I.

CHUYN I S - TNG T (DAC)

Trong k thut s, ta thy i lng s c gi tr xc nh l mt trong hai kh nng l 0 hoc 1,
cao hay thp, ng hoc sai, vv Trong thc t chng ta thy rng mt i lng s (chng hn
mc in th) thc ra c th c mt gi tr bt k nm trong khong xc nh v ta nh r cc
gi tr trong phm vi xc nh s c chung gi tr dng s.
V d: Vi logic TTL ta c: T 0V n 0,8V l mc logic 0, t 2V n 5V l mc logic 1
Nh vy th bt k mc in th no nm trong khong 0 0,8V u mang gi tr s l logic 0,
cn mi in th nm trong khong 2 5V u c gn gi tr s l 1.
Ngc li trong k thut tng t, i lng tng t c th ly gi tr bt k trong mt khong
gi tr lin tc. V iu quan trng hn na l gi tr chnh xc ca i lng tng t l l yu
t quan trng.
Hu ht trong t nhin u l cc i lng tng t nh nhit , p sut, cng nh sng,
Do mun x l trong mt h thng k thut s, ta phi chuyn i sang dng i lng s
mi c th x l v iu khin cc h thng c. V ngc li c nhng h thng tng t cn
c iu khin chng ta cng phi chuyn i t s sang tng t. Trong phn ny chng ta s
tm hiu v qu trnh chuyn i t s sang tng t -DAC (Digital to Analog Converter).
Chuyn i s sang tng t l tin trnh ly mt gi tr c biu din di dng m s ( digital
code ) v chuyn i n thnh mc in th hoc dng in t l vi gi tr s. Hnh 5.1 minh ha
s khi ca mt b chuyn i DAC.

1.1 PHN GII
phn gii (resolution) ca b bin i DAC c nh ngha l thay i nh nht c th xy
ra u ra tng t bi kt qua ca mt thay i u vo s.
phn gii ca DAC ph thuc vo s bit, do cc nh ch to thng n nh phn
gii ca DAC dng s bit. DAC 10 bit c phn gii tinh hn DAC 8 bit. DAC c cng nhiu
bit th phn gii cng tinh hn.
phn gii lun bng trng s ca LSB. Cn gi l kch thc bc thang (step size), v
l khong thay i ca Vout khi gi tr ca u vo s thay i t bc ny sang bc khc.

Dng sng bc thang (hnh 5.2) c 16 mc vi 16 thng thi u vo nhng ch c 15 bc gia
mc 0 v mc cc i. Vi DAC c N bit th tng s mc khc nhau s l 2
N
, v tng s bc s
l 2
N
1.
Do phn gii bng vi h s t l trong mi quan h gia u vo v u ra ca DAC.
u ra tng t = K x u vo s
Vi K l mc in th (hoc cng dng in) mi bc.
Nh vy ta c cng thc tnh phn gii nh sau:

Vi l u ra cc i ( y thang )
N l s bit
Nu tnh theo phn trm ta c cng thc nh sau:

V d nh hnh 5.1 ta c


V d 1: Mt ADC 10 bit c kch thc bc thang = 10mV. Hy xc nh in th u ra cc i
( y thang ) v t l % phn gii.
Gii:
DAC c 10 bit nn ta c
S bc l 210 1 = 1023 bc
Vi mi bc l 10mV nn u ra cc i s l 10mVx1023 = 10.23V

T v d trn cho thy t l phn trm phn gii gim i khi s bit u vo tng ln. Do ta
cn tnh c % phn gii theo cng thc:

Vi m u vo nh phn N bit ta c tng s bc l 2
N
1 bc.
<Tr v u trang>

1.2 CHNH XC
C nhiu cch nh gi chnh xc. Hai cch thng dng nht l sai s ton thang (full scale
error) v sai s tuyn tnh (linearity error) thng c biu bin dng phn trm u ra cc
i (y thang) ca b chuyn i.
Sai s ton thang l khong lch ti a u ra DAC so vi gi tr d kin (l tng), c
biu din dng phn trm.
Sai s tuyn tnh l khong lch ti a kch thc bc thang so vi kch thc bc thang l
tng.
iu quan trng ca mt DAC l chnh xc v phn gii phi tng thch vi nhau.

<Tr v u trang>

1.3 SAI S LCH
Theo l tng th u ra ca DAC s l 0V khi tt c u vo nh phn ton l bit 0. Tuy nhin
trn thc t th mc in th ra cho trng hp ny s rt nh, gi l sai s lch ( offset error).
Sai s ny nu khng iu chnh th s c cng vo u ra DAC d kin trong tt c cc
trng hp.
Nhiu DAC c tnh nng iu chnh sai s lch bn ngoi, s cho php chng ta trit tiu
lch ny bng cch p mi bit 0 u vo DAC v theo di u ra. Khi ta iu chnh chit p
iu chnh lch cho n khi no u ra bng 0V.

<Tr v u trang>

1.4 THI GIAN N NH
Thi gian n nh (settling time) l thi gian cn thit u ra DAC i t zero n bc thang
cao nht khi u vo nh phn bin thin t chui bit ton 0 n chui bit ton l 1. Thc t thi
gian n nh l thi gian u vo DAC n nh trong phm vi 1/2 kch thc bc thang (
phn gii) ca gi tr cui cng.
V d: Mt DAC c phn gii 10mV th thi gian n nh c o l thi gian u ra cn
c n nh trong phm vi 5mV ca gi tr y thang.
Thi gian n nh c gi tr bin thin trong khong 50ns n 10ns. DAC vi u ra dng c thi
gian n nh ngn hn thi gian n nh ca DAC c u ra in th.

<Tr v u trang>

1.5 TRNG THI N IU
DAC c tnh cht n iu ( monotonic) nu u ra ca n tng khi u vo nh phn tng dn
t gi tr ny ln gi tr k tip. Ni cch khc l u ra bc thang s khng c bc i xung khi
u vo nh phn tng dn t zero n y thang.
T s ph thuc dng:
DAC cht lng cao yu cu s nh hng ca bin thin in p ngun i vi in p u
ra v cng nh. T s ph thuc ngun l t s bin thin mc in p u ra vi bin thin in
p ngun gy ra n.
Ngoi cc thng s trn chng ta cn phi quan tm n cc thng s khc ca mt DAC khi
s dng nh: cc mc logic cao, thp, in tr, in dung, ca u vo; di rng, in tr, in
dung ca u ra; h s nhit,

<Tr v u trang>
2.1 DAC dng in tr c trng s nh phn v b khuch i cng.
Hnh 5.3 l s mch ca mt mch DAC 4 bit dng in tr v b khuch i o. Bn u
vo A, B, C, D c gi tr gi nh ln lt l 0V v 5V.

B khuch i thut ton (Operational Amplifier. Op Amp) c dng lm b cng o cho
tng trng s ca bn mc in th vo. Ta thy cc in tr u vo gim dn 1/2 ln in tr
trc n. Ngha l u vo D (MSB) c R
IN
= 1k, v vy b khuch i cng chuyn ngay mc
in th ti D i m khng lm suy gim (v R
f
= 1k). u vo C c R = 2k, suy gim i 1/2,
tng t u vo B suy gim 1/4 v u vo A gim 1/8. Do u ra b khuch i c tnh
bi biu thc:

du m (-) biu th b khuch i cng y l khuch i cng o. Du m ny chng ta
khng cn quan tm.
Nh vy ng ra ca b khuch i cng l mc in th tng t, biu th tng trng s ca cc
u vo. Da vo biu thc (4) ta tnh c cc mc in p ra tng ng vi cc t hp ca cc
ng vo (bng 5.1).
Bng 5.1 u ra ng vi iu kin cc u vo thch hp 0V hoc 5V.

phn gii ca mch DAC hnh 5.2 bng vi trng s ca LSB, ngha l bng x 5V =
0.625V. Nhn vo bng 5.1 ta thy u ra tng t tng 0.625V khi s nh phn u vo tng
ln mt bc.
V d 2:
a. Xc nh trng s ca mi bit u vo hnh 5.2
b. Thay i Rf thnh 500W.Xc nh u ra cc i y thang.
Gii:
a. MSB chuyn i vi mc khuch i = 1 nn trng s ca n u ra l 5V. Tng
t nh vy ta tnh c cc trng s ca cc bit u vo nh sau:
MSB # 5V
MSB th 2 # 2.5V (gim i 1/2)
MSB th 3 # 1.25V (gim i 1/4)
MSB th 4 (LSB) # 0.625V (gim i 1/8)
b. Nu R
f
= 500W gim theo tha s 2, nn mi trng s u vo s nh hn 2 ln so
vi gi tr tnh trn. Do u ra cc i ( y thang) s gim theo cng tha s,
cn li: -9.375/2 = -4.6875V
<V u trang>
2.2 DAC R/2R ladder
Mch DAC ta va kho st s dng in tr c trng s nh phn to trng s thch hp cho tng
bit vo. Tuy nhin c nhiu hn ch trong thc t. Hn ch ln nht l khong cch chnh
lch ng k gi tr in tr gia LSB v MSB, nht l trong cc DAC c phn gii cao
(nhiu bit). V d nu in tr MSB = 1k trong DAC 12 bit, th in tr LSB s c gi tr trn
2M. iu ny rt kh cho vic ch to cc IC c bin thin rng v in tr c th duy tr
t l chnh xc.
khc phc c nhc im ny, ngi ta tm ra mt mch DAC p ng c yu cu
l mch DAC mng R/2R ladder. Cc in tr trong mch ny ch bin thin trong khong t
2 n 1. Hnh 5.4 l mt mch DAC R/2R ladder c bn.

T hnh 5.4 ta thy c cch sp xp cc in tr ch c hai gi tr c s dng l R v 2R.
Dng I
OUT
ph thuc vo v tr ca 4 chuyn mch, u vo nh phn B
0
B
1
B
2
B
3
chi phi trng
thi ca cc chuyn mch ny. Dng ra I
OUT
c php chy qua b bin i dng thnh in
(Op-Amp) bin dng thnh in th ra V
OUT
. in th ng ra V
OUT
c tnh theo cng thc:

Vi B l gi tr u vo nh phn, bin thin t 0000 (0) n 1111(15)
V d 3: Gi s VREF = 5V ca DAC hnh 5.4. Tnh phn gii v u ra cc i ca DAC
ny?
Gii
phn gii bng vi trng s ca LSB, ta xc nh trng s LSB bng cch gn B =
0001
2
= 1. Theo cng thc (5), ta c:

u ra cc i xc nh c khi B = 1111
2
= 15
10
. p dng cng thc (5) ta c:

<Tr v u trang>

2.3 DAC vi u ra dng
Trong cc thit b k thut s i lc cng i hi qu trnh iu khin bng dng in. Do
ngi ta to ra cc DAC vi ng ra dng p ng yu cu . Hnh 5.5 l mt DAC vi
ng ra dng tng t t l vi u vo nh phn. Mch DAC ny 4 bit, c 4 ng dn dng
song song mi ng c mt chuyn mch iu khin. Trng thi ca mi chuyn mch b chi
phi bi mc logic u vo nh phn.

Dng chy qua mi ng l do mc in th quy chiu V
REF
v gi tr in tr trong ng dn
quyt nh. Gi tr in tr c trng s theo c s 2, nn cng dng in cng c trng s
theo h s 2 v tng cng dng in ra I
OUT
s l tng cc dng ca cc nhnh.

DAC vi u dng ra c th chuyn thnh DAC c u ra in th bng cch dng b khuch
i thut ton (Op-Amp) nh hnh 5.6.

hnh trn I
OUT
ra t DAC phi ni n u vo ca b khuch i thut ton. Hi tip m
ca b khuch i thut ton buc dng I
OUT
phi chy qua R
F
v to in p ng ra V
OUT
v
c tnh theo cng thc:

Do V
OUT
s l mc in th tng t, t l vi u vo nh phn ca DAC.

<Tr v u trang>

2.4 DAC in tr hnh T
Hnh 5.7 l s DAC in tr hnh T 4 bit. Trong s c hai loi in tr l R v 2R c
mc thnh 4 cc hnh T ni dy chuyn. Cc S
3
, S
2
, S
1
, S
0
l cc chuyn mch in t. Mch
DAC ny dng b khuch i thut ton (Op-Amp) khuch i o. V
REF
l in p chun lm
tham kho. B
3
, B
2
, B
1
, B
0
l m nh phn 4 bit. Vo l in p tng t ng ra. Ta thy cc chuyn
mch chu s iu khin ca s nh phn tng ng vi cc cng tc: khi B
i
= 1 th cng tc
S
i
ng vo V
REF
, kho B
i
= 0 th S
i
ni t.

Nguyn l lm vic ca DAC ny cng n gin. Ngi c c th gii thch c hot ng
ca mch da trn hnh v v nhng kin thc hc. Chng ta ch cn cho ln lt cc bit
B
i
bng logic 1 v 0 ta s tnh c V
OUT
sau dng nguyn xp chng ta s tnh c in p
ra:

Biu thc (7) chng t rng bin in p tng t u ra t l thun vi gi tr tn hiu s u
vo. Chng ta c th thy rng i vi DAC in tr hnh T N bit th in p tng t u ra
V
OUT
s l:

Sai S Chuyn i
i vi mch DAC in tr hnh T th sai s chuyn i do cc nguyn nhn sau:
K Sai lch in p chun tham chiu V
REF
.
T cng thc (8) ta c th tnh sai s chuyn i DA do ring sai s lch in p chun tham
chiu V
REF
gy ra nh sau:

Biu thc trn cho thy sai s ca in p tng t DV
OUT
t l vi sai lch DV
REF
v t l thun
vi gi tr tn hiu s u vo.
K S tri im 0 ca khuch i thut ton.
S tri im 0 ca b khuch i thut ton nh hng nh nhau i vi mi gi tr tn hiu s
c bin i. Sai s DV
OUT
do tri im 0 khng ph thuc gi tr tn hiu s.
K in p ri trn in tr tip xc ca tip im chuyn mch.
Cc chuyn mch khng phi l l tng, thc t in p ri khi ni thng ca mch in chuyn
mch khng th tuyt i bng 0. Vy in p ri ny ng vai tr tn hiu sai s a n u
vo mng in tr hnh T.
K Sai s ca in tr .
Sai s in tr cng gy ra sai s phi tuyn. Sai s ca cc in tr khng nh nhau, tc ng
gy sai s chuyn i DA ca nhng in tr khc nhau v v tr l khc nhau.
Tc chuyn i:
DAC in tr hnh T cng tc song song (cc bit tn hiu s u vo c a vo song song)
nn c tc chuyn i cao. Thi gian cn thit cho mt ln chuyn i gm hai gai on: thi
gian tr truyn t ca bit tn hiu vo xa nht n b khuch i thut ton v thi gian cn thit
b khuch i thut ton n nh tn hiu ra.

<Tr v u trang>


C nhiu phng php v s mch gip to DAC vn hnh nh gii thiu. Sau y l mt
s dng mch DAC c bn s gip chng ta hiu r v su hn v qu trnh chuyn i t s
sang tng t.
2.1 DAC dng in tr c trng s nh phn v b khuch i cng.
Hnh 5.3 l s mch ca mt mch DAC 4 bit dng in tr v b khuch i o. Bn u
vo A, B, C, D c gi tr gi nh ln lt l 0V v 5V.

B khuch i thut ton (Operational Amplifier Op Amp) c dng lm b cng o cho
tng trng s ca bn mc in th vo. Ta thy cc in tr u vo gim dn 1/2 ln in tr
trc n. Ngha l u vo D (MSB) c R
IN
= 1k, v vy b khuch i cng chuyn ngay mc
in th ti D i m khng lm suy gim (v R
f
= 1k). u vo C c R = 2k, suy gim i 1/2,
tng t u vo B suy gim 1/4 v u vo A gim 1/8. Do u ra b khuch i c tnh
bi biu thc:

du m (-) biu th b khuch i cng y l khuch i cng o. Du m ny chng ta
khng cn quan tm.
Nh vy ng ra ca b khuch i cng l mc in th tng t, biu th tng trng s ca cc
u vo. Da vo biu thc (4) ta tnh c cc mc in p ra tng ng vi cc t hp ca cc
ng vo (bng 5.1).
Bng 5.1 u ra ng vi iu kin cc u vo thch hp 0V hoc 5V.

phn gii ca mch DAC hnh 5.2 bng vi trng s ca LSB, ngha l bng x 5V =
0.625V. Nhn vo bng 5.1 ta thy u ra tng t tng 0.625V khi s nh phn u vo tng
ln mt bc.
V d 2:
a. Xc nh trng s ca mi bit u vo hnh 5.2
b. Thay i Rf thnh 500W.Xc nh u ra cc i y thang.
Gii:
a. MSB chuyn i vi mc khuch i = 1 nn trng s ca n u ra l 5V. Tng
t nh vy ta tnh c cc trng s ca cc bit u vo nh sau:
MSB # 5V
MSB th 2 # 2.5V (gim i 1/2)
MSB th 3 # 1.25V (gim i 1/4)
MSB th 4 (LSB) # 0.625V (gim i 1/8)
b. Nu R
f
= 500W gim theo tha s 2, nn mi trng s u vo s nh hn 2 ln so
vi gi tr tnh trn. Do u ra cc i ( y thang) s gim theo cng tha s,
cn li: -9.375/2 = -4.6875V
<Tr v u trang>
2.2 DAC R/2R ladder
Mch DAC ta va kho st s dng in tr c trng s nh phn to trng s thch hp cho tng
bit vo. Tuy nhin c nhiu hn ch trong thc t. Hn ch ln nht l khong cch chnh
lch ng k gi tr in tr gia LSB v MSB, nht l trong cc DAC c phn gii cao
(nhiu bit). V d nu in tr MSB = 1k trong DAC 12 bit, th in tr LSB s c gi tr trn
2M. iu ny rt kh cho vic ch to cc IC c bin thin rng v in tr c th duy tr
t l chnh xc.
khc phc c nhc im ny, ngi ta tm ra mt mch DAC p ng c yu cu
l mch DAC mng R/2R ladder. Cc in tr trong mch ny ch bin thin trong khong t
2 n 1. Hnh 5.4 l mt mch DAC R/2R ladder c bn.

T hnh 5.4 ta thy c cch sp xp cc in tr ch c hai gi tr c s dng l R v 2R.
Dng I
OUT
ph thuc vo v tr ca 4 chuyn mch, u vo nh phn B
0
B
1
B
2
B
3
chi phi trng
thi ca cc chuyn mch ny. Dng ra I
OUT
c php chy qua b bin i dng thnh in
(Op Amp) bin dng thnh in th ra V
OUT
. in th ng ra V
OUT
c tnh theo cng thc:

Vi B l gi tr u vo nh phn, bin thin t 0000 (0) n 1111(15)
V d 3: Gi s VREF = 5V ca DAC hnh 5.4. Tnh phn gii v u ra cc i ca DAC
ny?
Gii
phn gii bng vi trng s ca LSB, ta xc nh trng s LSB bng cch gn B =
0001
2
= 1. Theo cng thc (5), ta c:

u ra cc i xc nh c khi B = 1111
2
= 15
10
. p dng cng thc (5) ta c:

<Tr v u trang>

2.3 DAC vi u ra dng
Trong cc thit b k thut s i lc cng i hi qu trnh iu khin bng dng in. Do
ngi ta to ra cc DAC vi ng ra dng p ng yu cu . Hnh 5.5 l mt DAC vi
ng ra dng tng t t l vi u vo nh phn. Mch DAC ny 4 bit, c 4 ng dn dng
song song mi ng c mt chuyn mch iu khin. Trng thi ca mi chuyn mch b chi
phi bi mc logic u vo nh phn.

Dng chy qua mi ng l do mc in th quy chiu V
REF
v gi tr in tr trong ng dn
quyt nh. Gi tr in tr c trng s theo c s 2, nn cng dng in cng c trng s
theo h s 2 v tng cng dng in ra I
OUT
s l tng cc dng ca cc nhnh.

DAC vi u dng ra c th chuyn thnh DAC c u ra in th bng cch dng b khuch
i thut ton (Op Amp) nh hnh 5.6.

hnh trn I
OUT
ra t DAC phi ni n u vo ca b khuch i thut ton. Hi tip m
ca b khuch i thut ton buc dng I
OUT
phi chy qua R
F
v to in p ng ra V
OUT
v
c tnh theo cng thc:

Do V
OUT
s l mc in th tng t, t l vi u vo nh phn ca DAC.

<Tr v u trang>

2.4 DAC in tr hnh T
Hnh 5.7 l s DAC in tr hnh T 4 bit. Trong s c hai loi in tr l R v 2R c
mc thnh 4 cc hnh T ni dy chuyn. Cc S
3
, S
2
, S
1
, S
0
l cc chuyn mch in t. Mch
DAC ny dng b khuch i thut ton (Op Amp) khuch i o. V
REF
l in p chun lm
tham kho. B
3
, B
2
, B
1
, B
0
l m nh phn 4 bit. Vo l in p tng t ng ra. Ta thy cc chuyn
mch chu s iu khin ca s nh phn tng ng vi cc cng tc: khi B
i
= 1 th cng tc
S
i
ng vo V
REF
, kho B
i
= 0 th S
i
ni t.

Nguyn l lm vic ca DAC ny cng n gin. Ngi c c th gii thch c hot ng
ca mch da trn hnh v v nhng kin thc hc. Chng ta ch cn cho ln lt cc bit
B
i
bng logic 1 v 0 ta s tnh c V
OUT
sau dng nguyn xp chng ta s tnh c in p
ra:

Biu thc (7) chng t rng bin in p tng t u ra t l thun vi gi tr tn hiu s u
vo. Chng ta c th thy rng i vi DAC in tr hnh T N bit th in p tng t u ra
V
OUT
s l:

Sai S Chuyn i
i vi mch DAC in tr hnh T th sai s chuyn i do cc nguyn nhn sau:
K Sai lch in p chun tham chiu V
REF
.
T cng thc (8) ta c th tnh sai s chuyn i DA do ring sai s lch in p chun tham
chiu V
REF
gy ra nh sau:

Biu thc trn cho thy sai s ca in p tng t DV
OUT
t l vi sai lch DV
REF
v t l thun
vi gi tr tn hiu s u vo.
K S tri im 0 ca khuch i thut ton.
S tri im 0 ca b khuch i thut ton nh hng nh nhau i vi mi gi tr tn hiu s
c bin i. Sai s DV
OUT
do tri im 0 khng ph thuc gi tr tn hiu s.
K in p ri trn in tr tip xc ca tip im chuyn mch.
Cc chuyn mch khng phi l l tng, thc t in p ri khi ni thng ca mch in chuyn
mch khng th tuyt i bng 0. Vy in p ri ny ng vai tr tn hiu sai s a n u
vo mng in tr hnh T.
K Sai s ca in tr .
Sai s in tr cng gy ra sai s phi tuyn. Sai s ca cc in tr khng nh nhau, tc ng
gy sai s chuyn i DA ca nhng in tr khc nhau v v tr l khc nhau.
Tc chuyn i:
DAC in tr hnh T cng tc song song (cc bit tn hiu s u vo c a vo song song)
nn c tc chuyn i cao. Thi gian cn thit cho mt ln chuyn i gm hai gai on: thi
gian tr truyn t ca bit tn hiu vo xa nht n b khuch i thut ton v thi gian cn thit
b khuch i thut ton n nh tn hiu ra.













II. CHUYN I TNG T-S( ADC)
1.1 S khi
B chuyn i tng t sang s ADC (Analog to Digital Converter) ly mc in th vo
tng t sau mt thi gian s sinh ra m u ra dng s biu din u vo tng t. Tin trnh
bin i A/D thng phc tp v mt nhiu thi gian hn tin trnh chuyn i D/A. Do c
nhiu phng php khc nhau chuyn i t tng t sang s. Hnh v 5.16 l s khi ca
mt lp ADC n gin.

Hot ng c bn ca lp ADC thuc loi ny nh sau:
Xung lnh START khi ng s hot ng ca h thng.
Xung Clock quyt nh b iu khin lin tc chnh sa s nh phn lu trong thanh ghi.
S nh phn trong thanh ghi c DAC chuyn i thnh mc in th tng t VAX.
B so snh so snh V
AX
vi u vo trng t VA. Nu V
AX
< V
A
u ra ca b so snh ln
mc cao. Nu V
AX
> V
A
t nht bng mt khong V
T
(in th ngng), u dra ca b so snh
s xung mc thp v ngng tin trnh bin i s nh phn thanh ghi. Ti thi im ny
V
AX
xp x V
A
. gi dtr nh phn thanh ghi l i lng s tng ng V
AX
v cng l i
lng s tng ng V
A
, trong gii hn phn gii v chnh xc ca h thng.
Logic iu khin kch hot tn hiu ECO khi chu k chuyn i kt thc.
Tin trnh ny c th c nhiu thay di i vi mt s loi ADC khc, ch yu l s khc nhau
cch thc b iu khin sa i s nh phn trong thanh ghi.

<V u trang>

1.2 Cc ch tiu k thut ch yu ca ADC
phn gii
phn gi ca mt ADC biu th bng s bit ca tn hiu s u ra. S lng bit nhiu sai s
lng t cng nh, chnh xc cng cao.
Di ng, in tr u vo.
Mc logic ca tn hiu s u ra v kh nng chu ti (ni vo u vo).
chnh xc tng i
Nu l tng ha th tt c cc im chuyn iphi nm trn mt ng thng. chnh xc
tng i l sai ds ca cc im chuyn i thc t so vi c tuyn chuyn i l tng.
Ngoi ra cn yu cu ADC khng b mt bit trong ton b phm vi cng tc.
Tc chuyn i
Tc chuyn i c xc nh thi gian bi thi gian cn thit hon thnh mt ln chuyn i
A/D. Thi gian ny tnh t khi xut hin tn hiu iu khin chuyn i n khi tn hiu s u ra
n nh.
H s nhit
H s nhit l bin thin tng i tn hiu s u ra khi nhit bin i 10C trong phm vi
nhit cng tc cho ph p vi iu kin mc tng t u vo khng i.
T s ph thuc cng sut
Gi s in p tng t u vo khng i, nu ngun cung cp cho ADC bin thin m nh
hng n tn hiu s u ra cng ln th t s ph thuc ngun cng ln.
Cng sut tiu hao.

<Tr v u trang>

1.3 Cc bc chuyn i AD
Qu trnh chuyn i A/D nhn chung c thc hin qua 4 bc c bn, l: ly mu; nh
mu; lng t ha v m ha. Cc bc lun lun kt hp vi nhau trong mt qu trnh thng
nht.
1.3.1 nh l ly mu
i vi tn hiu tng t V
I
th tn hiu ly mu V
S
sau qu trnh ly mu c th khi phc tr li
V
I
mt cch trung thc nu iu kin sau y tha mn:
f
S
2f
Imax
(10)
Trong f
S
: tn s ly mu
f
Imax
: l gii hn trn ca gii tn s tng t
Hnh 5.17 biu din cch ly mu tn hiu tng t u vo. Nu biu thc (10) c tha mn
th ta c th dng b t lc thng thp khi phc V
I
t V
S
.
V mi ln chuyn i in p ly mu thnh tn hiu s tng ng u cn c mt thi gian
nht nh nn phi nh mu trong mt khong thi gian cn thit sau mi ln ly mu. in p
tng t u vo c thc hin chuyn i A/D trn thc t l gi tr VI i din, gi tr ny l
kt qu ca mi ln ly mu.

1.3.2 Lng t ha v m ha
Tn hiu s khng nhng ri rc trong thi gian m cn khng lin tc trong bin i gi tr. Mt
gi tr bt k ca tn hiu s u phi biu th bng bi s nguyn ln gi tr n v no , gi tr
ny l nh nht c chn. Ngha l nu dng tn hiu s biu th in p ly mu th phi bt
in p ly mu ha thnh bi s nguyn ln gi tr n v. Qu trnh ny gi l lng t ha.
n v c chn theo qui nh ny gi l n v lng t, k hiu D. Nh vy gi tr bit 1 ca
LSB tn hiu s bng D. Vic dng m nh phn biu th gi tr tn hiu s l m ha. M nh
phn c c sau qu trnh trn chnh l tn hiu u ra ca chuyn i A/D.
1.3.3 Mch ly mu v nh mu
Khi ni trc tip in th tng t vi u vo ca ADC, tin trnh bin i c th b tc ng
ngc nu in th tng t thay i trong tin trnh bin i. Ta c th ci thin tnh n nh
ca tin trnh chuyn i bng cch s dng mch ly mu v nh mu ghi nh in th tng
t khng i trong khi chu k chuyn i din ra. Hnh 5.18 l mt s ca mch ly mu v
nh mu.

Khi u vo iu khin = 1 lc ny chuyn mch ng mch ch ly mu
Khi u vo iu khin = 0 lc ny chuyn mch h mch ch gi mu
Chuyn mch c ng mt thi gian di t C
h
np n gi tr dng in ca tn hiu
tng t. V d nu chuyn mch c ng ti thi im t0 th u ra A
1
s np nhanh t C
h
ln
n in th tng t V
0
. khi chuyn mch m th t Ch s duy tr in th ny u ra ca
A
2
cung cp mc in th ny cho ADC. B khuch i m A
2
t tr khng cao ti u vo
nhm khng x in th t mt cch ng k trong thi gian chuyn i ca ADC do ADC
ch yu s nhn c in th DC vo, tc l V
0
.
Trong thc t ngi ta s dng vi mch LF198 (hnh 5.19) l mch S/H tch hp c thi gian thu
nhn d liu tiu biu l 4ms ng vi Ch = 1000pF, v 20ms ng vi C
h
= 0.01mF. Tn hiu my
tnh sau s m chuyn mch cho php C
h
duy tr gi tr ca n v cung cp mc in th
tng t tng i n nh ti u ra A
2
.

<Tr v u trang>


2.1 ADC dng sng bc thang
2.1.1 s khi
Phin bn n gin nht ca lp ADC hnh 5.16 s dng b m nh phn lm thanh ghi
v cho php xung nhp y b m tng mi mt bc, cho n khi V
AX
> V
A
. y gi l ADC
sng dng bc thang, v dng sng ti V
AX
c tng bc i ln. Ngi ta cn gi l ADC loi b
m.
Hnh 5.20 l s biu din mt ADC dng sng bc thang.

Cc thnh phn ca DAC dng sng bc thang hnh 5.20 gm: mt b m, mt DAC, mt b so
snh tng t, mt cng NAND 3 ng vo iu khin. u ra ca b so snh dng lm tn
hiu (End Of Conversion kt thc chuyn i).
2.1.2 Hot ng ca b ADC dng sng bc thang
Gi s VA, tc mc in th cn chuyn i l dng th tin trnh hot ng din ra nh sau:
Xung Khi ng c a vo Reset b m v 0. Mc cao ca xung Khi ng cm
khng cho xung nhp i qua cng AND vo b m.
Nu u ca DAC ton bit 0 th u ra ca DAC s l V
AX
= 0V. V V
A
>V
AX
nn u ra b so
snh s ln mc cao.
Khi xung Khi ng v thp th cng AND cho php xung nhp i qua cng ny v vo b
m.
Khi gi tr b m tng ln th u ra DAC l V
AX
s tng mi ln mi bc, nh minh ha
hnh 5.20.
Tin trnh c tip tc cho n khi V
AX
ln n bc vt qu V
A
mt khong V
T
. Ti thi
im ny ng ra ca b so snh v thp v cm khng cho xung nhp i vo b m nn b
m s ngng m.
Tin trnh chuyn i hon tt khi tn hiu chuyn t trng thi cao xung thp v ni dung
ca b m l biu th dng s ca in p tng t vo V
A
.
B m s duy tr gi tr s cho n khi no xung Khi ng k tip vo bt u tin trnh
chuyn i mi.
2.1.3 phn gii v chnh xc ca ADC dng sng bc thang
Trong ADC dng sng bc thang c nhiu yu t nh hng n sai s ca qu trnh chuyn i
nh: kch c bc thang, tc phn gii ca DAC ci trong n v nh nht. Nu gim kch c
bc thang ta c th hn ch bt sai s nhng lun c khong cch chnh lch gia i lng thc
t v v gi tr gn cho n. y gi l sai s lng t.
Cng nh trong DAC, chnh xc khng nh hng n phn gii nhng li ty
thuc vo chnh xc ca linh kin trong mch nh: b so snh, in tr chnh xc v chuyn
mch dng ca DAC, ngun in quy chiu,Mc sai s = 0.01% gi tr cc i (y thang)
cho bit kt qu ra t ADC c th sai bit mt khong nh th, do cc linh kin khng l tng.
V d 1
Gi s ADC dng sng bc thang hnh 5.20 c cc thng s sau y: tn s xung nhp =
1Mz; VT = 0.1mV; DAC c u ra cc i = 10.23V v u vo 10 bit. Hy xc nh:
a. Gi tr s tng ng cho V
A
= 3.728V
b. Thi gian chuyn i
c. phn gii ca b chuyn i ny
Bi gii:
a. DAC c u vo 10 bit v u ra cc i = 10.23V nn ta tnh c tng s bc thang c th
c l: 210 1 = 1023
Suy ra kch c bc thang l:

Da trn thng s trn ta thy V
AX
tng theo tng bc 10mV khi b m m ln t 0. v V
A
=
3.728, V
T
= 0.1mV nn V
AX
phi t t 3.728 tr ln trc khi b so snh chuyn sang trng thi
mc thp. Nh vy phi c s bc:

khi cui tin trnh chuyn i, b m duy tr s nh phn tng ng 373
10
, tc
0101110101. y cng chnh l gi tr s tng ng ca V
A
= 3.728V do ADC ny to nn.
b. Mun hon tt qu trnh chuyn i th i hi dng sng dbc thang phi ln 373 bc, c
ngha 373 xung nhp p o vi tc 1 xung trn 1ms, cho nn tng thi gian chuyn i l
373ms.
c. phn gii ca ADC ny bng vi kch thc bc thang ca DAC tc l 10mV. Nu tnh
theo t l phn trm l

2.1.3 Thi gian chuyn i
Thi gian chuyn i l khong thi gian gia im cui ca xung khi ng n thi im kch
hot u ra ca . B m bt u m t 0 ln cho n khi V
AX
vt qu V
A
, ti thi im
xung mc thp kt thc tin trnh chuyn i. Nh vy gi tr ca thi gian chuyn
i t
C
ph thuc vo V
A
. Thi gian chuyn i cc i xy ra khi V
A
nm ngay di bc thang
cao nht. Sao cho V
AX
phi tin ln bc cui cng kch hot .
Vi b chuyn i N bit, ta c:
t
C
(max) = (2
N
1) chu k xung nhp
ADC hnh 5.20 s c thi gian chuyn i cc i
t
C
(max) = (2
10
1)x1ms = 1023ms
i khi thi gian chuyn i trung bnh c quy nh bng thi gian chuyn i cc i.
Vi b chuyn i dng sng bc thang, ta c:

Nhc im ca ADC dng sng bc thang l thi gian chuyn i tng gp i vi tng bit
thm vo b m. Do vy ADC loi ny khng thch hp vi nhng ng dng i hi phi lin
tc chuyn i mt tn hiu tng t thay i nhanh thnh tn hiu s. Tuy nhin vi cc ng
dng tc chm th bn cht tng i n gin ca ADC dng sng bc thang l mt u im
so vi cc loi ADC khc.

<Tr v u trang>

2.2 ADC lin tip - xp x
B chuyn i lin tip - xp x ( Successive Approximation Convetr-SAC) l mt trong nhng
loi ADC thng dng nht. SAC c s phc tp hn nhiu so vi ADC dng sng bc thang.
Ngoi ra SAC cn c gi tr t
C
c nh, khng ph thuc vo gi tr ca u vo tng t.
Hnh 5.21 l mt cu hnh c bn ca SAC, tng t cu hnh ca ADC dng sng bc thang.
Tuy nhin SAC khng s dng b m cung cp u vo cho DAC m thay vo l thanh ghi.
Logic iu khin sa i ni dung lu trn thanh ghi theo tng bit mt cho n khi d liu
thanh ghi bin thnh gi tr s tng ng vi u vo tng t V
A
trong phm vi phn gii
ca b chuyn i.

Hot ng ca ADC lin tip xp x nh sau:
Mch ADC hot ng theo lu hnh 5.22.

Chng ta c th gii thch hot ng ca ADC ny bng cch da vo lu .
V d 2
SAC 8 bit c phn gii l 20mV. Vi u vo tng t l 2.17V, hy tnh u ra s tng
ng.
Gii
S bc ca SAC:

Nh vy bc th 108 s c V
AX
= 2,16V, bc 109 c V
AX
= 2.18V. SAC lun sinh u ra
V
AX
cui cng ti bc thang bn di VA. Do vy, trng hp V
A
= 2.17, u ra s s l
10810 = 011011002.
Thi gian chuyn i
SAC hnh 5.22, logic iu khin m tng bit trn thanh ghi, gn 1 cho n, quyt nh c cn
duy tr chng ti mc 1 hay khng ri chuyn sang bit k tip. Thi gian x l mi bit ko di
mky chu k xung nhp, ngha l tng thi gian chuyn i ca SAC N bit s l N chu k xung
nhp. Ta c:
t
C
cho SAC = N x1 chu k xung nhp
thi gian chuyn i ny lun nh nhau bt chp gi tr ca V
A
. iu ny l o logic iu khin
phi x l mi bit d xem c cn n mc 1 hay khng.
V d 3
So snh thi gian chuyn i ca ADC 10 bit c dng sng bc thang v SAC 10 bit. Gi thit c
hai u p dng tn s xung nhp 500kHz.
Gii
Vi ADC dng sng bc thang, thi gian cc i s l:
(2
N
1) x (1 chu k xung nhp) = 1023 x 2ms = 2046ms
Vi SAC, thi gian chuyn i lun bng 10 chu k xung nhp tc l
10 x 2ms = 20ms
Vy vi SAC th thi gian chuyn i nhanh gp 100 ln ADC dng sng bc thang.

<Tr v u trang>

2.3 ADC nhanh
B chuyn i nhanh (flash converter) l ADC tc cao nht hin nay c mt trn th trng,
nhng s mch phc tp hn cc loi khc. V d mt ADC nhanh 6 bit i hi 63 b so snh
tng t, cn ADC nhanh 8 bit th con s ny ln n 255, 10 bit th ln n 1023. Nh vy s
lng b so snh qu ln gii hn kch c ca ADC nhanh.

Hnh 5.23 l s ca mt ADC nhanh
ADC nhanh hnh 5.23 c phn gii 3 bit. Kch thc bc thang l 1V. B chia in th thit
lp mc quy chiu cho tng b so snh c c 7 mc ng vi 1V ( trng s ca LSB ), 2V,
3V, 7V (y thang). u vo tng t V
A
c ni n u vo cn li ca tng b so snh.
Vi V
A
< 1V th tt c u ra ca b so snh u ln mc cao. Vi V
A
> 1V th t mt u ra tr
ln s xung mc thp. u ra ca b so snh c a vo b m ho u tin tch cc mc
thp, sinh u ra ng vi u ra c s th t cao nht mc thp ca b so snh. L lun tng
t ta s c c bng gi tr nh bng 5.4
Bng 5.4 Bng s tht ca ADC nhanh 3 bit hnh 5.23

ADC nhanh hnh 5.23 c phn gii 1V v u vo tng t phi thay i mi ln 1V mi c
th a u ra s ln bc k tip. Mun c phn gii tinh hn th phi tng tng s mc in
th vo (ngha l s dng nhiu in tr chia th hn) v tng s b so snh. Ni chung ADC
nhanh N bit th cn 2
N
1 b so snh, 2
N
in tr, v logic m ho cn thit.
Thi gian chuyn i
B chuyn i nhanh khng cn thit tn hiu xung nhp v tin trnh ny xy ra lin tc. Khi gi
tr u vo thay i th u ra ca b so snh s thay i lm cho ng ra ca b m ha thay i
theo. Nh vy thi gian chuyn i l thi gian cn thit xut hin mt u ra s mi p li
mt thay i V
A
. Thi gian chuyn i ch ph thuc vo khong tr do truyn ca b so snh
v b m ha. V vy m ADC nhanh c thi gian chuyn i v cng gn.


















III. CC VI MCH IN HNH
Hin nay trn th trng c nhiu loi IC c chc nng chuyn i t s sacng tng t. y
ch gii thiu 2 loi IC thng dng, cc loi khc bn c c th tham kho trong Datasheet hay
trn Internet.
3.1 IC AD7524
IC AD7524 ( IC CMOS) l IC chuyn dng dng chuyn i t s sang tng t. AD7524 l
b chuyn i D/A 8 bit, dng mng R/2R ladder. C s bn trong nh hnh 5.8.

AD7524 c u vo 8 bit, c th b cht trong di s iu khin ca u vo CHN
CHIP v u vo ghi khi c hai u vo iu khin ny u mc thp, th 8 u
vo d liu D
7
D
0
sinh ra dng tng t OUT
1
v OUT
2
(thng OUT
2
ni t).
Nu mt trong hai u vo iu khin ln cao th lc ny d liu vo b cht li v u ra tng
t duy tr ti mc ng vi d liu s b cht . Nhng thay i k tip u vo s khng tc
ng n ng ra tng t OUT
1
trng thi cht ny.
Cc thng s ca IC c lit k bng 5.2
Bng 5.2 Cc thng s ca IC DA7524

Quan h ng vo v ng ra tng ng c trnh by bng 5.3
Bng 5.3 Quan h ng vo v ng ra



ng dng ca IC AD7524 thng dng giao tip vi cc vi x l v vi iu khin chuyn i
tn hiu s sang tng t nhm iu khin cc i tng cn iu khin. Sau y l mt s ng
dng ca IC AD7524 giao tip vi cc IC khc.



<Tr v u trang>
3.2 IC DAC0830
DAC 0830 l IC thuc h CMOS. L b chuyn i D/A 8 bit dng mng R/2R ladder. C th
giao tip trc tip vi cc vi x l m rng hot ng chuyn i D/A.
S chn v cu trc bn trong ca DAC0830

Hot ng ca cc chn
( CHIP SELECT) l chn chn hot ng mc thp. c kt hp vi chn ITL c
th vit d liu.
ITL (INPUT LACTH ENABLE) l chn cho php cht ng vo, hot ng mc cao. ITL
kt hp vi cho php vit.
(WRITE) hot ng mc thp. c s dng np cc bit d liu ng vo cht. D
liu c cht khi mc cao. cht c d liu vo th v phi mc thp
trong khi ITL phi mc cao.
(WRITE) tc ng mc thp. Chn ny kt hp vi chn cho php d liu cht
ng vo mch cht c truyn ti thanh nghi DAC trong IC.
(TRANSFER CONTROL SIGNAL) tc ng mc thp. Cho php c vit.
DI
0
DI
7
l cc ng vo s trong DI
0
l LSB cn DI
7
l MSB.
I
OUT1
ng ra dng DAC
1
. C tr s cc i khi tt c cc bit vo u bng 1, cn bng 0 khi tt
c cc bit vo u bng 0.
I
OUT2
ng ra dng DAC
2
. Nu I
OUT1
tng t 0 cho n cc i th I
OUT2
s gim t cc i v 0
sao cho I
OUT1
+ I
OUT2
= hng s.
R
fb
in tr hi tip nm trong IC. Lun c s dng hi tip cho Op Amp mc ngoi.
V
ref
ng vo in p tham chiu t -10 n +10V.
V
CC
in p ngun cp cho IC hot ng t 5 n 15V.
GND (mass) chung cho IOUT
1
v IOUT
2
.
Sau y l mt s ng dng ca DAC0830 chuyn i t s sang tng t.
iu khin volume bng s

iu khin my pht sng bng s

B iu khin dng bng s

DAC8030 c th iu khin c dng ra thay i theo d liu s vo. Dng ra thay i t
4mA (khi D = 0) n 19.9mA (khi D = 255).
Mch in trn s dng cho cc mc in p vo khc nhau t 16V n 55V.
P
2
thay i gi tr dng in ng ra, P
1
chnh mc 0 ca thang ton phn ng ra.
Ng vo s c th cung cp t vi x l (dng Opto mi ng vo) v d liu vo c th t
bi cc cng tc.




IV. CC MCH NG DNG
1. iu chnh v n nh v tr ca mt vt
Khi yu cu mch iu khin i hi khng ch mt vt dch chuyn v c nh mt mc
khng i c th thc hin mch iu khin theo s trn hnh sau

Khi t mt gi tr s nh phn vo ng vo DAC, in p ng ra V
a
tc ng mch Op-Amps
iu khin ng c servo M a vt cn iu khin n mt v tr t trc (v tr ny c xc
lp khi V
a
= V
p
). Nh vy tu vo gi tr ca s nh phn, vt cn iu khin s dch chuyn
trong chiu di t 0 n 100mm. V mt l do no lm cho vt cn iu khin lch khi v tr
cn bng (V
a
V
p
) v d nh antenna b gi thi lch khi v tr cn bng ... s lm thay i in
p Vp so vi mass (do bin tr thay i v tr), iu ny s tc ng vo Op-Amps thay i in
p trn ng c servo M, tc ng da vt cn iu khin v v tr cn bng.
2. Mch khi ng m (Ramp-Start)
Trong mch iu khin h truyn ng c ng c s dng k thut s, ngi ta thng s dng
cc b khi ng m gip h thng trnh c cc xung t bin c hc gip ng khng b
xon gy trc hay h hng cc chi tit c kh cng nh in t khc. Mch ny c s khi v
nguyn l lm vic nh hnh sau:

Khi h nhn c tn hiu "START" t mch iu khin, mch m nhn xung clock v bt u
m ln, cng lc ny ng ra Op-Amps l tn hiu EOC (End-Of-Conversion) ang mc cao.
Theo nhp m ln ca mch m, DAC chuyn i cc s nh phn theo gi tr ln dn nh
dng sng in p V
AX
trn hnh v. Tn hiu ny iu khin h thng khi ng m cho n khi
V
A
= V
AX
th tn hiu ng ra Op-Amps EOC s v 0 dn n kt thc qu trnh khi ng m do
cng AND 3 ng vo hot ng nh mt kho in t.
R rng, thay v t bin t 0 n V
A
, tn hiu in p V
AX
tng dn theo tng nc nh. Khong
cch gia 2 nc chnh l phn gii ca DAC.
3. Mch pht xung chnh c tn s v sng dng in p
Nguyn l lm vic ca mch ny tng t nh mch iu khin n qung co trong chng vi
mch nh nhng thay v cc ng ra iu khin n th y cc tn hiu ny a vo DAC 0808.
Khi thay i chng trnh xut ra t vi mch nh ta s thay i c sng dng in p pht ra
v
out
.

Nu mun tn hiu ng ra l sng vung, ch cn np trnh vo EPROM nh sau:

Nh vy ch cn tnh ton li cc mc in p tng ng vi cc ng vo tn hiu s ly t
chng trnh trong EPROM, ta c th to ra bt k sng dng in p no ng ra. Khi mun
thay i tn s ca sng dng in p v
out
, ta ch vic thay i tn s ca mch pht xung dng vi
mch 555. Do , tn s ca in p v
out
c chnh trong mt khong rng v trn.