1)

No. of $ase pair in ;ammalian cell I No. of Nucleosome
)ase pairs in one nucleosome
..x14
!44 I &.&x14
Nucleosome
10) i) ":leading strand
):lagging strand.
ii) BN": replication
iii) ':phase of the cell cycle.
Dint=: N9>F, page 14/
12)
ii) ,he shaded parts are introns and un shaded parts are exons.
iii) ,he primary FN" script undergoes splicing, in this process, the introns are
removed exons are Goined together to form m:FN".
iv) #n prokaryotes, the information is continuous and there is no need for
splicing, the entire BN" is transcri$ed into FN".
!4) i) >. coli, ,he figure illustrate conGugation $etween Dfr cell and ? cell, in which
a portion of donor BN" has come into the recipient (?Ycell). ,he conGugation $ridge
last only for a short period $efore the entire BN" move into the recipient, it $reaks. #t
will $e incorporated into recipient BN" $y replacing an e<uivalent segment.
ii)it is one of the method $y which genetic recom$ination is effected is $acterial
cell.
iii) Dfr cell is the male (donor).
iv)

A9#=er#---E%OLUTION
1) i) "verage single: sta$ilizing selection
ii) Birectional selection
iii) Barwin
!) i)White winged moths disappeared as they were eaten up $y predator.
ii) ,his change was due to darkening of trees $ark on which moth lived due to
industrial pollution. ;oths could not camouflage and are thus eaten up $y
predators.
iii) *ichens
&) i) Domologous
ii) Domologous
iii) "nalogous
iv) "nalagous
v) Domologous
$7%erte.rate# Ge/0/123a0 Per2/4#
,herapsidus 9ar$oniferous
Binosaurs
: (>xtinct)
+) a) Bryopithecus $) "ustralopithecus c) Domo erectus
.)>volution of $eaks of finches that Barwin found.Fefer N9>F, text $ook page
1&& ?ig /.+.
/) ?ive factors are known to affect Dardy: Wein$erg7s e<uili$rium
a) @ene migrationE gene flow
$) @enetic drift
c) ;utation
d) @enetic Fecom$ination
0) Dints: page:no1&&.N9>F, ,ext$ook for class 8##
C!-8!;ma9 !ea0th a94 D2#ea#e#
ANSWERS*
1. i) 3neumonia ii) 'treptococcus pneumonia
!. 9ommon cold
Fhino virus
&. )y the introduction of the mos<uito larvae feeding fish @am$usia
(. )ecause they re<uire human $lood protein for the production of egg.
+. ". Fing worm
). Wuchereria sps.
9.>ntamoe$a histolytica
B.;alignant malaria
.. )ecause of the protected environment provided early in life and due to
exposure to high level of pollution.
/. 3assive immunity
0. 'ecretion of Distamine % 'erotonin $y mast cells
"ntihistamine, "drenalin, steroid
2. i) "#B'
##) >*#'"
###) Dis ,:*ymphocytes were destroyed
14. i) Dallucination
ii) *'B, cocaine
iii) >rythroxylum cocaE"tropa $elladonaEBatura sps.
11. a)Jiral FN" enters macrophages
$) Feverse transcriptase
c) D#J viral particles
d) ,:*ymphocytes.
C!-:-STRATEGIES FOR EN!ANCEMENT INFOOD PRODUCTION
ANSWERS*
O9e mark*-

1) #n$reeding depression
!) #t is free of virus
&).>m$ryo ,ransfer technology
() )ecause there is limited availa$ility of disease resistance genes in the crop plants %
their wild relatives.
+)the $est availa$le local cultivar
.) ,o produce pure or in$red lines, so that there will $e no segregation of characters in
the progeny.
/). )ilkaneri ewes % ;arino rams
0). ,ryptophan % lysine
2). 5ellow mosaic virus, Abelmoschus esculentus
14). ;orphological, physiological % $iochemical
11). Fesistant to water stress.
T=/ mark#
1)5ellow mosaic virus, Abelmoschus esculentus
!) ;orphological, physiological % $iochemical
&) a. #ncreased food production (Wheat % paddy)
$. #ncreased fish production
() a. @erm plasm collection
$. 9ross Dy$ridization
c. ,o select and test the hy$rid for the desired character com$ination for
success of $reeding o$Gective.
d. 1$tained hy$rid is evaluated in the crop field and is compared with the
local crop cultivar.
+) 1utcrossing is the practice of mating animals of the same $reed that have no
common ancestors on either side of their pedigree upto (:. generations whereas
cross $reeding is the cross of one with superior females of another $reed.
.) #t was created $y transferring gene for resistance to yellow mosaic
virus(5;J) in $hindi from a wild species to
("$elmoschus esculentus.)
/) 3usa @aurav and 3usa swarnim are mismatching pairs.
0). ")Dimgiri )))rassica c)3usa shu$hra B) 9hilli >)9hilly
mosaic % leaf cure
Three mark#*
1) ,his statement is true
:it helps in selective $reeding in animals.
:semen of a single $ull can $e used to impregnate several females.
:<uality semen is availa$le in preserved form all the
time at all places: ?rozen semen can $e exported or imported. #t is the most
relia$le method.
!)":9ollection of varia$ility ):9ross hy$ridization among the selected parents.
9 N 'election and testing of superior recom$inants.
&) i) $)
ii) a)
iii) c)
() 9orrect order N c) a) $)
3rocess:;ultiple ovulation em$ryo transfer
"dvantage N ,o increase herd size in short time.
ANSWERSC! -16 MICRO+ES IN !UMAN WELFARE
1mark
1) Wine is produced without distillation and whisky and rum are produced $y
distillation of the fermented $roth.
!) No, $ecause, "nti$iotics are needed to kill millions of micro$es which cause
many deadly diseases like plague, whooping cough, dysphasia etc.
&) )ottled Guices are clarified $y the use of pectinases and proteases.
() 3rions are proteinaceous infecting agents.
+) Nucleopolyhedrovirus
.) 3est resistant cotton plant.
/) 1ptimum temperature is needed for the action of lacto $acillus and to convert
milk to curd. )acteria $ecomes inactive at low temperature
0) 9urd contains lactic acid $acteria which checks the growth of disease causing
micro$es and protects the gastro intestinal tract
2) 9ellular respirationEanaero$ic respiration in $acteria produces 91! gas which
puffs up the dough
14) ,he nutritional <uality of curd is improved $y *actic acid $acteria $y
increasing vitamin )12
11) ,he rumen of cattle contains methanogens which help in the digestion of
cellulose $ut these $acteria are not present in human stomach
1!) "nti$iotics may kill even the useful $acteria present in the digestive tract
*") will protect some micro$es in the digestive tract and enhance the
production of vitamin )12.
1&) 'ome micro$es produce enzymes like lipases which help in removing oil
stain when used in detergent formulation.
1() 'ome micro$es mainly methanogens release large <uantities of methane
along with 912 and D2' during meta$olism and these gases are used for the
production of $iogas which is a good source of energy
1+) ,he large holes on 7'wiss cheese7 are due to production of large amount of
912 during fermentation $y the $acteria 3ropioni$acterium sharmani.
1.. ,o determine pollution it helps. ;ore organic waste )1B increases.
1/. )ottle fruit Guices are treated with the yeast 'accharomyces cervisiae.
10.i) 9oagulation
ii) *actic acid produced $y *") coagulate and partially digest the milk protein.
12. Wine % )eer is produced without distillation. Whisky % $randy are
produced $y distilliation.
!4.. ,hermoacidophils. ,his $acterial >nzyme is resistant to high tem.
!1. streptokinase is aOclot $usterP for removing the $lood clots from $lood
vessels.)io molecules are produced from 'teptococcus )acteria.
!!. )read and cheese have large holes due to production of *arge amount of
91
!
.
! marks
1) ,he micro$ial culture containing ana$aena, 1scillatoria or Nostoc. ,hey act
as $iofertilizer $y fixing the atmospheric nitrogen in the soil and there$y
increasing the soil fertility
!) ,he plant roots which are infected $y fungi form sym$iotic association with
them and the fungi help the plant to a$sor$ phosphorus from the soil and the
plant $ecomes resistant to salinity and drought thus this sym$iotic association
called mycorrhiza help in the development of the plant.
&) ,he proper se<uence is c:e:$:a:f:d
() " small portion of the activated sludge containing $acteria is pumped $ack
into the aeration tank to act as inoculums.
+) x:gas holder, y:Bigester.
.) 'tatin produced $y ;onascus purpureus competitively inhi$it the enzyme
responsi$le for synthesizing cholesterol
/) i) 9itric acid
ii) saccharomyces cerevisiae
iii) ,richoderma 3olysporum
iv) "ceto$acter aceti
v) 'tatin
vi)'treptokinas
&marks
"ns 1 #) )aculo viruses attack the specific insects % arthropods. ,hey have no
negative impact on plants, $irds, mammals or even other non:target insects.
,he desira$le aspect is conservation of $eneficial insects.
1rganic farming uses $iopesticides % $iofertilizers. )aculo viruses are used as
good $iopesricides.
"ns !. #) ?ree living fugi N ,richoderma N used as $iocontrol agent.
ii) 'ym$olic fungi N @lomus N helps in a$sor$tion of nutrients from soil.
iii) ?reeliving $acteria N "zoto$actor N helps in increasing yield $y fixing
atmospheric N
!
% making it availa$le to the plants.
5Mark# "7
"ns 1. #) 9hemical fertilizers causes environmental pollution.
ii) #t decreases the fertility and productivity of the soil.
iii) ?raming with chemical fertilizers is expensive.
1rganic farming uses $iopesticides and $iofertilizers.
i))iopesticides N a) )aculo viruses N attack harmful insects.
$) )acillus thuringiensis N introduced in crop field. (,hese
$acteria are availa$le sackets as dried spores) which are mixed with water %
spread over vulnera$le plants.
ii) )iofertilizers N a) 9yano $acteria are used in crop field to increase the fertility
of soil. $) "zolla is used in crop field which is decomposed % increases
the fertility of soil.
"ns !. #) ": !4 mg E* 'econdary effluent
) N 0 mgE* Fiver water
9 N (44 mgE* Kntreated sewage water
ii) )ioreactor
iii)
iv) Fole of polymerase N BN" N polymerase is an enzyme used to make copies
of BN" making use of the genomic template BN" and the primer.
C! 11-+IOTEC!NOLOGB-PRINCIPLES C PROCESSES
ANSWERS* 1 mark
1 ,hey cut BN" molecules at specific sites and then fragment
! a: non recom$inat $. recem$in<at
& )acteria N Thermus aquaticus= ,a< polymerase= Buring Benaturation in 39F
high temperature is re<uired and thermosta$le BN" polymerase remains sta$le in
that high temperature.
( crossing over occurs in this phase helps to produce recom$inants.
+ # n >ukaryotes, normal endonuclease attach with special proteins, like initiator,
terminator, 'nr$s etc. to perform their functions.
. .Festriction >ndonuclease enzyme.
/ .39F, "nnealing.
0. +P
&P>nzyme:>91F#
&P +P
! ;"F-'
1) No, when cut with the same restriction enzyme, only the resultant BN"
fragments have the same sticky ends and these can $e Goined together using
BN" ligases.
!) 3resence of more than one recognition sites within the vector will generate
several fragments, which will complicate gene cloning.
1. ,hese are enzymes called restriction enzyme found in $acteria and are used to
cut pieces of BN"
!. ,hese are organisms that are used to transfer a gene of interest to a host. >g=
plasmid, virus, and $acteria.
&. ,he palindrome in BN" is a se<uence of $ase pains that read same on the two strands
when orientation of reading is kept same. >.g.
+P N @"",,9 N &P
& N 9,,""@ N +
(. rBN"
+(a) "grose.
($) 'ea weed:Gelidium sp.

.(a) p$r &!!, it is a plasmid:vectorV others restriction enzymes in the plasmid.
($) gene:gun: it is a device used for direct introduction of a gene in a host cell.
/ *ysosome :fungi,.(lysozyme is the enzyme to related to $acteria and not fungi)
0. (a) added to precipitate the purified BN" to isolate it.
($) microinGection: to inGect the foreign gene into a host cell, directly.
( c) set up to culture large volumes of transgenic $acteria to get large <uantities of
the product protein.
(d) plasmid: the vector to transform a foreign gene.
2. 5es, r:BN" I plasmid(vector) H foreign BN"
@ " " , , 9
9 , , " " @
r:protein is the product of transgenic gene in the host $ody Ecell.
& ;"F-'.
1.(a) gene therapy
($) amplification
Z FN" interference
(d) palindronic se<uence
(e)transposones
(f) BN" replication
!. (a) tag polymerase (BN" polymerase )
($) primase
(c) lysozyme
(d) topoisomerse
(e)FN": polymersease
(f) BN" ligase
& (a) *inking a foreign BN" with a plasmid(vector)
($) BN" formed $y a FN" $y Feverse ,ransciption.
(c) ds FN": complementary FN"
(.>.coli cloning vector
(a) ori ($) rop (c) >91F # (d) amp
F
(e) tet
F
"MAR&S
.1. (a) S#nsertional inactivationT
#n this recom$inants % non recom$inants are differentiated on the $asis of the a$ility to
produce colour in the presence of a chromosomic su$strate N #n this, a rBN" is inserted
in an enzyme N galactosidase N leads to inactivation of the enzyme which does not
produce colour due to insertion.
($)
(i) Dost cells are incu$ated with rBN" on ice.
(ii) ?ollowed $y placing them $riefly at (1
4
9 heat.
(iii) ,hen transforming them $ack on ice.
,his ena$les the host cells ($acteria) to take up the rBN".
C!APTER 12 +IOTEC!NOLOGB AND ITS APPICATIONS
ANSWERS* 1mark
1.@enetically engineered crop $ased agriculture.
!.)y genetic modification
&.,o supply alternative resources to industries in the form of starch, fuels,
pharmaceuticals etc.
2 mark#
1.a) )t: )acillus thuringiensis
$) pest resistant
c))y genetic modificationEcloning
!.#t is in the form of inactive protoxin.
&9ry # "c: 9ontrols the cotton )ollworms
9ry # "$: 9ontrols corn $orer
(.a. @ ; 3otato
$. @>"9
+.i) FN" interference
ii) a)sense FN"
$) "nti sense FN"
c) 'ilencing ,he m:FN"
& marks
1.a) @ene therapy
$)*ymphocytes
c)Fetrovirus
!. a.No
$. )y getting a patent
c. )iopiracy.
&.,hrough#ndian3atent)ill
#ndian 3arliament.
ANSWERS*C!APTER 1 -ORGANISMS AND POPULATIONS
1) ;icro$es posses physiological and $iochemical adaptations which allow them
to live in ha$itats with temperature exceeding. 144Wc. ,here are $ranched chain
lipids in the cell mem$rane and special resistant enzymes which deal with high
temperatures. 1
!) 9ommensalisms, #n this interaction the orchid is $enefitted on attaining the
support where as ,mango tree is neither $enefitted nor harmed.
'('
&) Bue to low atmospheric pressure at higher attitudes $ody compensates low
oxygen availa$ility $y increasing red $lood cell production, decreasing the
$inding affinity of hemoglo$in and $y increasing $reathing rate. 1
() ,he plant produces highly poisonous cardiac glycosides. 1
+) @ause7s competitive exclusion principle 1
.) Beclining population.
/) @oats have greater $rowsing efficiency and hence the tortoises died of lack of
food. 1
! marks
1) C;rAe IaI repre#e9t# eGp/9e9t2a0 1r/=th =here the re#/;r3e# are 9/t 02m2t291
the 1r/=th. 1
$) 9urve 7$7 represents logistic growth where the resources are limiting the
growth 1
!)a) *ogistic growth curve
'
$) NI population density at:time 7t7
1'
rI#ntrinsic rate of increase
-I carrying capacity
&) -angaroo rat is capa$le of meeting all its water re<uirement through its
internal fat oxidation in which water is a $y :product. #t has the a$ility to
concentrate urine. 1H1
() 'maller animals tend to lose more $ody heat due to large surface area relative
to their volume. ,herefore, they have to spend more energy to generate $ody
heat. 1H1
+) No, it will not survive in fresh water a<uarium $ecause of osmotic pro$lem it
would face.
.) 9hange in temperature from their esta$lished ha$itats affects the kinetics of
the enzymes and through it the $asal meta$olism, activity and other
physiological functions of the organism. 1H1
& marks
1) "tmospheric pressure in Fohtang pass, which is at high altitude, is low and
hence the $ody does not get enough oxygen. Fam is suffering from altitude
sickness. 1H1
#f he stays for long the following change will occur in the $ody and he will
$ecome acclimatised to the conditions. 1
a)F)9 production increases
$) )reathing rate increases
c) )inding capacity of hemoglo$in decreases.
!) a) Felation $etween sea anemones and hermit cra$ is mutualism since sea
anemones protects the hermit cra$ and cra$ provides $its of food to sea
anemone, thus $oth $enefitted. 1
$) Felation $etween shark and suckerfish is commensalisms $ecause only
sucker fish gets food and is $enefitted while shark is neither harmed nor
$enefitted. 1
c) Felation $etween sea anemone and clown fish is also commensalism since
only the fish gets protection from predators. 1
C!APTER 1$-ECOSBSTEM
1) ;an made ecosystem Natural ecosystem
Knder regular control not under the control of man
"nd monitored $y man
!) )y the decomposition of detritus, the simple minerals are released into the
atmosphere % from there it come $ack to the earth.
&) Digh temperature favours decomposition and low temperature inhi$its
decomposition
.() Betritus food chain $egins from the dead and decaying matter while grazing
food chain starts from the green plants(3roducers).
+) Jegetation changes in turn change the food and shelter for various types of
animals. "s a result the foresaid changes happen.
.) #n $urnt out forests and flooded lands some soil or sediment is present. ,here
is no need for soil to $e formed.
/) ,he reservoir of gaseous cycle exists in the atmosphere and for the
sedimentary cycle it is located in earth7s crust
! marks
1) >nergy flow is always from the sun to 7producers7 and to the different trophic
levels. so it is unidirectional. )ut the nutrients are moving from the living to
non:living and vice:versa.
!) Betritus is rich in nitrogen and sugars. ?or oxidation of nitrogen and sugars
oxygen is re<uired $y a class of aero$ic micro$es.
&) ,op carnivores do not have direct predators. so they are referred to as top
carnivores
eg= ;an, *ion, ,iger etc.
() ":'u$merged plant stage, ):Feed swamp stage
9:scru$ stage, B:?orest
+) ". Fock minerals ). Weathering 9. Becomposition
& marks
1) 9"F)1N 959*> 3D1'3D1FK' 959*>
1. Feservoir exists in atmosphere 1.Feservoir exists in earth7s crust
!. 9onsidera$le inputs of car$on !.Negligi$le inputs of phosphorus
through rain fall.
through rainfall.
&. >vident gaseous exchange $etween &.@aseous exchange $etween
1rganism and
organism and environment takes place environment is extremely
negligi$le.
!) 1. 3urify air and water
!. ;itigate droughts and floods
&. cycle nutrients
(. @enerate fertile soils
+. 3rovide wide life ha$itat
.. 3ollinate flowers
/. 3rovide aesthetic, cultural and spiritual values

C!APTER 1" +IODI%ERSITB
1 mark
1) a) @enetic diversity $) 'pecies diversity
! marks
1) a) "ngiosperms
$) "lgae
c) ?ungi
d) ;osses
!) *atitudinal gradients in $iodiversity.
)iodiversity decreases as latitude increases .
)iodiversity decreases as one move from tropics to e<uator.[
&) 5es,
#t may lead to co:extinction of species
#n the case of a co:evolved plant:3ollinator
;utualism where extinction of one invaria$ly
*eads to the extinction of the other
() "nimals have greater mo$ility
"nimals migrate to different environmental conditions and undergo
adaptation
+) >x:situ conservation
,hey are preserved in via$le and fertile condition for long periods using
cryopresrvation techni<ues.
.) "mazon forests have the greatest $iodiversity in the world and har$our a large
num$er of plant species which release large amount of oxygen into the
atmosphere.
/) National parks: in situ: #t is the practice of protecting the endangered species
in their natural ha$itats either $y protecting or $y defending the species from
predators.
Aoological parks: ex situ: the threatened species are taken out from their natural
ha$itat and placed in special setting and given protection and special care.
0) i) Digh level of species richness
ii) Digh degree of endemism
2.,hese are examples of "lien species invasions. ,hey threaten the indigenous
species % lead to their extinction.
&marks
1) i),he conventional taxonomic methods are not sufficient for identifying these
micro$ial species
ii);any of the species cannot $e cultured under la$oratory conditions.
iii) )iochemical and molecular $iology techni<ues would put their diversity
into millions.
!) 4.! is o$tained in studies regardless of the taxonomic group or the region
1.! is o$tained if species area relationship is analysed among very large areas
like the entire continents.
&) "ccording to the hypothesis proposed $y 3aul >hrlich the Cvivet popper
hypothesisC each species is essential in the $alance of nature. #f one is lost that
much im$alance is caused in the ecosystem.
C!APTER 1) EN%IRONMENTAL ISSUES
ANSWERS*1 mark
1) >utrophication due to growth of algal $loom. 1
!) ?ish:eating $irds 1
&) 3oor maintenance of the electrostatic 3recipitator.
() Digh concentration of BB, distur$ calcium meta$olism in $irds which
causes thinning of egg shell. 1
+) *ead inactivates catalyst 1
.) ;icroorganism present in domestic sewage $reak down organic su$stances
present in the sewage. 1
! marks
1) 9atalytic converter has platinum palladium and rhodium as catalyst to reduce
emission of poisonous gases. "s the exhaust passes through the converter
un$urnt hydrocar$on are converted into 91! and water and car$on monoxideV
nitric oxide are changed in to 91! and nitrogen gas.
!) a) BB, in the $ody interferes with the calcium meta$olism, resulting in
thinning of egg shell % their premature $reaking ultimately leading to a decline
is $ird population 1H1
$) )iomagnification
&) a) *ead in the petrol inactivates the catalyst 1H1
$)Kn$urnt hydrocar$ons are released which increases the air pollution.
()3articulate pollutants inhaled deep into the lungs cause irritation,
inflammation, damage to the lungs, % premature death.
+) a I 91! I .4L
$ I methane I !4L
c I 9?97' I 1(L
d:N!1 I 4.L
'x(I!
.) a) "lgal $loom resulting in depletion of oxygen 1H 1
$) >utrophication.
/) ":)1B 1H1
):Bissolved oxygen
0) )io magnification : (accumulation of BB, in the $ody of $ird) distur$s the
meta$olism of calcium : thin egg shell
:3remature hatching : decline in population
2) $:snow $lindness cataract:Digh dose of KJ:)
B:3oly$lend:solve plastic pollution.
14) a) ,he amount of gar$age generation specially in the metros has increased so
much that these sites are getting filled too.
$) "lso there is a damage of seepage of chemicals etc from these land fills
polluting the underground water resources
11) 3.N1 !/( fig 1..&
& marks
1) @lo$al warming due to the increase in conc. of green house gases
#t can $e checked $y. ("ny !)
i) @rowing more trees (afforestation)
ii) Feduce the use of fossil ?uel
iii) 3revent deforestation
!) #ntegrated organic farming is a cyclical zero waste procedureQ
a) Waste products from one process are cycled in as nutrients for the
other process.
$) ,here is no need for chemical fertilizers as cattle excreta are used as
manure.
c) 9rop waste is used to create compost, which is used as manure to
generate electricity.
&) Duman excreta are also recycled into manure which reduces the use of
chemical fertilizers.
"mark#
1) ") a: collection plate $: Birty air
c:discharge corona d:9lean air !
)) i) ,he electrode wires are maintained in several thousand volts, which
produces corona that releases electron. 1
ii) ,hose electrons attach a dust giving negative charge. '
iii) ,he collecting plates attract the charged dust particles '
9) ,he electrostatic precipitator removes the particulate matter where as the
scru$$er removes the gases like '1!. 1