Ewahyuni 301 ASMM English

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Mekanika Teknik Terapan Mekanika Teknik Terapan
RC09 1341 RC09 1341
Endah Wahyuni S T (ITS) MSc (UMIST) Ph D(UM) Endah Wahyuni, S.T. (ITS), M.Sc. (UMIST), Ph.D(UM)
endah@ce.its.ac.id, endahwahyuni@gmail.com, @end222
1 Copyright: Dr Endah Wahyuni
Syllabus Syllabus
Review of Matrices
Structural Analysis of Matrix Methods y
(ASMM)
Balok Menerus
Portal
Transformasi Sumbu Koordinat
Rangka Batang Rangka Batang
Introduction of Finite Element Method
Application using SAP2000
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Materials Materials
Books
Web personal dosen: Web personal dosen:
http://www.its.ac.id/personal/dataPersonal
.php?userid=ewahyuni
Online courses
Copyright: Dr Endah Wahyuni 3
Books: Books:
Structural Analysis: Using Classical and Matrix
Methods; Jack C McCormac; Wiley; 4 edition,
London 2006
Structural Analysis
RC Coates, MG Coutie, FK Kong
Chapman & Hall, London, 1997
Computer Analysis of Structures p y
S.M. Holzer
Elsevier Science Publishing Co. Inc, London, 1985
SAP2000 Manual
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Evaluation Evaluation
HW = 10%
ETS = 25% ETS = 25%
EAS = 25%
Project = 20%
Quiz = 20%
Note: Percentage can be changed according
to the results of student assessment
Review of Matrices Review of Matrices
Definition: A matrix is an array of ordered numbers. A
general matrix consists of mn numbers arranged in m general matrix consists of mn numbers arranged in m
rows and n columns, giving the following array:
(
(
(
(
=
mn m m
n
n
a ... a a
. ... . .
a ... a a
a ... a a
A
2 1
2 22 21
1 12 11
It is usual to use a generic symbol for the element, the
lower case letter corresponding to the capital used for
the matrix
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Matrix products Matrix products
The first thing to notice about matrix is that only if
the two matrices have the number of column of the two matrices have the number of column of
the first is equal to the number of rows of the
second, i.e:
(
=
(
=
(
=
(
=
46 31
34 23
50 43
22 19
8 7
6 5
4 3
2 1
BA AB B A
In case: (AB)C = A (BC)

Matrix Addition Matrix Addition
Two matrices A and B can be added if they
have the same number of rows (m) and have the same number of rows (m) and
columns (n)
It is possible to be able to write:
Ax + Bx = (A+B) x
If C = A+B, then c
rs
= a
rs
+ b
rs
Subtraction is treated as negative addition
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Multiplication by scalar Multiplication by scalar
To multiply a matrix by a scalar quantity, each
element of the matrix is to be multiplied by element of the matrix is to be multiplied by
the scalar, that is
k [a
rs
] = [(k a
rs
)]
Special matrices Special matrices
Row Matrix
If the matrix consists only of elements in a single row. For
example, a 1 x n row matrix is written as:
A=[a
1
a
2
... a
n
] [
1 2 n
]
Column Matrix
A matrix with elements stacked in a single column. The m x 1
column matrix is
(
(
(
(
=
a
a
A
2
1
Square Matrix
When the number of row equals the number of columns
10
(
(
m
a
.
Copyright: Dr Endah Wahyuni
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Unit (or identity ) matrix
Is a square matrix, where all elements are zero
except on the principal diagonal and there they are
units.
It is readily verified that
A I = A, and IA = A
andI . I = I
2
= I
Consequently for n any positive integer Consequently, for n any positive integer
I
n
= I
Diagonal Matrix,
of which unit matrices are particular cases, have
important properties. For instance:
( ( (
b b 0 0
( ( (
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
(
(
(
wk wh wg
vf ve vd
uc ub ua
k h g
f e d
c b a
w
v
u
0 0
0 0
0 0
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
(
(
(
kw hv gu
fw ev du
cw bv au
w
v
u
k h g
f e d
c b a
0 0
0 0
0 0
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A transpose matrix
A Matrix may be transposed by interchange its
rows and columns. The transpose of the matrix
A is written as A
T
A is written as A
T
(
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
(
=
nm m m
n
n
T
mn m m
n
n
a a a
a a a
a a a
A
a a a
a a a
a a a
A
...
. ... . .
...
...
...
. ... . .
...
...
2 1
2 22 12
1 21 11
2 1
2 22 21
1 12 11
A symmetric matrix
We can verify that A
T
= A
Inverse Matrix
The inverse of matrix A is denoted by A
-1
.
Assume that the inverse exists, then the elements of
A
-1
are such that A
-1
A=I and AA
-1
=I
Determinant of a matrix
A determinant is a square array of numbers
enclosed within vertical bars
n
a a a ...
1 12 11
nm n n
n
a a a
a a a
A
...
.
...
2 1
2 22 21
=
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Find the determinant then the inverse matrices
for the matrices below:
(
(
=
5 3
A
| |
(
(
(

=
1 2 1
2 1 2
3 2 1
B
(
=
2 1
A
Structural Analysis of Matrix Methods Structural Analysis of Matrix Methods
Matrix Method of Structural Analysis is a method to analyze
the structure with the help of the matrix, which consists of:
tiff t i di l t t i d f t i b stiffness matrix, displacement matrix, and force matrix, by
using the relationship:
{ P } = [ K ] { U }
dimana :
{ P } = force matrix
[ K ] = stiffness matriks
{ U } = displacement matriks { U } displacement matriks
One of the ways used to solve the above equation, namely
by using the stiffness method.
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On the stiffness method, the unknown variable is
the amount of: deformation node of structure
(rotations and deflection) is certain / sure. Thus the
number of variables in the stiffness method similar
to the degrees of uncertainty of kinematics of
structure.
The stiffness method is developed from the node
point equilibrium equations written in: "Stiffness
Coefficients" and "Displacement of nodes that are Coefficients and Displacement of nodes that are
not known.
Types of Element Types of Element
Spring elements
Truss elements (plane & 3D)
Beam elements (2D &3D)
Plane Frame
Grid elements
Plane Stress
Plane Strain
Axisymmetrics elements Axisymmetrics elements
Plate
Shell
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Degrees of Freedom (DOF) Degrees of Freedom (DOF)
Degrees of freedom which is owned by a
structure.
Each type of element will have a certain amount
and kind of freedom.
Commonly referred to as 'activity' of the joint
To be able to form a structure stiffness matrix, it is To be able to form a structure stiffness matrix, it is
necessary to determine the 'active' ends of the elements. necessary to determine the 'active' ends of the elements.
Note : 0 = not active; 1, 2, 3, ., =active
Example
3
2
1
2
1
0
DOF : 2
0
0
0
1
0
2
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Metode Kekakuan Langsung Metode Kekakuan Langsung
(Direct Stiffness Method) (Direct Stiffness Method)
matriks kekakuan
U
1
, P
1
U
3
, P
3

{P } [ K ] {U } { P } =[ K ] { U }

U
2
, P
2
U
4
, P
4
gaya perpindahan

P
1
K
11
K
12
K
13
K
14
U
1

P
2
K
21
K
22
K
23
K
24
U
2

1
1 2
=
P
3
K
31
K
32
K
33
K
34
U
3

P
4
K
41
K
42
K
43
K
44
U
4

=
P
1
= K
11
. U
1
+ K
12
. U
2
+ K
13
. U
3
+ K
14
. U
4
Kesetimbangan gaya di arah U
1
P2 = K21 . U1 + K22 . U2 + K23 . U3 + K24 . U4
Kesetimbangan gaya di arah U2
P3 = K31 . U1 + K32 . U2 + K33 . U3 + K34 . U4
P4 = K41 . U1 + K42 . U2 + K43 . U3 + K44 . U4
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Jika U1 = 1 dan U2 = U3 = U4 = 0 , maka :
P1 = K11 ; P2 = K21 ; P3 = K31 ; P4 = K41
Lihat Gambar (a)
P1 = K12 ; P2 = K22 ; P3 = K32 ; P4 = K42
Lihat Gambar (b)
P1 = K13 ; P2 = K23 ; P3 = K33 ; P4 = K43
Lihat Gambar (c)
P1 = K14 ; P2 = K24 ; P3 = K34 ; P4 = K44
Lihat Gambar (d)
U1 =1 P1 =K11
P2 =K21
P3 =K31
P4 =K41
U 1 P1 K12 U2 =1 P1 =K12
P2 =K22
P3 =K32
P4 =K42
U3 =1 P1 =K13
P2 =K23
P3 =K33 P3 K33
P4 =K43
U4 =1 P1 =K14
P2 =K24
P3 =K34
P4 =K44
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Matrix Matrix kekakuan kekakuan: :

K
11
K
12
K
13
K
14

K
21
K
22
K
23
K
24

K
31
K
32
K
33
K
34

K K K K
K =
K
41
K
42
K
43
K
44

2 3 2 3
L
EI 6

L
EI 12
-
L
EI 6

L
EI 12

L
EI 2

L
EI 6
-
L
EI 4

L
EI 6
2 2

K =

2 3 2 3
L
EI 6
-
L
EI 12

L
EI 6

L
EI 12
-
Matriks Kekakuan
L
EI 4

L
EI 6
-
L
EI 2

L
EI 6
2 2

Gambar (a) (b) (c) (d)
J ika pada batang bekerja gaya aksial :

L, EA

U1,P1
U2,P2
P1+Ao=0 P2-Ao=0
o=Ec c=(u2 u1)/L
P1+EA (u2-u1)/L=0
P2-EA (u2-u1)/L=0
K11 =
L
EA
K21 =
L
EA

U1=1
K12 =-
L
EA

U2=1
K22 =
L
EA

U2, P2 U5, P5
U1, P1 U4, P4

U3, P3 U6, P6
1
1 2
30 Copyright: Dr EndahWahyuni
| |
(

=
)
`
=
)
`

1 1
1 1
/ /
/ /
2
1
2
1
L
EA
K
P
P
u
u
L EA L EA
L EA L EA
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For For beam with 6 dof beam with 6 dof
1 2
2
1
3
4
5
6
Stiffness Matrix with Axial Loads Stiffness Matrix with Axial Loads
Matriks kekakuan elemen dengan melibatkan gaya aksial :

0 0
EA
- 0 0
EA

6 x 6
K =
2 3 2 3
L
EI 6

L
EI 12
- 0
L
EI 6

L
EI 12
0
L
EI 2

L
EI 6
- 0
L
EI 4

L
EI 6
0
2 2
0 0
L
0 0
L
0 0
L
EA
- 0 0
L
EA

2 3 2 3
L
EI 6
-
L
EI 12
0
L
EI 6

L
EI 12
0 -
L
EI 4

L
EI 6
- 0
L
EI 2

L
EI 6
0
2 2
L L
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Procedure to solve a problem Procedure to solve a problem
Calculate Structure DOF
Create the stiffness matrix of element [ki]
Create the objective matrix
Create the stiffness matrix of structure [Ks]
Where [Ks]=E [ki]
Calculate the value of action received by the
structure {Ps}
Calculate {Us}=[Ks]
-1
{Ps}
For each element, specify {ui}
Forces of element: {pi}=[ki]{ui}+{freaksi}
Example Example
q
Sebuah balok statis tak tentu seperti pada gambar

1 1 2 2 3
L, EI L, EI

Menentukan keaktifan ujung-ujung elemen

Menentukan matriks tujuan DOF : 2 2 rotasi

1 2
3
0
1 2
0
0
0
1 2
0
0 0
0

Matriks kekakuan struktur
[ Ks ] 2 x 2
Membuat matrik kekakuan elemen : [ Ks ] =[ K1 ] +[ K2 ]
1
2
3
0
0 0
1 2
0 1 1 2
0
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Membuat matrik kekakuan elemen :
Elemen 1
0 0 0 1

2 3 2 3
L
EI 6

L
EI 12
-
L
EI 6

L
EI 12
0

L
EI 2

L
EI 6
-
L
EI 4

L
EI 6
2 2
0
L L L L

2 3 2 3
L
EI 6
-
L
EI 12

L
EI 6

L
EI 12
- 0

L
EI 4

L
EI 6
-
L
EI 2

L
EI 6
2 2
1

K1 =
Matriks Tujuan { T1} ={ 0 0 0 1 }
T
[ K1 ] =

0
L
EI 4

2 x 2 0 0
Elemen 2
0 1 0 2

2 3 2 3
L
EI 6

L
EI 12
-
L
EI 6

L
EI 12
0

L
EI 2

L
EI 6
-
L
EI 4

L
EI 6
2 2
1
K
2
=

2 3 2 3
L
EI 6
-
L
EI 12

L
EI 6

L
EI 12
- 0

L
EI 4

L
EI 6
-
L
EI 2

L
EI 6
2 2
2

Matriks Tujuan { T
2
} ={ 0 1 0 2 }
T

K
2

2 x 2

[ K
2
] =
L
EI 4

L
EI 2
L
EI 2

L
EI 4
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=
+
=
Matriks Kekakuan Global Struktur

[ Ks ] =[ K
1
] +[ K
2
]

[ Ks]
L
EI 2

L
EI 4
0
L
EI 4
L
EI 2

L
EI 8

0 0
[ Ks ]
2 x 2

L
EI 4

L
EI 2
L
EI 4

L
EI 2
Untuk mendapatkan deformasi ujung-ujung aktif struktur, maka digunakan
hubungan :
{ Ps } =[ Ks ] { Us } { Us } = [ Ks ]
-1
{ Ps }
dimana :
Us = deformasi ujung-ujung aktif
Ks = kekakuan struktur
Ps = gaya-gaya pada ujung aktif elemen akibat beban luar (aksi)
q
0 0
Untuk contoh di atas, maka :

Ps =
2
L q
12
1
2
L q
12
1
2
L q
12
1
2
L q
1

Menghitung invers matrik kekakuan global [ Ks ]
-1

[ Ks ] =

[ K ]
1
2 - 4 L 1 ( 2 - 4 L (
L
EI 4

L
EI 2
L
EI 2

L
EI 8
L q
12
[ Ks ]
-1
=
8 2 - EI
L

2 . 2 - 4 . 8
1
(
=
8 2 - EI 28
L
(

Jadi : { Us } = [ Ks ]
-1
{ Ps }

Us =
8 2 -
2 - 4

EI 28
L
(

2
L q
12
1
2
L q
12
1
38 Copyright: Dr EndahWahyuni
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Us =
EI 28
L

Us =
2 2
L q
6
1
- L q
3
1
2 2
L q
6
4
L q
6
1
+
EI
L q

168
3
3
Rotasi di joint 2
U1
1
U1
2
U1
3
U1
4
0
0
0
Us

Deformasi untuk masing-masing elemen

Elemen 1 : U1 = =

EI
L q

168
5
3
Rotasi di joint 3
EI
L q

168
3
3
U2
1

U2
2
U2
3
U2
4
0

0

Elemen 2 : U2 = =

EI
L q

168
3
3
EI
L q

168
5
3
q
0
0
Reaksi akibat beban luar :

2
L q
12
1
2
L q
12
1
0

0

0
P
R2
= P
R1
=

12 12

2
L q

2
L q
2
L q
12
1

2
L q

2
L q

0

2
L q
12
1
2
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0

0
0

0
Gaya akhir elemen :
Elemen 1 : { P
1
} =[ K
1
] {U1}+ { P
R1
}

2 3 2 3
L
EI 6

L
EI 12
-
L
EI 6

L
EI 12
EI 2 EI 6 EI 4 EI 6 0

0
0

0

0

P1 = +

L
EI 2

L
EI 6
-
L
EI 4

L
EI 6
2 2
2 3 2 3
L
EI 6
-
L
EI 12

L
EI 6

L
EI 12
-
L
EI 4

L
EI 6
-
L
EI 2

L
EI 6
2 2
EI
L q

168
3
3
L
6
3

P1 = =

2
L q
56
4
2
L q
56
2
L q
56
L q
56
6
2
L q
28
2
2
L q
28
1
L q
28
3
L q
28
3
0

Elemen 2 : { P
2
} =[ K
2
]{U2} + { P
R2
}

P2 = +
2 3 2 3
L
EI 6

L
EI 12
-
L
EI 6

L
EI 12
L
EI 2

L
EI 6
-
L
EI 4

L
EI 6
2 2
EI 6 EI 12 EI 6 EI 12
EI
L q

168
3
3
2
L q
12
1

2
L q
L q
0
P2 = +

2 3 2 3
L
EI 6
-
L
EI 12

L
EI 6

L
EI 12
-
L
EI 4

L
EI 6
-
L
EI 2

L
EI 6
2 2
EI
L q

168
5
3
2
L q
56
4
L q
56
32
2
L q
28
2
L q
28
16
2
L q
12
1

2
L q
0 0
P2 = =

L q
56
24
28
L q
28
12
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q
0
Free Body Diagram :

2
L q
28
2
2
L q
28
1
L q
28
3
2
L q
28
2
L q
28
16
L q
28
3
L q
28
12
-
-
+
Menggambar gaya-gaya dalam :
Bidang D :

L q
28
3
L q
28
3
L q
28
16
L q
28
12
-
+ +
Bidang M :

2
L q
28
2
2
L q
28
1
Example 2 Example 2
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q 0
Free Body Diagram :

2
L q
28
2
2
L q
28
1
L q
28
3
2
L q
28
2
L q
28
16
L q
28
3
L q
28
12
-
-
+
Menggambar gaya-gayadalam :
Bidang D :

L q
28
3
L q
28
3
L q
28
16
L q
28
12
-
+ +
Bidang M :

2
L q
28
2
2
L q
28
1
Contoh 2 Contoh 2
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Example 4 Example 4
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Portal 2D Portal 2D
B C
P
EI
B C
2
Sebuah portal statis tak tentu seperti pada gambar

EI L
L/2 L/2
A A
1 DOF =2
0
1 1 2

0

[ Ks ] 2 x 2
[ Ks ] =[ K1 ] +[ K2 ]
Deformasi aksial
diabaikan
Elemen 1
0 1
0

2x 2 1

Matriks Tujuan { T1} ={ 0 1 }
T
K1 =
L
EI 2

L
EI 4

L
EI 4

L
EI 2

[ K1 ] =
0 0
0

2x 2

Elemen 2
1 2
1

2

L
EI 4
K2 =
L
EI 2

L
EI 4

EI 4 EI 2
2x 2 2

Matriks Tujuan { T2} ={ 1 2 }
T

2x 2

[ K2 ] =
L
EI 4

L
EI 2
L
EI 2

L
EI 4
L

L
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30
=
+
0
=
[ Ks ] =[ K
1
] +[ K
2
]

[ Ks]
L
EI 2

L
EI 4
L
EI 2

L
EI 8
L
EI 4

0 0
[ Ks ]
2 x 2

Untuk mendapatkan deformasi ujung-ujung aktif struktur, maka digunakan
hubungan :
{ Ps } =[ Ks ] { Us } { Us } = [ Ks ]
-1
{ Ps }
dimana:
L
EI 4

L
EI 2
L
EI 4

L
EI 2
dimana :
Us = deformasi ujung-ujung aktif
Ks = kekakuan struktur
Ps = gaya-gaya pada ujung aktif elemen akibat beban luar (aksi)
P
Untuk contoh di atas, maka :

0
L P
1
L P
1

0

L P
8
L P
8

Ps =

L P
8
1
L P
8
1
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-1
[ Ks ] =
L
EI 4
L
EI 2
L
EI 2
L
EI 8
[ Ks ]
-1
=
8 2 -
2 - 4
EI
L
2 . 2 - 4 . 8
1
(
=
8 2 -
2 - 4
EI 28
L
(
J adi : { Us } = [ Ks ]
-1
{ Ps }
L L
Us =
8 2 -
2 - 4
EI 28
L
(
L P
8
1
L P
8
1
U1
1

U1
2

0


Elemen 1 : U1 = =

L P 3
2
Jadi : {Us } = [ Ks ]
-1
{ Ps }

Us =
8 2 -
2 - 4

EI 28
L
(

Us =
EI 28
L

L P
8
1
L P
8
1
2 2
L q
6
1
- L q
3
1
2 2
L q
6
4
L q
6
1
+
L P 3
2
1
U2
1

U2
2

Elemen 2 : U2 = =

EI 112
EI
L P

112
3
2
EI
L P

112
5
2
Us =

EI
L P

112
3
EI
L P

112
5
2
Rotasi di joint B
Rotasi di joint C
26/02/2013
32
P
Reaksi akibat beban luar :

0

L P
8
1
L P
8
1
0

0

0

0

P1 =
+
Gaya akhir elemen :
Elemen 1 : { P1 } =[ K1 ] + { PR1 }

EI
L P

112
3
2
L
EI 2

L
EI 4

L
EI 4

L
EI 2

P1 =
Hasil perhitungan
hanya momen saja

L P
56
6
L P
56
3

P
2
=
+
Elemen 2 : { P
2
} =[ K
2
] + { P
R2
}

2
1
L P
8
1
EI
L P

112
3
2
L
EI 2

L
EI 4

P
2

Hasil perhitungan

EI
L P

112
5
2
L P
8
1
L
EI 4

L
EI 2

2
L q
56
6
2
L q
28
3
P
2
=
=
0 0
Hasil perhitungan
hanya momen saja

56 28
26/02/2013
33
P 0
Dihitunglagi
FreeBody Diagram :

P
56
9
L P
56
6
P
28
17
P
28
11
P
56
9
P
56
9
P
28
17
L P
56
6
Dihitunglagi

P
56
9
P
28
17
L P
56
3
BidangM :

-
L P
56
6
BidangD :

BidangN :
-
+ P
28
17
-
P
56
9
P
28
11
P

- +
L P
56
3
L P
56
11
+

P
28
17
-
P
56
9
-
Contoh 2 Contoh 2
B C
P
EI
EI L
B C
1
2
DOF =3
4 1 2
3

L/2 L/2
A A
1 DOF =3
2
1
B C
2
2 2 3
1

A
1 DOF =3
0
0

[ Ks ] 3 x 3
[ Ks ] =[ K
1
] +[ K
2
]
26/02/2013
34
Elemen 1
0 0 1 2

2 3 2 3
L
EI 6

L
EI 12
-
L
EI 6

L
EI 12
0

L
EI 2

L
EI 6
-
L
EI 4

L
EI 6
2 2
0
L L L L

2 3 2 3
L
EI 6
-
L
EI 12

L
EI 6

L
EI 12
- 1

L
EI 4

L
EI 6
-
L
EI 2

L
EI 6
2 2
2

Matriks Tujuan { T
1
} ={ 0 0 1 2 }
T
K
1
=
[ K
1
] =

2 x 2

2 3
L
EI 6
-
L
EI 12
L
EI 4

L
EI 6
-
2
Elemen 2
2 3
2

2 x 2 3
K
2
=
L
EI 2

L
EI 4

L
EI 4

L
EI 2

Matriks Tujuan { T
2
} ={ 2 3 }
T

[ K
2
] =
EI 4 EI 2
L
EI 2

L
EI 4
L L
2 x 2

[ Ks ] =[ K
1
] +[ K
2
]
L

L
26/02/2013
35
=
+
=
1 2 2 3

[ Ks ]
3 x 3
L
EI 4

L
EI 2
L
EI 2

L
EI 4
L
EI 2

L
EI 8

L
EI 6
2
0
L
EI 6
-
L
EI 12
2 3 2 3
L
EI 6
-
L
EI 12
L
EI 4

L
EI 6
-
2

L
EI 4

L
EI 2
0
0

Ps =
L P
8
1

L P
8
1
-1

[ Ks ]
-1
=

EI
L 12
-
EI
L 24

EI
L 28
2 2 3
EI
L 24
-
EI
L 48

EI
L 24
2
EI
60L

EI
L 24
-
EI
L 12
2

J adi : { Us } = [ Ks ]
-1
{ Ps }

Us =

L P
8
1
L P
8
1
EI EI EI
EI
L 12
-
EI
L 24

EI
L 28
2 2 3
EI
L 24
-
EI
L 48

EI
L 24
2
60L L 24 L 12
2
0

Us =

8
EI
L P

128
3
3
EI
L P

128
10
2
Rotasi di joint B
Rotasi di joint C
EI

EI
-
EI
EI
L P

128
7
2
Dilatasi di joint B
26/02/2013
36
U
1
1

2

0


U
1
2

U
1
3

U
1
4
0

Elemen 1 : U
1
=

EI
L P

128
3
3
EI
L P

128
6
2

U
2
1

U
2
2

Elemen 2 : U
2
= =

EI
L P

128
6
2
EI
L P

128
7
2
0

0
0

0
Gaya akhir elemen :
Elemen 1 : { P
1
} =[ K
1
] + { P
R1
}

2 3 2 3
L
EI 6

L
EI 12
-
L
EI 6

L
EI 12
EI 2 EI 6 EI 4 EI 6 0
+
0

0

0
0

P1 =
L
EI 2

L
EI 6
-
L
EI 4

L
EI 6
2 2
2 3 2 3
L
EI 6
-
L
EI 12

L
EI 6

L
EI 12
-
L
EI 4

L
EI 6
-
L
EI 2

L
EI 6
2 2
EI
L P

128
3
3
EI
L P

128
6
2
0
0

P
1
=

L P
64
3
L P
64
3

26/02/2013
37
Elemen 2 : { P
2
} =[ K
2
] + { P
R2
}

L P
8
1
EI
L P

128
6
2
L
EI 2

L
EI 4

P
2
=
+
P
2
=
=
Hasil perhitungan
hanya momen saja

EI
L P

128
7
2
L P
8
1
L L
L
EI 4

L
EI 2

L P
128
6
2
L q
64
3
0 0

P 0
Dihitunglagi
Free Body Diagram :

L P
64
3
P
35
P
29
P
64
35
L P
64
3
Dihitung lagi

P
64
P
64
L P
64
3
-
+
Bidang M :

L P
64
3
L P
128
29

P
64
35
-

128
L P
64
3
26/02/2013
38
-
+
Bidang D :

P
64
35
P
64
29
P

Bidang N :

-

P
64
35
Deformasi aksial diabaikan
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39
26/02/2013
40
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41
26/02/2013
42
Transformation of Coordinates Transformation of Coordinates
2
2

u
1
1
U3, P3
u3, p3
U1, P1
U2, P2
u1, p1
u2, p2

Koordinat Lokal dan Global
3 3
u1

u2

u3
=
C S 0

-S C 0

0 0 1
U1

U2

U3
C =cos u

S =sin u

C

S 0

-S

C 0
C =cos u

S =sin u
Atau dapat ditulis : u = U
Dimana :

=

0

0 1
u
1
u
2
u
3
0
U
1
U
2
U
3
[ ] [ R ] [ U ]

Untuk transformasi sumbu sebuah titik dengan 6 dof dapat ditulis :

3
u
4
u
5
u
6
=

0
3
U
4
U
5
U
6
[ u ] = [ R ] [ U ]

R =matriks rotasi

26/02/2013
43
P
1
T
p
1
Transformasi sumbu juga berlaku untuk gaya :
p = P
P =
-1
p
-1
=
T

P =
T
p

P
2
P
3
P
4
P
5
P
6
=
T
0

0
T
p
2
p
3
p
4
p
5
p
6
[ P ] = [ R ]
T
[ p ]

R =matriks rotasi

p = k u ; u = R U
P =R
T
p P =K U
K
P = R p P = K U
= R
T
k u K = R
T
k R
= R
T
k R U

Matriks kekakuan elemen untuk 6 dof :

2 3 2 3
L
EI 6

L
EI 12
- 0
L
EI 6

L
EI 12
0
0 0
L
EA
- 0 0
L
EA

6 x 6

k =
L
EI 2

L
EI 6
- 0
L
EI 4

L
EI 6
0
2 2
2 3 2 3
L
EI 6
-
L
EI 12
0
L
EI 6

L
EI 12
0 -
4 6 2 6
0 0
L
EA
- 0 0
L
EA

L
EI 4

L
EI 6
- 0
L
EI 2

L
EI 6
0
2 2
26/02/2013
44
| 0 0 -| 0 0

0 12 6L 0 -12 6L

0 6L 4L
2
0 -6L 2L
2

-| 0 0 | 0 0

0 -12 -6L 0 12 -6L

0 6L 2L
2
0 -6L 4L
2

Dimana:
k = o
Dimana :
o = | =

[ K ] = [ R ]
T
[ k ] [ R ]

L
EI

3

I
L A

2
C -S 0

S C 0
0
| 0 0 -| 0 0

0 12 6L 0 -12 6L

C S 0

S C 0
0
[K]=[R]
T
[k][R]

0 0 1

C -S 0

S C 0

0 0 1

0
0 6L 4L
2
0 -6L 2L
2

-| 0 0 | 0 0

0 -12 -6L 0 12 -6L

0 6L 2L
2
0 -6L 4L
2

K =
o
-S C 0

0 0 1

C S 0

-S C 0

0 0 1
0
0
26/02/2013
45
g
1
g
2
g
4
-g
1
-g
2
g
4

g
3
g
5
-g
2
-g
3
g
5

g
6
-g
4
-g
5
g
7

g
6
g
4
g
5
g
7

g
1
g
2
-g
4

g
3
-g
5

g
6

Dimana :
K =
Dimana :
g
1
= o ( | C
2
+ 12 S
2
) g
5
= o 6 L C
g
2
= o C S ( | - 12 ) g
6
= o 4 L
2

g
3
= o ( | S
2
+ 12 C
2
) g
7
= o 2 L
2

g
4
= -o 6 L S
Sebuah portal seperti gambar, dengan menggunakan transformasi sumbu Sebuah portal seperti gambar, dengan menggunakan transformasi sumbu
hitunglah gaya hitunglah gaya- -gaya dalam yang bekerja gaya dalam yang bekerja
L = 10 ft
1
1
E = 30.000 ksi
A = 5 in
2

I = 50 in
4

L = 10 ft

q =1,68 k/ft
L =10 ft
M =14 kft =168 kin
2 3
2
1
0
0
0 Sumbu Global
1
2
1
3 Sumbu Lokal

1
2
2
3
0
3
1
0
0
2

DOF [ Ks ] 3x3
1
2
2 3
4
5
4
5
6 6
1
3
2
2

26/02/2013
46
1
x
u =270
o
1
=
C S 0

-S C 0
=
0 -1 0

1 0 0
Matriks transformasi batang :
Batang 1 : u =270
o
cos 270
o
= 0
sin 270
o
= -1

2
x
1 0 0 1 0 0 1

Batang 2 : u =0
o
cos 0
o
= 1
sin 0
o
= 0
2 3
x
x
u =0
o
2
=
C S 0

-S C 0

0 0 1
=
1 0 0

0 1 0

0 0 1

C S 0

-S C 0

0 0 1

C S 0
0
0 -1 0 0 0 0

1 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 -1 0

R1 = =
C S 0

-S C 0

0 0 1
0

0 0 0 1 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 1
C S 0

-S C 0
0
1 0 0 0 0 0

0 1 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 0 0 0

0 0 1

C S 0

-S C 0

0 0 1
0
0 0 1 0 0 0

0 0 0 1 0 0

0 0 0 0 1 0

0 0 0 0 0 1

R2 = =

26/02/2013
47
Matriks kekakuan system struktur
Elemen 1 :
o
1
=
3 3
1
12) . 10 (
50 . 30.000

L
EI
= =0,87
|
1
=
50
12) . (10 . 5

I
L A
2 2
1
= =1.440
g
1
g
2
g
4
-g
1
-g
2
g
4

g3 g5 -g2 -g3 g5

g
6
-g
4
-g
5
g
7
0

0

0
C = 0 ; S =-1
{ T } = { 0 0 0 1 0 2 }
T

0 0 0 1 0 2

K1 =

g
1
g
2
-g
4

g3 -g5

-g
4
g
6

1

0

2

K1
g
1
-g
4
0

-g
4
g
6
0

0 0 0
1

2

3
1 2 3

K
1
=
1044 6264 0

g
1
= o ( | C
2
+ 12 S
2
) = 0,87 [ 0 +12 (-1)
2
] = 10,44
g
4
= -o 6 L S = -0,87 . 6 . 120 (-1) = 626,4
g
6
= o 4 L
2
= 0,87 . 4 . 120
2
=50.112
Sehingga :

10,44 -626,4 0

-626,4 50.112 0

0 0 0

K
1
=
26/02/2013
48
Elemen 2 :
o2 =
3 3
1
12) . 10 (
50 . 30.000

L
EI
= =0,87
|2 =
50
12) . (10 . 5

I
L A
2 2
1
= =1.440
C = 1 ; S =0

{ T } = { 1 0 2 0 0 3 }
T

g1 g2 g4 -g1 -g2 g4

g3 g5 -g2 -g3 g5

g4 g6 -g4 -g5 g7

g1 g2 -g4

g3 -g5
1

0

2

0

0

1 0 2 0 0 3

K2 =
g4 g7 g6

3
g1 g4 g4

g4 g6 g7

g4 g7 g6
1

2

3

1 2 3

K2 =
g
1
= o ( | C
2
+ 12 S
2
) = 0,87 [ 1.440 . 1
2
+12 (0)
2
] = 1.252,8
g
4
= -o 6 L S = -0,87 . 6 . 120 (0) = 0
g
6
= o 4 L
2
= 0,87 . 4 . 120
2
=50.112
g
7
= o 2 L
2
= 0,87 . 2 . 120
2
=25.056
1.252,8 0 0

0 50.112 25.056

0 25.056 50.112
Sehingga :

K
2
=
1.263,24 -626,4 0

-626,4 100.224 25.056

0 25.056 50.112

K
S
=
26/02/2013
49
q =0,14 k/in
168 kin 168 kin 168 kin
0
0
0
Matriks beban :

8,4 8,4

0

168

0
1.263,24 -626,4 0

-6264 100224 25056
- 1
0

168

PS =

{ Ps } = [ Ks ] { Us } { Us } = [ Ks ]
-1
{ Ps }

US = -626,4 100.224 25.056

0 25.056 50.112
168

0
0,00095

0,00192

-0,00096
Defleksi horizontal di 2

Rotasi di 2

Rotasi di 3

US
US =
u1
1

u1
2

u1
3

u1
4
0

0

0

0,00095
=
0

0

0

0
Displacement masing-masing batang (koordinat lokal)

u1 = =
0 -1 0 0 0 0

1 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 -1 0

u1
5

u1
6

0

0,00192

0,00095

0,00192
u2
1

u2
2
0,00095

0
0,00095

0

0 0 0 1 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 1

1 0 0 0 0 0

0 1 0 0 0 0 2

u2
3

u2
4

u2
5

u2
6

0,00192

0

0

-0,0096
=
0

0,00192

0

0

-0,0096

u2 = =

0 0 1 0 0 0

0 0 0 1 0 0

0 0 0 0 1 0

0 0 0 0 0 1

26/02/2013
50
0

1,193 k

47,512 kin
0

1,193 k

3,959 kft
Gaya akhir batang :
Elemen 1 :
{ P1 } =[ k1 ] { u1 } + { 0 }

0

-1,193 k

95,620 kin

0

-1,193 k

7,968 kft
P1 = =

1,19 k 1,19 k
Elemen 2 :
{ P2 } =[ k2 ] { u2 } + { Faksi }

-7,8 k

-95,84 kin

-1,19 k

-9 k

168 kin

-7,8 k

-7,99 kft

-1,19 k

-9 k

14 kft

P2 = =

1
1,193 k
0
3,959
7,968kft
Freebody diagram :

+
+
1,193
9
q =1,68 k/ft 14 kft
7,8 k 9 k
2
1,19 k 1,19 k
7,99 kft
1,193 k
7,968 kft

3,959
+
- 1,193
7,8
-
7,99
14
+
+
-
-
1,19 1,19
26/02/2013
51
RANGKA BATANG RANGKA BATANG
In the Truss Construction (KRB), the calculation of
element stiffness matrix [K] is based on two dimensions
f th t F th t k j t t i d of the truss case. Forces that works just tension and
compression axial only, is the moment and latitude force is
not available.
Note the picture: a bar elements with area of A and
modulus of elasticity of E is constant. The calculation of
stiffness elements containing only element of A, E and
f i t di t l i j i d j four-point coordinates, namely: xi, xj, yi and yj.
26/02/2013
52
26/02/2013
53
Example: Example:
A truss structurewith arrangement as shown in the
figure as follows:
3
4
10t
2t
1
2
600
With area of A = 20 cm2
Modulus of elasticity : 2 x 10
6
kg/cm2
Question: Calculate the internal forces and deformation shape
4m
26/02/2013
54
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55
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56
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26/02/2013
64
y,v
L
j
j
p
j

c =cos |
|
x,u
L
i
j
| + d|
i
cu
i

u
i
q
i

p
i

q
j
j

Elemen Rangka Batang, dengan sudut Elemen Rangka Batang setelah g g, g g g
| pada bidang xy perpindahan titik u
i
>0, titik lain tetap
Pertama, harus menghitung :
L = ( ) ( )
2
i j
2
i j
y - y x - x +
C = cos | =
L
x - x
i j

S = sin | =
L
y - y
i j

Perpendekan aksial cui menghasilkan gaya tekan aksial
F =
i
cu
L
AE
|
.
|
\
|

Dimana : x dan y merupakan komponen dari ;
pi =- pj =Fc
qi =- qj =Fs

Komponen ini menghasilkan kesetimbangan statis, sehingga diperoleh :
C
2

CS

-C
2

-CS
ui =
pi

qi

pj

qj

L
AE
26/02/2013
65
Hasil yang sama juga akan diperoleh dengan cara memberikan perpindahan pada v
i
,
u
j
, dan v
j
, dimana gaya bekerja sendiri-sendiri. Dan jika 4 dof dengan nilai tidak nol
bekerja bersama-sama, dan dengan superposisi masing-masing elemen matriks
kekakuan, dapat dihitung sebagai berikut :
K =
C
2
CS -C
2
-CS

CS S
2
-CS -S
2

-C
2
-CS C
2
CS

-CS -S
2
CS S
2

L
AE

C
2
CS -C
2
-CS

CS S
2
-CS -S
2

-C
2
-CS C
2
CS

ui

vi

uj
pi

qi

pj
Hubungan matriks kekakuan dengan gaya dapat ditulis sebagai berikut :
[ K ] { D } ={ F }

=

L
AE
-CS -S
2
CS S
2
vj qj

Untuk kasus khusus :
1. J ika nilai | =0, sebagai batang horizontal, matriks kekakuan elemen [ K ] 4x4
Hanya berisi 4 komponen yang tidak bernilai nol, yaitu :

k11 =k33 =-k13 =-k31 =

L
AE
K =
1 0 -1 0

0 0

0 0

-1 0 1 0

0 0 0 0

L
AE
26/02/2013
66
1. J ika nilai | =90, sebagai batang vertikal, matriks kekakuan elemen [ K ]
4 x 4

Hanya berisi 4 komponen yang tidak bernilai nol, yaitu :

k
22
=k
44
=-k
24
=-k
42
=

L
AE
K =
0 0 0 0

0 1

0 -1

0 0 0 0

0 -1 0 1

L
AE

Sebuah Konstruksi Rangka Batang dengan luas A Sebuah Konstruksi Rangka Batang dengan luas A
dan Modulus Elastisitas E yang sama, seperti dan Modulus Elastisitas E yang sama, seperti
pada Gambar pada Gambar
L
L
L
L
1
4
3
7 6 5
2
3
4
2
5
1
v
u

L L

Hitunglah matriks kekakuaan masing-masing elemen
26/02/2013
67
K =
C
2
CS -C
2
-CS

CS S
2
-CS -S
2

-C
2
-CS C
2
CS
Perumusan untuk mencari nilai matriks kekakuan elemen dengan sudut | :

L
AE

-CS -S
2
CS S
2
1 0 -1 0

Batang 1, 2 dan 3 merupakan batang horizontal, sehingga | =0
o

Maka : [ K
1
] =[ K
2
] =[ K
3
]

K1 =

0 0

0 0

-1 0 1 0

0 0 0 0

L
AE
K4 =
0,250 0,433 -0,250 -0,433

0,433 0,750 -0,433 -0,750

0250 0433 0250 0433
Batang 4 dan 6 merupakan batang diagonal dengan sudut | =60
o

Dimana : C =cos 60
o
=0,5
S =sin 60
o
=0,866
Maka: [ K4 ] =[ K6 ]

L
AE
-0,250 0,433 0,250 -0,433

-0,433 -0,750

0,433 0,750

Batang 5 dan 7 merupakan batang diagonal dengan sudut | =300
o

Dimana : C =cos 300
o
= 0,5
S =sin 300
o
=-0,866

Maka: [ K5 ] =[ K7 ]

L
K5 =
0,250 -0,433 -0,250 0,433

-0,433 0,750 0,433 -0,750

-0,250 0,433 0,250 -0,433

0,433 -0,750
-
0,433 0,750

L
AE
26/02/2013
68
0.335 0.128 -0.250 0.000 0.000 0.000 -0.085 -0.128 0.000 0.000
0.128 0.192 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -0.128 -0.192 0.000 0.000
-0.250 0.000 0.671 0.000 -0.250 0.000 -0.085 0.128 -0.085 -0.128
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.384 0.000 0.000 0.128 -0.192 -0.128 -0.192
[K]
10X10
= A.E 0.000 0.000 -0.250 0.000 0.335 -0.128 0.000 0.000 -0.085 0.128
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -0.128 0.192 0.000 0.000 0.128 -0.192
-0.085 -0.128 -0.085 0.128 0.000 0.000 0.421 0.256 0.000 0.000
-0.128 -0.192 0.128 -0.192 0.000 0.000 0.256 0.384 0.000 0.000
0000 0000 -0 085 -0128 -0 085 0128 0000 0 000 0 421 0000 0.000 0.000 0.085 0.128 0.085 0.128 0.000 0.000 0.421 0.000
0.000 0.000 -0.128 -0.192 0.128 -0.192 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.384
3.35E-01 1.28E-01 -2.50E-01 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 -8.53E-02 -1.28E-01 0.00E+00 0.00E+00
1.28E-01 1.92E-01 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 -1.28E-01 -1.92E-01 0.00E+00 0.00E+00
-2.50E-01 0.00E+00 6.71E-01 0.00E+00 -2.50E-01 0.00E+00 -8.53E-02 1.28E-01 -8.53E-02 -1.28E-01
0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 3.84E-01 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 1.28E-01 -1.92E-01 -1.28E-01 -1.92E-01
[K]
10X10
= 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 -2.50E-01 0.00E+00 3.35E-01 -1.28E-01 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 -8.53E-02 1.28E-01
0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 -1.28E-01 1.92E-01 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 1.28E-01 -1.92E-01
-8.53E-02 -1.28E-01 -8.53E-02 1.28E-01 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 4.21E-01 2.56E-01 0.00E+00 0.00E+00
-1.28E-01 -1.92E-01 1.28E-01 -1.92E-01 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 2.56E-01 3.84E-01 0.00E+00 0.00E+00
0.00E+00 0.00E+00 -8.53E-02 -1.28E-01 -8.53E-02 1.28E-01 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 4.21E-01 0.00E+00
0.00E+00 0.00E+00 -1.28E-01 -1.92E-01 1.28E-01 -1.92E-01 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 3.84E-01
6.71E-01 0.00E+00 -2.50E-01 -8.53E-02 1.28E-01 -8.53E-02 -1.28E-01
0.00E+00 3.84E-01 0.00E+00 1.28E-01 -1.92E-01 -1.28E-01 -1.92E-01
-2.50E-01 0.00E+00 3.35E-01 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 -8.53E-02 1.28E-01
[K]
7X7
= -8.53E-02 1.28E-01 0.00E+00 4.21E-01 2.56E-01 0.00E+00 0.00E+00
1.28E-01 -1.92E-01 0.00E+00 2.56E-01 3.84E-01 0.00E+00 0.00E+00
-8.53E-02 -1.28E-01 -8.53E-02 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 4.21E-01 0.00E+00
-1.28E-01 -1.92E-01 1.28E-01 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 3.84E-01
1.81E+00 2.85E+00 1.09E+00 -1.68E+00 1.94E+00 1.46E+00 1.67E+00
2.85E+00 -4.26E+00 2.92E+00 6.31E+00 -7.28E+00 -1.25E-01 -2.15E+00
1.09E+00 2.92E+00 4.12E+00 -2.24E+00 2.59E+00 1.94E+00 4.48E-01
[K]
-1
= 1 68E+00 6 31E+00 2 24E+00 3 61E+00 6 12E+00 1 12E+00 3 34E+00 [K]
7X7
= -1.68E+00 6.31E+00 -2.24E+00 -3.61E+00 6.12E+00 1.12E+00 3.34E+00
1.94E+00 -7.28E+00 2.59E+00 6.12E+00 -5.77E+00 -1.30E+00 -3.86E+00
1.46E+00 -1.25E-01 1.94E+00 1.12E+00 -1.30E+00 3.03E+00 -2.24E-01
1.67E+00 -2.15E+00 4.48E-01 3.34E+00 -3.86E+00 -2.24E-01 1.94E+00
26/02/2013
69
Matriks Beban {R } {D}=[K]
-1
{R}
0 -1.43E+04
-5000 2.13E+04
0 -1.46E+04
{R}
7X1
= 0 {D}
7X1
= -3.15E+04
0 3.64E+04
0 6.23E+02
0 1.07E+04
Matriks {D}Global
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
-1.43E+04
Matriks Gaya Dalam
F
1H -0.02
F
1V 2500.00
F
2H
0.00
1.43E 04
2.13E+04
[D]
10X1
= -1.46E+04
0.00E+00
-3.15E+04
3.64E+04
6.23E+02
1 07E+04
F
2V
-5000.00
F
3H
0.00
F
3V
2500.00
[F]
12X1
= F
4H = 0.00
F
4V 0.00
F
5H 0.00
F
5V 0.00
1.07E+04

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26/02/2013

63 Copyright: Dr Endah Wahyuni

72 Copyright: Dr Endah Wahyuni

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