AC Machines II Lab

1


PRE-DETERMINATION OF REGULATION OF AN ALTERNATOR
BY E.M.F AND M.M.F METHOD
Exp.No: 1 Date :

Aim : a) To pre-determine the regulation of an alternator by E.M.F or Synchronous
Impedance method.
b) To pre-determine the regulation of an alternator by M.M.F method
Name Plate Details:










Apparatus Required:

Sl.No Name of the Apparatus Type Range Quantity
1 Ammeter MC 1 No
2 Ammeter MC 1 No
3 Ammeter MI 1 No
4 Voltmeter MI 1 No
5 Voltmeter MC 1 No
6 Rheostat Wire Wound 1 No
7 Rheostat Wire Wound 1 No
8 Tachometer Digital 1 No

3 Alternator DC Shunt Motor
KVA : HP :
Voltage : Voltage :
Current : Current :
Speed : Speed :
Excitation Current : Excitation Current :
Excitation Voltage : Excitation Voltage :
AC Machines II Lab
2



Circuit Diagram:







Drop Test (Armature Resistance)
-
Variable
Resistive Load

220V DC
SUPPLY

+
-
R
1

V
-
+
D - Double
P - Pole
S - Single
T - Throw
S - Switch
Fuse
R
2

A
+
+
~
A
220V
DC SUPPLY
~
- +
+
L F
D P S T S
-
A
AA
A
Z
ZZ
Fuse
A
Potential
Divider
X
XX
R
B Y
T
P
S
T
S
Stator
F
i
e
l
d
N
3 Point Starter
V
AC Machines II Lab
3



Formulae Used:
1. Armature Resistance, R
a
= 1.2R
dc

Where, R
dc
is the resistance arranged with D.C.
Open Circuit Voltage per phase
2. Synchronous Impedance, Z
s
=
Short Circuit Current
3. Synchronous Reactance, X
s
= (Z
s
2
-R
a
2
)
4. Open Circuit Voltage, E
o
= (V
rated
Cos + I
a
R
a
)
2
+ (V
rated
Sin + I
a
X
s
)
2

(For Lagging PF)
5. Open Circuit Voltage, E
o
= (V
rated
Cos + I
a
R
a
)
2
+ (V
rated
Sin - I
a
X
s
)
2

(For Leading PF)
6. Open Circuit Voltage, E
o
= (V
rated
Cos + I
a
R
a
)
2
+ (I
a
X
s
)
2

(For Unity PF)
E
o
- V
rated

7. Percentage Regulation = X 100
V
rated


Precautions:
1. The motor field rheostat should be kept in the minimum resistance position.
2. The alternator field potential divider should be in the minimum voltage
position.
3. Initially all switches are in open position.
Procedure:
1. Note down the name plate details of motor and alternator.
2. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
3. Using 3-point starter, start the motor, the field rheostat is adjusted until rated
speed of motor is obtained.
AC Machines II Lab
4


4. Now, using potential divider connections, the alternator is excited by increasing
the field current in steps and corresponding induced emf is noted up to 125% of
rated voltage.
5. Now, the short circuit characteristic is obtained by shorting the output terminals
of alternator by an ammeter.
6. The alternator is again excited and field current is increased in steps until rated
full load current passes through the ammeter.
7. Conduct stator resistance test by giving connections as per the circuit diagram
and tabulate the voltage and current readings for various resistive loads.
8. By synchronous impedance method, regulation of alternator is found for
different power factors
Procedure to draw the graph for EMF method:
1. Draw the open circuit characteristic curve
(Generated Voltage per phase Vs Field Current)
2. Draw the short circuit characteristic curve
(Short circuit Current Vs Field Current)
3. From the graph find the open circuit voltage per phase V (Ph) for the rated
short circuit current I
sc
.
4. By using respective formula find the Z
s
, X
s
, E
o
and percentage regulation.
Procedure to draw the Vector diagram for EMF method:
1. Draw the line OF that represents the load current.
2. Draw the line OA to represent the rated voltage per phase, which makes an angle
(It may lag / lead / inphase) with the current.
3. Draw the line AB to represent IR
a
drop, which is parallel to current axis (OF).
4. Draw the perpendicular line BC with the line AB (IR
a
drop) to represent IX
s
drop.
5. Join the points A and C to represent the IZ
s
drop.
6. Join the points O and C which represents open circuit voltage E
o
.
7. Find the percentage regulation by suitable formula.
AC Machines II Lab
5

Observations:




Model graph for EMF method:




For OCC
S.No
Field
Current
Induced
Voltage
Amps Volts










For SCC
S.No
Field
Current
Armature
Current
Amps Amps

To Find Armature Resistance (R
a
)
Sl
No
Armature
Current
Armature
Voltage
Armature
resistance
Amp Volt Ohm




Short Circuit
Current in Amp
Field Current(If) in Amp
OCC
V (Ph)
Open Circuit
Voltage in Volt
1
Lagging PF
Leading PF
From EMF Method
+
Ve

%Regulation
-
Ve

%Regulation
AC Machines II Lab
6


Procedure to draw the graph for MMF method:
1. Draw the open circuit characteristic curve
(Generated Voltage per phase Vs Field Current)
2. Draw the short circuit characteristic curve
(Short circuit Current Vs Field Current)
3. Draw the line OL to represent I
F1
which gives the rated terminal voltage.
4. Draw the line LA at an angle (90) to represent I
F2
which gives the rated
full load current (I
sc
) on short circuit
[(90+) for lagging power factor and (90-) for leading power factor]
5. Join the points O and A and find the field current (I
f
) by measuring the distance
OA that gives the open circuit voltage (E
o
) from the open circuit characteristics.
6. Find the percentage regulation by using suitable formula.
Model Graph for MMF Method:



V
EO1
EO2
EO3
I
F1
I
F2
I
F2
I
F2
I
F2
I
F
I
F
I
F
I
SC
A

A

L
O

From MMF
Method
Lag PF
Lead PF
+
Ve

%Regulatio
n
-
Ve

%Regulation
AC Machines II Lab
7



Vector Diagrams: (EMF Method)

Lagging PF:














Leading PF:














Unity PF:










A B
C
O
O D
A
B
C
F

Where,
V - Load Terminal Voltage/Ph
I - Load Current
R
a
- Armature Resistance/Ph
X
s
- Synchronous reactance/Ph
E
o
N0-Load Voltage/Ph
O
D F
A
B
I

C
AC Machines II Lab
8




Result:





Review Questions:

1. Why the synchronous impedance method of regulation of an alternator is also known
as pessimistic method?
2. Why the M.M.F method of regulation of an alternator is also known as optimistic
method?


















AC Machines II Lab
9

PRE-DETERMINATION OF REGULATION OF AN ALTERNATOR
BY Z.P.F METHOD
Exp.No: 2 Date :

Aim : To pre-determine the regulation of an alternator by Z.P.F or Potier method.
Name Plate Details:










Apparatus Required:

Sl.No Name of the Apparatus Type Range Quantity
1 Ammeter MC 1 No
2 Ammeter MC 1 No
3 Ammeter MI 1 No
4 Voltmeter MI 1 No
5 Voltmeter MC 1 No
6 Rheostat Wire Wound 1 No
7 Rheostat Wire Wound 1 No
8 Tachometer Digital 1 No
Formulae Used:
E
o
- V
rated

1. Percentage Regulation = x 100
V
rated
2. Armature Resistance, Ra = 1.2R
dc

3 Alternator DC Shunt Motor
KVA : HP :
Voltage : Voltage :
Current : Current :
Speed : Speed :
Excitation Current : Excitation Current :
Excitation Voltage : Excitation Voltage :
AC Machines II Lab
10


Circuit Diagram:



220V
DC
SUPPLY
Variable
Resistive Load

+
-
R1
V
-
+
Drop Test (Armature Resistance)
D - Double
P - Pole
S - Single
T - Throw
S - Switch
Fuse
R2
A
-
~
~
T
P
S
T
S

- +
Z.P.F Test
Potential
Divider
+
L F
D P S T
Switch
-
A
AA
A
Z
ZZ
Fuse
A
X
F
i
e
l
d
3 Point Starter
A R
B
Y
3 Variable
Inductive Load
N
XX
R
B Y
Stator
N
V
220V
DC
SUPPLY
3 Point Starter
- +
Potential
Divider
~
~
+
220V
DC SUPPLY
L F
D P S T
Switch
-
A
A
A
A
Z
ZZ
Fuse
A
X
XX
R
B Y
T
P
S
T
S
Stator
F
i
e
l
d
N
A
V
AC Machines II Lab
11

Precautions:
1. The motor field rheostat should be kept in the minimum position
2. The alternator field potential divider should be in the minimum voltage
position.
3. Initially all switches are in open position.

Procedure:
1. Note down the name plate details of motor and alternator.
2. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
3. Using 3-point starter, start the motor, the field rheostat is adjusted until rated
speed of motor is obtained.
4. Conduct an open circuit test by varying the potential divider for various values
of field current and tabulate the corresponding open circuit voltage readings.
5. Conduct short circuit test by connecting an ammeter and adjust the potential
divider to set the rated armature current. Tabulate the corresponding field
current.
6. Conduct ZPF test by adjusting the potential divider for full load current passing
through inductive load with zero power and tabulate the readings of
corresponding field current and terminal voltages, simultaneously varying the
impedance of the ZPF load and the field current maintaining the load current
constant at rated value.
7. Conduct stator resistance test by giving connections as per the circuit diagram
and tabulate the voltage and current readings for various values of current.
8. Now, graph is drawn, the Potier triangle is constructed and drop due to leakage
reactance is found.
9. Using graphical method values of E corresponding to various power factors
are found and regulation in each case is calculated (0.8 lag, 0.8 lead and UPF).



AC Machines II Lab
12

Procedure to draw the Potier triangle (ZPF method):
1. Draw the OCC curve (Generated Voltage per phase Vs Field Current)
2. Mark the point A on X-axis, which is obtained from short circuit test with full
load armature current. OA is the field current.
3. From the ZPF test, mark the point B for the field current to produce rated
armature current and at rated voltage with ZPF load.
4. Draw the ZPF curve which is passing through point A and B in such a way
OA=CB; and DC parallel to air gap line.
5. Draw the tangent for the OCC from the origin i.e. air gap line.
6. Draw the line BC from B towards Y-axis, which is parallel and equal to OA.
7. Draw the parallel line for the tangent from C to the OCC curve.
8. Join the point B and D also drop a perpendicular line DE to BC.
Where, the line DE represents armature leakage reactance drop IX
L
, BE
represents field current required to over come armature reaction (I
fa
).
Procedure to draw the Vector diagram:
1. Select the suitable voltage and current scale.
2. For the corresponding power angle (Lag, Lead, Unity) draw the voltage
vector OA and current vector OB.
3. Draw the vector AC with the magnitude of IR
a
drop which should be
parallel to the vector OB.
4. Draw the perpendicular CD to AC from the point C with the magnitude of
IX
L
drop.
5. Join the points O and D which will be equal to the air gap voltage (E
air
).
6. Find out the field current (I
fe
) for the corresponding air gap voltage (E
air
)
from the OCC curve.
7. Draw the vector OF with the magnitude I
fe
, which should be perpendicular
to the vector OD.
8. Draw the vector FG from F with the magnitude I
fa
(equal to BE from potier
triangle) in such a way it is parallel to current vector OB.
AC Machines II Lab
13

9. Join the points O and G which will be equal to the field excitation current (I
f
)

10. Draw the perpendicular line to the vector OG from the point O and extend
vector CD in such a manner to intersect the perpendicular line at the point H.
OH represents E
o

(or)
11. Find out the open circuit voltage E
o
, for the corresponding field excitation
current I
f
, from the OCC curve.
12. Find out the regulation from appropriate formula.
Observations:






To Find Armature Resistance (R
a
)
Sl
No
Armature
Current
Armature Voltage Armature resistance
Amp Volt Ohm




For OCC
S.No
Field
Current
Induced
Voltage
Amps Volts










For SCC
S.No
Field
Current
Armature
Current
Amps Amps

ZPF Test
Sl.
No
Field Current Armature Voltage
Amp Volt





AC Machines II Lab
14


Model Graph:




























C
E
o
E
Air
V
Rated
at ZPF
Air Gap Line
OCC Curve
ZPF Curve
N

D

E

B

A
I
f
at SC

I
f
at ZPF

V
o
/Phase
in Volts
Field Current
in Amps
O
I
fe
OG = I
f
DE = I
XL
Armature Leakage Drop

BE = I
fa
Armature Reaction Excitation
AC Machines II Lab
15


Vector Diagram:







Result:


Review Questions:

1. What is Potier reactance?
2. Which quantities are usually determined using zero power factor characteristics of a
synchronous machine?
3. Why an alternator with low value of SCR has lower stability limit?
4. Why the short circuit characteristic of an alternator is linear?

A
O
B

C
D
H
F
G
I
f
I
fa
E
Air
E
o
IaRa
IX
L
I
fe
AC Machines II Lab
16


SLIP TEST AND REGULATION OF 3 ALTERNATOR
Exp.No: 3 Date :

Aim : To measure the values of X
d
and X
q
by performing slip test and to predetermine the
regulation.
Name Plate Details:

3 Auto Transformer

Input :

Output :




Apparatus Required:

Sl.No Name of the Apparatus Type Range Quantity
1 Ammeter MI 1 No
2 Voltmeter MI 1 No
3 Voltmeter MI 1 No
4 Rheostat Wire Wound 1 No
5 Tachometer Digital 1 No

Formulae used:
1. Direct Axis reactance per phase, X
d
= V
max
/ I
min

2. Quadrature Axis reactance per phase, X
q
= V
min
/ I
max

E
o
- V
rated

3. Percentage Regulation = x 100
V
rated

3 Alternator DC Shunt Motor
KVA : HP :
Voltage : Voltage :
Current : Current :
Speed : Speed :
Excitation Current : Excitation Current :
Excitation Voltage : Excitation Voltage :
AC Machines II Lab
17


Precautions:
1. The motor armature rheostat should be kept in the maximum resistance position
2. The alternator field should be open throughout the experiment.
3. Initially all switches are in open position.
4. The direction of rotation due to prime mover and due to alternator run as
the motor should be same.

Procedure:
1. Note down the name plate details of motor and alternator.
2. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
3. Using 3-point starter start the motor to run at the synchronous speed by varying
the motor field rheostat, at the same time check whether the alternator field has
been opened.
4. Apply 20% to 30% of the rated voltage to the armature of the alternator by
adjusting the auto transformer.
5. To obtain the slip and the maximum oscillations of pointers the speed is
reduced slightly lesser than the synchronous speed.
6. Maximum current, minimum current, maximum voltage, minimum voltages
are noted.
7. Find out the direct and quadrature axis impedances.









AC Machines II Lab
18


Circuit Diagram:

















Z
~
~
L F
D - Double
P - Pole
S - Single
T - Throw
S - Switch
+
-
A
ZZ
XX
R
B Y
Stator
N
A
V
~
V
X
Field
Fuse
3 Variac
Fuse
415 V
50 Hz
3
AC Supply
T
P
S
T
S
R
Y
B
3 Point Starter
Slip Test on 3 Alternator
220V, DC
SUPPLY
AC Machines II Lab
19



Observations:
Speed of the alternator =
Minimum Voltage Applied to the Stator =
(Nearly 20% to 30% of rated voltage)

















Model Graph:



















Sl
No
Voltage Current
Direct Axis
Reactance
Quadrature
Axis
Reactance
V
max
V
min
I
max
I
min
X
d
X
q







1
%Regulation
Lead PF Lag PF
AC Machines II Lab
20

Vector Diagrams:








Construction of Two-Reaction diagram from test data:

For construction of two reaction diagram, the values of X
d
and X
q
must be known.
From the load specified the voltage phasor and current phasor at the load power factor
angle are drawn as shown in the above fig. From the extremity of the voltage phasor a line
parallel to current phasor OI and equal to IR
a
is drawn. Now from the extremity of the phasor
IR
a
, a line perpendicular to current phasor OI and equal to IX
q
is drawn then a line from the
origin O and passing through the extremity of IX
q
phasor is drawn. This line gives the
direction of excitation voltage E
o
. Knowing the direction of E
o
the values of I
d
and I
q
are
determined. By adding vectorially I
d
X
d
and I
q
X
q
to extremity of resistive drop phasor IR
a
,
the magnitude of excitation voltage E
o
is determined.

V Cos
IRa Cos
I
d
X
d
Iq
I
d
I

V

I
d
X
d
I
d
X
q
I
d
(X
d
-X
q
)
I
q
X
q
IX
q
I
q
X
q
E
o




IRa

O
A
B
C
D
F G
H
J
K
M
N
E
o
= V Cos + IR
a
Cos + I
d
X
d
Tan = [(V Sin + IXq) / (V Cos + IRa)
E
o
= V Cos + IqR
a
+ I
d
X
d,
I
q
= I Cos, I
d
= I Sin
[
OR
I
q
= I Cos
]
AC Machines II Lab
21




Result:




Review Questions:

1. Why the two reaction theory is applied only to salient pole machines?
2. What is the use of slip test on an alternator?
3. Why the two reactances are considered in a single synchronous machine?
4. Why the direct axis reactance is more in salient pole synchronous machine?



















AC Machines II Lab
22


REGULATION OF 3 ALTERNATOR BY DIRECT LOAD TEST
Exp.No: 4 Date :

Aim : To determine the regulation of 3 alternator by conducting direct load test.

Name Plate details:












Apparatus Required:











Formulae Used:
E
o
- V
L

Percentage Regulation = x 100
V
L

Where, E
o
- No Load Voltage in Volt
V
L
- Load Voltage in Volt

3 Alternator
DC Shunt
Motor
3 Load
KVA : HP : Resistive :
Voltage : Voltage : Inductive :
Current : Current :
Speed : Speed :
Excitation
Current :
Excitation
Current :

Excitation
Voltage :
Excitation
Voltage :

Sl.No
Name of the
Apparatus
Type Range Quantity
1 Ammeter MI 1 No
2 Ammeter MC 1 No
3 Voltmeter MI 1 No
4 Rheostat Wire Wound 1 No
5 Rheostat Wire Wound 1 No
6 Tachometer Digital 1 No
AC Machines II Lab
23





Circuit Diagram:















220V DC
SUPPLY
-
+
~
~
Load Test On 3 Alternator
Potential
Divider
+
L F
D P S T
Switch
-
A
AA
A
Z
ZZ
Fuse
A
X
XX
R
B Y
T
P
S
T
S

Stator
F
i
e
l
d
N
3 Point Starter
R
B
V
Y
3
Variable
Load
N
A
Fuse
AC Machines II Lab
24


Precautions:
1. The motor field rheostat should be in the minimum resistance position.
2. The alternator field potential divider should be in the minimum voltage
position.
3. Initially all switches of load are in OFF position.


Procedure:
1. Note down the name plate details of motor and alternator.
2. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
3. Give supply to the motor by closing the DPST switch.
4. Using 3-point starter, start the motor and run at synchronous speed by varying
the motor field rheostat.
5. By varying the potential divider, the generated voltage is built up to the rated
voltage.
6. Now close the TPST switch.
7. Apply the load and note down the load current, load voltage for various values
of loads when the speed and excitation current should be kept constant
throughout the process. The process should be repeated for different types of
loads.
8. After taking the readings release the load completely and switch OFF the motor


Graph: The graphs are drawn for
Load Current Vs Percentage Regulation
Load Current Vs Terminal Voltage



AC Machines II Lab
25

Observations:
Speed of the Alternator:
Excitation Current :
Sl
No
Resistive Load Inductive Load R-L Load
Load
Current
I
L

Terminal
Voltage
V
L

R
e
g
u
l
a
t
i
o
n

Load
Current
I
L

Terminal
Voltage
V
L

R
e
g
u
l
a
t
i
o
n

Load
Current
I
L

Terminal
Voltage
V
L

R
e
g
u
l
a
t
i
o
n

Amp Volt % Amp Volt % Amp Volt %










Model Graphs:












Resistive Load
Inductive Load
Load Current in Amps
-
%

R
e
g
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
+
%

R
e
g
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
R - L Load
Load Current in Amps
AmpsAmps
Inductive Load
R-L Load
Resistive Load
Terminal
Voltage in
Volts
AC Machines II Lab
26


Result:




Review Questions:

1. What is working principle of an alternator?
2. Why the alternators are rated in KVA?
3. What type of alternator is used for hydraulic turbine and steam turbine?
4. What is meant by voltage regulation of an alternator?
5. Why the distributed winding is preferred over concentric winding for an alternator?
6. What is the necessity for chording in the armature winding of a synchronous machine?
7. What is meant by armature reaction of a synchronous machine?
8. What is effect of armature reaction for an alternator for zero power factor lagging?
9. Why the terminal voltage falls if the load on alternator increases?
10. Why the voltage regulation of an alternator is negative for leading power factor?













AC Machines II Lab
27


SEPARATION OF CORE LOSSES OF 1 TRANSFORMER

Exp. No: 5 Date:

Aim : To separate hysteresis and eddy current losses from core losses of 1 Transformer.
Name Plate Details :
1 Transformer DC Motor Alternator
KVA Rating : HP : KVA :
Voltage Rating : Voltage : Voltage :
LV Side : Current : Current :
HV Side : Speed : Speed :
Excitation Voltage: Excitation Voltage :
Excitation Current : Excitation Current :
Apparatus Required :
Sl.No Name of Apparatus Range Type Quantity
1 Ammeter M.I 1 NO
2 Voltmeter M.I 1 NO
3 Wattmeter LPF 1 NO
4 Ammeter MC 1 No
5 Rheostat
Wire Wound
1 No
6 Rheostat
Wire Wound
1 No
7 Tachometer Digital 1 No
Formulae Used :
Iron losses = Hysteresis loss + Eddy current loss
Hysteresis loss (B
max
)
1.6
f
Eddy current loss (B
max
)
2
f
2

With B
max
keep constant
Iron losses, W
i
= Af + Bf
2

Wi
= A + Bf
f
By calculating A and B from the corresponding graph we can know the hysteresis
loss and eddy current loss at particular frequency.
AC Machines II Lab
28




Circuit Diagram:
















0
115 V 230 V
0
220V DC
SUPPLY
LPF Wattmeter

~
A
- +
Potential
Divider
+
L F
D P S T
Switch
-
A
AA
A
Z
ZZ
Fuse
A
X XX
Y
Field
3 Point Starter
R
Stator
N
~
V
B
Open
Circuit
M
L
C V
Separation of Iron Losses of 1 Transformer
AC Machines II Lab
29


Precautions:
1. Initially potential divider should be at minimum position.
2. Initially field rheostat of motor should be at minimum position.
Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Switch On the DC supply to motor and adjust the speed to rated value by using
field rheostat.
3. The rheostat in potential divider connection is kept at minimum position
initially and gradually increased till we get rated value in the voltmeter and take
wattmeter reading.
4. Adjust the frequency to the pre-determined value using the field rheostat and
potential divider rheostat.
5. Repeat the above step for different frequencies and note down the wattmeter
readings correspondingly.
6. Switch OFF supply by bringing the motor to initial state.
Observations:




Sl
No
Applied
Voltage
Frequency Speed
No-Load
Power
Wi / f
Hysteresis
Loss
Eddy
Current
Loss
V F N Obs Act
Volt Amp Amp Watt Watt








AC Machines II Lab
30


Model Calculations:

Here, V/f = 230 / 50 = 4.6
As, Wi / f = A + Bf

From Graph: B = dy / dx and A = y - intercept

Model Graph:


Result:

Review Questions:
1. Why an alternator is required to separate the core losses of transformer?
2. Why the v/f ratio is made constant during the experiment?
3. What happens to a transformer when the v/f is made to vary?
4. Is the eddy current loss of a transformer is independent of frequency for a given voltage?

Frequency in Hz
Wi/f
dx
dy
A
AC Machines II Lab
31

SYNCHRONIZATION OF 3 ALTERNATOR WITH INFINITE BUS
Exp.No: 6 Date :

Aim : To synchronize the given 3 alternator with infinite bus
Name Plate Details:










Apparatus Required:

Sl.No Name of the Apparatus Type Range Quantity
1 Ammeter MC 1 No
2 Voltmeter MI 2 No
3 Rheostat Wire Wound 1 No
4 Rheostat Wire Wound 1 No
5 Tachometer Digital 1 No
6 Synchronizing Panel
Dark &
Bright lamp
Method
1 NO

Precautions:
1. The motor field rheostat should be kept in the minimum position.
2. The potential divider of the field of alternator should be in the minimum
voltage position.
3. The synchronizing switch must be closed only after ensuring that all the four
conditions for the synchronization are satisfied.
3 Alternator DC Shunt Motor
KVA : HP :
Voltage : Voltage :
Current : Current :
Speed : Speed :
Excitation Current : Excitation Current :
Excitation Voltage : Excitation Voltage :
AC Machines II Lab
32


Circuit Diagram:



















220V DC
SUPPLY
Infinite
Bus bars
~
Synchronizing
Panel
l
~
- +
Synchronization of 3 Alternator with infinite bus
Potential
Divider
+
L F
D P S T
Switch
-
A
AA
A
Z
ZZ
Fuse
A
X XX
B
1

Field
3 Point Starter
R
1

T
P
S
T
S

Stator
N
R
V
Y
1

V
Fuse
Alternator


Y
B
415 V
50Hz
3
AC
Supply
AC Machines II Lab
33


Conditions for Dark & Bright Lamp method: (Two bright and one dark lamp method)
In this method one set of lamps is connected between corresponding phases while the
two others are cross connected between the other two phases.
Before the incoming machine is connected in parallel with the running machine or
with the bus-bars, it is necessary that it meets certain conditions.
1. The terminal voltage of the incoming machine must be exactly equal to that of
the bus-bars connecting them.
2. The speed of the incoming machine must be such that its frequency
(F=PN/120) equals bus-bar frequency.
3. The phase sequence of the incoming machine is the same as that of the bus-
bars.
4. The phase of the incoming machine voltage must be the same as that of the bus-
bar voltage relative to the load. i.e. the phase voltage of the incoming machine
and the bus-bar should be in phase opposition.
Procedure:
1. Note down the name plate details of motor and alternator.
2. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
3. DPST switch is closed and the DC motor is started with the help of starter.
4. By adjusting the field rheostat of the motor, the alternator is brought to rated
speed.
5. By closing the TPST switch the bus-bar voltage is measured.
6. The alternator is excited with the help of potential divider up to the rated
voltage.
7. Phase sequence of the alternator and bus-bars is checked by using a phase
sequence indicator or with the bulbs arranged.
8. If the phase sequence is not proper all the bulbs glow simultaneously other wise
they glow alternately.
9. If the phase sequence is not proper then change any two leads of the alternator
or bus-bars.
AC Machines II Lab
34

10. After ensuring that the phase sequence is proper and the voltages of the bus-
bars and alternator are equal, adjust the speed of the alternator to match the
frequencies.
11. The correct moment to close the synchronizing switch is obtained at the instant
when the straight connected lamps are dark and the cross connected lamps are
equally bright.
12. Once the alternator is synchronized the mechanical input to the alternator is cut-
off by pulling the starter handle back to the OFF position. Thus the alternator
acts as a synchronous motor.


Result: The given alternator is synchronized with the existing bus-bars by using dark
and bright lamp method.

Review Questions:
1. What are the methods of synchronization?
2. Why three dark lamp methods are not used for synchronization of alternators?
3. What are the conditions for synchronization of alternators?
4. What is synchronizing power?










AC Machines II Lab
35

V & INVERTED V CURVES OF SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
Exp.No: 7 Date :

Aim : a) To study the effect of excitation on armature current and power factor and to plot
V and curves.
Name Plate Details:









Apparatus Required:

Sl.No Name of the Apparatus Type Range Quantity
1 Ammeter MC 1 No
2 Ammeter MC 1 No
3 Voltmeter MC 1 No
2 Ammeter MI 1 No
3 Voltmeter MI 1 No
4 Wattmeter UPF 2 No
5 Rheostat Wire Wound 1 No
6 Rheostat Wire Wound 1 No
7 Load Resistive 1 No

Formula Used:
1. Power Factor = Cos[Tan
-1
{3(W
1
- W
2
)/( W
1
+ W
2
)]
3 Synchronous Motor DC Shunt Generator
HP : KW :
Voltage : Voltage :
Current : Current :
Speed : Speed :
Excitation Current : Excitation Current :
Excitation Voltage : Excitation Voltage :
AC Machines II Lab
36

Circuit Diagram:






R
Y
B
N
415 V
50 Hz
3
AC Supply
L1
L3
4
6
N
Fuse
A
~
UPF Watt Meter
UPF Watt Meter
M
M
L
L
C
C
V
V
T
P
S
T
S
Link
Y
R
R
Y
B
N
5
A
+
-
Field
B
-
220V
DC SUPPLY
D P S T
Switch
+
Fuse
Synchronous Motor on No- Load
V
~
R
Y
B
N
415 V
50 Hz
3
AC Supply
L1
L3
4
6
N
Fuse
A
~
V
~
UPF Watt Meter
UPF Watt Meter
M
M
L
L
C
C
V
V
T
P
S
T
S
Link
Y
R
R
Y
B
N
5
A
+
-
Field
B
-
220V
DC SUPPLY
D P S T Switch
Switch
+
Fuse
A
V
A
AA
Z
+ -
+
-
ZZ
Synchronous Motor with Load
Load
AC Machines II Lab
37

Precautions:
1. The motor field rheostat should be kept in the minimum position
2. The alternator field potential divider should be in the minimum voltage
position.
3. Initially all switches are in open position.
Procedure:
1. Note down the name plate details of motor and alternator.
2. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
3. DOL starter is used to start the synchronous motor.
4. Initially the motor is run on no-load and readings of various meters are noted by
varying the excitation.
5. Keep some load constant and readings of various meters are noted by varying
excitation.
6. After taking the readings release the load completely and switch OFF the
motor.
Graph:
The graphs are drawn for
i. Excitation Current Vs Armature Current
ii. Excitation Current Vs Power factor
Model Graph:










NL
FL
Field Excitation Current in Amps
P
o
w
e
r

F
a
c
t
o
r
NL
Lagging
Power Factor
Leading
Power Factor
UPF
Field Excitation Current in Amps
Armature
Current
in Amps
FL
AC Machines II Lab
38

Observations:
For No-Load Varying excitation




















Constant load Varying excitation
Load Constant at:













Sl
No
Voltage
Field
Excitation
Current
Armature
Current
Wattmeter readings
W
1
+ W
2

Cos
W
1
W
2

V I
f
I
a
Obs Act Obs Act
Volt Amp Amp Watt Watt Watt Watt Watt








Sl
No
Voltage
Field
Excitation
Current
Armature
Current
Wattmeter readings
W
1
+ W
2

Cos
W
1
W
2

V I
f
I
a
Obs Act Obs Act
Volt Amp Amp Watt Watt Watt Watt Watt








AC Machines II Lab
39






Result:




Review Questions:

1. Why not the synchronous motor is not self starting
2. What is meant by synchronous condenser?
3. What is meant by hunting of synchronous motor?
4. What is the purpose of damper winding?
5. What happens to the synchronous motor when the excitation is varied at constant load?
6. Why the synchronous motor is constant speed motor?
7. How is the speed of synchronous motor varied?
8. What happens to synchronous motor when the load is varied at constant excitation?














AC Machines II Lab
40

PERFORMANCE OF SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
Exp.No: 8 Date :

Aim : a) To determine the performance of synchronous motor
i) With constant load ii) With constant excitation
Name Plate Details:











Apparatus Required:

Sl.No Name of the Apparatus Type Range Quantity
1 Ammeter MC 1 No
2 Ammeter MI 1 No
3 Voltmeter MI 1 No
4 Wattmeter UPF 2 No

Formula Used:
1. Torque = ( S1~ S2 ) ( R + t/2 ) x 9.81 N-m
2. Output Power = 2NT/60 Watt
3. Input power = ( W
1
+ W
2
) Watt
4. Percentage Efficiency = (Output Power/Input Power) x 100
5. Power Factor = Cos[Tan
-1
{3(W
1
- W
2
)/( W
1
+ W
2
)]
3 Synchronous Motor
HP :
Voltage :
Current :
Speed :
Excitation Current :
Excitation Voltage :
AC Machines II Lab
41



Circuit Diagram:
















L1
L3
4
6
N
Fuse
R
Y
B
A
~
V
~
UPF Watt Meter
UPF Watt Meter
M
M
L
L
C
C
V
V
T
P
S
T
S
N
Link
Y
R
R
Y
B
N
5
X X
X
A
+ -
Field
B
415 V
50 Hz
3
AC Supply
Excitation
Unit
Performance of 3 Synchronous Motor
Brake Drum
S
1
S
2
r
AC Machines II Lab
42



Precautions:
1. The motor field rheostat should be kept in the minimum position
2. The alternator field potential divider should be in the minimum voltage
position.
3. Initially all switches are in open position.



Procedure:
1. Note down the name plate details of motor and alternator.
2. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
3. DOL starter is used to start the synchronous motor.
4. Initially the motor is run on no-load after that keep some load constant and
readings of various meters are noted by varying the excitation.
5. Keep excitation current constant and readings of various meters are noted by
varying the load up to rated value.
6. After taking the readings release the load completely and switch OFF the
motor.
Graph:
The graphs are drawn for
i) Output Vs Armature current
ii) Output Vs Torque
iii) Output Vs Efficiency
iv) Output Vs Power factor




AC Machines II Lab
43


Model Graph:



Observations:
Load Constant at :













Sl
No
Voltage
Field
Excitation
Current
Armature
Current
Wattmeter readings
W
1
+ W
2

Cos
W
1
W
2

V I
f
I
a
Obs Act Obs Act
Volt Amp Amp Watt Watt Watt Watt Watt








Output
Cos

T
Ia
AC Machines II Lab
44

Excitation Current Constant at :



Result:



Review Questions:

1. Why not the synchronous motor is not self starting
2. What is meant by synchronous condenser?
3. What is meant by hunting of synchronous motor?
4. What is the purpose of damper winding?
5. What happens to the synchronous motor when the excitation is varied at constant load?
6. Why the synchronous motor is constant speed motor?
7. How is the speed of synchronous motor varied?
8. What happens to synchronous motor when the load is varied at constant excitation?

Sl
No
L
o
a
d

C
u
r
r
e
n
t

V
o
l
t
a
g
e

Input Power
(W = W1 + W2)
Spring Balance
T
o
r
q
u
e

(
T
)

O
u
t
p
u
t

%


E
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y









C
o
s

W
1
W
2


W=W
1
+W
2

S
1
S
2
S
1
~S
2

Obs Act Obs Act
Watt Watt Watt Watt Watt Kg Kg Kg N-m Watt ()







AC Machines II Lab
45

EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT PARAMETERS OF A 1 INDUCTION MOTOR
Exp.No: 9 Date :
Aim : a) To obtain the equivalent circuit parameters of 1 induction motor
Name Plate Details :
1 Squirrel Cage Induction Motor 1 Auto Transformer
Horse Power : Input:
Voltage : Output:
Current :
RPM :
Apparatus Required :









Formulae Used :
For Equivalent Circuit:
No-Load Test:
1. No-load Power Factor, Coso = Wo/VoIo
Where, Vo - No-load Voltage in volts
Io - No-load Current in Amps
Wo - No-load power in watts
2. Working Component, Iw = Io Coso
3. Magnetizing Component, I = Io Sino
4. No-load Resistance, Ro = Vo/ Io Coso
5. No-load Reactance, Xo = Vo/Io Sino
Sl.No Name of the Apparatus Range Type Quantity
1 Ammeter MI 1 NO
2 Voltmeter MI 1 NO
3 Wattmeter UPF 1 NO
4 Ammeter MC 1 NO
5 Voltmeter MC 1 NO
6 Tachometer Digital 1 NO
AC Machines II Lab
46



Blocked Rotor Test:
1. Motor equivalent impedance referred to stator, Zsc = Vsc/Isc
2. Motor equivalent resistance referred to stator, Rsc = Wsc/Isc
2

3. Motor equivalent reactance referred to stator, Xsc = Zsc
2
-Rsc
2

4. Rotor resistance referred to stator [R
2
1
] = Rsc-R
1

5. Rotor reactance referred to stator [X
2
1
] = Xsc/2
Where, R
1
- Stator resistance per phase
X
1
- Stator reactance per phase
6. Magnetizing reactance, Xm = 2[Xo-X
1
-(X
2
1
/2)]


Precautions :
1. The motor should be started without any load.
2. Initially the autotransformer should be in minimum voltage position.














AC Machines II Lab
47

Circuit Diagram:
No-Load Test:


Blocked Rotor Test:


1
Variac
Link
Fuse
R
A
~
M L
C V
UPF Watt Meter
D
P
S
T
S
N
Main
Winding

230 V, 50Hz
AC Supply
V
~
Rotor
1
Variac
Fuse
R
A
~
M L
C V
UPF Watt Meter
D
P
S
T
S
N
Link
Auxiliary Winding
Main
Winding
Rotor
Centrifugal
Switch
230 V, 50Hz
AC Supply
V
~
Capacitor
220V
DC SUPPLY

+
-
V
-
A
-
+
+
Drop Test (Stator Resistance)
D - Double
P - Pole
S - Single
T - Throw
S - Switch
A1 A2
AC Machines II Lab
48



Procedure :
1. Connections are made as per the no-load test circuit diagram.
2. By varying the autotransformer slowly rated voltage is given to the motor.
3. At no-load the speed, current, voltage and power are noted.
4. After taking the readings switch OFF the supply to the motor.
5. Now, Connections are made as per the blocked rotor test circuit diagram.
6. By blocking the rotor, adjust the auto transformer slowly until rated current of
motor is reached, and the readings of ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter are
noted.
7. By conducting drop test stator resistance is measured.
Observations:
For Equivalent Circuit Parameters:
No-Load Test:


Blocked Rotor Test:
Sl
No

Short
Circuit
Voltage
Short
Circuit
Current
Short Circuit Power
W
SC
(Watt)

Observed
Value
Actual Value
(Obs x MF)
V
SC
(Volt) I
SC
(Amp) Watt Watt
1



Sl No

No-Load
Voltage
No-Load
Current
No-Load Power
W
O
(Watt)
Observed
Value
Actual Value
(Obs x MF)
V
o
(Volt) I
o
(Amp) Watt Watt
1
AC Machines II Lab
49

R
2
1

/ 2(2-s)
I
0
I
2
X
2
1

/ 2
R
2
1

/ 2s
X
2
1

/ 2
E
m
X
m
/ 2
X
m
/ 2
E
mf
E
mb
A

B
230V, 50Hz
1 AC Supply
To find Stator Resistance:
Sl.No
Stator Voltage
(V
m
)
Stator Current
(I
m
)
Stator Resistance
(R
m
)
Volt Amp Ohm
1
2
3
4
5

Equivalent Circuit:









Result:



Review Questions:

1. Why the single phase induction motors are widely used?
2. Why single phase induction motors require starting arrangements?
3. How does single phase induction motor differ from 3-phase induction motor?
4. How the direction of rotation of a single phase induction motor reversed?
5. What is the function of capacitor in the ceiling fan of your class room?
6. How the double revolving field theory explains the operation of single phase induction
motor?
R
1
X
1 I
1
AC Machines II Lab
50


BRAKE TEST ON A 1 INDUCTION MOTOR
Exp.No : 10 Date :
Aim : a) To determine the performance of 1 induction motor

Name Plate Details :
1 Squirrel Cage Induction Motor 1 Auto Transformer
Horse Power : Input:
Voltage : Output:
Current :
RPM :
Apparatus Required :







Formulae Used :
For Load Test:

1. Torque = ( S
1
~ S
2
) ( R + t/2 ) x 9.81 N-m
Where,
S
1
, S
2
- Spring Balance readings in Kg
R - Radius of the brake drum in m
t - Thickness of the belt in m
2. Output Power = 2NT/60 Watts
Where, N - Rotor Speed in RPM
T - Torque in N-m
Sl.No Name of the Apparatus Range Type Quantity
1 Ammeter MI 1 NO
2 Voltmeter MI 1 NO
3 Wattmeter UPF 1 NO
4 Tachometer Digital 1 NO
AC Machines II Lab
51

3. Input power = W Watts (W - Wattmeter Readings)


Output Power
4. Percentage efficiency = X 100
Input Power
.
N
s
N
r

5. Percentage Slip = X 100
N
s
Where, N
s
- Synchronous Speed
N
r
- Rotor Speed


W
6. Power Factor =
V
L
x I
L



Precautions :
1. The motor should be started without any load.
2. The load should not exceed rated value.
3. Initially the autotransformer should be in minimum voltage position











AC Machines II Lab
52


Circuit Diagram:


Load Test:
















S
1 S
2
r
1
Variac
Fuse
R
A
~
M L
C V
UPF Watt Meter
D
P
S
T
S
N
Link
Auxiliary Winding
Main
Winding
Rotor
C.S
C
1
C
2
230 V, 50Hz
AC Supply
V
~
AC Machines II Lab
53

Procedure :
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. By varying the autotransformer slowly rated voltage is given to the motor and
run at rated speed.
3. At no-load the speed, current, voltage and power are noted.
4. By applying the load for various values of current the above mentioned
readings are noted.
5. After taking the readings release the load completely and switch OFF the
supply to the motor.
6. Performance curves are drawn for the tabulated values .
Observations:
For Load Test:
S
.
N
o

V
o
l
t
a
g
e

C
u
r
r
e
n
t

Input Power
W
Spring Balance
Readings
S
p
e
e
d

T
o
r
q
u
e

O
u
t
p
u
t


E
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y

S
l
i
p

P
o
w
e
r

F
a
c
t
o
r

W
(Obs)
W
(Act)
S
1
S
2
S
1
~S
2

Volts Amps Watts Watts Kg Kg Kg RPM N-M Watts
1







2







3







4







5







6








7








8






9








10





AC Machines II Lab
54


Graph : The graph drawn for
i. Output Power V
s
Speed
ii. Output Power V
s
Line Current
iii. Output Power V
s
Torque
iv. Output Power V
s
Efficiency
v. Output Power V
s
Slip
Model Graph :
A) Mechanical Characteristics:








B) Electrical Characteristics:












S
p
e
e
d
Torque
Output
%
T
sh

N
%
E
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
T
o
r
q
u
e
L
o
a
d

C
u
r
r
e
n
t
S
p
e
e
d
S
Cos
S
l
i
p
P
o
w
e
r

F
a
c
t
o
r
I
L

AC Machines II Lab
55




Result:






Review Questions:

1. Why the single phase induction motors are widely used?
2. Why single phase induction motors require starting arrangements?
3. How does single phase induction motor differ from 3-phase induction motor?
4. How the direction of rotation of a single phase induction motor reversed?
5. What is the function of capacitor in the ceiling fan of your class room?
6. How the double revolving field theory explains the operation of single phase induction
motor?