CU HI N TP AN TON IN

1. Khi nim v dng in chm t:

L dng in m do h hng cch in, mch in chm t lm cho dng in s c tn ra
trong t dn n gia cc im khc nhau trong t s c s chnh lch in p.
2. Khi nim v trng tn dng in:
L vng quanh cc ni t m dng in tn i theo dng hnh cu v dng in s c tn
vo trong t qua mt cc ni t bng kim loi c dng bn caaufchoon trong t ng nht.
Trng tn dng in ph thuc vo: h thng ni t.
3. Khi nim v in p bc:
L in p m con ngi phi chu ng khi chn tip xc ti hai im trn mt t hay mt
sn, nm trong phm vi dng in chy trong t khi c s c v in do c s chnh lch
in th.
Khi xy ra chm t phi cm ngi n gn ch b chm vi khong cch sau:
- T 4-5m i vi thit b in trong nh.
- T 8-10m i vi thit b in ngoi tri.
gim in p bc: d mt chn ln, nhy c c ra khi vng c s c in.
4. Khi nim v in p tip xc:
V hnh 1.12 trang 17.
in p tip xc lc no cng c, n ph thuc vo dng in r.
gim in p tip xc :
- Nu ang lm vic vi thit b th phi eo gng tay, mang giy cch in.
- Ni t thit b.
5. Theo tiu chun IEC, trnh by v v hnh cc dng mng in cung cp lp t trong
cc nh xng.c im ca tng dng mng in ny.
c im nh xng d chy n, bi nn trnh dng s TN-C:
V hnh 3.4 trang 32.
Trong h thng TN-C, dy trung tnh v dy bo v l mt v gi chung l dy PEN.
Cc c im ca h thng TN-C:
- S dng nhiu im ni t lp li m dy PEN c tip t trong mi trng hp.
- Dng s c v in p tip xc ln nn cn trang b thit b bo v t ng ngt ngun khi c
s c hng cch in.
- Trong iu kin lm vic bnh thng v thit b, t, trung tnh c cng in th.
- Khi h hng cch in, dng s c gy st p ngun, nhiu in t ln v kh nng gy
chy cao.
- Trng hp ti khng i xng, trong dy PEN s xut hin dng in . Dng in ny c th
gy nhiu cho cc my tnh hay cc h thng thng tin.
khc phc hn ch ca s TN-C l d chy n ta dung s TN-S:
V hnh 3.3 trang 32.
Trong h thng TN-S, dy trung tnh v dy bo v l ring bit.
c im ca h thng :
- Dng s c v in p tip xc ln nn cn trang b thit b bo v t ng ngt ngun khi c
s c hng cch in.
- Dy PE tch bit vi dy trung tnh, khng c ni t lp li v tit din dy PE thng c
xc nh theo dng s c ln nht c th xy ra.
- Trong iu kin lm vic bnh thng, khng c st p v dng in trn dy PE nn trnh
c him ha chy v nhiu in t.
Ti nh xng dng ng c 3 pha cng sut ln , yu cu cung cp in p ln v ti cn
sn xut lin tc cung cp in nn dng mng IT:
V hnh 3.2 trang 31.
Cc c im ca h thng :
- V thit b in v vt dn t nhin ca ta nh c ni vi in cc ni t ring.
- Tit din dy PE c th nh hn tit din dy trung tnh v thng c xc nh theo dng s
c ln nht c th xy ra.
- Trong iu kin lm vic bnh thng, trn dy PE khng c st p.
- Gim ngng qu p khi xut hin s c chm t cun cao sang cun h ca my bin p
ngun.
- Khi h hng cch in, dng s c th nht thng thp v khng gy nguy him.
- Khi dng s c th 2 xy ra trn pha khc, n s to nn dng ngn mch v gy nguy him. V
vy, cn s dng thit b bo v c th vn hnh khi s c hai im hay lp t thit b kim sot
cch in.Thit b ny s theo di v ch th im s c th nht nhm gip nh v v loi tr
n.
6. H thng ni t an ton:
C 3 loi h thng an ton ni t l : TT, IT, TN.
Chc nng nhim v:
An ton chng in git.
An ton chng ha hon do in.
Bo v chng qu p.
Bo v chng nhiu in t.
Lin tc cung cp in.
Bo v ngi v thit b.
in tr yu cu ca h thng ni t: in tr yu cu l
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Khi b s c h quang phng mnh, in p tn xung t cao, in tr t cng nh th in
p s tn nhanh.
Mng tng p th R =
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Mng h p th R <
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Kt cu ca mt h thng ni t:
Ni t tp trung:thng dng nhiu cc ng xung t v ni vi nhau bng cc thanh
ngang hay cp ng trn.Thng chn ni t m, in tr sut thp, xa cng trnh.
Ni t mch vng: cc in cc ni t c t theo chu vi cng trnh cn bo v, cn t
ngay trong khu vc cng trnh.Ni t mch vng nn dng cc trang thit b c in p trn
1000V, dng in chm t ln.
j H thng ni t c in: gm ni t t nhin v ni t nhn to.
Ni t t nhin:
L trang b ni t s dng ng cc ng dn nc chn ngm trong thay cc ng bng kim loi
khc c trong t( tr ng nhin liu lng v kh d chy n), cc kt cu kim loi ca cng
trnh nh ca c ni t, cc v bc kim loi ca cp t trong t.
Khi xy dng trang b ni t cn phi tn dng cc vt ni t t nhin c sn.Tuy nhin hin
nay nhm tng mc d tr an ton v do cc trang thit b ni t t nhin khng c kim
tra v cht lng nn ni t t nhin ch xem l ni t b sung ch khng phi l ni t chnh.
Ni t nhn to:
c s dng m bo gi tr in tr ni t nm trong gii hn cho php v n nh trong
thi gian di.
Ni t nhn to thng c thc hin bng cc thp, thanh thp dp hnh ch nht hay hnh
thp gc di 2-3m ng su xung t, sao cho u trn ca chng cch mt tkhong 0.5-
0.8m.
k H thng ni t hin i:
a phn dng ng st trng km hay st gc di t 2-6m v c ng thng xung t cch
mt t 0.5-0.8m.Chng c kt ni vi nhau bng cp ng trn, lin kt gia cc ni t vi
cp l lin kt c kh( s dng c xit)hay hn gi , to thnh li ni t.
in cc ni t: s dng ph bin l c thp bc ngg ng knh 13mm, 16mm hay
23mm, c gi thnh r, dn in tt, chng n mn cao.
Lin kt gia cc b phn ni t: c th thc in bng c xit , tuy nhin chng tc dng
n mn do ha cht hay nc, cc mi mi phi c bng mt lp chng thm.Gn y cng
ngh hn ha nhit CADWELD c s dng ni kt cc b phn ni t cht lng cao.hn
ha nhit CADWELD c kh nng to ra mi ni gia cc phn t ng-ng, ng- thp m
khng cn nng lng ngoi hay ngun nhit.
Ha cht gim im tr t: t tr s in tr yu cu trong vng c in tr sut cao
ngi ta dng cc loi ha cht gim in tr t. Gm cc ion kim loi c tnh dn in cao,
ha cht gi m v ha cht kt dnh.
Cc ha cht: vng c in tr sut ca t qu cao v din tch dnh cho vic thi cng lp
t b hn ch( nh ni..)th c th s dng cc ha cht thc hin h thng t c in tr
ni t thp.
My o in tr ni t hin i.
Cc yu t nh hng n in tr ca h thng ni t:
in tr sut ca t:
Ph thuc vo hnh dng ca cc ni t: thanh trn th tn in nhanh hn.
m ca t: m cng cao th h thng ni t cng tt.
chn su cc trong t:
- nhng vng i ni cn phi chn su 20m mi an ton.
- nhng vng ng bng ch cn chn su 0.5-0.8m th an ton.
Thi tit( nng, ma) cng nh hng n in tr ni t.
o kim tra in tr ca h thng ni t:
in tr ni t cn o l tng tr kt cu ni t nm trong t v in tr dy dn ni
t.in tr ni t c xc nh bng t s in p t vo kt cu ni t so vi t v dng
in i qua kt cu ni t vo t.
in tr ni t c th thay i theo thi gian v thi tit, do nn o vo ma kh, khi
in tr sut ca t ln nht.
in tr ni t c o bng nhiu phng php:
- Phng php dng Ampere k v Volt k.
- Phng php my o vi cc ph v cc d.
- Phng php dng my o khng s dng cc ph v cc d.
7. Trnh by v phn tch chi tit cc bin php bo v an ton ngi chng chm in trc
tip:
C 3 bin php:
j Ngn nga dng in chy qua c th ca con ngi:
a. Cch in ca cc b phn mang in:
i vi thit b c lp sn nh my, cch in phi ph hp vi tiu chun lin quan p
dng cho thit b .
i vi cc thit b khc, cch in ca thit b phi c kh nng chu ng lu di cc ng
sut c, ha, nhit v in trong qu trnh vn hnh bnh thng.
b. Che chn hay bao bc:
Cc phn mang in phi c t trong t in hay che chn.
C cc bin php phng nga thch hp ngn khng cho ngi chm ngu nhin vo cc
b phn mang in.
m bo rng, trong chng mc c th, con ngi nhn thy r l c kh nng chm vo
cc b phn mang in thng qua l v khng nn c tnh chm vo cc b phn ny.
Cc tm chn hay v bc ca b phn mang in ch c th m khi:
- S dng cha kha hay dng c.
- Sau khi ngt ngun cc b phn mang in v vic ng li ngun ch c th thc hin sau khi
lp hay y li tm chn hay v bc.
c. Ro chn:
Ro chn c thit k v lp t ngn nga vic tip xc khng ch ca con ngi vi
cc b phn mang in trong qu trnh thao tc.
Cc ro chn phi c lp t chc chn khng b di i mt cch ngu nhin.
d. t ra khi tm vi:
Bo v bng cch t cc phn mang in ra khi tm vi nhm ngn nga tip xc khng
ch vi cc b phn mang in.
k Gii hn dng in c th chy qua c th con ngi:
Nhm gii hn dng in chy qua c th ngi cn phi gim thp in p tip xc n gi tr
an ton cho con ngi. t c iu ny p dng bin php ni t cc b phn kim loi bnh
thng.
l p dng bin php bo v b sung:
S dng cc thit b chng dng r vi gi tr dng r khng vt qu 30mA.
8. Trnh by v phn tch chi tit cc bin php bo v an ton ngi chng chm in gin
tip:
1) Mng in TT:
Cn gn cc thit b bo v.
Cc thit b bo v phi c phi hp vi h thng ni t nhm mc ch ct nhanh ngun
cp in.
Dng tc ng ct Ia<
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Rt l gi tr in tr tng.
Rt s c ln dng in s c s nh.
thi gian ct ca CB l 5s.
Nh vy, bo v tt c cc ti trong h thng TT nn s dng my ct chng dng r
t c cng mt lc hai li ch :
- Ct mch nhanh khi s c xut hin.
- Yu cu gi tr in tr ni t khng qu thp.
2) Mng in TN:
bo v t ng ct ngun in khi xut hin s c, tiu chun IEC yu cu iu kin sau
phi c tha:
RIa Uo = Uf
R: tng tr ca mch vng s c.
Ia : dng gy nn tc ng ct ngun ca thit b bo v.
Uo : in p pha.
R s c thp Is c ln.
bo v chng chm t gin tip c th thc hin bng cch s dng my ct h p( CB)v
cn kim tra dng tc ng ct ca thit b.
Lu rng thit b chng dng r khng c s dng trong h thng TN-C, v dy trung
ha v dy bo v l mt nn khi c s c dng r vn qua c dy trung ha, lm cho in b
ct lin tc. gim dng s c c th dng cch ni t lp li.
3) Mng in IT:
Theo tiu chun IEC qui nh trang b thit b t ng ngt mch l khng cn thit nu iu
kin sau c tha:
RI UL
Nu iu kin ny c tha, sau khi xut hin dng s c th nht, in p tip xc trn v
thit b khng vt qu 50V v s khng gy nguy him cho ngi.
Khi tt c cc v thit b c ni t vi dy bo v PE chung, cc iu kin cho h thng
TN c p dng.Trong trng hp ring, cc iu kin sau cn c tha:
- Nu c dy trung ha tham gia vo mch:
R
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- Nu khng c dy trung ha tham gia vo mch:
R
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4) S dng cc bin php khc:
a. S dng thit b cp II hay cch in tng ng:
S dng thit b c cch in kp hay cch in tng cng(thit b cp II).
t cch in ph vo thit b ch c cch in chnh s to ra cp cch in tng ng
vi thit b cp II.
t cch in tng cng vo cc b phn mang in m khng c cch in s to ra cp
cch in tng ng vi thit b cp II.
Cc b phn c kh nng dn in ca thit b in sn sng lm vic phi c cha
trong v bc cch in.
b. V tr khng dn in:
Khong cch tng i ca cc b phn dn trn v cc b phn dn khng thuc h
thng lp t chnh khng c nh hn 2m v khong cch ny c php gim xung 1.25m
nu bn ngoi tm vi.
C chng ngi vt t gia cc b phn dn trn v ca cc b phn dn khng thuc h
thng lp t.
Cch in ca cc b phn dn khng thuc h thng lp t c beenfcow v c kh
nng chu in p 2000V.
c. Lin kt ng th cc b khng ni t:
Nhm ngn nga s xut hin in p tip xc t gi tr nguy him.
d. Cch ly v in:
To cch ly v in gia ngun cp in v thit b s dng in bng cch s dng bin p
cch ly.
9. xut cc bin php bo v an ton ngi ni chung trong mt x nghip cng nghip:
1. Ba h thng an ton in cc thp:
a. H thng SELV:
S dng trong mch cng sut thp, cc b bi, cng vin gii tr.
Cung cp ngun c lp an ton.
Khng c im ni t.
Cch bit vi cc h thng in khc.
b. H thng PELV:
C t im gn ging nh h thng SELV, ngoi tr trong h thng PELV phi c t nht mt
im c tip t thng trc nn h thng PELV c mc an ton km hn h thng SELV.
c. H thng FELV:
Thng c s dng khi trong mch c cha cc thit b : my bin p, cng tc t, r le, cng
tc iu khin t xam chng c cch in khng so vi mch in c cp in p cao hn
hay trong mch m cc yu cu ca h thng SELV hay PELV khng c p ng mt cch
y .
2. Bo v chng tc hi ca trng in t:
a. Bo v chng tc hi ca trng in t tn s cao v rt cao:
Cc my pht tn s cao v rt cao t trong khng gian sn xut phi c che kn lung
cng ngh ca n bng bao che kn c ni t v khong cch gia chng v cc thit b khc
khng c nh hn 2m.
Cc my pht tn s cao v rt cao t trong phng ring th trong phng khng nn t cc
vt bng kim loi khng cn thit v cc vt ny c th tr thnh ngun giao ng in t th 2
do tnh phn x sng v tuyn ca kim loi.
Thc hin nguyn tc lng Faraday cc phng lm vic c t cc my pht sng v
tuyn.
S dng cng nhn in c tay ngh khng thp hn bc 4.
Trang b qun o bo v cho cng nhn khi h cn lm vic trong mi trng c trng in
t tn s cao.
b. Bo v chng tc hi ca trng in t tn s thp:
Tng khong cch t ni lm vic hay sinh hot n ngun bc x in t.
Bc kn ngun pht trng in t tn s thp bng cc lng kim loi c ni t.
Khng vi phm v xy dng v lm vic trong vnh ai an ton ca cc ng dy truyn
ti cao p.
3. Bo v chng t chy h quang:
Con ngi phi gi mt khong cch an ton n ni xut hin dng ngn mch.
4. Bo v trnh git khi tip xc:
Ngi cng nhn phi c tay ngh tng ng vi yu cu ca cng vic.
Phi c k hoch thc hin cng vic v c s cho php ca cp trn.
Ngi cng nhn phi lm vic vi cc tiu ri ro gy nn bi chuyn ng v bng cch
gi cho c th ngoi vng cm nh c th.
Thit b bo v cn c s dng tng ng vi nguy him gy ra bi vt dn trn in.
10. Trnh by chi tit cch xy dng 6 im ca mt h thng chng st ton din:
1) Thu bt st ti im nh trc:
Mc ch ca im ny l xy dng mt im chun st nh vo chnh n v to kh nng
kim sot ng st dn xung t.im chun ny thng l :
a) Kim Franklin:
Franklin li dng hiu ng mi nhn chng st nh trc tip.
Vng bo v ca kim Franklin c th xc nh theo phng php hnh nn, phng php
qu cu ln v phng php li bo v.
Phng php hnh nn c u im l n gin nhng khng quan tm thng s quan trng
l bin dng st.
Phng php qu cu ln quan tm n bin dng st nhng li cho rng kh nng khi
to tia tin o ca tt c cc im m qu cu tip xc l bng nhau.
b) Kim phng in sm ESE:
Nguyn l l to ra tia phng in i ln sm hn bt k im no trong khu vc c bo v, t
to nn im chun st nh vo chnh n.
2) Dn st xung t an ton:
dn st xung t c th dng cp ng trn, thanh ng hay cp thot st chng nhiu
Ericore.
a. Cp ng trn:
Phi m bo cc yu cu:
Dy dn st phi t ngoi cng trnh.
Tit din dy dn st ti thiu khng nh hn 50mm2.
Phi s dng 2 dy dn st khi u thu st c lp trn cng trnh c cao trn 28m.
Dy dn st khng c i dc theo dy in lc.
Bn knh on un cong khng c nh hn 20cm.
Dy dn st phi c c nh chc chn khong 3 kp mi mt.
Dy dn st trc khi tip xc vi h thng ni t phi c bc v vt liu chu ng
nhit cao trong khong 2m k t mt t.
b. Cp thot st chng nhiu Ericore:
Tn dng st hiu qu v an ton hn cp ng trn.
Khng gy hin tng st nh tt ngang trong qu trnh tn st.
C th i gn khu vc c nhiu thit b in t nhy cm, dy in lc, kt cu kim loi v
khu vc c ngi lm vic.
Thng ch cn mt cp thot st cho mt cng trnh.
D dng lp t, t phi bo tr.
3) Tn nhanh nng lng st vo t:
Bt k mt h thng chng st nh trc tip no d c trang b u thu st hin i, cp thot
st chng nhiu cng khng pht huy tc dng nu h thng ni t ti.
Yu cu chung ca h thng ni t:
Tn nhanh.
Tn an ton.
Bo v ngi v thit b.
Ph thuc vo in tr sut v theo ma cho nn phi thng xuyn kim tra, bo tr.
4) ng th cc h thng t:
ngn chn chnh lch in th gia cc h thng t trong qu trnh tn st, khc phc
hin tng phng in ngc gy nguy him cho ngi v thit b.
thc hin h thng ni t tt, bn v c tng tr ni t thp cn s dng cc thit b
cng ngh mi nh: cc thp bc ng, bng ng, ha cht gim in tr t, hn
CADWELL
5) Chng st lan truyn trn ng cp ngun:
Sng in p c dng xung gia tng t ngt c th lan truyn theo cc ng dy in lc gy
h hng cc thit b c ni vi chng.V vy, chng st ng v chng st van ta dng thit
b ct st v lc st.
a. Thit b ct st:
c t song song vi ti, c nhim v tn nng lng st vo t.
Khng c kh nng gim tc bin thin dng st v tc bin thin in p st nn gy
h hng thit b in nhy cm. V Vy, cn phi mc thm thit b lc st pha sau thit b.
b. Thit b lc st:
c mc ni tip vi ti.
Thit b ny cho ra mc in p thch hp vi hu ht thit b in, gim in p d sau khi
qua thit b ct st, m bo bin in p ging qua thit b lun nm trong gii hn cho
php.
c. Cc yu cu k thut i vi thit b ct st v lc st:
Dng st tn nh mc phi ln hn dng xung st cc i ti ni t thit b chng st.
C kh nng ct nhiu xung lp li bin nh.
in p vn hnh nh mc phi tha yu cu nu trong TCN.
in p thng qua thp.
Tc p ng nhanh.
Kh nng chu p cao.
Bo v a ch .
Hot ng lin tc v tin cy.
C h thng n bo phn trm kh nng ct st cn li ca thit b.
C kh nng phn bit qu p do st v cc nguyn do khc.
Thit b c tch hp cng tc bo ng.
Cu to thit b lc st phi c t in v in cm vi tn s ct t 300Hz-3400Hz.
Thit b lc st c dng tch hp, tc l phn t ct st v lc st c chung mt v.
6) Chng st lan truyn trn ng tn hiu:
Hu ht cc cng trnh hin nay u c trang b h thng lin lc nh : in thoi,
internetcc dy dn tn hiu ny u c th l knh dn st lan truyn t khong cch rt xa
vo cng trnh v vy phi trang b cc thit b chng st lan truyn trn cc ng tn hiu.
Do c nhiu loi ng truyn c tnh v chun ng truyn, tc truyn, in p v
dng in nn c nhiu loi thit b chng st trn ng tn hiu sau:
- Thit b chng st trn ng truyn ng trc vi cc di tn MF, HF,VHF,UHF.
- Thit b chng st trn ng dy in thoi.
- Thit b chng st trn ng dy d liu tc cao.
- Thit b chng st trn ng truyn E1.
- Thit b chng st trn ng truyn d liu.
- Thit b chng st bo v cm bin ti trng.
- ..
11. Thit k mt h thng chng st nh trc tip bng kim Franklin cho mt cng
trnh(vd 7.2a:trang 153)
12. Cp cu ngi b tai nn in git: cch in v s cu ban u:
1) Tai nn in xy ra.
2) An ton cho ngi lao ng:
Ngi cu h phi c m bo an ton trnh b in git, khi cu h trn cao cn phi trang b
ai an ton.
3) C lp ngun:
Ct mch in.
Ngi cu h phi i dp cao su hoc i ng, mang gng tay cch in hoc ng trn bn
gh g kh
i vi mch in cao p: tt nht l dng phng tin thng tin bo cho in lc khu vc
gn nht ct in.
Khng c nm tay khng v tip xc vi phn trn ca ngi b nn.
Khng tip xc vi nhng vt dn hay dy dn gn ngi b nn.
4) Gii phng nn nhn:
Nhanh chng tch nn nhn ra khi mng in.
5) nh gi trng thi nn nhn:
nh gi nn nhn tnh to hay bt tnh c th thc hin bng cch lay nh vai nn nhn v gi.
6) Tr gip y t:
Tm s tr gip y t nhanh nht nh c th nh gi cp cu, bo y t c s
7) Nn nhn cn nhn bit:
t nn nhn t th thoi mi nht nhng khng thc hin bt c c ng no trong vng 10-
15 pht.
8) Nn nhn khng cn nhn bit:
Xoay nn nhn nm nghing, quay mt v pha di.Cn m bo t th l n nh nh khng
lm mt thi gian.S dng 2 hay 3 ngn tay tho rng gi hay ly cc ngoi vt ra khi
ming.Lm sch ming trong thi gian khng qu 3 hay 4s
9) C hi th:
t nn nhn nm nga.Quan st ng th, h hp, tun hon.
10) Khng c hi th:
Quay nn nhn li v tin hnh h hp nhn to ngay lp tc, vi 5 ln h hi u tin trong
vng 10 giy.
Cc phng php h hp nhn to hu dng bao gm:
- Ming ming.
- Ming mi.
- Phng php nm sp.
- Phng php nm nga.
11) C nhp p:
Tip tc h hp nhn to.Kim tra nhp p v hi th sau 1 pht v sau sau mi 2 pht.
12) Khng c nhp p:
Tip tc h hp nhn to v p tim.Kim tra nhp p v hi th sau 1 pht v sau sau mi 2
pht.

NGUYN NHN V GII PHP CHNG ST

A. NGUYN NHN HNH THNH ST:
1/ Nguyn nhn hnh thnh st :
Trong nhng nm qua, c mi khi ma ma n, ngoi vic chun b cc bin php
phng chng bo lt chng ta cn phi quan tm n mt hin tng thin nhin khc
c tc hi nghim trng n c s vt cht v con ngi - l dng st. C th hiu
nm na rng st l s phng in gia m my dng v mt im no trn mt t
khi in trng kh quyn t n mt gi tr ti hn. Vit Nam thuc vng kh hu nhit
i nn dng in st thng rt ln khong 30kA, do nu mt cng trnh no b
st nh th phn kin trc ca cng trnh c th b ph v do nh hng ca p
sut v nhit pht tn cao, cc thit b in trong cng trnh c th b hng do trng
in t ca dng st cm ng v con ngi c th b tn thng nu gn im
phng in st. Trong thc t xy ra nhiu trng hp mt cn phng in st
lm cho hng chc ngi b thng v cht (xy ra x Hip Thnh - Bc Liu) cn
nhng v st lm cht ngi hng nm th xy ra lin tc khp ni nht l cc vng
trng im nh i Ru, Bu Sm, Bo Vinh ....thuc Huyn Long Khnh - ng Nai,
cc x vng su thuc Huyn c Linh, Hm Tn - Bnh Thun, hoc mt s x thuc
cc tnh ng bng sng Cu Long, ngay ti TpHCM nm no cng xy ra vi trng
hp t vong do phng in st.
C ch hnh thnh mt cn st ni chung kh phc tp, c nhiu cng trnh nghin cu
v qu trnh nhim in ca mt m my dng cng nh c ch pht trin ca tia st
hng xung t, ngoi ra cng cn nhiu vn khc lin quan n st v chng ti
mong rng s c dp c trnh by chi tit hn trong cc bi bo khc, y chng ti
ch xin cp n mt gi thuyt ph bin nht gii thch nguyn nhn to dng st
nh sau:
Dng l hin tng kh quyn lin quan vi s pht trin mnh m ca i lu nhit v
cc nhiu ng kh quyn, n thng xy ra vo ma h l thi im m s trao i
nhit gia mt t v khng kh rt ln. Nhng lung khng kh nng mang theo hi
nc bay ln n mt cao no y v ngui dn, lc hi nc to thnh nhng
git nc nh hay gi l tinh th bng chng tch t trong khng gian di dng nhng
m my. Tri t cng b nng th khng kh nng cng bay ln cao hn, my cng
dy hn n mt lc no th cc tinh th bng trong my s ln dn v ri xung
thnh ma. My cng dy th mu ca n cng en hn.S va chm ca cc lung kh
nng i ln v cc tinh th bng i xung trong m my s lm xut hin cc in tch
m ta gi l m my b phn cc in hay m my tch in. Cc phn t in tch
m c khi lng ln nn nm di y m my cn cc phn t in tch dng
nh hn nn b y ln phn trn ca m my.
Nh vy trong bn thn m my hnh thnh mt in trng cc b ca mt lng
cc in v di tc dng ca in trng cc b ny cc phn t s di chuyn nhanh
hn, in tch c to ra nhiu hn v in trng cng mnh hn. Qu trnh ny tip
din cho n lc in trng t gi tr ti hn v gy ra phng in ni b trong m
my m ta gi l chp.
Ngoi ra khong khng gian bn di m my thng c mt lp in tch dng gi
l in tch khng gian v vy gia phn y m my mang in m v lp in tch
dng ny li hnh thnh mt in trng ring v chnh in trng ny lm pht sinh
mt tia st ban u gi l dng tin o di chuyn xung t vi tc khong
150km/s. Trong qu trnh pht trin xung t, dng tin o mang theo mt in th
rt ln s ion ha lp khng kh trn ng i ca n, ni no c cch in khng kh
yu th dng tin o s pht trin v hng v vy ta thy dng tia st i xung
khng phi l ng thng m thng c dng ngon ngoo, phn nhnh. Ngoi ra do
hiu ng cm ng in nn phn mt t nm bn di m my dng s mang mt
lng in dng. Lng in ny s phn b trn cc vt c kh nng dn in nh
nh ca, cy ci, cng trnh, tr in, thp anten..., vt no dn in cng tt th in
tch phn b trn vt cng ln v in trng ca n cng mnh so vi cc vt xung
quanh. V vy, khi dng tin o pht trin xung gn mt t th n s chn vt c in
trng mnh nht nh vo m ta gi l phng in st, ni tip xc ca chng gi
l knh st. y l thi im trao i in tch gia m my v mt t c gi l
giai on trung ha in tch, dng in trong knh st lc ny rt ln c th n 200kA
nn b nng ln rt mnh khong 20.000oC v do ta thy n sng chi ln (cng
c gi l chp). Di tc dng ca nhit ny, lp khng kh chung quanh knh
st b gin n mnh gy ra ting n ln m ta gi l sm. Do nh sng c vn tc ln
hng triu ln so vi m thanh nn ta thy nh chp trc ri sau mt lc mi nghe
thy ting sm.




2/ Mt s bin php phng trnh st thng dng v hiu qu:
y chng ta cn phn bit cc loi st khc nhau nh st nh trc tip, st nh
gin tip, st cm ng.
- St nh trc tip l st nh thng vo nh ca cng trnh hoc nh vo bn nc
kim loi hay tr anten nm trn cng trnh , nh vo cy ci, nh vo ngi ang
di chuyn khi ang c dng .....y l loi st nguy him nht v n c th gy thit hi
nng n cho cng trnh hoc gy cht ngi.
- St nh gin tip l st nh vo ng dy in thoi, ng dy ti in cao th
hoc h th mt ni no ri theo ng dy truyn vo cng trnh lm h hng
thit b in ang s dng. Chng ta thng thy hin tng bng n, in thoi, TV,
t lnh .... b chy hoc ngi ang gi in thoi b in git mnh sau mt cn dng
st tt c l do nh hng ca loi st ny.
- St cm ng bao gm cm ng tnh in v cm ng in t. St cm ng tnh in
thng ch nguy him cho cc cng trnh c cha cht d chy n nh xng du, kh
t do tc ng ca phng in th cp cn st cm ng in t ch nguy him i vi
cc thit b hin i dng cc linh kin in t nhy vi xung in trong cc cng trnh
bu in, vin thng, pht thanh truyn hnh.
Mt h thng chng st hon chnh phi th hin y cc ni dung chng st ni
trn, tuy nhin i vi a s cc h gia nh ngi ta thng ch quan tm n vic
chng st nh trc tip.
C nhiu bin php k thut phng chng st nhng cho ti nay th cha c mt thit b
hoc h thng chng st no t c hiu qu tuyt i. Mt m hnh chng st thng
dng c cng nhn l c hiu qu trong mt phm vi gii hn nht nh vn cn
c s dng rng ri nhiu ni trn th gii l h thng dng kim thu st c in
Franklin v n chng minh kh nng bo v vi mt tin cy cho php tn ti
hng trm nm qua. Kim thu st Franklin l mt thanh kim loi c u nhn di khong
3m c lp ti ni cao nht trong khu vc cn bo v, n hot ng theo nguyn l
phng in im, ngha l trong in trng kh quyn ca dng bo, kim thu st ny
s lin tc nh in tch vo vng khng gian do quanh u kim thu st s c in
trng cc b mnh so vi cc im xung quanh v hnh thnh mt tia la in mi
(dng mi) nn n d dng thu ht dng st tin o t my i xung, dng in st
ny s truyn t kim qua h thng dy dn i xung t v tn nhanh trong t nh
bi tip a tn st. Nh vy h thng chng st s to ra mt phm vi an ton cho
cng trnh m n bo v . Tuy nhin trong thc t vn c hin tng st nh vo cng
trnh c h thng chng st m ngi ta gi l st nh vng, do m bo an
ton chng ta khng nn t lp ly h thng chng st m phi nh n chuyn vin k
thut tnh ton thit k sao cho h thng m bo cc thng s k thut nh phm vi
bo v, in tr tn st, kh nng st nh vng, kh nng phng in th cp ....., c
nh th th h thng chng st mi hon thnh tt nhim v ca n. Trong trng hp
ngc li th chnh h thng l nguyn nhn dn n cc tai ha cho cng trnh v
nhng ngi sng trong cng trnh .

3/ La chn u thu st :
Theo tin b ca khoa hc k thut, ngi ta nghin cu ch to cc loi kim thu
st tch cc (thay cho loi kim thu st c in th ng nu trn) ch ng bt st
khng cho n nh vo cng trnh cn bo v. Hin trn th trng Vit Nam c gn
mt chc loi kim ch ng ca cc nc khc nhau nh M, Php, Uc, .....
Cc loi kim thu st ny hot ng da trn cc nguyn l lm vic khc nhau nhng
ni chung c th chia lm hai loi chnh :
a/ Loi phng in sm:
l cc loi kim thu st c c tnh pht ra dng mi kh sm khi in trng kh
quyn cha t n tr s ti hn ngha l n ch ng n bt dng phng in st
mt im no trong khng gian cch xa cng trnh m n bo v. Chng ta c th
hnh dung l khi hot ng th kim thu st nh c ko di ra mt on gp hng chc
ln chiu di thc ca chng, on ny c gi l cao o ca kim thu st v nh
th chng c phm vi bo v ln hn rt nhiu so vi kim thu st c in cng mt
cao.
b/ Loi phn tn in tch:
l cc loi kim thu st c c tnh to ra mt lp in tch khng gian mang in
dng trong vng kh quyn nm bn trn u kim da trn nguyn l phng in im
. Trng tnh in my dng cng mnh th dng phng in cng mnh v lp in
tch khng gian cng nhiu, n tc dng nh mt mn chn tnh in lm cho in
trng gia m my dng v t yu i ngha l loi b nguy c phng in st.
Ngoi ra cn mt dng kt hp ca hai loi trn to thnh mt h thng chng st
khc gi l loi phng in tr hon. Loi ny c u im lm tng phm vi bo v
nhng li rt tn km so vi hai loi trn.
Trong gn 20 nm qua, chng ti nghin cu c tnh k thut ca trn 20 loi kim
thu st khc nhau gm c nhng loi cha c mt th trng Vit Nam v cng
thit k thi cng hng trm h thng chng st cho nhiu chng loi cng trnh khc
nhau, ni chung v nguyn l lm vic th chng c hiu qu cao hn nhiu so vi loi
kim thu st c in v mi loi c nhng u khuyt im khc nhau. Hn na, do cc
loi kim thu st ch ng ch mi pht trin mnh ti Vit Nam trong vng 5 nm tr li
nn phi cn c thm thi gian theo di v nh gi xem loi kim no t yu cu v
cht lng, bn v hiu qu trong vic bo v cng trnh trong iu kin kh hu
nhit i nh nc ta, ngoi ra gi c cng l mt yu t cn quan tm v chng khng
ph hp lm i vi a s cc h gia nh mun lp mt h thng chng st ring cho
nh ca mnh.
Tm li nh trnh by trn, mt h thng chng st ngoi kim thu st cn c phn
dn st v bi tip a tn dng st trong t m y l cc phn khng d dng lp t
nht l i vi nh ca cng trnh thuc cc khu th . Dy dn st c tc dng
chuyn ti dng st xung t d dng, n phi chu c nhit pht nng cc b
khng b bin dng . Bi tip a c nhim v tn nhanh dng st trong t trnh
in p cao tn ti trn h thng chng st tc l phng trnh hin tng phng in
th cp v nh hng ca in p bc, l cc yu t nguy him c th lm h
hng cng trnh v gy cht ngi. Do ta thy rng mt khi h thng chng st
khng t cht lng k thut th tht l tai ha cho chng ta khi c st nh vo cng
trnh. V vy nu cc bn c yu cu lp t h thng chng st th c th lin h vi
chng ti c hng dn c th bng cch da vo c im thc t ti cng trnh
ca bn nh in tr sut t, c tnh a l ca vng, v tr lp t v cu trc bi tip
a, khong cch an ton trong khng kh v trong t ...... hu t c mt h thng
chng st pht huy ht kh nng ca chng trong vic bo v an ton cho cng trnh v
nhng ngi sng trong cng trnh .

Ngun: Phn Vin Nghin Cu Khoa Hc

B. GII PHP H THNG CHNG ST

PHN LOI CC DNG CHNG ST
A/ CHNG ST NH THNG :
1. Chng st nh thng bng cng ngh kim c in .
Cu hnh ca loi ny gm c 3 phn :
a) Cc u kim thu st:
Thng lm bng thp m ng, ng thau c hoc bng inox. La chn chiu di
ca kim cn ph thuc vo cu trc ca cng trnh cn c bo v .
b) Dy dn st:
Dng dn dng st t cc u kim thu n h thng tip t. Thng lm bng
ng l hoc cp ng trn, tit din ca dy dn c quy nh theo tiu chn quc t
(NFC 17 102 ca Php) t 50mm2 n 75mm2.
c) H thng tip t:
Dng tn dng in st trong t.
Cu hnh ca h thng tip t ny gm :
- Cc cc tip t - cc tip a: thng di t 2,4 mt n 3 mt . ng knh ngoi
thng l 14 16mm. c chn thng ng & cch mt t t 0,5 n 1 mt.
Khong cch cc vi cc t 3 n 15 mt .
- Dy tip t: thng l cp ng trn c tit din t 50 n 75mm2 dng lin kt
cc cc tip t ny li vi nhau . Cp ny nm m di mt t t 0,5 n 1 mt .
- c sit cp hoc mi hn ha nhit CADWELD: dng lin kt dy tip t & cc
cc tip t vi nhau.

2. Chng st nh thng bng cng ngh tiu tn m my in tch khng cho hnh
thnh tia tin o st (dissipation array system).
Cng ngh ny hin nay Vit Nam rt t s dng v gi thnh cao, ch c ng dng
vo mt s cng trnh cn thit.
Cc hng sn xut nh: LEC USA, LIGHTNING PREVECTION SYSTEM USA .
Cu hnh ca loi ny gm c 3 phn:
a) Cc u pht ion dng: Thng lm bng thp m ng hoc bng inox . Cc u
pht ion dng c dng qu cu nhiu gai, dng ci d nhiu gai , hoc dng cnh di
nhiu gai
b) Dy dn st: Dng dn dng ion dng t mt t i ln cc thit b pht ion
dng. Thng lm bng cp ng trn, tit din ca dy dn c quy nh theo tiu
chn quc t (NFC 17 102 ca Php) t 50mm2 n 75mm2 .
c) H thng tip t: Dng tn dng in st trong t. Cu hnh ca h thng tip
t ny gm:
- Cc cc tip t: thng di t 2,4 mt n 3 mt. ng knh ngoi thng l 14
16mm. c chn thng ng & cch mt t t 0,5 n 1 mt. Khong cch gia cc
vi cc t 3 n 15 mt .
- Dy tip t: thng l cp ng trn c tit din t 50 n 75mm2 dng lin kt
cc cc tip t ny li vi nhau. Cp ny nm m di mt t t 0,5 n 1 mt . Yu
cu dy cp tip t ny phi c ni thnh mt mch vng kn trc khi ni vi dy
dn st.
- c sit cp hoc mi hn ha nhit cadweld: dng lin kt dy tip t & cc cc
tip t vi nhau.
3. Chng st nh thng bng cng ngh pht tia tin o sm (Early Streamer
Emission) .
Cc hng sn xut: INDELEC PHP, SATELIT PHP, HELITA PHP, POUYET
PHP, PARATONNORRES PHP, ERICO C. INGESCO TY BAN NHA.
Cu hnh ca loi ny gm c 3 phn :
a) u thu li: Dng pht tia tin o i ln thu ht st v n. u thu li c gn
trn tr c cao trung bnh l 5 mt so vi nh ca cng trnh cn c bo v.
b) Dy dn st: Dng dn dng st t u thu li n h thng tip t . Thng
lm bng ng l hoc cp ng trn, tit din ca dy dn c quy nh theo tiu
chn quc t (nfc 17 102 ca php) t 50mm2 n 75mm2.
c) H thng tip t: Dng tn dng in st trong t. Cu hnh ca h thng tip
t ny gm:
- Cc cc tip t: thng di t 2,4 mt n 3 mt. ng knh ngoi thng l 14
16mm. c chn thng ng & cch mt t t 0,5 n 1 mt . Khong cch cc vi
cc t 3 n 15 mt.
- Dy tip t: thng l cp ng trn c tit din t 50 n 75mm2 dng lin kt
cc cc tip t ny li vi nhau. Cp ny nm m di mt t t 0,5 n 1 mt.
- c sit cp hoc mi hn ha nhit cadweld: dng lin kt dy tip t & cc cc
tip t vi nhau.

B/ CHNG ST LAN TRUYN :
I. Chng st lan truyn cho trm bin p 1000v (1kv) :
1. Dng chng st Van La (Lightning Arrester) lp ti u ng dy vo trm bin p
ct xung in st xung t.
- Dng chng st van s cp ( gi l thit b ct st ngun 3 pha hoc 1 pha ), lp song
song vi ngun in ct gim xung in st ln xung t. Cu hnh ca loi ny
gm c 3 phn :
a) Van ct st: Dng ct x xung in st lan truyn trn li h th xung t ,
trc khi n c th theo ngun in i vo ph ti .
b) Dy dn st: Dng dn dng st t im nt mng n van ct st & t van ct
st n h thng tip t .
c)H thng tip t: Dng tn dng in st trong t. Cu hnh ca h thng tip
t ny gm :
- Cc cc tip t: thng di t 2,4 mt n 3 mt. ng knh ngoi thng l 14
16mm. c chn thng ng & cch mt t t 0,5 n 1 mt. Khong cch cc vi
cc t 3 n 15 mt .
- Dy tip t : thng l cp ng trn c tit din t 50 n 75mm2 dng lin kt
cc cc tip t ny li vi nhau. Cp ny nm m di mt t t 0,5 n 1 mt .
- Oc sit cp hoc mi hn ha nhit CADWELD: dng lin kt dy tip t & cc
cc tip t vi nhau.
d) Cu to ca van ct st: Van ct st c ch to t xt kim loi (metal oxide
varristor mov) thng l xt km. c im ca loi vt liu ny l ch c th dn
in in p cao & s tr thnh vt cch in in p thp, in p cng cao th
dng in thng mch cng ln v in p cng gim th dng thng mch cng gim
v z r (cn gi l khi in tr phi tuyn)
e)Nguyn l lm vic ca van ct st: Khi st nh trc tip vo ng dy in h th
3 pha 220/380vac 50hz , hoc st nh vo cc vng ln cn ri cm ng vo ng
dy h th ri lan truyn vo van ct st trc khi n n ph ti (cc thit b dng in
). Xung in st ny c bin in p ln lm cho in tr phi tuyn ca van ct st
ngng dn, lc ny n s m mch cho dng in st i qua n xung t. Khi
xung in st gim thp n di gi tr in p ngng ca van ct st th in tr phi
tuyn ca van ct st s tng nhanh ngt dng ct xung st .

2. Dng thit b ct lc st (thng l lp ni tip vi ph ti) va ct xung in st,
va lc c cc loi sng hi, cc nhiu tn s cao ca st:
a) Cu hnh: loi ny gm c 3 phn :
Thit b ct lc st : Dng ct x xung in st lan truyn trn li h th
xung t & lc cc sng hi cc nhiu tn s cao trc khi chng c th theo
ngun in i vo ph ti .
Dy dn st: Dng dn dng st t thit b ct lc st st n h thng tip
t .
H thng tip t: Dng tn dng in st trong t. Cu hnh ca h thng
tip t ny gm:
- Cc cc tip t : thng di t 2,4 mt n 3 mt. ng knh ngoi thng
l 14 16mm. c chn thng ng & cch mt t t 0,5 n 1 mt . Khong
cch cc vi cc t 3 n 15 mt .
- Dy tip t: thng l cp ng trn c tit din t 50 n 75mm2 dng
lin kt cc cc tip t ny li vi nhau. Cp ny nm m di mt t t 0,5
n 1 mt .
- c sit cp hoc mi hn ha nhit cadweld: dng lin kt dy tip t &
cc cc tip t vi nhau.
b)Cu to ca thit b ct lc st thng bao gm :
Van ct st s cp (nm pha trc)
- B lc sng hi & nhiu (nm gia)
- Van ct st th cp (nm pha sau)
Van ct st s cp & th cp c ch to t xt kim loi (metal oxide varristor
mov) thng l xt km. c im ca loi vt liu ny l ch c th dn in in
p cao & s tr thnh vt cch in in p thp , in p cng cao th dng in
thng mch cng ln v in p cng gim th dng thng mch cng gim v z r
(cn gi l khi in tr phi tuyn).
B lc sng hi c cu to t cun khng in l & cc t lc c , cun khn l c lp
ni tip vi mch in cn t lc c th lp song song vi mch in (nm pha sau cun
khng in l).

c)Nguyn l lm vic ca thit b ct lc st:
Khi st nh trc tip vo ng dy in h th 3 pha 220/380vac 50hz, hoc st
nh vo cc vng ln cn ri cm ng vo ng dy h th ri lan truyn vo thit b
ct lc st trc khi n n ph ti (cc thit b dng in). Xung in st ny c bin
in p ln lm cho in tr phi tuyn ca van ct st s cp ngng dn, lc ny
n s m mch cho dng in st i qua n xung t. Tip theo b lc l c c
tc dng lm gim thp bin xung st v tch b cc thnh phn sng hi, nhiu tn
s cao. Xung in st cn st vi bin thp khi ra khi b lc l c th s b van ct
st th cp ct thm mt ln na. Khi xung in st gim thp n di gi tr in p
ngng ca van ct st th in tr phi tuyn ca van ct st s tng nhanh ngt
dng ct xung st .

II. Chng st lan truyn cho li in h th 3 pha 220/380v 50/60hz:
1. Dng chng st Van s cp (gi l thit b ct st ngun 3 pha hoc 1 pha ), lp song
song vi ngun in ct gim xung in st ln xung t .

* U IM :
- Khng b gii hn dng ti nn cng lc c th
Bov c nhiu thit b dng in .
- V y ch l thit b ct st s cp nn thng gi thnh thp .

* NHC IM :
- Ch ct hu ht cc xung ln m khng lc c cc thnh phn tn s cao ca st,
nh cc sng hi, cc loi nhiu . . .
Cc hng c th p ng tt nh: TPS C, OBO C, MCG USA, ERICO C,
TERCEL C.

2. Dng thit b ct lc st (thng l lp ni tip vi ph ti) va ct xung in st,
va lc c cc loi sng hi ca st.
* U IM :
- Bo v a cp cho ph ti (gm ct st s cp, lc , ct st th cp), do c an
ton cao .
* NHC IM :
- V c ch to bo v a cp nn gi thnh cao .
- V lp ni tip nn b gii hn vi mt dng in nht nh .
- Cc hng p ng tt nh: TPS C, OBO C, ERICO C, TERCEL C .
3. Chng st lan truyn cho ng dy thng tin :
1. Chng st lan truyn cho ng dy in thoi lp trn phin Krone 10 i dy: ty
theo mc in p tn hiu, tn s lm vic, tc ng truyn s la chn cc thit b
bo v khc nhau. Cc hng c th p ng nh: TPS C, ERICO C, TERCEL
C .
2. Chng st lan tuyn trn ng dy ni mng my tnh cp RJ45 : c nhiu hng
la chn nh APC USA, ATLENTIC USA, ERICO C, TPS C.
3. Chng st lan tuyn trn ng dy cp ng trc 75W : c nhiu hng la chn
nh ERICO C, TPS C, OBO C.
A/ CHNG ST NH THNG :
1. Chng st nh thng bng cng ngh kim c in .
Cu hnh ca loi ny gm c 3 phn :
a) Cc u kim thu st:
Thng lm bng thp m ng, ng thau c hoc bng inox. La chn chiu di
ca kim cn ph thuc vo cu trc ca cng trnh cn c bo v .
b) Dy dn st:
Dng dn dng st t cc u kim thu n h thng tip t. Thng lm bng
ng l hoc cp ng trn, tit din ca dy dn c quy nh theo tiu chn quc t
(NFC 17 102 ca Php) t 50mm2 n 75mm2.
c) H thng tip t:
Dng tn dng in st trong t.
Cu hnh ca h thng tip t ny gm :
- Cc cc tip t : thng di t 2,4 mt n 3 mt . ng knh ngoi thng l 14
16mm . c chn thng ng & cch mt t t 0,5 n 1 mt . Khong cch cc vi
cc t 3 n 15 mt .
- Dy tip t : thng l cp ng trn c tit din t 50 n 75mm2 dng lin kt
cc cc tip t ny li vi nhau . Cp ny nm m di mt t t 0,5 n 1 mt .
- c sit cp hoc mi hn ha nhit CADWELD : dng lin kt dy tip t & cc
cc tip t vi nhau.

2. Chng st nh thng bng cng ngh tiu tn m my in tch khng cho hnh
thnh tia tin o st (dissipation array system).
Cng ngh ny hin nay Vit Nam rt t s dng v gi thnh cao, ch c ng dng
vo mt s cng trnh cn thit.
Cc hng sn xut nh: LEC USA, LIGHTNING PREVECTION SYSTEM USA .
Cu hnh ca loi ny gm c 3 phn:
a) Cc u pht ion dng: Thng lm bng thp m ng hoc bng inox . Cc u
pht ion dng c dng qu cu nhiu gai, dng ci d nhiu gai , hoc dng cnh di
nhiu gai
b) Dy dn st: Dng dn dng ion dng t mt t i ln cc thit b pht ion
dng . Thng lm bng cp ng trn, tit din ca dy dn c quy nh theo tiu
chn quc t ( nfc 17 102 ca php ) t 50mm2 n 75mm2 .
c) H thng tip t: Dng tn dng in st trong t. Cu hnh ca h thng tip
t ny gm:
- Cc cc tip t: thng di t 2,4 mt n 3 mt . ng knh ngoi thng l 14
16mm. c chn thng ng & cch mt t t 0,5 n 1 mt . Khong cch gia
cc vi cc t 3 n 15 mt .
- Dy tip t : thng l cp ng trn c tit din t 50 n 75mm2 dng lin kt
cc cc tip t ny li vi nhau. Cp ny nm m di mt t t 0,5 n 1 mt . Yu
cu dy cp tip t ny phi c ni thnh mt mch vng kn trc khi ni vi dy
dn st.
- c sit cp hoc mi hn ha nhit cadweld: dng lin kt dy tip t & cc cc
tip t vi nhau.
3. Chng st nh thng bng cng ngh pht tia tin o sm (Early Streamer
Emission) .
Cc hng sn xut : INDELEC PHP, SATELIT PHP, HELITA PHP, POUYET
PHP, PARATONNORRES PHP, ERICO C. INGESCO TY BAN NHA.
Cu hnh ca loi ny gm c 3 phn :
a) u thu li: Dng pht tia tin o i ln thu ht st v n. u thu li c gn
trn tr c cao trung bnh l 5 mt so vi nh ca cng trnh cn c bo v.
b) Dy dn st: Dng dn dng st t u thu li n h thng tip t . Thng
lm bng ng l hoc cp ng trn, tit din ca dy dn c quy nh theo tiu
chn quc t (nfc 17 102 ca php) t 50mm2 n 75mm2.
c) H thng tip t: Dng tn dng in st trong t. Cu hnh ca h thng tip
t ny gm:
- Cc cc tip t: thng di t 2,4 mt n 3 mt. ng knh ngoi thng l 14
16mm. c chn thng ng & cch mt t t 0,5 n 1 mt . Khong cch cc vi
cc t 3 n 15 mt.
- Dy tip t: thng l cp ng trn c tit din t 50 n 75mm2 dng lin kt
cc cc tip t ny li vi nhau. Cp ny nm m di mt t t 0,5 n 1 mt.
- c sit cp hoc mi hn ha nhit cadweld: dng lin kt dy tip t & cc cc
tip t vi nhau.
B/ CHNG ST LAN TRUYN :
I. Chng st lan truyn cho trm bin p 1000v (1kv) :
1. Dng chng st Van La (Lightning Arrester) lp ti u ng dy vo trm bin p
ct xung in st xung t.
- Dng chng st van s cp ( gi l thit b ct st ngun 3 pha hoc 1 pha ), lp song
song vi ngun in ct gim xung in st ln xung t. Cu hnh ca loi ny
gm c 3 phn :
a) Van ct st : Dng ct x xung in st lan truyn trn li h th xung t ,
trc khi n c th theo ngun in i vo ph ti .
b) Dy dn st : Dng dn dng st t im nt mng n van ct st & t van ct
st n h thng tip t .
c)H thng tip t : Dng tn dng in st trong t . Cu hnh ca h thng tip
t ny gm :
- Cc cc tip t : thng di t 2,4 mt n 3 mt . ng knh ngoi thng l 14
16mm . c chn thng ng & cch mt t t 0,5 n 1 mt . Khong cch cc vi
cc t 3 n 15 mt .
- Dy tip t : thng l cp ng trn c tit din t 50 n 75mm2 dng lin kt
cc cc tip t ny li vi nhau . Cp ny nm m di mt t t 0,5 n 1 mt .
- Oc sit cp hoc mi hn ha nhit CADWELD : dng lin kt dy tip t & cc
cc tip t vi nhau.
d) Cu to ca van ct st : Van ct st c ch to t xt kim loi (metal oxide
varristor mov) thng l xt km . c im ca loi vt liu ny l ch c th dn
in in p cao & s tr thnh vt cch in in p thp , in p cng cao th
dng in thng mch cng ln v in p cng gim th dng thng mch cng gim
v z r ( cn gi l khi in tr phi tuyn)
e)Nguyn l lm vic ca van ct st : Khi st nh trc tip vo ng dy in h th
3 pha 220/380vac 50hz , hoc st nh vo cc vng ln cn ri cm ng vo ng
dy h th ri lan truyn vo van ct st trc khi n n ph ti ( cc thit b dng in
) . Xung in st ny c bin in p ln lm cho in tr phi tuyn ca van ct st
ngng dn , lc ny n s m mch cho dng in st i qua n xung t . Khi
xung in st gim thp n di gi tr in p ngng ca van ct st th in tr phi
tuyn ca van ct st s tng nhanh ngt dng ct xung st .
2. Dng thit b ct lc st (thng l lp ni tip vi ph ti) va ct xung in st ,
va lc c cc loi sng hi , cc nhiu tn s cao ca st :
a) Cu hnh: loi ny gm c 3 phn :


* Thit b ct lc st : Dng ct x xung in st lan truyn trn li h th xung t
& lc cc sng hi cc nhiu tn s cao trc khi chng c th theo ngun in i vo
ph ti .
* Dy dn st : Dng dn dng st t thit b ct lc st st n h thng tip t .
* H thng tip t : Dng tn dng in st trong t . Cu hnh ca h thng tip
t ny gm :
- Cc cc tip t : thng di t 2,4 mt n 3 mt . ng knh ngoi thng l 14
16mm . c chn thng ng & cch mt t t 0,5 n 1 mt . Khong cch cc vi
cc t 3 n 15 mt .
- Dy tip t : thng l cp ng trn c tit din t 50 n 75mm2 dng lin kt
cc cc tip t ny li vi nhau . Cp ny nm m di mt t t 0,5 n 1 mt .
- c sit cp hoc mi hn ha nhit cadweld : dng lin kt dy tip t & cc cc
tip t vi nhau.
b)Cu to ca thit b ct lc st thng bao gm :
Van ct st s cp (nm pha trc)
- B lc sng hi & nhiu (nm gia)
- Van ct st th cp (nm pha sau)
Van ct st s cp & th cp c ch to t xt kim loi (metal oxide varristor
mov) thng l xt km. c im ca loi vt liu ny l ch c th dn in in
p cao & s tr thnh vt cch in in p thp , in p cng cao th dng in
thng mch cng ln v in p cng gim th dng thng mch cng gim v z r (
cn gi l khi in tr phi tuyn).
B lc sng hi c cu to t cun khng in l & cc t lc c , cun khn l c lp
ni tip vi mch in cn t lc c th lp song song vi mch in (nm pha sau cun
khng in l).
c)Nguyn l lm vic ca thit b ct lc st: Khi st nh trc tip vo ng dy in
h th 3 pha 220/380vac 50hz , hoc st nh vo cc vng ln cn ri cm ng vo
ng dy h th ri lan truyn vo thit b ct lc st trc khi n n ph ti ( cc
thit b dng in ) . Xung in st ny c bin in p ln lm cho in tr phi
tuyn