Chuyen Mach Nhan Da Giao Thuc MPLS PDF

HC VIN CNG NGH Bu CHNH VlN THNG
C S TI TP. H CH MINH
Bin son: TS. TRN CNG HNG
CHUYN MCH NHN
A GIAO THC
MPLS
NH XUT BN THNG TIN V TRUYN THQNG
MC LC
LI NI U..... ............................. ........................................................................................5
CHONG 1: GII THIU...................... .................................................................. 13
1.1. CC YU T DN N VIC NGHIN CtJ CHUYN MCH NHN 14
1.1.1. S pht trin ca Internet.............................................................................................14
1.1.2. Gi c v hiu qu.........................................................................................................15
. 1.3. S tch hp IP trn ATM...............................................................................................16
1.1.4. M rng cc chc nng nh tuyn......... .................................................................. 19
1.2. TM TT LCH S ........................................................................................................ 20
1.2.1. B nh tuyn chuyn mch t bo CSR ca Toshiba.............................................. 20
1.2.2. Chuyn mch IP [ 4 ] ......................................................................................................21
1.2.3. Chuyn mch th ........................................................................................................... 21
1.2.4. ARIS ca IBM................................................................................................................. 21
1.2.5. Chuyn mch nhn a giao thc MPLS.................................................................... 22
1.3. KT LUN................................................................................. :............. ,........22
CHNG 2: L THUYT c BN CA CHUYN MCH NHN..................23
2.1. TNG QUAN....................................................................................................... 23
2.2. KHI NIM V HOT NG c BN TRONG MPLS..............................25
2.2. . Mt phng d liu v mt phng ii khin.............................................................25
2.2.2. Mtphng d liu v mt phng iu khin trong IP............................................. 26
2.2.3. Mt phng d liu v mt phng iu khin trong MPLS.......................................26
2.2.4. Nhng lp chuyn tip tng ng FEC.............................. ........................... . 27
2.2.5. nh tuyn nht qun....................................................................................................28
2.3. THNH PHN NH TU YN.................................................................................... 28
2.3.1. Nhn l g ? ............................................................. ........................................................ 28
2.3.2. Bng chuyn mch nhn................................. ............................................................. 29
2.3.3. Kh nng mang nhn trong gi....................................................................................31
2.3.4. Thut ton nh tuyn chuyn mch nhn..................................................................31
2.3.5. Thut ton nh tuyn n........... ................................................................................ 32
Chuyn mch nhn a giao thc MPLS
2,3.6. a giao thc: trn v di........................ ................................................................. 33
2.4. THNH PHN IU KHIN..................................................................................... 34
2.4J. Kt hp trong v kt hp ngoi.................................................................................. 35
2.4.2. Kt hp ngc dng v kt hp xui dng................................................................35
2.4.3. Nhn t do..................................................................................................................... 36
2.4.4. Kt hp nhn luyn iu khin v tuyn d liu.......................................................36
2.4.5. Phn b thng tin kt hp nhn...................................................................................41
2.4.6. iu khin nh tuyn tc thi............................................................................... 45
2.5. THIT B RA.............................................................................................. 46
2.6. QUAN H GIA CHUYN MCH NHN V VIC NH TUYN,
NH A CH LP MNG.......................................................... .................................... 46
2.7. CHUYN MCH I P ....................................................................................................... 47
2.7. . Tng quan v chuyn mch IP.................................................................................... 47
2.7.2. Cc thnh phn c bn ca chuyn mch I P ............................................................51
2.7.3. Giao thc qun l lung Ipsilon IFMP....................................................................... 53
2.7.4. Giao thc qun l chuyn mch chung GSMP......................................................... 57
2.7.5. Thc t............................................................................................................................59
2.8. TM TT................... ...........................; ........................................................................... 60
CHNG 3: CHUYN MCH NHN A GIAO THC MPLS...................... 61
3.1. TNG QUAN CHUYN MCH TH.......................................................................61
3.1.1. H tr cho nh tuyn da vo a chi ch..............................................................61
3.1.2. nh tuyn phn cp.....................................................................................................66
3.1.3. Multicast........................................................................................................................ 69
3.1.4. Chuyn mch th trn ATM.............................. ..........................................................72
3.1.5. Kim sot'lp vng trong nh (uyn tc thi............................................................74
3.2. CHUYN MCH NHN A GIAO THC MPLS...............................................75
3.2. . Nhng im quan trng ca k thut chuyn mch nhn a giao thc MPLS... 76
3.2.2. Cc thnh phn ca mng MPL................................................................................. 76
3.2.3. iu khin LSP th t v iu khin LSP c p.................................................... 78
3.2.4. ng gi d liu........................................................................................................... 80
3.2.5. Giao thc phn phi nhn LDP...................................................................................81
3.2.6. Cc kiu phn phi nhn............................................................................................. 84
3.2.7. ATM..... ......... ................................................................................................................ 85
3.3. TM TT......................................................................................................... 87
CHNG 4: CHT LNG DCH v ................................................... .............. 88
4.1. CC M HNH CHT LNG DCH v .......................... ......................... 89
4.1.1. Cc khi nim v thut ton....................................................................................... 89
4.L2. Dch v tch hp........................................................... ................................................ 93
4.1.3, Dch v phn bit............................................................................................................. :...........98
4.2. KNH THU RING o .............................................................................. 108
4.2.1. Dch v m bo bng thng...................................................... ..............................108
4.2.2. Cc c nh ca mphng iu khin....................................................................108
4.2.3. Cc c tnh ca mt phang chuyn tip................................................................. 09
4.2.4. Cc bc thc hin m bo cht lng dch v trong mng li................... 110
4.2.5. Cc dch v hng thng m ho vi MPLS........................................................... 111
4.3. TM TT....................................... ....................................................... ...........................112
CHNG 5: NH TUYN........................................................... ......................... 114
5.1. TNG QUAN GIAO THC NH TUYN.......................................................... 114
5.2. CC GIAO THC NH TUYN.........................................................................114
5.2.1. Giao thc thng tin nh tuyn RIP.......................................................................... 114
5.2.2. Giao thc nh tuyn cng ni IGRP....................................................................... 115
5.2.3. Giao thc nh tuyn ni cao cp EIGRP................................................................115
5.2.4. Giao thc ng i ngn nht u tin m OSPF................................................. 116
5.2.5. Giao thc cng bin BGP...........................................................................................122
5.2.6. Cu hnh RIP, OSPF v BGP..... .............................................................................. 128
5.3. KIN TRC NH TUYN INTERNET....................................................... ; 131
5.3.1. nh tuyn chinh sch................................................................................................ 135
5.3.2. Tinh n nh................................................................................................................. 136
5.4. NH TUYN RNG BUC.................................................................................. 139
5.4.1. nh tuyn rng buc l g?...................................................................................... 139
5.4.2. Nhng yu cu k thut ca chc nng nh tuyn rng buc..............................140
5.4.3. CSPK .............. .................................... ............................' .........................................141
5.5.MPLS. ............................................................................................................. 143
5.5.1. Giao thc RSVP m rng........................................................................................... 143
5.5.2. CR-LDP........................................................................................................................ 149
5.5.3. So snh gia CR-LDP v RSVP................................................................................ 154
5.5.4. Giao thc ginh trc ti nguyn h tr phn phi nhn RSVP-TE.................... 155
5.5.5. ng dng chc nng nh tuyn rng buc vo vn qun l lu lng..... 162
5.5.6. Cht lng dch v oS..........................................................................................170
Mc lc 9
5.6. TM TT........................................................................................................171
CHNG 6: MNG RING o.............................................................................173
6.1. NH TH NO L MNG RING o - VPN?........................................173
6.2. M HNH CHNG LP..............................................................................174
6.3. M HNH NGANG C P............... ................................... .......................................176
6.4. PHN B RNG BUC THNG TIN NH TUYN...................................178
6.5. BNG A CHUYN TIP.......................................................................................180
6.6. ACHVPN-IP.............................................................................................181
6.7.MPL S.................................................................................... ....................... 182
6.7.1. Bo mt......................................................................................................................... 184
6.7.2. H tr cht lng dch v.......................................................................................... 184
6.7.3. Kh nng m rng...................................................................................................... 187
6.8.TMT T ............................................................................................................................... ' ......:........... 188
CHNG 7: XY DNG MNG NG TRC MPLS................................ 189
7.1. MNG MPLS TRN GI............................................................................................ 189
7.2. MNG MPLS TRN ATM.......................................................................................... 190
7.3. MNG MPLS TRN HN HP GIA ATM V GI ...................................... 191
7.4. TCH HP MPLS VO MNG ATM............................................................. 192
7.4.1. Nhng vn cn quan tm khi chn thit b LSR ATM ra............................. 194
7.4.2. Nhng yu cu trong la chn LSR ATM................................................................ 194
7.5. XY DNG MNG MPLS.........................................................................................195
7.5.1. Thit k im truy cp PoP.................. ..................................................................... 195
7.5.2. Thit k PoP ca mt LSR ATM n ra..............................................................195
7.5.3. Thit k PoP cho cc LSR ra v LSR ATM........................................................ 195
7.5.4. Thit k b tp trung, LSR ra v mt LSR ATM.................................................196
7.5.5. Thit kPoP ca mt LSR......................................................................................... 197
7.6. NH HNH LIN KT NG TRC MPLS................................................... 197
7.6.1. Thit k im truy cp................................................................................................ 198
7.6.2. c tnh lu lng t mi PoP...................................... ..........................................198
7.6.3. c tnh ma trn u lng n hng.................................................................. 199
7.6.4. c tnh ma trn lim lng song hng............................................................... 199
7.6.5. Thit k cu hnh rung k ng trc..................................................................... 200
7.6. . c tnh bng thng kt ni............................................................ ......................... 201
10 . Chuyn mch nhn a giao thc MPLS
7.6.7. Gn dung lng kt ni............................................................................................. 202
7.6.8. iu chnh d phng................................................................................................. 202
7.6.9. La chn thit b thch hp........................................................................................202
7.7. THIT K NH TUYN LP 3 ...................... ...................................................... 202
7.8. NH HNH LVCMPLS............. ;.............................................................. 204
7.8.1. Tin t a chi ch.....................................................................................................204
7.8.2. LVC v dn v c ........................................................................................................... 205
7.8.3. Thit k tinh ton cho LSR ra [3]........................................................................ 206
7.8.4. Thit k tinh to.n cho LSR ATM vi dn v c .......................................... .......... 207
7.8.5. Thit k tinh ton cho LSRATMm khng dn v c .............................................. 207
CHNG 8: MNG QUANG, GMPLS V MPXS............................................. 209
8.1. WDM V MNG QUANG........................................................................................ 209
8.2. CHUYN MCH LAMBDA A GIAO THC...................................................210
8.2.1. nh x gia chuyn mch nhn a giao thc v bc sng quang.................... 210
8.2.2. Loi ca cc kt noi quang.................................................................... .....................212
8.2.3. Tng thch iu khin...............................................................................................213
8.3. GMPLS V DNG GMPLS CHO MNG QUANG...........................................213
8.3.1. Xem xt lin mng gia tng 1 Lambda v tng 2 nhn....................................... 214
8.3.2. Cc hot ng ca GMPLS.............................. ......................................... ...... . 214
CHNG 9: M PHNG HOT NG MNG MPLS V DIFFSERV ..222
9.1. CU TRC N S ............................................................................................................... 222
9.2.DIFFSER V .................................................................. ................................................226
9.3. CHNG TRNH M PHNG HOT NG MNG MPLS; MNS....230
9.3.1. Gii thiu......................................................................................................................230
9.3.2. MNS h tr cc chc nng sau cho MPLS.............................................................. 230
9.3.3. Minh ho mt s hoi ng c bn trong mng MPLS......................................... 233
PH LC A: NG DNG CA MPLS....................................................................... 239
A.l. CC NG DNG CA MPLS......................... ........................................................ 239
A.I.l. K thut lu lng..................................................................................................... 239
A.1.2. Mng ring o VPN................................................................................................... 239
A.2.MPLSVATM...............................................................................................................241
A.2.1. Tng quan ATM........................................................................................................... 241
A.2.2. Cc dng pht trin v tich hp ca IP trn ATM................................................. 242
Mc lc 11
A.2.3. c im thch hp ca ATM cho MPLS................................................................244
A.2.4. Lin mng gia MPLS v ATM................................................................................ 248
A.3. MPLS V FRAME RELAY....................................................................................... 252
c im thch hp ca Frame Relay cho MPLS.............................................................252
PH LC B: CC BI LAB CU HNH OSPF V BGP.....................................254
L a b l : .......................................................................................................................................254
Lab2........................................................................................................................................256
Lab3........................................................................................................................................ 258
Lai 4 ............................................................................................................................................. 261
L a b s ........................................................................................................................................ 263
PH LC C: KNH THU RING o LP 2 V LP 3 ..................................65
Cu hnh cho mng li...,...................................................................................................... 265
Knh thu ring o IP................................................................................................... 267
Knh thu ring lp 2 ...................................................................................................... 267
PH LC D: HIN THC MPLS TRN LINUX............................................... 270
Gii thiu................................................................................................................................ 270
MPLS trn Linux.................................................................................................................... 270
tng c bn ca MPLS Linux Project...........................................................................270
PH LC E: DERIVEIT - CHNG TRNH GI LP CHO MNG
GMPLS/MPLS......................................................................................... .................. 276
MC CH V I TNG s DNG.................................................................. 276
YU CU H THNG........ ................................................................................................ 276
C IM CHNH............................................................................................................... 277
HOT NG........................................................................................................................... 277
Router chuyn mch nhn (LSR)......................................................................................... 277
Con ng chuyn mch nhn (LSP)..................................................................................278
Kin trc phn tng LSP...................................................................................................... 279
Cc lin kt TE.......................................................................................................................280
KT LUN.................................................................................................................. 286
THUT NG VIT TT.................................................................................................. 287

TI LIU THAM KHO................................................................. ........................ 293
12 Chuyn mch nhn a giao thc MPLS
CIII\G 1: GII TIlIr
Internet l mt mi trng kh l tng cho nhTig pht minh v k thut mi. Khi
nhng k thut v mng mi ra i th c mt vi tng hp dn i vi cc nh nghin
cai v u t. K thut chuyn mch nhn a giao thc MPLS (Multiprotocol Label
Switching) l mt trong nhng k thut . Chng ta s kho st s lc v k thut MPLS
v tr li mt s cu hi v k thut ny, nh l, MPLS l g? n hot ng nh th no? v
n s mang li nhng li ch g?
MPLS irc pht trin t nhng k thut tng t c ngliin cu gia thp nin
90 ca th k 20. Trong , k thut c bit n nhiu nht l chuyn mch IP (IP
Switching) do cc k s ca cng ty Ipsilon nghin cm, nhng trc Toshiba m t
mt cch thc tng r t nghin cu b nh tuyn chuyn mch t bo CSR (Cell
Switching Router) ca h v nhiu nghin cru khc c cng b, ng ch l chuyn
mch th (Tag Switching) ca Cisco v chuyn mch IP da trn nh tuyn tng hp ARIS
(Aggregate Route-based IP Switching) ca IBM. Tt c cc nghin cu trn c vi c im
chung l h u s dng k thut trao i nhn nh hng d liu, dng nhmg mu
iu khin ca b giao thc Internet. Ngha l, h s dng a chi IP v cc giao thc chuan
nh hng d liu dng trong Internet nh OSPF v BGP. Tuy nhin, nhng nghin cii
khc nhau ch yu mc ch ca n cng nh chi tit xy dng to thnh.
Vi cc hot ng nh vy, IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) thnh lp mt
nhm nghin cu chun ha nhng kt qu chung da trn nhng tirng trn. V khng
mun trng tn vi cc sn phm ca cc cng ty, IETF t tn cho nhm l MPLS
(Multiprotocol Label Switching). K thut MPLS dn ang tr thnh mt chun cng nghip.
Chng ta s nghin cu tng quan v phn tch v k thut MPLS cng nh nhng
vn lin quan. d dng hn trong qu trnh tim hiu, chng ta s lm r vi thut ng
c s dng thng xuyn:
Chuyn tip (forwarding): l hot ng chuyn (switch) v nh tuyn (route) mt gi
(packet): nhn gi mt ng vo, xc nh n cn i n u bng cch xem xt
trng thng tin trong n v gi n ra ng ng ra thch hp.
Nhn (label): cm gin l mt khung nhn dng ngn, c chiu di c nh c dng
nh tuyn cc gi. Gi t ca nhn thng c gn vi 1 lin kt n (single link).
Nhn khng c cu trc, ngha l n khng bao gm nhng thnh phn phn bit. Mt
thit b chuyn mch nhn s thay nhn trong mt gi bng mt gi tr mi trc khi chuyn
tip n ti im tip theo, do chng ta gi thut ton nh tuyn l thut ton trao i
nhn. Ngoi ra chng ta cn nh ngha mt thit b chuyn mch nhn l B nh tuyn
chuyn mch nhn LSR (Label Switching Router), dng nhng giao thc iu khin IP
chun (v d giao thc nh tuyn RSVP) xc nh phi chuyn tip gi i u.
Chng ta cng s kho st nhng k thut c trc MPLS, cc k thut ny u l k
thut chuyn mch nhn, nhng mi ci c cch thc hin ring. Nhng tn khc c cc
nh nghin cu t cho LSR l B nh tuyn chuyn mch t bo CSR (Cell Switching
Router), chuyn mch IP (IP Switching), B nh tuyn chuyn mch th TSR (Tag
Switching Router) hay chuyn mch th (Tag Switch) v B nh tuyn chuyn mch tch
hp ISR (Integrated Switch Router). Ngoi ra cn c nhiu nghin cu khc m chng ta
khng cp y v n khng khc bn nghin cu trn lm. Chng ta cng khng xt
n cc b nh tuyn da trn chuyn mch (Switch-based Routers), c hot ng ging
mt router bnh thng nhng c lm bn trong mt Switch hn hp. Nhng thit b l
nhng thit b hu dng nhng dng gii quyt cc vn khc ch khng phi l LSR,
Trc khi xem xt chi tit cc nghin cu trn, chng ta cn nn bit qua mt s yu
t sau:
1.1. CC YU T DN N VIC NGHIN c u CHUYN MCH NHN
C nhiu yu t dn n s pht trin ca chuyn mch nhn. Trc kia ngi ta chi
quan tm n mt yu t, l yu cu c nhng b nh tuyn IP gi r, nhng tc
nhanh. N c th ng cho mt hoc hai nghin cu trc MPLS, chng ta s cp phn
sau, ni chung chyn mch nhn c thc y pht trin bi nhiu yu t khc hn l yu
cu v tc . Trong phn sau, ta s cp n tm quan trng ca tmg yu t trong 6 pht
trin ca chuyn mch nhn. Tuy nhin, s kt hp ca tt c cc yu t li s cho ta thy
ti sao MPLS dng nh chc chn l mt phn ca cng ngh v mng trong hin ti v
tng lai.
1.1.1. S pht trin ca Internet
Internet r rng ang pht trin khng ngng, v chnh s pht trin ny cho thy
cc im yu ca cc k thut c. S gia tng c v s lng ngi dng lm tng yu
cu v bng thng c cung cp t cc nh cung cp dch v Internet (ISP). e tha mn
yu cu v bng thng, cc ISP cn c nhng sn phm chuyn mch v nh tuyn c hiu
qu cao. Chng ta s tho lun v nh hng v hiu qu trong phn k tip.
Khi pht trin nhanh, cc mng phi i mt vi s gia tng s lng nt mng, s
lng router trong cc bng nh tuyn, s lng cc lung i qua mt nt mng,.... Nhn
chung, cc nh cung cp mng cn quan tm n vn kh nng pht trin, ngha l, kh
nng pht trin mi hng. Chuyn mch nhn c thc y mt phn cng do nhu cu
ca vn pht trin.
Nhng c l yu t quan trng nht l nhu cu a dng chc nng nh tuyn ca
Internet v ca mng IP (IP Network) ni chung. S pht trin ca Internet lin tc t ra
nhng yu cu mi cho cc giao thc nh tuyn. Trc kia, cc chc nng nh tuyn kh
c th a dng, mt phn l do l s ging nhau gia vn nh tuyn v chuyn tip trong
mng IP. V d, xem xt qu trinh x l ong vic s dng nh tuyn lin min khng phn
lp CIDR (Classless Interdomain Routing). S nh hng ca CIDR l ni v tin t
mng IP, trc kia l 8, 16 hay 24 bit, gi c th ly ty . S m rng ny cho php m
rng a chi v thng tin nh tuyn. Tuy nhin, thc hin thay i ny cng yu cu thay
i gii thut nh tuyn ca tt c cc b nh tuyn IP, bi vi tin t c th ly bt c gi
tr no. Nhng gii thut ny c thc hin c phn cng ln phn mm, do vic
thay i n khng phi l chuyn n gin.
Mt trong nhng im th v ca chuyn mch nhn l gii tiut nh tuyn thi c
nh v nhng cch iu khin mi c th s dng m khng cn phi thay i n, v chng
ta s thy trong cc phn tip l cc cch iu khin khc nhau c th c s dng iu
khin qu trnh chuyn mch nhn v chng hu nh s dng chung gii thut nh tuyn.
Do , c th a ton b vic thc hin gii thut nh tuyn bng phn cng hay bng mt
phn mm c tc cao m khng quan tm n vic phi ti u li n mi khi trin khai
mt chc nng nh'tuyn mi. N ha hn hp dn trong vic pht trin v trin khai
nhng chc nng mi trong mng IP. V y c th chnh l li ch ln lit ca chuyn
mch nhn v kt qu l chuyn mch nhn dng nh thc hin nn mng cho th h tip
theo ca kin trc nh tuyn.
1.1.2. Gi c v hiu qu
Trong bt k mng no m da trn b giao thc ca Internet, th mt trong cc thnh
phn quan trng l b nh tuyn (router). Nhim v c bn nbt ca mt router l nh
tuyn cc gi IP (hoc datagram) qua mng. Ngoi ra, router cn thc hin cc chc nng
khc nh l lc ra mt lung ca cc gi t nhng phn khc Iihau ca mng. Tht s, tnh
cht quan trng nht ca mt router cho nhiu ng dng khng phi l tc m l s a
dng v chc nng m n cung cp.
Mt b phn quan trng khc ttong mng l chuyn mch (switch). Trong khi
router l thit b lp 3 (n nh tuyn cc gi IP) th switch l thit b lp 2 (n nh tuyn
cc gi ca giao thc lp 2). So snh vi router th switch n gin hn, n ch cung cp
mt s lng rt gii hn cc giao thc v cc kiu giao tip, cn router thng cung cp
mt lng ln cc giao thc, nhiu kiu giao tip v tc . Gii thut nh tuyn ca switch
th n gin v t thay i, nhiu kiu chuyn mch (switch) nh chuyn mch ATM (ATM
switch) hay chuyn mch Frame Relay (Frame Relay switch) s dng gii thut nh tuyn
da trn vic trao i nhn.
Vi s khc nhau nh vy gia switch v router, th ng nhin c s khc nhau v
gi c / hiu qu gia chng. Nhumg trc ht chng ta phi xem hiu qu l g trong trng
hp ny, vic ny kh phc tp v b nh hng bi nhiu yu t, tuy nhin thng thTig n
c tnh l s lng gi m thit b c th nh tuyn trong 1 giy gia ng vo v ng ra
trn tng dung lng bng thng ca n.
Khi chng ta xem xt gi c / hiu qu ca switch v router, ta thy switch thng tri
hn. Ngha l, vi mt mc hiu qu nh trc, gi ca mt router thng cao hn gi ca
mt switch tng ng, ngc li, vi mt chi ph cho trc, mt switch thng cho hiu
qu cao hom mt router v ta thy router phi nh tuyn gi v thc hin cc dch v khc
trong khi switch chi nh tuyn gi. vn m chng ta bn n y nhm mc ch
chi ra l switch thng c hiu qu cao hn router.
Switch dn ra mt s yu t thc y a ra chuyn mch nhn. Chng ta c th xy
dng mt thit b m c th thc hin hu ht cc cng vic ca mt router m s dng phn
cng ging mt switch. Khi quy m Internet c m rng v IP l giao thc duy nht c
s dng thi vic nh tuyn IP mc gi c / hiu qu ca mt switch qu l hp dn.
Chng 1: Gii thiu 15
1.1.3. S tch hp IP trn ATM
Chng ta bit rng kin trc ca ATM rt khc vi kin trc ca IP, trong khi IP phn
phi cc datagram v s dng kiu khng kt ni thi ATM da trn kiu hTig kt ni hay
kt ni o. ATM v IP cng hon ton khc nhau trong cch nh a ch cc host. Nhng
s khc nhau ny a ra nhiu thch thc ln, chuyn mch nhn ra i cng nhm p
ng cc thch thc ny.
Vi nhng UXI im ca ATM v s pht trin ngy cng ln ca Internet a ra
vn lm sao a kin trc IP vo mng ATM. S khc nhau v hiu qu gia cc chuyn
mch ATM v cc router hin ti lm cho vn thm phc tp. Phn ln mng hm nay
c xy dng theo kiu l cc router tc chm bao xung quanh cc chuyn mch ATM
(ATM switch) nh hnh 1.1.
Hnh L l : M hnh IP tch hp trn ATM[1].
Router Switch Mng ATM
o
Kiu ca mng ny thng gi l kiu xp chng, tng l mng IP nm bn trn
mng ATM. Mng ATM cung cp kt ni tc cao v mng IP gm cc router c kt
ni vi nhau bi cc kt ni o ca ATM.
Vn nh x IP vo ATM c nghin cu bi nhiu nhm ngoi hai t chc chnh
l ATM Forum v IETF nh l:
Nhm IP ATM (The IP over ATM) nghin cu vic gi cc IP datagram vo lp PDU
ca ATM v mt giao thc phn gii a ch ATMARP nh x a ch IP vo a
chi ATM.
Nhm IPLPDN (IP over Large Public Data Networks) v sau l nhm ROLC
(Routing over Large Clouds) a ra NHRP (Next Hop Revolution Protocol) cho php
cc host v router c the to mt kt ni o trc tip thng qua mng ATM.
Nhm LANE (The LAN Emulation) a ra nhng th tc lm cho mng ATM
hot ng ging mng LAN a Tiy cp.
Nhm MPOA (Multiprotocol over ATM) kt hp v pht trin cc kt qu cc
nhm khc a ra s h tr nhiu giao thc (protocol) lp mng (trong c IP).
Hu ht cc nhm trn u a ra vi kiu server (ATMAPR, MARS, NHRP,
BUS,...) thc hin vic nh x ny cng nh nhng giao thc cn thit giao tip vi
cc server ny. vn tip theo l phi c thm cc server khc cng vi cc giao thc
ng b gi chng hot ng ng b vi nhau.
Ti sao vn li phc tp nh vy, l do cc giao thc Internet v cc giao thc
ATM c pht trin c lp vi nhau v hot ng trn cc im khc nhau. V c nhiu
ngi t hi nu mt chuyn mch ATM (ATM switch) c th s dng cc giao thc khc
ngoi nhng giao thc do ATM Forum v ITU nh l cc giao thc ph hp vi kin trc IP
hn th s gim nhiu s phc tp ca vic nh x. Nhiu k thut chuyn mch nhn thc
s to ra nhng giao thc nh vy, n c th iu khin mt chuyn mch ATM (ATM
switch) hot ng nh l nh tuyn cc gi IP mt cch t nhin m khng cn nh n cc
server nh x gia IP v ATM.
Thay v c hai kin trc giao thc khc nhau vi s khc nhau v cch nh a chi,
cc giao thc nh tuyn, cc k hoch nh ti nguyn,... thi chuyn mch nhn cho php
nhng giao thc iu khin IP chy trc tip trn phn cng ca ATM. Nhng chuyn mch
ATM (ATM switch) th vn nh tuyn cc gi nh k thut trao i nhn, nhng cch thc
m n to bng nh tuyn v tnh ton ti nguyn u c iu khin bi cc giao thc
iu khin ca IP. Vi cch thc iu khin nh vy, chuyn mch ATM (ATM switch)
thnh cc router ca IP do loi b yu cu phi nh x gia IP v ATM.
* Vn pht trin
y l vn t c bit n nhng li tr nn quan trng khi mt mng IP c
xy dng xp chng trn mt lp 2 khc kiu, nh l Frame Relay hay ATM.
Xem xt mng trong hinh 1.2, mng ATM trung tm cung cp kt ni tc cao
cho tt c cc router bng cc knh o ni gia chng, nh ta thy lun c mt switch nm
gia cc cp router v iu ny c th gy ra nghn ti switch ny. Tuy nhin, mt kt ni
hon ton cc knh o cho php cc router c th ni trc tip n cc router cn li. Trong
hnh 1.2 ch v nhng knh o cho 1 router trnh lm ri hnh, ch tht s l c n(n-l)/2
knh o, l 55 trong hnh.
c th hiu r vn y, chng ta cn bit qua cch hot ng ca cc giao
thc nh tuyn. Mi router thng c cu hnh c. mt ch s gn cho mi router kic
kt ni trc tip vi n, ch s ny cho php router lun bit nhng router c kt ni n n
Chng 1: Gii thiu 17
18
v bit c kt ni no khng th hot ng, n cn c dng trao i thng tin nh
tuyn gia cc router.
Hnh 1.2: Cc knh o gia cc router trong mng IP/A TM []].
Router Switch Mng ATM Mch o ng vt l
Nhiu nghin cu thc hin lm gim nh vn pht trin. Trong c cch
l khng lm kt ni hon ton gia cc router, ngha l c vi kt ni gia hai router phi
qua mt router trung gian khi m hiu qu ca router trung gian ny chp nhn c. Cch
khc, Next Hop Resolution Protocol (NHRP) cho php router thit lp nhng knh o n
nhng trm m n cn gi d liu m khng cn phi thit lp cc chi s nh tuyn qua
knh o. Tuy nhin, n c nhng vn ring nh l n cn phi c cc NHRP server v
phi c kh nng khng cho xy ra vic nh tuyn lp vng. NHRP chi ph hp cho cc
lu lng unicast, n khng h tr cho multicast.
Nhng nghin cu khc gii quyt vn ny bng chuyn mch nhn. u tin,
nhc li l mt LSR s dng cc giao thc iu khin ca IP, bao gm c cc giao thc nh
tuyn chy trn phn cng ca ATM. Do , vi cu trc mng nh hnh 1.2, chng ta c
th gim ng k s lng chi s ca cc router s dng giao thc ca IP trn nn ATM, c
th thy iu ny trn hnh 1.3.
V chuyn mch ATM c th chy cc giao thc nh tuyn ca IP, nn cc m
trung gian thay v l cc router th nay l cc LSR, do s lng cc ch s m cc router
phi c gim ng k v s khng tng theo kch thc ca mng. Ch rng hnh 1.2 cc
Chng 1: Gii thiu
19
router c 10 chi s th nay ch c 1 (ni vi LSR), v LSR c khng qu 5 ch s, 3 ni vi 3
router, 2 ni vi LSR khc. Ta thy n lun gi ch s khi mng c m rng, v vn
pht trin c th c chp nhn.
Hnh L3: Thay chuyn mch A TMbng LSR [1].
Router LSR
1.1,4. M rng cc chc nng nh tuyn
iu quan trng chng ta phi ch y l chuyn mch nhn khng ch nhm bin
mt phn cng ATM hot ng'ging mt router m n cn cung cp nhng chc nng mi
m cc k thut nh tuyn IP hin ti khng cho php. y cng l mt yu t thc y s
ra i ca chuyn mch nhn, phn ny chng ta s tm hiu thm v s pht trin ca
vic nh tuyn ni trong phn trc.
Hin nay, vic nh tuyn trong mng IP l da vo a ch ch, ngha l quyt nh
phi gi gi i u l da vo a ch ch, v nguyn tc, cc tnrofng khc trong tiu IP
(IP header) (a ch ngun, kiu ca dch v) u c th c s dng trong vic quyt nh
cho gi tin nhng hu ht cc nghin cu thit k cho router u ch s dng a ch ch.
Trong khi cc k thut mng m c s dng k thut trao i nhn nh l Frame Relay
hay ATM c th cung cp nhng chc nng khc nhau.
e c th hiu chuyn mch nhn h tr nhng k thut mi nh th no, ta xt mng
c cu trc trong hnh 1.4.
20
Hnh L4: ng dn chuyn mch nhn.
'>,
Router
y l mt v d in hnh v cc chc nng m kiu nh tuyn truyn thng kh th
cung cp. Xem xt trng hp khi router B l mt router kiu truyn thng, nh tuyn cc
gi bng cch s dng a chi IP ch. Khi mt gi n B t mt trong cc router ln cn,
quyt nh nh tuyn ch da vo a ch ch m khng b nh hng bi bt c yu t
khc. Nhng gi gi s ta mun nhng gi i tt router A n router F th i qua router
D, cn nhng gi khc n router F th i qua router E, r rng c ch nh tuyn ch da
vo a chi ch khng th thc hin c iu ny.
Nhng s d dng thc hin iu ny ti router B nu B nh tuyn gi bng k thut
chuyn mch nhn. Nguyn nhn chnh l A v c s dng cc nhn khc nhau, gi s A s
dng nhn c gi tr l 5 cho cc gi c ch l F cn c s dng nhn 12. Do , ti B khi
cc gi n n s nh tuyn gi c nhn 5 n D v gi c nhn 12 n E.
Mc d v d nh ny khng i su vo chi tit nhvmg n cho ta thy chuyn mch nhn
h tr nhiu chc nng nh tuyn mi m kiu nh tuyn truyn thng khng th h tr.
1.2. TM TT LCH s
By gi chng ta bit nhng l do ti sao cc nh nghin cu li quan tm n k
thut chuyn mch nhn, v chng ta cng nn c mt ci nhn tng quan v cc s kin
dn n tnh hnh hin nay.
1.2.1. B nh tuyn chuyn mch t bo CSR ca Toshiba
B nh tuyn chuyn mch t bo (Cell Switching Router) ca Toshiba l nghin cu
u tin v chuyn mch nhn c cng b. Kin trc ca CSR gii thiu tng l
mt phn cng ATM hn hp c th c iu khin bd IP (nh l cc giao thc nh
tuyn IP hay Rsyp) hn l cc giao thc bo hiu ca ATM (nh Q.2931). Theo nghin
cu ny thi c th b cc bo hiu ATM v c chc nng nh x gia IP v ATM.
tng CSR u tin c trnh by trc IETF vo cui nm 1994 v u 1995,
vo thi im ny cng c nhiu nhm nghin cu khc ang tp trung vo pht trin
tng tng t. .
Chng .1: Gii thiu 21
1.2.2. Chuyn mch IP [4]
Vi nhiu nguyn do, bao gm ti u v thi gian, sn phm c cht lng, cch thc
tip th hiu qu, chuyn mch IP (IP Switching) c nh ngha ban u bi cng ty
Ipsilon nh hng ln ln th trng v gii k thut hcm l nghin cu CSR. Ipsilon
cng b nghin cu ca h vo u nm 1996. v mt k thut thl hai nghin cu c nhiu
im tng ng, tuy nhica nhng u im ca'chuyn mch IP hn cc nghin cu trc
c th d dng thy c nh sau:
Chuyn mch IP cho php 1 thit b vi hiu qu ca mt chuyn mch ATM m c
th thc hin cng vic ca mt router.
Nhng router tc cao (khng phi l chuyn mch ATM) c th thc hin bi v IP
v cc giao thc ca Internet ang l nhng giao thc ch yu hin nay m cc router
hin ti th qu chm.
Bo hiu ATM v vic nh x IP vo ATM tr nn qu phc tp, cho mc ch
nh tuyn IP chng ta cng khng cn cc giao thc iu khin ATM.
Nhng ti liu ca Ipsilon c cng b trong mt s cc ti liu Internet l RFC. Mc
d khng phi tt c RFC u l tiu chun, cc ti liu ca Ipsilon c coi l nghin cu
m v vi giao thc c cng b c thc hin. Mt ng gp c gi na l vic
lm r mt giao thc iu khin chuyn mch on gin GSMP cho php bin bt c mt
chuyn mch ATM no thnh mt chuyn mch IP vi nhng chc nng mi c b sung.
r rng, chng ta s s dng thut ng chuyn mch IP l ni v nghin cu ca
Ipsilon, mc d n ing c s dng ch khc cp n vic m rng vn ca
cc nghin cu khc. Thut ng tng qut c s dng khi cn thit th chng ta s dng
thut ng chuyn mch nhn.
1.2.3. Chuyn mch th
Vi thng sau khi Ipsilon cng b nghin cu ca h, Cisco Systems cng b mt
nghin cu khc v chuyn mch nhn m h t tn l chuyn mch th (Tag Switching).
Nh chng ta s thy phn sau, chuyn mch th l mt k thut xut sc xut pht t cc
nghin cu chuyn mch IP v CSR. V d l n khng da trn dng lu lng d liu
thit lp bng nh tuyn trong chuyn mch v n cn c lm ph hp vi nhiu k
thut lrp lin kt (link layer) khc na ngoi ATM.
Ging Ipsilon, Cisco dng 1 RFC m t nghin cu ca h, nhng khng ging
Ipsilon, Cisco cng b pht minh ca h thuyt phc s tiu chun ha ca chuyn mch
th qua IETF. V sau , mt lng ln cc bi vit v Internet c cng b, m t nhng
k vng ca chuyn mch th, bao gm hot ng trn ATM, ppp, lin kt 802.3, h tr cho
nh tuyn multicast, cho d tr ti nguyn s dng RSVP, S tiu chun ha nhng c
gng lm vic ca Cisco a ra tr thnh chuyn mch nhn a giao thc MPLS
(Multiprotocol Label Switching) v MPLS hin nay c s dng rng ri nh l mt thut
ng ca chuyn mch nhn.
1.2.4. ARIS ca IBM
Chi sau cng b ca Cisco v vic c gng tiu chun ho ca IETF mt thi gian
ngn, mt lng bi vit Intenet c pht hnh bi cc tc gi t IBM, m t mt
nghin cu khc v chuyn mch nhn gi l chuyn mch IP da trn b nh tuyn tng
hp (Aggregate Router-based IP Switching) hay ARIS. ARIS th ging vi chuyn mch th
hn l cc nghin cu khc ch dng lu lng iu khin thit lp bng nh tuyn
ch khng phi dng lu lng d liu, nhng ARIS khc vi chuyn mch th vi im
ng k. Nhiu tng ca ARIS c trong vic tiu chun ha MPLS.
1.2.5. Chuyn mch nhn a giao thc MPLS
Khi Cisco cng b v chuyn mch th, h cng mong mun c tiu chun ha k
thut ny. Sau mt lot bo co u tin ca chuyn mch th trn bo co Intenet, mt hi
ngh BOF (Birds of a Feather), l hi ngh cn thit trc khi t chc mt nhm nghin cu,
v xc nh vn no cn tiu chun ho) c t chc vo thng 12 nm 1996, vi s
trnh by ca Cisco, IBM, v Toshiba (lc ny cng b nhng bo co mi v CSR).
Vi mc quan tm trong BOF v vi thc t l c qu nhiu cng ty a ra nhiu
gii php tng t chi cho 1 vn , th vic tiu chun ha phi ra i l chuyn phi lm.
Do vic thnh lp nhm nghin cu cho vic tiu chun ha c IETF chp nhn vo
u nm 1997. V cuc gp u tin ca nhm din ra vo thng 4 nm 1997.
Nh ni trn, tn chuyn mch nhn a giao thc MPLS (Multiprotocol Label
Switching) c chp nhn ch yu bi tn chuyn mch IP v chuyn mch th c
t cho sn phm ca cc cng ty. Mc d dng tn l a giao thc (Multiprotocol) nhng
ch yu chi tp trung vo cc giao thcca IP horn l cc giao thc ca lp mng khc.
1.3. KT LUN
Chng ta kho st mt cch s lc s ra i ca k thut chuyn mch nhn.-V
hiu r hn v k thut ny chng ta s xem xt cc nghin cu tiu biu cho k thut
ny, l chuyn mch IP, chuyn mch th, sau cng l MPLS.
CHIIVG 2: L THUYT c Bl^ CA
CHHYM MCH niHN
2.1. TNG QUAN
Khi mng Internet ngy cng i rng cng vi s pht ttin ca cc dch v gia tng
cng nh cc yu cu v cht lng dch v v tnh bo mt, MPLS l mt gii php ti u.
N kt hp cc u im ca IP v ATM m chi ph trin khai cng khng qu t, c th
phi hp v nng cp t cc mng ATM hoc Frame Relay c sn. Ngoi ra, MPLS cn
l mt gii php ti u cho dch v VPN v cc ng dng i hi v cht lng dch v v
k thut lu lng.
Hu ht cc mng din rng Vit Nam u c t chc vi kt ni s dng dch
v thu knh ring, X25 hoc Frame Relay thng qua cc nh cung cp dch v vin ing.
Hu ht chng u hot ng da trn nh tuyn IP truyn thng vi khng t nhc im,
p ng chm khi c yu cu x l lung lu lng ln trn mng, lm cho vic x l ti
cc router b qu ti. Hu qu l mt lu lng, mt kt ni v lm gim c tnh mng.
Ngoi ra, mi nt trong mng u phi thc hin hai chc nng l nh tuyn v chuyn
tip. Qu trnh chuyn tip chi da trn a ch ch ca gi m khng da trn cc tham s
cht lgrng dch v.
MPLS c xem l gii php cho cc vn ny. im ni bt ca cng ngh MPLS
l kh nng chuyn tip lu lng nhanh, om gin, iu khin phn lung, nh tuyn linh
hot v tn dng ti nguyn mng. N kt hp nhng c im tt nht ca chuyn mch
knh ttong ATM v chuyn mch gi trong IP, c kh nng chuyn tip gi rt nhanh trong
mng li v nh tuyn nh bnh thfng mng bin. Khi cc gi i vo min MPLS,
thng l mng trc ca nh cung cp dch v, chng c chuyn mch n gin bng
chuyn mch nhn. Cc nhn cn gip xc nh cht lng dch v m cG-gLnhn c.
Khi chng ra khi mng th cc nhn s c ct b cc router bin mng v ^ c nh
tuyn nh thng thng.
MPLS c mt s iru im hcm nh tuyn IP nh chuyn cc gi qua mng nhnh hn
router IP. Trong IP, vic nh tyn ch da vo tiu ca gi cn MPLS c th phn bit
cc giao din khc nhau, cc thng tin khc nhau xc nh chnh sch x l thch hp, i
khi gi c th c nh tuyn theo mt ng bit trc khi gi i vo mng.
Ta xt qua hot ng ca cc router h tr MPLS, gi l b nh tuyn chuyn mch
nhn LSR (Label Switching Router): chng u tin trong mng MPLS, router chuyn
tip gi da vo a chi ch (hoc bt c thng tin no phn tiu theo chnh sch cc
b); sau n xc nh mt nhn thch hp - gi tr ny c xc nh cho mt lp chuyn
tip tng ng FEC - gn nhn cho gi v chuyn n ti nt tip theo, chng tip theo,
router dng gi tr ca nhn nh mt ch mc ca mt bng xc nh nhn mi. LSR gn
nhn mi ri chuyn gi n nt tip theo. Tuyn cmg m mt gi gn nhn i qua c
gi l ng chuyin mch nhn LSP (Label Switched Path). Do MPLS s dng nhn
quyt nh chng tip theo nn router t phi lm vic hn v hot ng gn ging vi
switch. V cc nhn th hin cc tuyn ng i trong mng nn cc nh qun tr mng c
th iu khin chnh xc hn cc qu ttnh x l lu lng ttong mng bng cch dng cc
chnh sch nhn.
C hai cch chnh gn v phn phi nhn l m hnh li d liu v m hnh li iu
khin. M hnh li d liu nh chuyn mch IP (Ipsilon) hay b nh tuyn chuyn mch t
bo (Toshiba). M hnh li iu khin nh chuyn mch th (Cisco), IP Navigator
(AscencyLucent) v ARIS MPLS (BM), MPLS.
Khc vi qu trnh nh tuyn v chuyn mch thng thTig ca mng IP l da trn
tiu ca gi tin IP, trong mng MPLS, qu trnh chuyn mch da trn mt nhn gn
thm vo gi tin. Cn qu trnh nh tuyn th khng khc bit nhiu lm, tc vn da vo
a ch IP v cc giao thc nh tuyn nh tuyn. Tuy nhin router cn phi nm gi s
thay i v hhn ca cc gi tin khi i cc gi ny c chuyn tip qua router. Nh vy,
khc vi router thng thig, cc router trong mng MPLS phi hiu c cc giao thc
phn phi nhn. (Tuy nhin, vi nh tuyn rng buc, ta c th ch nh mt con ng c
lp vi cc giao thc nh tuyn).
minh ho hot ng ca MPLS, ta hy xt ng i ca mt gi tin theo tng
bc ong mng sau.
Hnh 2.1: S mng
IP 28 IP 27 IP 24
SO/0 SO/0^^0/1 SO/^Ô/1 so/
PE1 P1 P2 PE2
CE1 CE2
Thit b Serial 0/0 Serial 0/1 Loopback 0
PE1 192.168,1.10 192.168.1.1
P1 192.168.1.9 192.168.1.14 192.168.1.2
P2 192.168.1.13 192.168.1.18 192.168.1.3
PE2 192.168.1.17 192.168.1.4
Bng 2.1: a chi IP cc thit b
Trc ht, cc giao thc nh tuyn nh OSPF, IS-IS hot ng xy dng nhng
router k cn trong bng nh tuyn ca mt router. (Router k cn l router k tip m gi
tin cn c truyn n n c mt ch no ).
Ta c th dng lnh:
PEl#show ip route
K n, giao thc phn phi nhn s hot ng gn nhn v ta s c mt s tng
ng gia mt nhn v mt router k cn cng vi cng ng ra tng ng. Trong mng
MPLS, b nh tuyn ngoi ra c 2 ng l ingress (ng vo) v egress (ng ra). B nh
tuyn ng v ^ s nhn vo mt gi IP v thc hin so snh trong bng nh tuyn, sau
gn nhng dch v tng ng ln gi tin , v cui cng gn nhn thch hp da trn
nhng dch v . Nhng nhn khc nhau s biu th nhng mc dch v khc nhau trong
mng. V khi gi tin c nhn, n c chuyn n thit b k tip v router k tip s
xem trong bng chuyn tip xc nh cng ra v nhn cn dng cho gi tin.
Ta c th dng lnh;
PE#show mpls forwarding-table
Sau khi i qua mt b chuyn mch nhn gia th nhn ca mi gi tin s thay i.
Mi b chuyn mch nhn gia chi hot ng on gin l chuyn i (swapping) nhn.
V hot ng tng t nh th xy ra thit b k tip cho n khi gi tin n thit b cui
cng l b nh tuyn chuyn mch nhn ng ra. B nh tuyn ny bit n l thit b cui
cng trong mng MPLS. N s tch nhn ra v gi gi tin IP n chng k tip tc vo
mng IP ca khch hng. Qu trnh di chuyn tip theo ca gi th hon ton tng t nh
trong ng hp mng IP thng thng.
Nh vy y, ta thc hin chuyn cc gi tin trong mng ch da vo nhn gi tin
thay v a ch. V qua y ta cng thy c mt s u im tuyt vd ca chuyn mch
nhn. u tin l tc rt nhanh v tr cng nh tr rung pha (jitter) l rt thp. Do
nhn dng tham chiu (index) trc tip n bng chuyn tip ca router nn ch yu cu
truy cp bng ny mt ln, trong khi nh tuyn truyn thng phi yu cu truy cp bng
nh tuyn hng ngn ln tm ra a ch IP ph hfp nht. Do chuyn mch nhn gim
c tr v thi gian ch p ng ti mi nt ko theo lm gim bin ng tr rang
pha cng dn khi gi tin i qua nhiu nt, iu ny rt c ngha i vi cc ng dng thi
gian thc. Tuy nhin, l do s dng chuyn mch nhn khng ch dng y m cn do
tnh n gin v d m rng ca n. Chuyn mch nhn cho php ghp nhiu a chi IP vi mt
hoc mt s nhn m thi nn lm gim kch thc ca bng a ch, cho php router h nhiu
ngi dng hon. V i vi cc c s h tng mng vn c sn chc nng chuyn mch, chuyn
tip trong phn cng nh cc router hay cc chuyn mch ATM, Frame Relay, ta ch cn ph ln
tim phn mm tng ng iu khin vic chuyn mch nhn m ii.
2.2. KHI NIM V HOT NG c BN TRONG MPLS
2.2.1. Mt phng d liu v mt phng iu khin
Mt mt phng iu khin (control plane) l mt tp hp phn mm v/hoc phn
cng trong mt thit b, chng hn mt router, v c dng iu khin nhiu hot ng
thit yu trong mng, nh phn phi nhn, tm tuyn mi, v khc phc li. Nhim v ca
mt phang iu khin l cung cp cc dch v cho mt phng d liu. Mt phang d liu
chu trch nhim chuyn tip lu lng ngi dng qua router. Cc thut ng mt phng
ngi dng (user plane) hoc mt phng truyn dn (transport plane) cng c dng m
t mt phang d liu.
Chng 2: L thuyt c bn ca chuyn mch nhn , 25
2.2.2. Mt phng d lu v mt phng iu khin trong IP
Hnh 2.2: Mt phng iu khin v d liu IP.
Router
Hnh 2.2 m t mi quan h gia mt phng iu khin IP v mt phng d liu IP.
i vi cc giao thc Internet, cc v d ca mt phng iu khin l cc giao thc nh
tuyn nh OSPF, IS-IS, BGP. N cho php IP chuyn tip lu lng mt cch chnh xc.
Cc bn tin iu khin c ao i gia cc router thc hin nhiu hot ng khc
nhau, bao gm:
Trao i cc bn tin gia cc nt thit lp mt tuyn lin kt.
Trao i cc bn tin ieo chu k (gi l bn tin hello) chc rng cc nt gn k hot
ng tt.
Trao i cc bn tin qung co (advertisement) v a chi v tuyn xy dng cc
bng nh tuyn c s dng bi IP chuyn tip lu lng.
2.23. Mt phng d liu v mt phng iu khin trong MPLS
Hnh 2.3: Mt phng iu khin v d liu
LSR
MPLS cng hot ng vi cc mt phang iu khin v d liu, nh m t hnh 2.3.
Nhim v chnh ca mt phng iu khin l qung co cc nhn, a ch v lin kt chng.
B nh tuyn chuyn mch nhn l mt router c cu hnh h tr MPLS. N
dng c s thng tin chuyn tip nhn (Label Forwarding Information Base_LFIB) xc
nh cch x l cc gi MPLS n, chng hn xt xem nt k tip nhn gi l nt no.
Cc bn tin iu khin c trao i gia cc LSR thc hin nhiu hot ng khc
nhau, bao gm thit lp lin kt. Sau khi hot ng ny hon thnh, cc nt c gi l cc
LSR ngang hng (peer), trao i cc bn tin chu k (bn tin hello) chc rng cc nt gn
, k hot ng tt, ttao i cc bn tin a ch v nhn lin kt cc a ch vi nhn v xy
dng bng chuyn tip cho mt phng d liu MPLS. Mt phng d liu MPLS s chuyn
tip liru lng bng cch kim tra nhn trong tiu gi MPLS, a chi IP khng cn kim
tra. Tiu nhn sau b b i, v a chi IP li c dng phn phi lu lng n
ngi dng cui.
2.2.4. Nhng lp chuyn tip tng ong FEC
* Lp chuyn tip tng ng FEC
Thut ng lp chuyn tip tcmg ng FEC (Forwarding Equivalence Classes) c
s dng trong hot ng chuyn mch nhn. FEC m t s lin h gia cc gi vi a ch
ch ngi nhn cui, FEC cng c th lin kt vi mt a ch ch v loi lu lng lin
quan n mt cng ch no .
Ti sao li s dng FEC? Trc tin, n cho php nhm cc gi vo cc lp khc
nhau, c th s dng h tr cht ng dch v hiu qu. V d, FEC c th lin kt vi
u tin cao, lu lng thc ...
FEC c xc nh duy nht bng vic s dng mt nhn. i vi cc lp dch v
khc nhau, ngi ta s dng cc FEC v cc nhn lin kt khc nhau. Vi Internet, cc gi
sau c s dng thnh lp mt FEC: a ch IP ngun v/hoc ch, s cng ngun
v/hoc ch, nhn din giao thc (PID), im m (codepoint) ca cc dch v khc bit
IPv4, dng nhn IPv6.
Chng ta c th ngh v cc th tc c s dng bi thnh phn nh tuyn nh l
cch chia thnh tp tt c cc gi m router c th nh tuyn vo mt s hu hn cc subnet
ri nhau. T quan im nh tuyn, nhng gi trong mi subnet c router i x nh
nhau (ngha l chng u c gi n cng mt trm k tip) ngay c nu nhng gi trong
subnet khc nhau v nhng thng tin cn li ong tiu (header) lp mng. Chng ta xem
cc subnet nh l cc lp chuyn tip tng cmg (FEC). Nguyn nhn m router nh
tuyn tt c cc gi trong 1 FEC ging nhau l v s nh x gia thng tin c mang trong
tiu lp mng v nhng mc trong bng nh tuyn l nhiu - mt (m mt - mt l
trng hp c bit). Ngha l nhng gi khc nhau v ni dung trong tiu lp mng c
th c nh x vo cng mt mc trong bng nh tuyn khi mc c gn vi mt
FEC xc nh.
Mt v d ca FEC l mt tp cc gi unicast m a ch ch lp mng c cng tin
t a ch IP xc nh. Mt v d khc ca FEC l mt tp cc gi multicast c cng a ch
ngun v ch lp mng.
Chng 2: L thuyt c bn ca chuyn mch nhn 27
Mt phn quan ng ca mt mc nh tuyn c duy tr bi router l a ch
router k tip. Mt gi khi ri vo mt FEC m lin kt vi mt mc nh tuyn xc nh th
c nh tuyn .n router k tip c ch r bi mc . Do vic xy dng bng nh
tuyn bi thnh phn iu khin c th xem nh l vic xy dng mt tp FEC v m k
tip cho mi FEC .
Mt tnh cht quan trng ca mt FEC l tnh nh tuyn phn cp ca n. V d nh
mt FEC c th bao gm nhng gi m c a chi ch lp mng gn vi cng mt tin t
a ch xc nh. Kiu ny ca FEC cung cp nh tuyn th. Mc khc, mt FEC c th bao
gm ch nhng gi thuc vo mt ng dng xc nh chy gia hai my tnh, ngha l n ch
bao gm nhng gi c cng a ch ngun v ch lp mng (a ch hai my tnh) cng nh
cng s port lp vn chuyn (nhng port ny xc nh ng dng trong my tnh). Kiu ny
ca FEC cung cp nh tuyn tinh.
C th thy r rng l nh tuyn th cn thit cho vic m rng ton mng. Nhng mc
khc nu ch h tt nh tuyn th s lm mng hot ng khng c uyn chuyn, nh vy
n khng cho php c nhiu kiu lu lng khc nhau. Nhng nhn nh trn cho thy mun
xy dng mt h thng ln v c nhiu chc nng th yu cu h thng phi h tr nhiu kiu
nh tuyn cng nh kh nng n ln v kt hp nhiu kiu nh tuyn khc nhau.
2.2.5. nh tuyn nht qun
Mt h thng nh tuyn chnh xc yu cu c s nht qun qua nhiu router. S nht
qun ny c thit lp bi s kt hp ca nhiu c ch.
Thnh phn iu khin chu trch nhim phn b nht qun cc thng tin nh tuyn
c s dng bi router cho vic xy dng bng nh tuyn ca n. Thnh phn iu khin
cn chu trch nhim trong vic nht qun cc th tc m router dng xy dng bng
nh tuyn. Kt hp hai yu t ny cho php c s nht qun gia cc bng nh tuyn.
Thnh phn nh tuyn chu trch nhim nht qun cc th tc ong vic ly thng
tin t cc gi cng nh vic s dng thng tin ny tm mt mc thch hp trong bng
nh tuyn, kt qu l c s nht qun trong nh x nhng gi vo cc FEC qua nhiu
router. V s nht qun ny cho php h thng c chc nng nh tuyn chnh xc.
2.3, THNH PHN NH TUYN
S phn tch vic nh tuyn lp mng ra lm hai phn: iu khin v nh tuyn
khng ch c p dng vo kiu nh tuyn truyn thng m cn c th p dng cho k
thut chuyn mch nhn. Trng phn ny chng ta m t vi l thuyt nn tng lin quan
n thnh phn nh tuyn ca chuyn mch nhn.
Thut ton m thnh phn nh tuyn ca chuyn mch nhn s dng a ra quyt
nh nh tuyn cho mt gi tin s s dng hai ngun thng tin: thng tin th nht l bng
nh tuyn c duy tr bi mt router chuyn mch nhn LSR (Label Switching Router) v
th hai l mt nhn cha ong gi.
23.1. Nhn l
Nhn l mt khung nhn dng ngn, c chiu di c nh v khng c cu trc. Mt
nhn khng thc hin trc tip bt c thng tin no t tiu lp mng. Dng ca nhn s
c xt phn sau.
Chng 2: L thuyt c bn ca chuyn mch nhn
29
23.2. Bng chuyn mch nhn
LIB v LFIB
Hnh 2.4: LIB cho nt D
192.168.20.1
192.168.20,9 192.168.20.7
Hnh 2.4 l c s d liu thng tin nhn LIB ca nt D cho cc lin kt nhn m n
to v nhn c t cc hng xm MPLS cho tin t a ch 192.168.20.0/24. Cc thc th
LIB ca cc LSR khng phi k cn th khng cn lu trong LIB v khng cn thit cho vic
chuyn tip gi. Theo hot ng ca cc giao thc nh tuyn, nt D c th n
192.168.20.0/24 thng q'ua nt I, E hoc J. Mt cu hi rt hp l c t ra l ti sao n
phi cha tt c lin kt nhn ca tt c cc hng xm trong khi mt s ttong chng khng
phi l xui dng theo a ch ch v thm ch mt s khng trong LSP. Cu tt li s
c gii thch phn sau.
Hnh 2.5 l bng LFIB ti nt D cho tin t a ch 192.168.20.4/24. Lu rng bng
ny ch cha thng tin cn thit chuyn tip gi n chng k trong LSP, n chnh l tp
con ca LIB. Nhn 40 c dng cho LSP gia nt c v D, nhn 38 gia D v E, nhn 47
gia E v F. Nhn 40 l nhn ni (local label) ca nt D v n c to bi D v phn phi
n tt c cc ngang cp ca D. Cn nhn 38 c cp bi nt E. Do hai nhn ny l
nhn c gn bi nt xui dng n nt ngc dng tng ng vi tin t
192.168.20.0/24. Trong bng LFIB ti D ta thy (a) nhn ni cho tin t a ch
192.168.20.0/24 l 40, (b) nhn ra l 38 vn c gn trc bi nt E, (c) giao tip vt l
n chng k tc hop E l giao tip n. Hai iu quan trng cn nh l nu LSR khng
nhn thng ip lin kt nhn t LSR k, gi tin s c chuyn i bnh thng m khng
gn nhn. Cn nu LSR nhn c thng ip lin kt nhn t LSR k th nhn ny v nhn
ni s c thm vo LFIB.
Khi mt lin kt hay mt nt b pht hin l h bng giao thc phn phi nhn hay
bng giao thc nh tuyn lp 3, cc s kin sau s ln lt xy ra: v d nt D pht hin
lin kt n E b h. LFIB c cp nhn phn nh s h hng ny bng cch xa lin
30
kt t D n E. Giao tip ca lin kt b h cng c xa khi bng nh tuyn. Vic xa
ny kch hot OSPF chn ra mt lin kt thay th Ichc v a vo bng nh tuyn, v d
lin kt gia D v J. Vic thm mt FEC mi vo bng nh tuyn lp 3 s kch hot nt D
cp nht LFIB m khng cn triu gi giao thc phn phi nhn bi v trc nt D
thit lp mi quan h MPLS ngang hng vi tt c nt ln cn v ci t lin kt nhn
cho nhng nt ny trong bng LIB ri. Do nt D s gn nhn 87 cho cc gi n
192.168.20.0/24 v gi chng n nt J. J lc ny l thnh vin mi ca con ng chuyn
mch nhn n 192.168.20.0/24.
Hnh 2.5: LFIB cho nt D
192.168.20.1
192.168.20.9 192.168.20.7
192.168.20.3 192.168.20,4
7
V
192.168.20.6
1 /
192.168.20.2
o 1 Ar\ p -y p
1QOICQ oo r\IO
Nt cui c r 19^. ID0.ZU.U/Z4
.-'
192.168.20.5 \
192.168.20.10 192.168.20.8
Vi a ch 192.168.20.0/24
Nhn ni Nhn ra Giao din
40 38
Mt bng nh tuyn bao gm chui cc mc, mi mc bao gm mt nhn vo v
mt hay nhiu mc con, mi mc con bao gm mt nhn ra, mt giao din ng ra v mt a
chi trm k (hnh 2.6). Nhng mc con khc nhau trong tng mc ring c th c cng hoc
khc nhn ra. y c nhiu mc con l kim sot nh tuyn multicast, khi m mt gi
n t mt ng vo cn c gi n nhiu giao din ng ra.
Hnh 2.6: Mc trong bng nh tuyn
Nhn vo Mc con th nht Mc con th hai
Nhn ra Nhn ra
Nhn vo
Giao din ra Giao din ra
a ch trm k a ch trm k
Bng nh tuyn c nh ch s mc bi gi tr cha trong nhn vo. Ngha l gi
tr cha trong nhn vo ca mc th N trong bng l N.
Ngoi thng tin dng iu khin nh tuyn mt gi, mt mc trong bng nh
tuyn c th cha thng tin lih quan n nhng ti nguyn m gi tin c th s dng, nh
l mt hng i ng ra m gi tin c t vo.
Mt LSR c th duy tr mt bng nh tuyn n hay l nhiu bng nh tuyn, mi
bng cho mi giao din ca n. Vi trfng hp sau, vic x l mt gi tin c xem xt
khng bi ch nhn cha trong gi m c giao din no m gi tin i ti, cn trong rrng
hp u th ch cn thng tin cha trong nhn. LSR c th s dng trTig hp mt hoc hai
nh l mt tu chn, hay c th kt hp c hai.
2.33. Kh nng mang nhn trong gi
Mt chc nng quan ng ca thnh phn nh tuyn chuyn mch nhn l kh nng
mang nhn trong gi, c nhiu cch thc hin iu ny.
Vi cc k thut lp lin kt, nh ATM v Frame Relay, c th mang nhn nh mt
phn ca tiu (header) lp lin kt ca n. C th, vi ATM, nhn c th c mang
trong trng VCI hay VPI ca tiu ATM. Cn vi Frame Relay, nhn c th c mang
ong tTTng DLCI ca tiu Frame Relay.
S dng ty chn vic mang nhn nh l mt phn ca tiu lp lin kt cho php
h tr chuyn mch nhn vi mt s k thut lp lin kt ch khng phi l tt c. Bt buc
chuyn mch nhn chi cho nhng k thut lp lin kt m c th mang nhn trong tiu
lp lin kt s gii hn nhiu n s hu dng ca chuyn mch nhn (hn ch s s dng
chuyn mch nhn n nhng mi trng khc nh Ethernet hay lin kt point-to-point).
Mt cch cho php chuyn mch nhn hot ng trn nhiu k thut lp lin kt khi
m nhng k thut khng th mang nhn trong tiu ca n l bng cch mang nhn
trong mt tiu nhn ring. Tiu nhn ny c xen vo gia tiu lp mng v tiu
lp lin kt (xem hnh 2.7), nn do c th c s lng bi bt c k thut lp lin
kt no nh Ethernet, FDDI, Token Ring, point-to-point.
Hnh 2.7: Mang nhn trong tiu thm
Tiu Tiu thm Tiu D liu
lp lin kt cha nhn lp mng p mng
2 J . 4 . Thut ton nh tuyn chuyn mch nhn
Thut ton nh tuyn m c s dng bi thnh phn nh tuyn ca chuyn mch
nhn da vo s hon i nhn. Thut ton hot ng nh sau:
Khi LSR nhn mt gi tin, n s ly nhn trong gi lm chi mc xc nh ong
bng nh tuyn. Mt khi mc trong bng nh tuyn c tm thy (mc ny c nhn vo
bng vi nhn cha trong gi tin), trong mi mc con s thay th nhn trong gi tin bng
vi nhn ra ca n v gi gi tin ra giao din ng ra n trm k tip c xc nh bi
mc con .
Trong phn trc, chng ta gi s l mt LSR duy tr mt bng nh tuyn cm, tuy
nhin, mt LSR c th duy tr 1 bng nh tuyn ring bit cho mi giao din ca n. Trong
trng hp ny, sau khi LSR nhn gi tin, LSR s dng giao din m gi tin i ti la
chn bng nh tuyn nh tuyn gi tin .
Nhng ai quen thuc vi ATM ch rng khi LSR duy tr bng nh tuyn trn mi
giao din ca n, thut ton nh tuyn trn ty thuc vo thut ton nh tuyn ca chuyn
mch ATM. y l yu t quan trng ca mt s nghin cu chuyn mch nhn v chng ta
s tho lun phn sau.
Mt nhn lun lun mang thng tin nh tuyn v cn c th mang c thng tin ti
nguyn dnh ring. Nhn mang thng tin nh tuyn l v ni dung ca n xc nh mt mc
ong bng nh tuyn v mc ny cha thng tin xc nh phi nh tuyn gi tin i u.
Cn nhn c th mang thng tin v vic dnh ti nguyn l v mc m c xc nh bi
nhn c th, ty chn, bao gm thng tin lin quan ti ti nguyn no m gi tin c th s
dng, v d nh l mt hng i xc nh m gi tin c t vo. Khi nhn c mang
trong tiu ATM (header ATM) hay Frame Relay, nhn phi mang c hai thng tin nh
tuyn v ti nguyn dnh ring. Cn khi nhn c mang trong mt tiu ring, th thng
tin v ti nguyn m gi tin c th s dng c th b m ha nh l mt phn ca tiu ,
nn nHn ch mang thng tin v nh tuyn. Nhng vic m ha phn thng tin ca nhn l
ty chn do mt nhn trong tiu ring c th mang c hai thng tin trn.
ofn gin ha thut ton nh tuyn m c s dng bi thnh phn nh tuyn
chuyn mch nhn s lm n gin vic to thut ton bng phn cng v s cho php nh
tuyn nhanh hn m khng cn n cc phn cng t tin.
Mt tnh cht quan trng ca thut ton nh tuyn c s dng bi chuyn mch
nhn l mt LSR c th ly tt c thng tin cn thit cho vic nh tuyn mt gi tin cng
nh phi quyt nh ti nguyn no m gi tin c th s dng ch trong mt ln truy cp b
nh. Bi v mt mc trong bng nh tuyn c cha tt c cc thng tin cn thit v nh c
nhn m ta s xc nh ng mc cn tm. Chnh c im ny lm cho chuyn mch nhn
thch hp nh l mt k thut cho hiu qu nh tuyn cao.
Vic trao i nhn kt hp vi kh nng mang nhn trong cc k thut lp lin kt s
cho php nhiu thit b khc nhau c th c s dng lm LSR. V d, mang nhn trong
trng VCI ca t bo ATM cho php bin phn cng ca chuyn mch ATM thnh LSR
vi vic cung cp thm phn mm iu khin thch hp. Tng t, vic mang nhn trong
tiu ring trong gi tin lm cho cc router truyn thng c th x l n bng phn mm,
do , vi mt phn mm thch hp, mt router truyn thng c th tr thnh mt LSR.
2.3.5. Thut ton nh tuyn n
Trong kin trc nh tuyn truyn thng, nhng chc nng khc nhau c cung cp
bi thnh phn iu khin (nh l nh tuyn unicast, nh tuyn multicast, nh tuyn
unicast vi kiu ca dch v) yu cu nhng thut ton khc nhau trong thnh phn nh
tuyn (xem hnh 2.8).
Hnh 2,8: Kin trc nh tuyn truyn thong.
Chc nng
nh tuyn
nh tuyn
unicast
nh tuyn unicast
vi Loi dch v
nh tuyn
multicast
Thut ton
nh hng
Kt hp di
nht vi
a ch ch
Kt hp di nht
vi a ch ch +
kt hp chnh xc
vi Loi dch v
Kt hp di nht vi a
ch ngun + kt hp
chnh xc vi a ch ch
v giao din ng vo
Mt tnh cht quan trng ca chuyn mch nhn l s khng c nhiu thut ton nh
tuyn khc nhau trong thnh phn nh tuyn ca n, thnh phn nh tuyn ch gm mt
thut ton da trn vic trao i nhn (xem hnh 2.9). y l im phn bit quan trng gia
hai kiu kin trc nh tuyn.
Hnh 2.9: Kin trc chuyn mch nhn.
Chc nng
nh tuyn
nh tuyn
unicast
nh tuyn unicast
vi Loi dch v
nh tuyn
multicast
Thut ton
nh hng
Thut ton nh hng chung
(trao i nhn)
Chng ta c th ngh rng nu thnh phn nh tuyn chi c mt thut ton nh tuyn
c th hn ch n cc chc nng c h tr bi chuyn mch nhn. Nhng tht s th
khng phi vy, ch nng h tr nhiu chc nng nh tuyn vi ch mt thut ton nh
tuyn l mt trong nhng im quan trng ca chuyn mch nhn. Thc s, nh chng ta s
xem sau, th chc nng m chuyn mch nhn h tr nhiu hn so vi cc kin trc nh
tuyn truyn thng.
23.6. a giao thc: trn v d4
T nhng m t trc v thnh phn nh tuyn chuyn mch nhn, chng ta c th
thy r hai iu quan ng. iu u tin l thnh phn nh tuyn khng lm r l vi mt
lp mng no c, v d, cng mt thnh phn nh tuyn c th c s dng chuyn
mch nhn vi IP cng nh chuyn mch nhn vi IPX. iu ny lm cho chuyn mch
nhn nh l mt gii php a giao thc (multiprotocol) tng thch vi cc giao thc lp
mng (xem hnh 2.10).
Hnh 2A0: a giao thc: trn v di.
IPv6 IPv4 IPX Apple Talk
Chuyn mch nhn
(Label Switching)
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Giao thc
lp mng
Giao thc
lp lin kt
Ngoi ra, kh nng a giao thc ca chuyn mch nhn vt xa kh nng h tr nhiu
giao thc lp mng khc nhau, chuyn mch nhn cn c kh nng hot ng n bt k
giao thc lp lin kt no. iu ny lm cho chuyn mch nhn nh l mt gii php a
giao thc tng thch vi cc giao thc lp lin kt.
Nhng tnh cht txn ca chuyn mch nhn gii thch ti sao nhm lm vic IETF
t tn cho vic tiu chun ho k thut mi ny l Chuyn mch nhn a giao thc -
MPLS (Multiprotocol Label Switching).
*
2.4. THNH PHN IU KHIN
Nh ta cp trn, vic tch phn nh tuyn lp mng thnh hai phn nh
tuyn v iu khin khng chi p dng cho kiu kin trc nh tuyn truyn thng m cn
c th p dng cho chuyn mch nhn. Thnh phn iu khin ca chuyn mch nhn chu
ch nhim v vic phn b cc thng tin nh tuyn gia cc LSR v nhng th tc m
nhng LSR s dng i cc thng tn ny thnh bng nh tuyn s dng bi thnh
phn nh tuyn trong h thng. Ging nh cc thnh phn iu khin ca cc h thng nh
tuyn khc, thnh phn iu khin ca chuyn mch nhn phi p ng s phn b nht
qun v thng tin nh tuyn gia cc LSR cng nh cc th tc nht qun xy dng
bng nh tuyn.
C s ging nhau rt ln v thnh phn iu khin gia kiu kin ttc truyn thng v
chuyn mch nhn. Thc t, thnh phn iu khin ca chuyn mch nhn bao gm tt c
cc giao thc nh tuyn (nh l OSPF, BGP, PIM,...) c s dng bi thnh phn iu
khin ca kiu nh tuyn trc. V c th hiu l thnh phn nh tuyn kiu truyn thng
l mt phn ca inh phn nh tuyn chuyn mch nhn.
Tuy nhin, thnh phn iu khin ca kiu nh tuyn truyn thng khng h
tr chuyn mch nhn. Bi v thng tin nh tuyn c cung cp bi thnh phn ny khng
xy dng bng nh tuyn cho thnh phn nh tuyn ca chuyn mch nhn, v bng
ny phi cha s nh x gia nhn v m k tip.
c th h tt c th chng ta cn c nhng th tc LSR c th
To s kt hp gia nhn v FEC.
Thng tin cho cc LSR khc v s kt hp ny.
S dng hai th tc n xy dng v duy tr bng nh tuyn chuyn mch nhn
s dng.
Ton b cu trc ca thnh phn iu khin chuyn mch nhn c ttnh by nh
trong hnh 2.11.
Hnh 2,11: Thnh phn iu khin chuyn mch nhn
Nhng giao thc Nhng th tc Nhng th tc
nh tuyn lp mng to kt ni phn b thng tin
(OSPF. BGP, PIM) gia nhn v FEC kt hp nhan
S duy tr bng jnh hng
Nhng giao thc nh tuyn lp mng cung cp cho LSR s nh x gia cc FEC v
a ch trm k tip. Nhng th tc to ra s kt hp gia nhn v FEC, v phn b thng
tin kt hp ny glwa cc thit b chuyn mch nhn cung cp cho LSR s nh x gia cc
FEC v nhn. S kt hp hai nh x trn cung cp nhng thng cn thit xy dng bng
nh tuyn c s dng bi thnh phn nh tuyn chuyn mch nhn (xem hnh 2.12).
Hnh 2.12: Qu trnh xy dng mt bng nh hng
2.4.1. Kt hp trong v kt hp ngoi
Nhc li l mi mc ong bng nh tuyn c duy tr bi LSR cha mt nhn vo
v mt hay nhiu nhn ra. Tong ng vi hai kiu nhn trong bng nh tuyn, thnh phn
iu khin cung cp hai kiu kt hp nhn. Kiu kt hp u tin xy ra khi router to s kt
hgrp vi nhn c chn v gn mt cch ni b. Kiu kt hp nhn th hai xy ra khi router
nhn cc thng tin kt hp nhn ca nhng LSR khc.
im khc nhau quan trng gia kt hp trong v kt hp ngoi l vi kt hp ong
nhn uc chn mt cch ni b, bi chnh LSR , trong khi th vi kt hp ngoi th
nhn c chn bi cc LSR khc.
2.4.2. Kt hp ngc dng v kt hp xui dng
Thnh phn iu khin chuyn mch nhn s dng c hai kiu kt hp trong v ngoi
xy dng bng nh tuyn vi nhn vo v nhn ra. C hai cch thc hin iu ny.
Cch u tin l khi nhn t kt hp ong c dng l nhn vo v nhn t kt hp ngoi
c dng l nhn ra. Cch th hai th hon ton ngc li, nhn t kt hp trong c
dng lm nhn ra v nhn c dng t kt hp ngoi c dng lm nhn vo.
Cch u tin c gi l kt hp nhn xui dng (downstream label binding) v s
kt hp gia mt nhn c mang trong gi tin v mt FEC c to bi mt LSR xui
dng (downstream LSR) so vi LSR gn nhn vo gi tin (xem hnh 2.13). R rng rng vi
kt hp nhn xui dng, gi tin mang nhn chy ngc hng so vi chiu chy ca lung
thng tin kt hp nhn.
Cch th hai gi l kt hp ngc dng (upstream label binding) bi v s kt hp
gia mt nhn c mang trong gi tin v mt FEC c to bi cng mt LSR m t
nhn vo gi tin, ngha l s kt hp nhn ngc dng so vi lung chy ca gi tin
(xem hnh 2.13). R rng rng vi kt hp nhn ngc dng, gi rin mang nhn chy cng
hng so vi chiu chy ca lung thng tin kt hp nhn.
Hnh 2.13: Ket hp nhn ngc dng v xui dng
Cc gi vi
nhinX
Thng tin
kt hp cho
nhn X
Cc gi vi
nhn X
Thng tin
kt hp cho
nhanX
Xui ng Ngc dng
2.4.3. Nhn t do
Mt LSR lun c mt tp cc nhn t do (nhn cha c kt hp). Khi LSR c khi
to, tp ny cha tt c cc nhn m LSR c th dng kt hp trong. Kch thc ca tp
s xc nh bao nhiu s kt hp nhn ng thi m LSR c th h tr. Khi router to ra
mt kt hp trong mi, router ly mt nhn trong tp, khi router hy b mt kt hp, n s
tr li nhn ny cho tp nhn.
Nhc li l mt LSR c th duy mt bng nh tuyn n hay l nhiu bng nh
tuyn, mi bng cho mt giao din. Khi router duy mt bng nh tuyn, n s duy tri
mt tp nhn t do, cn khi router duy tr nhiu bng th n s duy tr nhiu tp nhn, mi
tp cho mt bng.
2.4.4. Kt hp nhn tuyn iu khin v tuyn d liu
LSR to ra hay hy b mt kt hp nhn gia mt nhn v mt FEC khi c mt s
kin xy ra. S kin c th c kch hot bi nhng gi d liu m c nh tuyn bi
LSR hay bi nhng thng tin iu khin nh tuyn (nh l cc bn tin OSPF routing
updates, P M JOIN/PRUNE, RSVP PATH / RESV) m c x l bi LSR Khi vic
to ra hay hy b kt hp c kch hot bi cc gi d liu th chng ta gi l kt hp
nhn tuyn d liu (data_driven label binding), cn khi c kch hot bi thng tin iu
khin, chng ta gi l kt hp nhn tuyn iu khin (conttol_driven label binding).
C nhiu ty chn i vi c hai loi n. V d, phn tuyn d liu s to ra s kt
hp cho mt lung gi ca mt ng dng ngay khi n thy gi tin u tin ca lung, hay
n s i cho n khi c nhiu gi tin hom lung di c php to kt hp.
S la chn gia cc phng php thit lp kt hp r rng nh hng n hiu qu
v vn pht trin (c cp phn trc), ngha l phng php thit lp hot
ng nh th no khi mng pht trin. V chng ta cng xt vi nh hng n s linh hot,
c hiu l cc phng php hot ng nh th no trong cc iu kin khc nhau.
2,4.4. L Hiu qu
iu u tin phi ch v hiu qu l, di iu kin l tng, mt LSR c th nh
tuyn d liu ti bt c tr no m thnh phn nh tuyn chuyn mch nhn hot ng,
bt k n LSR s dng kt hp nhn tuyn d liu hay l tuyn iu khin. Trong nhiu
tnrcng hp, iu ny c quyt nh bi tc phn cng nm di. Do , v d, nu
mt chuyn mch nhan chy trn mt chuyn mch ATM, th hiu qu nh tuyn cao nht
l hiu qu cao nht ca chuyn mch ATM . Hu ht chuyn mch ATM c th nh
tuyn lu lng vi vn tc ig dy ti tt c giao tip ca n. Do , v d, mt
chuyn mch 16 cng OC-3 s c kh nng nh tuyn gn ti 16*155 Mb/s = 2.5 Gb/s.
Trong iu kin l tng, bt c chuyn mch nhn no s dng chuyn mch ny u c
th t c cng thng lng n.
iu quan trng y l trong iu kin l tng. Cu hi c t ra l mi
trng hot ng thc t gn vi iu kin l tng nh th no. Cu hi ny tht s kh
m tr li, t bit i vi kt hp hng d liu. V d, iu kin l tng cho kt hp
hng d liu m nhn c lin kt vi lung d liu ng dng l khi lung c chiu
di v tn. Trong trng hp ny, ci gi thit lp ng dn chuyn mch nhn cho mt
lung c tr dn qua chiu di v hn ca lung tr nn khng th chp nhn c.
Cc nghin cu c thc hin xc nh cc mng thc t cch xa bao nhiu so
vi iu kin l tng. Phn kh klin ca cc nghin cu trn l tm cc s liu thng k
lu lng thc t, v hu ht cc nh vn hnh mng rt khng thch th c vic a ra
chi tit cc du tch lu lng ca h trc cng chng. Ngoi ra, ngay c nu c ly c
cc d liu cn thit th cng khng m bo rng n s phn nh chnh xc mt mng tiu
biu ngay ti thi im n c thu thp.
Kt hp nhn tuyn d liu gi s rng mt LSR h tr c hai thnh phn nh tuyn
ca chuyn mch nhn v ca kiu nh tuyn truyn thng. Hiu qu chnh ca tuyn d
liu khi iu kin hot ng chch khi iu kin l tTg l cc gi tin no khng c
chuyn mch nhn th phi c x l bi thnh phn nh tuyn truyn thng, v ng
nhin, kh nng nh tuyn ca n phi b hn so vi thnh phn nh tuyn ca chuyn
mch nhn. iu quan tm y l bao nhiu ti c th c chuyn cho thnh phn nh
tuyn truyn thng.
Nu chng ta thch to kt hp nhn bng kt hp tuyn d liu, v d, bng cch to
kt hp nhn ti gi tin u tin ca mt lung mi, th c th chng ta khng cn dng ti
thnh phn nh tuyn truyn thng v thnh phn ny ch nh tuyn mt gi cho mi lung.
Nhng iu ny s c nh hng ngc li ln vn pht trin, v trong lc ban u to
kt hp nhn chng ta phi i qu trnh phn b v thit lp kt hp nhn ti cc LSR khc,
s hiu qu hn nu trong khi , cc gi tin bt u ca mt lung c nh tuyn bng
thnh phn nh tuyn truyn thng. Nhng chng ta cn phi bit y l bao nhiu gi tin
bt u ca mt lung c nh tuyn bi thnh phn nh tuyn truyn thng th (trong
qu trnh kt hp nhn), cc gi sau s c nh tuyn bng chuyn mch nhn (khi qu
trnh kt hp nhn xong). Phn gi tin c nh tuyn bi thnh phn nh tuyn truyn
thng ph thuc vo tc ca lung mi n v s lTig gi tin mi lung m khng c
chuyn mch nhn. Tc ca lung n PPS (Packet per second) bng vi ti a ra trong
cc gi tin trong mt giy chia cho s lTig gi. tin trung bnh trong mi lung.
PPS yu cu = (cc gi c nh tuyn mi lung) * (PPS a ra)/(s gi
mi lung).
Phn kh ch ny l s cc gi c nh tuyn mi lung. Ngay c nu phn nhn
dng dng c mt quy lut n gin nh to kt hp nhn cho bt c lung no m di hn
10 g, s c nhiu lung ch c mt gi, s t nhiu ti ln phn nh tuyn truyn thng.
S thng nht ca nghin cu l hiu qu ca kt hp tuyn d liu ong iu kin ti
thc t kh cao 70-80% v do c th t c hiu sut ca phn cng nm di. Phn
quan tm chnh ca tuyn d liu l vn pht trin v s linh hot trong iu kin c s
thay i lu lng.
Mt h qu na pht smh bi vic tuyn d liu (v t nh hng bi tuyn iu
khin) l phn ti nguyn c yu cu ca thnh phn iu khin chuyn mch nhn. Mi
ln mt LSR quyt nh mt lung c th c chuyn mch nhn, n cn phi trao i
thng tin kt hp nhn vi cc LSR xung quanh, m n c th cn thay i vi trng thi kt
hp trong ca n. Tt c cc vic n s tiu tn ti nguyn ca thnh phn iu khin
chuyn, ich nhn. Tht l kh m tnh c hot ng ca vic thit lp v phn b kt
hp nhn s tiu tn bao nhiu ti nguyn, nhng m ta d dng thy c hiu qu ca
tuyn d liu d b nh hng bi vic ny nht. Neu LSR khng thit lp v phn b trng
thi kt hp nhn ti tc yu cu bi thut ton pht hin dng(flow detection algorithm),
th ch c phn nh ca lung c chuyn mch nhn, v do hiu qu cng gim.
Th th cn kt hp tuyn iu khin th sao? Ging nh tuyn d liu, n c th hot
ng ti tc phn cng nm di trong iu kin l tng, nhng nh ngha cho l
tng th rt khc. V d, khi cung cp chc nng nh tuyn da vo a ch ch, th iu
kin l tng cho hng iu khin kh om gin: chng Ho m cu trc mng cn n nh,
th tt c lu lng m n ti mt LSR (khng phi ra) c th c chuyn mch nhn
m khng c 1 gi no phi c chuyn cho phn x l iu khin. Khng ging vi tuyn
d liu, chng ta c th tng tng mng trong iu kin l tng c th tn ti trong mt
khong thi gian di.
Khi cu ttc mng thay i, th vn c kh nng cho tuyn iu khin t c hiu
qu l tng, nhc li l mt kt hp tuyn iu khin c th bit thng tin kt hp cho
router t nhng lng ging(neighbor) m khng phi l trm k tip ca router , trong
trng hp cu hnh mng thay i lm nhng lng ging tr thnh nhng trm k tip
th chuyn mch nhn cng khng b gin on (c th c n.vi nn phn cng, c mt
vi gi tin b mt ttong khi bng nh tuyn b thay i).
Ch l khi cu hnh mng thay i th cng nh hfng n hiu qu ca tuyn d
liu. Nu ng dn ca mt lung thay i, th i vi cc LSR mi ttn ng dn xem
nh l mt lung mi c to ra. V nhng lung u tin phi c nh tuyn bng
thnh phn nh tuyn aiyn thng. Do , khi mng thay i s t gnh nng ln LSR no
b thnh mt trm k mi cho vi LSR khc. u tin, n t nhin nhn c mt lfng
ln cc lung m ing i bng ng dn khc. Sau cc lung mi ny cn c phn
tch bi cc thut ton pht hin lung, v n s t thm ti ln c hai thnh phn nh tuyn
truyn thng v chun mch nhn lm gim hiu qu ca chuyn mch nhn.
Mt vn ng ch v hiu qu pht sinh khi c s tp trung nh tuyn xy ra.
V chng ta li s thy c s xung t gia vn pht trin v hiu qu. Hnh 2.14 trnh
by tnh hung c s tp trung nh tuyn xy ra, LSR X c th giao tip vi mng c tin
3S Chuyn mch nhn a giao thc MPLS
39
t 10.0.1/24 (/24 ngha l tin t ny c 24 bit) qua LSR Y v c th giao tip vi mng c
tin t 10.0.0/24 qua LSR z. Nhng tin t ny c cng 23 bit cao v do chng c th
c tng hp li thnh 10.0.0/23. Do , LSR X c th qung b tin t tng hp ny cho
LSR M, ngha l, nu LSR X v M to kt hp nhn cho tin t tng hp ny trong bng
nh tuyn ca n, th X chi c th qung b mt nhn ofn n M cho tin t tng hp ny.
Khi LSR X nhn nhng gi t M m cha nhn ny, n khng th xc nh chnh xc l
phi nh tuyn gi tin i u v n phi dng nh tuyn truyn thng s dng tiu lp 3
nh tuyn. Ch rng X vn c th chuyn mch nhn cho cc gi khc, cc gi t Y
sang z v ngc li.
Hnh 2.14: nh hng ca tp trung tuyn.
Vng nh tuyn A
Vng nh tuyn B
Tnh hung ny l tnh hung t nht i vi tuyn iu khin LSR. vn pht trin
chi ra rng s kt hp a ch l tt, nhng n li to ra tnh hung m nh tuyn kiu
truyn thng thc hin nhiu hn chuyn mch nhn. S nh hng n hiu qu cmg
nhin ty thuc vo bao nhiu phn ca lu lng khng th thc hin bng chuyn mch
nhn v vo s tng quan ca hai thnh phn nh tuyn.
Chng ta cng nn ch rng vic kt hp a ch khng phi xy ra ngu nhin, n
c chn k lng bi cc nh thit k mng nng cao kh nng pht trin mng. Do
, c th d on trc ch no n s gy ra ii hng, v vic thit k mng nh vy,
c s kt hp a chi, khng c t nhng ni m chuyn mch nhn c s dng ch
yu, nh l phn chnh ca mng ng trc (backbone) tc cao. V cc nh thit k
mng phi cn thn m bo rng nu mt LSR c t ti mt im kt hp th n phi c
kh nng nh tuyn kiu truyn thng x l mt phn lu lag khng th c
chuyn mch nhn.
2A.4.2. Vn pht trin
Nh chng ta va tho lun, hiu qu v vn pht trin kh lin quan n nhau
v thng xung t vi nhau. Mt cch c nh tnh cht pht trin ca mt chuyn
mch nhn l xem bao nhiu nhn c ch nh ong cc tnh hung khc nhau.
Tng qut, nhng bc nng cao hiu qu nh tng s nhy cm ca thut ton
pht hin dng, c nhng nh hng ngc li i vi vn pht txin v tng s lng
nhn. c ci nhn su hn v mi quan h gia hiu qu v vn pht trin ca kt hp
tuyn d liu, chng ta s xem xt mt vi d liu lu lng c thu thp t nm 1995 ti
mt im trao i Internet vnh San Francisco. D liu ny c phn tch bi cc nh
nghin cu ca Ipsilon da ra cc hnh v 2.15 v 2.16. Chng ta ch l tng-cc lu
lng chy qua im thu thp tng i nh (so vi nc M), ch vo khong 30-40 Mbps,
nn thng tin ch yu y ch yu l v tng hn l cc s liu chnh xc.
Hnh 2.15 [1] ch ra c hai s lng nhn (c kt hp) tc thi v s lng trao i
thng tin kt hp nhn ( thit lp kt ni) trn mi giy c yu cu nh l mt chc
nng ca s lng gi tin trong mt lung xem xt trc khi thit lp ng chuyn mch
nhn. D dng ong thy, nu gim s nhy ca thut ton pht hin dng s nhanh chng
lm gim s lng nhn cn thit.
Hnh 2.15: nh hng ca nhy ti phn loi dng
'2
0)
'|
s
I
(8
'%,
-I
70
"I
80
45000
40000
35000
r-
30000
25000 o
20000
'S
15000
Q)
10000
5000
30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Cc gi c nhn triPc khi chuyn mch lung
S kt ni
Tng kt ni
Hnh 2.16: nh hng ca nhy ti phn loi dng
Phn trm byte c
chuyn mch
Phn trm gi c
chuyn mch
Cc gi c nhn trc khi chuyn mch lung
Hnh 2.16 [1] cho thy phn trm ca s byte v s gi tin kt thc c chuyn mch
nhn, mt ln na l mt chc nng ca s lng cc gi tin c xem xt ti bt u mi
lung trc khi n c chuyn mch nhn. iu tt y l tng lng d liu m c th
c chuyn mch nhn c o bng byte hoc bng gi s gim chm s lng nhn yu
cu cho thut ton pht hin dng gim (ch rng mt nhn l tng ng vi mt kt
ni). N c ngha l chng ta s xem xt nhiu gi tin hn trc khi quyt nh chuyn
mch nhn cho mt lung.
Vi kt hp tuyn iu khin, tnh cht pht trin khng ph thuc vo tnh t nhin
ca lu lng d liu nhng vo tnh cht ca lu lng iu khin, m n li ph thuc
vo cu trc mng. V d, trong kt hp nhn tuyn iu khin cho mi tin t ttong bng
nh tuyn, s lng ca nhn d dng c th tnh c, vo nm 2000, nhng bng nh
tuyn ln nht trong backbone Internet cha khong 60.000 tin t mng. ng nhin,
khng kt hp mt nhn cho mi mc trong bng nh tuyn. Nh chng ta s thy sau, v
d mt LSR ti li ca Internet c th kt hp mt nhn cho mi router ra (edge router)
ca mt min m n trong, trn th t vi trm nhn.
2.4.4.3. linh hot
Trong khi so snh linh hot ca cc nghin cu khc nhau, chng ta c gng tr li
cu hi Ci no d b nh hng hn v hiu qu v vn pht trin khi mi trng mng
thay i ?. Nh vi tho lun trc ch ra, kt hp tuyn d liu dcmg nh khng theo
kp vi tuyn iu khin. Bi v iu ny kh trc gic: s thay i ca lung d liu lun
kh d on hn lung thng tin iu khin. e to thay i trong lung d liu l mt ng
dng mi hay l mt thay i ong vic s dng ca mt ng dng ang dng. V d, gi s
mt Web site cung cp vi dch v giao dch nh nh gi c phiu trn Internet, t nhin
lung lu lng n website s bao gm nhiu lung nh m khng th c chuyn
mch nhn, lm gia tng ti lu lng ln thnh phn nh tuyn truyn thng.
Khng kh a ra nhiu tnh hung khc nhau v s thay i cch s dng ca
ngi s dng hay ca ng dng s c th gy nh hng nghim trng trong kt hp tuyn
d liu. Nhng nhng thay i kh c th nh hng n tuyn iu khin. Thng
thng, khng c s thay i ca thng tin nh tuyn trong mt khong thi gian ngn, ch
c nhng thay i cn bn thc s trong cch xy dng mng mi c th nh hng n kt
hp tuyn iu khin.
2.4.5. Phn b thng tin kt hp nhn
Mt khi to ra hay hy b mt kt hp gia mt nhn c chn ni b v mt FEC,
LSR cn thng bo cho cc LSR khc v vic ny cc LSR khc to ra hay hy b kt
hp nhn ngoi. Phn b thng tin kt hp nhn c th thc hin bi nhiu cch.
2.4.5.1. t trn nh ca cc gio thc nh tuyn
Mt cch phn b thng tin kt hp l t thng tin ny vo cc giao thc nh
tuyn. iu ny chi thc hin c i vi kt hp tuyn iu khin, bi v n ct (ties)
phn b thng tin nhn vo phn b thng tin iu khin (nh tuyn), v n c v tnh cht
kh hp dn. u tin, n lm phn b thng tin kt hp nhn ph hp vi phn b ca
thng tin nh tuyn. N cn trnh c hin tng tranh chp, khi thng tin kt hfp nhn
(kt hp gia nhn v FEC) c mt, nhng thng tin nh tuyn lin quan n (l thng tin
kt hp gia FEC v trm k tip) khig c. Sau n lm n gin hot ng ca h
thng bi n lm gim yu cu nhiu giao thc phn b thng tin nh tuyn.
Tuy nhin, n cng c nhng nhc im nht nh. Trc ht, thng tin nh tuyn
m c phn b bi mt giao thc xc nh c th khng ph hp cho phn b thng tin
kt hp nhn, ch c nhng giao thc m phn b thng tin nh tuyn r rng c cha nh
x gia FEC v a chi ttm k th c th ph hp cho vic t vo giao thc. V nguyn
nhn ny m nhng giao thc nh tuyn trng thi lin kt (Routing Link-State) (nh
OSPF) khng ph hp cho yu cu phn b thng tin kt hp nhn. Nhng i vi cc giao
thc khc nh BGP v P M dng nh hon ton ph hp cho yu cu ny.
Nhng ngay c nu phn b thng tin nh tuyn bi mt giao thc no ph hp
cho vic phn b thng tin kt hp nhn, th m rng giao thc mang thng tin ny c th
khng lun lun kh thi. Bi v m rng giao thc c th lin quan n s thay i khun
dng ca bn tin c s dng bi giao thc , v iu ny c th gy ra s khng tomg
thch gia cc h thng. Chng ta c th quan tm n trfng hp giao thc mang thng tin
nhn n mt t b khng hiu nhn s gy ra nhng hiu nhm khng mong mun.
2.4.5.2. Nhng giao thc phn b nhn
Tin thn ca MPLS trc y l chuyn mch th ca Cisco, s dng giao thc phn
phi th l TDP. Giao thc ny v hot ng th ging LDP nhng khng tng thch hon
ton vi LDP do n lng nghe trn cng 711 trong khi TDP lng nghe trn cng 646. H
iu hnh Cisco lOS t phin bn 11.1 h tr chuyn mch th, t 12.3 ln mi h tr
MPLS. C php lnh ty thuc vo lOS.
Giao thc LDP ging OSPF ch cc lng ging thy nhau mt cch t ng li giao
thc hello, ging BGP ch cc lng ging dng kt ni TCP thit lp mt knh truyn
thng tin cy. im khc bit ca LDP l th tc trao i thng tin nhn ca n nh nhn cc
lng ging, thit lp phin, trao i nhn, duy tr nhn, chng vng lp m ta s cp.
Kt hp ni b v t xa
Thut ng kt hp lin quan n mt hot ng ti LSR m trong mt nhn c
kt hp vi mt FEC. Kt hp nhn ni b l mt hot ng trong router ni b thit lp
mi kt hp nhn vi mt FEC. Router c th lm vic ny khi n nhn c thng tin iu
kiin t router ln cn. Thng thng th router n nh mt nhn cho mi tin t IP m n
bit v sau qung co s kt hp ny. Cn kt hp xa thng c thc hin bi cc bn
tin iu khin.
2.4.5.3. Thc thi ca cc mtphng u khin trong vng chuyn mch nhn
Hnh 2.17: Vic tm ra a ch v v tr ca chng.
Ngc dng Xui dng
----------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------
Vng chuyn mch nhn_____________
172.16.1.1 A B C 172.16.2.1
1. Advertise
M----------------
2. Advertise
3. Advertise
^------------
4. Advertise
<-----------^------------
Cc gi qung co l lu lng OSPF, IS-IS
43
Mng chuyn mch nhn c t chc thnh cc vng chuyn mch nhn. Cc vng
thuc v mt ISP hoc mt cng ty ring v giao tip vi nhau bng cc tha thun.
Ta xt hnh 2.17, 2.18, 2.19 c cc nt ngi dng l 172.16.1.1 (ngc dng) v
172.16.2.1 (xui dng). Theo dng d liu t nt 172.16.1.1 n nt 172.16.2.1, LSR A l
nt ng vo, LSR c l nt ngS ra. LSR B c gi l LSR chuyn tip, LSR ni hay LSR
li. Cc hnh ny ch ra cch rn cc nt bit c a ch 172.16.2.1 bng cch s dng
giao thc nh tuyn nh OSPF, BGP qung co nhn (hnh 2.17) hay dng giao thc
phn phi nhn LDP theo yu cu (hnh 2.18) hoc khng theo yu cu (hnh 2.19). Kt qu
l cc nt u bit v a ch 172.16.2.1 v cch i n nt . Thng tin ny s c gi
trong c s thng tin nhn.
Hnh 2.18: Lin kt nhn theo yu cu.
172.16.1.1 B 172.16.2.1
1. Yu cu
2. Gn nhn 21
3. Yu cu
4. Gn nhn 30
5. Yu cu
6. Gn nhn 21
Hnh 2.19: Lin kt nhn khng theo yu cu.
7. Yu cu
8. Gn nhn 55
172.16.1.1
a
B 172.16.2.1
Gn nhn 55
Gn nhn 21
Gn nhn 30
Gn nhn 21
Chng ta xt hai kch bn trong vic n nh nhn ca giao thc LDP. Hnh 2.18 minh
ha hot ng phn phi nhn theo yu cu (solicited hoc downstream-on-demand). Bn
tin yu cu nhn c gi i trc khi bn tin lin kt tht s c gi.
Hnh 2.19 l mt v d v lin kt nhn khng theo yu cu (unsolicited), y nt
xui dng bn phi hnh gi bn tin lin kt n cc nt ngc dng, v chng tip tc gi
44
n cc nt ngc dng k tip trong vng chuyn mch nhn. Cc nt ngc dng khng
yu cu lin kt nhng li nhn cc lin kt mt cch t do.
2.4.5. Chuyn i nhn
Gi tr nhn b thay i khi gi d liu truyn qua vng chuyn mch nhn. Thng
thng mi LSR nhn c mt gi tin vo v thay i gi tr ca nhn trc khi gi gi
n nt k tip trong l trnh.
Hnh 2.20: Bng u vo LS cho mt LSR gia 2 ngi dng.
172.16.1.1
21 30
-H a
21
IP
172.16,2,1
OUT
a.21
IN
b.21
OUT
d.30
d
IN OUT
a.30 C.21
172.16.2,1
55
IN OUT
d.21 a.55
IN OUT
C.55 172.16.2.1
Chng ta cn quan tm cc im sau. Th nht, phi c mt phng tin lin kt
cc nhn vi FEC, v s kt hp ny phi c thc hin ti mi thit b tham gia vo LSP
t u cui n u cui. Th hai, trong v d ny, nhn ch c ngha cc b trong giao
din ng ra ca ngi gi vi giao din ng vo ca ngi nhn. Nh vy, nhn c th c
s dng li ti mi giao din ong b chuyn mch hay thit b ngi dng. S la chn cc
nhn l mt vn gia cc chuyn mch gn k. V d, nhn 21 c s dng hai ln, gia
172.16.1.1 v chuyn mch A, v gia chuyn mch B v chuyn mch c. Th ba, vic lin
kt nhn ch xy ra theo mt hng. S dng chuyn mch nhn theo hai hng th mt kt
ni hai hng phi c lp cho mi hng ca kt ni.
Lu chuyn mch nhn ch dng cc giao thc phn b thng tin nh tuyn
phn b thng tin kt hp nhn l khng th. Mt cch khc l phn b thng tin kt hp
nhn bng cc giao thc ring.
Nhng n c mt hn ch, l kh trnh hon ton hin tng tranh chp, bn c
th kt thc trong tnh hung khi m mt LSR c thng tin kt hp nhn (gia nhn v FEC)
nhng khng c thng tin nh tuyn (FEC v trm k tip) cn s dng thng tin kt
hp nhn v ngc li, v hai giao thc ny khng lin quan n nhau.
Mt nhc im khc ca nghin cu ny l n phi a ra mt giao thc mi cho h
thng, s lm tng phc tp ca h thng.
Nu thnh phn iu khin chuyn mch nhn ch s dng mt giao thc phn b
nhn, th n s kh m lm s phn b thng tin kt hp nhn nht qun vi s phn b ca
thng tin nh tuyn. thy iu ny th chng ta xem xt cc giao thc nh tuyn, trong
khi mt vi giao thc ao i thng tin nh tuyn da trn s cp nht dn dn v bt buc
phc p (nh l BGP), cn cc giao thc khc s dng s lm toi (refresh) mt cch
tun hon ca thng tin nh tuyn (nh PIM).
Mt cch trnh s mt thng nht ny l c nhiu hofn mt giao thc phn b thng
tin nhn. Vi phoTig php ny bn c th to mt giao thc phn b nhn s dng lin
kt vi OSPF v s da trn s cp nht dn dn v bt buc phc p, trong khi to mt
giao thc khc dng lin kt vi PIM vs da trn s lm ti mt cch tun hon ca
thng tin kt hp. Mt d iu ny gii quyt vn nht qun phn b ca thng tin kt hp
nhn, n s a ra nhiu giao ic cho h thng v s lm tng s phc tp ca h ing.
Da vo nhng tho lun trn, ta thy s chn t thng tin kt hp nhn vo cc
giao thc nh tuyn s c xem xt trong cc trng hp kh thi, vic s dng thm cc
giao thc ch c dng khi m trng hp t vo cc giao thc nh tuyn khng kh thi.
2.4.6, iu khin nh tuyn tc thi
y chng ta s dng thut ng nh tuyn tc thi ni ti tnh hung ong
mt mng c thng tin nh tuyn thay i. Ti thi im , thng tin ti cc nt khc
nhau c th tm thi khng nht qun. Nhng tnh hung ny thng xy ra khi c s c
trn ng kt ni hay trn router hay c hai.
Mc d tt c cc giao thc nh tuyn c s dng bi thnh phn nh tuyn
truyn thng m bo ng dn khng b lp vng trong trng thi n nh, hu ht chng
(tr EIGRP) khng th m bo ng dn khng b lp vng trong qu trnh nh tuyn tc
thi. R rng, nu s dng nhng giao thc trong thnh phn iu khin ca chuyn
mch nhn th cng khng th thay i tnh hung ny. Do , chuyn mch nhn, ging
nh kiu nh tuyn ttuyn thng, cn phi c c ch khc phc tnh trng lp vng trong
qu nh nh tuyn tc thi.
nh hng ln nht ca nh tuyn lp vng l s tiu tn qu mc ti nguyn mng
(nh b m ca router, CPU ca router, bng thng) ca gi b lp, v s dn n vic
thiu ti nguyn phc v cc gi tin khc. S thit hi c bit ln cho ton h thng l
vic thiu ti nguyn x l cc gi tin mang thng tin nh tuyn (lu lng iu khin).
Ti thiu n cng s lm chm li s n nh ca h thng nh tuyn, lm ko di qu trnh
nh tuyn tc thi v qu trnh nh tuyn lp vng, s lm cho s vic cng thm t.
Mt cch khc phc tnh trng lp vng trong qu nh nh tuyn tc thi l phi m
bo rng khi tnh trng lp vng xy ra th khng c lu lng no i vo vng lp , ta gi c
ch ny l ngn lp vng. Mt cch khc l cho php lu lng i vo vng lp nhng hn
ch s lng ti nguyn m luu lng s dng, ta gi c ch ny l lm nh lp vng.
Nu tt c cc yu t khc tng ng th ngn lp vng c th xem l hp l hn
lm nh lp vng. Nhng hu ht cc yu t thng khng tng ng. Khi so snh hai c
ch, chng ta cn xem nhng iu sau; (a) tng cc lu lng iu khin thm vo, (b) vn
pht trin, (c) nh hng tiu cc ca cc c ch ln cc lu lng khng b lp, v
(d) kh nng cn cc nh hng tiu cc ca lung luxi lng b lp ln lu lng khng b
lp (v c bit ln lu lng iu khin).
nh tuyn truyn thng, s dng c ch lm nh lp vng i ph vi nh hng
ca tnh trng lp vng. C ch lm nh lp vng s dng thi gian sng ca gi tin, n
nm trong trng Time_to_Live (TTL) trong tiu (header) lp mng. Mt router m nh
tuyn gi ny s tr trng ny i 1. nu mt router nhn mt gi c trng TTL bng 0 th
n s oi b gi ny. S dng c ch ny th mt gi tin s khng s dng qu mc ti
nguyn mng khi n vo vng lp.
Bi v Tig dn nh tiiyn ca mt gi tin c th bao gm cc LSR v router truyn
thng, iu quan ng l c ch c s dng bi LSR i ph vi nh tuyn vng phi
cng tn ti v cng cng tc vi c ch c s dng bi thnh phn nh tuyn truyn
thng, thc t th c ch ca LSR phi cng tn ti v hp tc vi c ch thi gian sng.
Mt cch cho c ch ca LSR cng tn ti v cng tc vi c ch thi gian sng l
LSR cng dng c ch thi gian sng. Nhng iu ny rt kh t c khi chuyn mch
nhn c s dng nhng k thut lp 2 nh ATM hay Frame Relay. Bi v ong tiu
ca ATM hay Frame Relay khng c trTig TTL v chuyn mch (switch) ca ATM hay
Frame Relay khng c kh nng x l trng TTL lp mng. Nu nhn khng c mang
trong tiu ca lp lin kt m trong mt tiu im (shim label), th c th im trng
TTL vo header thm cho thnh phn chuyn mch nhn s dng c ch thi gian sng
cng vi thnh phn nh tuyn kiu uyn thng. Ngoi cch s dng TTL cho c ch
hn ch lp vng, ngi ta cn s dng cc c ch iu khin khc ngn chn hay hn
ch lp vng. Chng ta s kho st cc c ch ny phn sau.
Mt iu phi ch l khi mng khng b mt cu hnh th lp vng l hin tng
nht th. Ngoi ra n cn l s kin trong qu trnh lm vic ca cc giao thc nh tuyn
IP nh RIP, OSPF, IS-IS, v BGP. Do , chng ta phi chp nhn rng vic lp nht thi
c th xy ra v c m bo rng hu qu li khng qu nghim trng.
2.5. THIT B RA
Chng ta m t cch mt LSR nh tuyn gi tin c mang nhn. Nhng nhng gi
tin ly nhn ca chng ln u tin nh th no? Vic bin nhng gi khng nhn thnh
gi c nhn v ngc li l cng vic ca cc LSR ra (edge LSR).
C th ngh mt LSR ra nh l mt thit b c thnh phn nh tuyn v iu khin
ca c hai chuyn mch nhn v nh tuyn kiu truyn thng. Khi mt LSR nhn mt gi
m khng c nhn, n s s dng thnh phn nh tuyn kiu truyn thng xc nh FEC
ca gi tin ny v a chi m k m gi ny phi i n. Nu trm k l mt LSR th n s
s dng inh phn nh tuyn nhn xc nh nhn cn thit a vo gi tin. Ngc li,
khi n nhn mt gi c nhn, LSR s dng thnh phn nh tuyn chuyn mch nhn xc
nh FEC v trm k m gi phi i n, nu trm ny khng phi l LSR th n loi b nhn
khi gi v s dng thnh phn nh tuyn truyn thng a gi tin n trm cn n.
V c hai LSR v thnh phn nh tuyn truyn thng u s dng chung tp giao
thc nh tuyn nn vic lm chung vi nhau ca thnh phn iu khin ca hai loi kh d
dng. Chi c mt vic yu cu thnh phn iu khin chuyn mch nhn l xc nh trm k
tip c l LSR hay khng.
Trong mt vi trng hp, mt host c th c chc nng nh mt thit b ra. Bi v
host khng c chy cc giao thc nh tuyn, phi c vi thay i mt host c th to gi
c nhn.
2.6. QUAN H GIA CHUYN MCH NHN V VIC NH TUYN, NH A
CH LP MNG
Chuyn mch nhn thay th cc thut ton nh tuyn c s dng bi cc chc
nng nh tuyn bng mt thnh phn nh tuyn duy nht. Chuyn mch nhn khng thay
Chong 2: L thuyt c bn ca chyn mch nhn , 47
th cc th tc thit lp v duy tr thng tin nh tiWn nh OSPF, BGP, .... Cng nh
vy, chuyn mch nhn cng khng thay th s cn thit ca a ch lp mng (v d IP) v
thng tin a chi lp mng l thng tin cn thit to nn thng tin nh tuyn.
Vy chuyn mch nhn gn vo ch no trong m hnh 7 lp OSI? e tr li cu hi
ny ta hy xem xt thy n khng th a vo lp 2 (lp lin kt) v chuyn mch nhn c
lp vi cc k thut lp 2 (chng ta c th dng chuyn mch nhn cho ATM, cho Ethernet,
cho point-to-point,.v.v.). Chuyn mch nhn cng khng to thnh lp 3 v n khng c
nh tuyn v a ch ring cho n, m n cng khng c khun dng xc nh vn
chuyn d liu cho cc lp trn. Vy chuyn mch nhn khng th a vo m hnh 7 lp
OSI.
2.7. CHUYN MCH IP
Trong phn ny, chng ta s kho st mt trong nhng pghin cu v chuyn mch
nhn tiu biu l IP Switching. Mt thit b ring s dng cho k thut ny c gi l
chuyn mch IP(IP Switch), y l tn gi c t bi cng ty Ipsilon.
Mt trong nhng im c sc ong nghin cu ca cng ty Ipsilon v chuyn mch
nhn l h khng nhng nh ngha mt giao thc phn b nhn (ging nh cc nghin cu
khc) m cn c mt giao thc qun l switch. Giao thc ny c tn l GSMP (General
Switch Management Protocol) cho php mt ATM switch c th c iu khin bi mt
b iu khin IP Switch v bin thnh mt IP Switch. GSMP l mt giao thc kiu ch t
kh n gin vi phn t nm trn phn cng ATM v phn ch chy trn b iu khin IP
Switch. Ch c phn t mi bit r v phn cng ATM.
Ngoi GSMP, Ipsilon cn nh ngha mt giao thc kt hp nhn c gi l Ipsilon
Flow Management Protocol (IFMP), chi tit ca giao thc ny s c xt sau. Sau y
chng ta s xem xt k v k thut IP Switch, bt u bng nghin cu tng th sau s i
vo cc giao thc chnh.
2.7.1. Tng quan v chuyn mch IP
phn trc, chng ta thy rng kiu EP trn ATM th phc tp v khng hiu
qu, nhng kiu gm hai phn, u tin l bo hiu v nh tuyn ca ATM Forum, phn
trn n l nh tuyn IP v s phn gii a ch. IP Switching ging vi cc nghin cu
chuyn mch nhn khc l chi s dng thnh phn IP cng thm mt giao thc kt hp nhn
(trong trcmg hp ny l IFMP) cho php nh tuyn IP trn phn cng ATM. Nghin
cu ny hon ton loi b phn iu khin ca ATM v c s cn thit chp nhn gia IP v
thnh phn iu khin ATM.
Hnh 2.21 cho thy s tch bit khi phn iu khin ca ATM v nhng lp nh x
gia ATM v IP. hnh 2.21(a), chng ta thy nhng lp ca phn mm iu khin cn
iu khin phn cng ATM v nhng protocol cn chuyn i gia IP v phn iu
khin ATM. Hnh 2.21(b) ch ra mt kiu cm gin ca kin trc IP Switching: EP c h
tr bi mt giao thc kt hp nhn (EFMP) iu khin trc tip phn cng ATM. Ch rng
hnh ny c i p dng cho nhng nghin cu chuyn mch nhn khc nh Tag Switching
hay MPLS.
Mc tiu c bn ca IP Switching l kt hp ATM switch v nh tuyn IP mt cch
n gin v hiu qu, cn mt s mc tiu khc l gm kh nng xy dng nhng sn phm
nh tuyn IP hiu qu v gi r, v n cn gip gii quyt vn pht trin nh ni
trc. Mt h qu ca vic tch ri khi phn iu khin ATM l nhng IP Switch c th
kt ni trc tip vi nhng IP Switch khc, n cn c th kt ni xuyn qua cc m my
ATM switch nh s dng cc mch o.
Hnh 2.21: (a) IP /ATM v (b) Chuyn mch IP [1]
IP
ATM
ARP
MARS NHRP
PNNI
Q.2931
Phn cng ATM
(a)
IP IFMP
Phn cng ATM
(b)
Hnh 2.22: cu trc ca mt chuyn mch IP [1, 6].
Ti chuyn mch
ngc dng
vc mc nh
vc d liu
B iu khin chuyn mch
Phn toi v iu khin lung
-
)
0
Cl
LL
nh tuyn v
chuyn tip
GSMP
Chuyn mch
Ti chuyn mch
xui dng
vc mc nh
vc d liu
Chng ta bt u xem xt kin trc ca IP Switching bng cch xem cu trc ca mt

LP Switch. Hnh 2.22 l mt hnh nh om gin phn mm, phn cng chnh ca mt IP
Switch v nhng lung iu khin, lung d liu gia cc Switch. N giao tip vi ATM
switch nh GSMP. R rng l b phn iu khin Switch chy nhng m nh tuyn v nh
tuyn IP (nhng chc nng ca mt router truyi thng) cng nh IFMP, GSMP v phn
loi lung.
Trc khi mt IP Switch c th lm vic, n phi c cch ly lu lng iu
khin, bao gm nhng giao thc nh tuyn v thng tin IFMP gia nhng Switch. Mt
knh o v c (Virtual circuit) mc nh c nh trc cho vic ny, n s dng mt gi
VCWPI thng dng 2 IP Switch k nhau c th lin lc m khng cn khai bo u tin
cho mt v c. l mt v c theo cch hiu l n kt ni cp b iu khin ca hai IP
Switching k nhau qua phn cng ATM bn di, nhng khng mt th tc no (v d bo
hiu) no ca ATM c s dng. Lu lng m i trn v c mc nh ny c ng gi
da vo RFC 1483 (s dng LLC/SNAP) v c gi n b iu khin switch v s c
ti to li. v c mc nh cn c th c s dng cho nhng d liu m cha c nhn,
nhng d liu c nh tuyn bng phn mm ca b iu khin switch.
Ging mi nghin cu khc v chuyn mch nhn, IP Switching da trn nhng giao
thc nh tuyn ca IP to nhng thng tin nh tuyn, sau khi nhng thng tin nh
tuyn c thnh lp, ngha l sau khi trm k tip c xc nh nhng qu trnh kt
hp nhn vi train k tip mi c thc hin.
Phn IFMP v GSMP s to ra cc protocol tng ng. Chng ta tho lun ngn
v vai tr ca n trong phn trc.
Phn phn loi v iu khin lung, ni mt cch n gin, xem xt nhng lun
lfng EP n switch v la chn t lung nhng thng tin c ch cho vic nh tuyn
chuyn mch nhn ( y chng ta hiu ofn gin mt lung nh l mt tp cc gi c
gi t host n host khc). Phn ny sau s dng IFMP thng bo cho nhng switch
lng ging v nhhg quyt nh ca n. iu ny cho php lu lng ny c truyn
trn mt ng dn chuyn mch nhn, nhng gi IP c nh tuyn bi phn cng
(ATM) chuyn mch nhn.
Nh chng ta bit v cc nghin cu chuyn mch nhn khc, chuyn mch IP (IP
Switching) xc nh nhng giao thc kt hp nhn lin cc switch (ttong trng hp ny l
IFMP) nhng khng xc nh c ch bn trong s dng n. C nhng l do hp l cho vic
ny. S phn loi lung ch l vn m rng ca vic kim sot ni b. N khng gy ra
vn ln nu khng c s khc nhau nhiu trong vic kim sot ca cc switch khc nhau.
V y cng l ch cho cc nh u t c th bin i sn phm ca mnh bng cch cung
cp nhng kh nng u im hn so vi cc sn phm khc. N ging nh l khi ngi
dng mun i cc kiu kim sot cho ph hp vi iu kin ca h. Do , khng cn phi
lm r phn riy trong kin trc ca n.
Khi nhng vn pht hin v phn loi dng c th khng cn c lm r, do
trn thc t xut hin nhiu loi nh phn loi XA": ngha l, nu X gi kt hp ng
ch n ca 1 lung trong Y giy th dng u kin cho chuyn mch nhn. Mt thut
ton khc l xem xt s port ca TCP hay UDP v c chuyn mch nhn cho nhng lung
tn ti lu di. V d, yu cu cho h thng tn min (DNS) th thcmg chi c 1 hoc 2 gi,
trong khi mt phin FTP th s di hn nhiu. Bi v nhng cch phn loi l thuc v
ni b, ngi qun tr mng c th la chn nhng thut ton ty theo iu kin.
IP Switching s dng thut ng nh hng li lung (flow redection), hay ch l
nh hng li (redirection) ni n qu trnh kt hp nhn cho lung v thit lp ng
dn chuyn mch nhn. Mt IP Switch ni vi nhng switch khc nh hng li mt
lung xc nh no cho n. Cu lnh on gin ch l dng nhn X gi lu lng t
lung y n ti. Nhc li l mt nhn ch l mt phn nhn dng c bit c tnh cht ni
b c s dng chuyn mch vi loi gi tin. Bi v IP Switching c thit k chy
n phn cng ATM, nhn s nm trong phn VPWCI.
Gi ta s xem xt mt mng c ba IP Switch c th thy hot ng ca qu trnh
nh hTig li trong vic thit lp ng dn chuyn mch nhn cho mt lung. Trong hnh
2.23, ban u d liu chy t A qua B n c trn mt knh o mc nh. Gi s switch B
quyt nh mt lung y iu kin cho vic chuyn mch. N gi bn tin REDIRECT cho
switch A lm r lung y v nhn (VPFVCI) m n mun nhn t A. Ti thi im ny
cha c rat ng dn c thit lp qua B nhng A c th bt u gi lu lng trn
nhri m B thng bo.
Hnh 2.23: Chuyn mch B gi bn tin REDIRECT n chuyn mch A [1],
Redirect:
Flow y VPIA^CI 3/57
vc mc nh
3/57
vc mc nh
B iu khin
chuyn mch
Thnh phn
chuyn mch
Hnh 2.24: Chuyn mch B v C cng nh hng li lung [1].
Redirect:
Flow yVPI/VCI 3/57
Redirect:
Flow VPIA/CI 2/22
vc mc nh
B
"Xa
vc mc nh
3/57 2/22
iu khin
chuyn mch
Thnh phn
chuyn mch
Khi B nhn d liu t vi nhn mi, n phi nh hng d liu mi n c bng
knh o mc nh (ch l phng vic ln ln vi cc gi t nhng lung khc, B phi
ti to li datagram trc khi nh hng n i), c sau pht mt bn tin REDIRECT cho
lung y, c ch ra trn hnh 2.24. Switch B by gi c th nh hng lu lng trn mt
VPI/VCI xc nh trong bn tin REDIRECT t c. Bi v mt lung d liu (lung y) n B
trn mt knh o v i trn mt knh o khc, n by gi c th c chuyn mch d liu.
e lm c vic ny, B s dng GSMP thng bo cho phn chuyn mch ca n thit lp
mt Tig dn chuyn mch thch hp. Trong v d trn hnh 2.24, B dng GSMP c th
cu hnh switch lu lng i vo trn VPWCI 3/57 cng vo t A v i ra trn 2/22
cng ra khi B n c.
Mt im quan trng phi ch l A v c khng cn phi thc hin vic chuyn
mch trong v d ny, n l cc LSR ra ( ni phn trc), l nhng thit b cung cp
nhn u tin cho mt gi tin. Mt LSR ra (edge LSR) c th c thnh lp nh l mt
router truyn thng vi mt giao din ATM cho php cc mng khng phi ATM (hay
khng phi IP Switching) kt ni n mng IP Switching. Ngoi ra, mt host c giao
din ATM c th cung cp nhn cho mt gi tin nh mt phn mm thch hp. Do IP
Switching c th ni trc tip vi host, iu ny d thc hin bng kt hp tuyn d liu
hn l tuyn iu khin, thc t BP Switching l duy nht trong cc k thut chuyn mch
nhn khc h tr y cho vic tch hp cho host.
Mc d chng ta khng m t chi tit nghin cu CSR, chng ta thy c nhiu im
chung gia EP Switching v csp,- Trong phn loi phn trc, chng u thuc kiu tuyn
d liu. Ngc li. Tag Switching, ARIS, v MPLS u thuc kiu tuyn iu khin. S la
chn gia tuyn iu khin v tuyn d liu l nhn t khc nhau quan trng nht gia cc
nghin cu chuyn mch hn.
Mc d v d trn trn cho thy nhng IP Switch ni trc tip vi nhau, y
khng c l do c bit ti sao chng khng kt ni vi nhau nh ng dn o ca ATM.
iu ny s cho php n kt ni xuyn qua mng ATM cng cng m s dng cc switch
ATM chun. Mt yu cu duy nht l nhn c s dng trong bn tin REDIRECT phi
chra trong trng VCI, v trng VPI c dng cho chuyn mch VP xuyn qua mng
cng cng. Gi ta s xem xt cc thnh phn c bn ca IP Switching.
2.7.2. Cc thnh phn c bn ca chuyn mch IP
2.7.2.1. Lung
L 1 tp hp cc gi c cng a ch ngun, a ch ch, cng lin quan n mt
ng dn v mt dch v xc nh v cng c th c cng ch s port TCP/UDP.
2.7.2.2. Cc kiu lung
IP Switching x l lung theo cc mc host n host hay ng dng n ng dng.
Loi 1: c nh ngha l nhng gi gia mt qu trnh x l hay gia hai ng dng.
Nhng trng trong IP header ca cc gi ny cng cho php nhn dng n, loi ny
ngoi thng tin v a ch IP ngun, ch phi mang thng tin v ch s port
TCP/UDP c th.
Loi 2: c nh ngha l lung gia hai host, loi ny cc gi ca n chi cn c
chung a chi IP gi v nhn.
Hnh 2.25: Lung loi 1 (trn) v loi 2 (di) [1]
Phin bn IHL TOS TTL Giao thc
a ch IP ngun
a ch IP ch
Cng ngun Cng ch
Phin bn IHL Dnh trc TTL Dnh trc
a ch IP ngun
a ch IP ch
2.7.2.3. Phn nhn dng lung
Cc trng ca lp vn chuyn v IP cng xc nh kiu ca lung.
2.7.2.4. Phn phn loi lung
y l chc nng ca khi nh tuyn ong IP Switch, xc nh xem lung d liu
ny s c x l lp 3 hay lp 2, ngha l xc nh n c nh tuyn hay chuyn mch.
2.7.2.5. Chuyn mch IP
C 2 thnh phn chnh. B i khin chuyn mch IP (IP Switch Controller) tch
hp vi chuyn mch ATM (ATM Switch) cng vi 2 loi giao thc IFMP v GSMP. IP
Switch Controller s dng cc phcmg thc nh tuyn IP xy dng cc bng nh tuyn.
Ngoi ra IP Switch Controller s trao i cc bn tin IFMP vi cc IP Switch khc, cu trc
ca mt IP Switch c ni phn trc.
2.7.2.. IFMP
L giao thc kim sot lung ca Ipsilon. hai IP Switch k cn nhau s dng giao
thc ny gn nhn cho mt lung xc nh. Bn tin IFMP t mt IP Switch gi n mt IP
Switch trc n. Chc nng ca IFMP bao gm:
Mt giao thc pht hin mt EP Switch ngang hng trn mt kt ni.
Mt giao thc nh hng li: kim sot vic gn nhn cho mt lung xc nh.
2J.2.7. GSMP
Giao thc kim sot chuyn mch, B iu khin chuyn mch IP (IP Switch
controller) s dng giao thc ny qun l ti nguyn ca chuyn mch ATM, n cho php
b iu khin chuyn mch IP thit lp hoc gii phng cc kt ni ca chuyn mch ATM.
2.7.2.8. Chuyn mch IP u cui
Mt h thng chuyn mch IF phi c mt u cui cho cc lung vo v ra khi
mng. Mt u cui f'"a chuyn mch EP c nh ngha nh l mt im kt thc hay bt
u ca mt lung c nh x ln lp 2 ca ATM-VC. Mt thit b u cui c th l mt
ruuicr, mt thit b ra hay mt ciiu^n mch EP c kh nng pht v nhn bn tin IFMP.
2.7.3.Giao thc qun l lung Ipsilon IFMP
Giao thc qun l lung Ipsilon IFMP (Ipsilon Flow Management Protocol) chy trn
lin kt im ni im gia hai chuyn mch EP lm nhim v phn b thng tin kt hp
nhn gia chng. Giao thc ny s dng kt hp nhn xui dng. Mc d im xui dng
chu ttch nhim vic cp v qung b nhn. Quyt nh khi no v nh th no gn mt
nhn l mt vn chnh sch ni b.
IFMP l mt giao thc ttng thi mm (soft State), ngha l trng thi m n ci t s
t ng time out (ngh l b xo sau 1 khong thi gian) khi c lm ti (refresh).
Trong trTig hp ca IFMP, c ngha l thng tin kt hp nhn c khong thi gian sng
gii hn mt khi n c bit bi chuyn mch ngc dng v phi c lm ti ngay khi
c u cu.
Gi tr VPI/ VCI c gn cho gi s do chuyn mch BP ch n nh v gi tr ny
s c thng bo cho chuyn mch IP ngun bit. Giao thc IFMP c s dng gia 2
chuyn mch IP hon ton c lp vi hot ng ca cc chuyn mch IP khc.
C hai thnh phn ca IFMP, mt giao thc gn k (adjency protocol), mt giao thc
nh tuyn li.
2.7.3.1. Giao thc gn k ca IFMP
Giao thc gn k l cc giao thc c dng giao tip v pht hin thng tin v
cc lng ging (neighbor) trc tip. N cn c dng dm bo rng mt lng ging
khng bin liit mt cch thm lng bi v h ng kt ni hay h thng b reboot, hay t
nht dng nhn bit s c mt ca lng ging.
Chuyn mch IP da trn s cng hp tc gia cc chuyn mch. N cn c s nht
qun v trng thi ca nhn c duy tr gia -cc chuyn mch, cc giao thc gn k ca
IFMP cho php cc chuyn mch cng hp tc ao i cc thng tin khi to n yu
cu v ng thi chung c th bt u trao i nhn.
Cc giao thc gn k ca IFMP cho php cc chuyn mch ti cui cc kt ni bit
c c tnh ca cc chuyn mch khc. Bn tin ADJACENCY c gi vo mt datagram
IP v gi broadcast bng a ch gii hn. Trong IP truyn ing, a ch gii hn
(255.255.255.255) c lng nghe bi tt c cc host n mt mng. Khi mt chuyn mch IP
nhn mt bn tin ADJACENCY t mt lng ging ca n, n suy din ra c tnh ca chuyn
mch IP t xa bng cch kim tra -ng a ch ngun trong ng gi IP ca bn tin
ADJACENCY. Vi kiu trng thi mm, cc bn tin gn k c gi i mt cch tun hon.
2.7.3.2. Giao thc nh tuyn ti ca IFMP
C 5 loi bn tin c xc nh trong giao thc nh tuyn li ca IFMP. Tt c u
c cng mt khung dng trong hnh 2.26 v tt c u c ng gi vo IP datagram m
c gi n a ch IP unicast ca h thng ngang cp, c hc qua cc bn tin ca giao
Chong 2: L thuyt c bn ca chuyn mch nhn 53
thc gn k. Bn thn bn tin c th c cha hcm mt thnh phn bn tin, nhng tt c nu
cng loi phi c cng trng Opcode trong tiu . Nm bn tin l:
REDIRECT: Bn tin dng kt hp mt nhn cho mt lung v nh tuyn li cho
chuyn mch.
RECLAEVI: Bn tin cho php mt nhn c tho ra dng li.
RECLAIM ACK: Phc p rng bn tin RECLAIM c nhn v x l.
LABEL RANGE: Cho php mt dy c th chp nhn ca nhn cho mt chuyn
mch c th giao tip vi lng ging ca n.
ERROR: Dng thng bo cc li xy ra.
Hnh 2.26: nh dng bn tin giao thc REDIRECT ca IFMP.
Phin bn
(Version)
Opcode
Kim tra tng
(Checksum)
(Sender instance)
(Peer instance)
S thc t
(Sequence number)
Thn bn tin: di thay i
(Message body: variable length)
Tn cc tnrdmg ong bn tin c th t gii thch ngha ca chng. Chng ta chi
s tm hiu v bn tin REDIRECT (nhng bn tin khc c th tm thy trong RFC 1953) v
y l bn tin trung tm ca chuyn mch IP.
Khun dng ca thn bn tn REDIRECT c ch ra ttong hnh 2.27. Xem xt trong
bn tin ny chng ta s thy kiu lung (flow type) v nhn dng lung (flow indentifier).
phn u chng ta ch ra c hai loi lung trong chuyn mch IP v nhn dng lung ca n.
Hnh 2.27: Thn bn tin REDIRECT ca IFMP.
Kiu lung
(Flow type)
Chiu di m nhn
dng lung
(Flow ID Length)
Thi gian tn ti
(Lie time)
. Nhn
(Label)
Nhn dng lung
(Flow Identifier)
Chorng 2; L thuyt c bn ca chuyn mch nhn 55
Flow Type: xc nh lung loi 1 hay loi 2.
Flow ID length: chiu di ca Flow Identifier (m nhn dng lung).
Lifetime: thi gian tn ti ca bn tin nh hng li trong mng.
Label: 32 bit, gi tr VPI v VC.
Flow Identifier: ch ra lung m s c gn vi nhn.
Hnh 2.28: Nhn IFMP cho lin kt d liu A TM.
Dnh trc
(4)
VPI
( 12)
VCI
(16)
Sau khi nhn c bn tin REDIRECT ca BFMP nu lih chuyn mch IP ngun
khng c kh nng chuyn gi vi nhn m chuyn mch iP ch n nh, n gi tr v bn
tin LABEL RANGE. Bn tin LABEL RANGE thng bo cho chuyn mch IP ch bit
nhng gi u- nhn hp l.
Trng hp xy ra li trong bn tin REDIRECT th chuyn mch IP ngun s gi i
bn tin ERROR. Mc khc, ngng vic gn nhn (VPWCI) cho gi, 1 bn tin
RECLAIM s c to ra. Bn ti RECLAIM cha cc thng tin: flow type, flow id length
label v flow identifier.
Bn tin RECLAIM ACK c gi tr v thng bo cho vic c thc hin thnh
cng, vic ngng cp pht nhn cho gi ca lung d liu c chi nh.
2.7.3.3. ng gi cho lung
Chuyn mch IP h tr nhiu kiu ng gi cho vn chuyn IP n lin kt d liu
ATM nh trong RFC 1954. ng gi c s dng ty thuc vo thng tin kiu lung cha
trong bn tin nh hng li IFMP ca chuyn mch IP ch. ng gi mc nh cho nhng
gi IP i trn mch o mc nh c ch ra nh trong hnh 2.29. N da vo k thut ng
gi LLC/SNAP trong RFC 1483.
Hnh 2.29: ng gi IP trn vc mc nh.
LLC (AA-AA-03)
SNAP (00-00-0-08-00)
Gi tin IPv4
Phn m (0-47)
Phn ui AAL5
(AAL5 trailer)
Mt chi tit kh quan trng l khi d liu c gi trn mt v c nh hng li th
c ng gi khc vi cc d liu gi trn v c mc nh. S khc nhau quan trng gia hai
kiu ng gi khi mt lung c chuyn t v c mc nh n v c nh tuyn li l:
Trng LLC v SNAP bin mt.
Tiu EP (Header IP) c chuyn thnh tiu (header) ca lung IFMP.
Vic chuyn i tiu IP v TCP/UDP kh phc tp v th v, tiu tht s
c nn li, do vi trng c b i. Hnh 2.30 cho thy chi tit s chuyn i ny,
hnh cho thy tiu IPv4 chun, m nhn dng lung(flow identifier) loi 2 v ng gi
ca lung loi 2 trn mt v c c nh tuyn.
Hnh 2.30: Nn tiu IPv4: (a) Nhn dng ung IFMP loi; (b) ng gi lung loi 2;
' (c) Nhn dng v ng gi lung cng vi tt c cc trng trong tiu IP [I].
Phin bn IHL ToS di tng
Nhn din C 1 C phn on
TTL Giao thc Kim tra tiu
a ch ngun
a ch ch
D liu
(a)
Phin bn I IHL I Dnh trc TTL Dnh trc
a ch IP ngun
a ch IP ch
(b)
Dnh trc 1 ToS di tng
Nhn din C 1 . C phn on
Dnh trc 1 Giao thc Kim tra tiu
D liu
(c)
Ta c nhn xt cc trrng trong tiu gi IP c bao gm trong tiu ca m
nhn dng lung (flow identifier) v tiu ng gi lung. S dng nhn ca ba phn
trong hnh 2.30 ta c th thy rng (a) = (b) +(c). Chng ta xeni xt mc ch ca iu ny
trong thc t. ,
Nhc li rng mt chui cc s kin dn n s xut hin lung c nh hng li
trn mt v c nh sau:
57
Mt chuyn mch IP la mt lung tm kim tiu IP ca n (hnh 2.30.a).
Switch gi mt bn tin REDIRECT cha mt m nhn dng lung (flow identifier)
(hnh 2.30.C) v mt VCWPI s dng cho lung c la chn n chuyn mch
ngc dng (upstream switch).
Chuyn mch IP ngc dng gi lung trn v c cha trong bng tin REDIRECT m
n nhn c v lung ny c ng gi ty theo kiu ca n (trong hnh 2.30.b l
lung loi 2).
By gi xem xt mt chuyn mch IP nhn mt lung c nh tuyn li. Lung
n t-n VCWPI nm trong bn tin REDIRECT m c chuyn mch ny gi i,'
chuyn mch ny lun gi li bng copy ca tt c bng tin REDIRECT m n gi. Do
, n c th s dng trng VCWPI ca lung n tm ra m nhn dng lung (flow
identifier) tng ng. V by gi n c c hai, flow identifier v bn thn lung ang n,
n c th to i tiu IPv4 gc t hai thnh phn trn.
Mc d nn c s dng tit kim bng thng, trong trng hp ny n cn dng
chng li s ttuy cp khng c php trn mng. Ngoi ra, v nhiu ttng ttong tiu
IP ging nhau cho tt c cc gi trong lung, chng ta c th gi cc trng ny mt ln,
trong trTig flow identifier, hn l gi chng trong tt c cc gi.
2.7.4. Giao thc qun l chuyn mch chung GSMP
Hnh 2.31: nh dng ca bn tin GSMP.
LLC (AA-AA-03)
SNAP (00-00-00-08-0C)
Phin bn Kiu bn tin Kt qu M ha
Nhn dng ng truyn
Bn tin GSMP
Phn m (0-47)
Phn ui AAL5
(AAL5 trailer)
Chng ta gii thiu Giao thc qun l chuyn mch chung GSMP (General Switch
Management ProtcKol) y v n c to ra nh l mt phn ca ton b kin trc
chuyn mch IP. Tuy nhin, phi thy rng, t cc k thut trc, chuyn mch IP c th
c lp vi GSMP v ngc li. GSMP c s dng c nht iu kiin chuyn mch
ATM v nhng kt ni v c trong n. Chng ta c th to mt chuyn mch IP khng s
dng GSMP v c th s dng GSMP iu khin chuyn mch'ATM m khng phi to
mt chuyn mch IP. V d, chng ta c th xy dng mt b diu khin m c to thnh
t bo hiu chun ATM (nh Q.2931) hay cc nghin cu chuyn mch nhn khc c th
dng GSMP iu khin mt chuyn mch. Do chng ta phi phn bit gia hai giao
thc: IFMP r rng l thnh phn chnh trong kin trc chuyn mch EP, cn GSMP nh l
s to thnh ti u.
GSMP l giao thc hot ng bn trong mt chuyn mch IP, gia b iu khin
chuyn mch IP v chuyn mch ATM, ong b iu khin chuyn mch IP ng vai tr
ch, cn chuyn mch ATM l t. B iu khin chuyn mch IP v chuyn mch ATM s
trao i vi nhau cc bn tin GSMP. Qua , b iu khin chuyn mch IP s thit lp v
gii ta kt ni trong chuyn mch ATM.
Bn tin GSMP i trn mt v c iu khin chun (VP17VCI = 0/15) iit lp gia
b iu khin chuyn mch IP v chuyn mch ATM.
Cu trc ca bn tin GSMP trn hnh 2.31.
2.7.4.1. Cc kiu bn tin GSMP
C 5 loi bn tin: qun l kt ni, qun l port, thng k, cu hnh v s kin.
Qun l kt ni
c s dng trong qu trnh thit lp, xo b, iu chinh v kim sot kt ni trong
chuyn mch ATM. Khi nhn c cc t bo d liu rn v c khng mc nh, b iu
khin chuyn mch IP kim tra xem lung d liu ny c c gn nhn hay khng. Nu c,
b iu khin chuyn mch IP s gi i mt lnh Add Branch n chuyn mch ATM to
mt kt ni gia VCI u vo v VCI u ra.
Nh vy, cc t bo d liu ch cn c x l ti lp 2. c bit GSMP khng phn
bit gia unicast v multicast. thit lp kt ni im - im (unicast) hay thm 1 kt ni
vo lin kt im - a im (multicast) u s dng lnh Add Branch. V mi bn tin qun
l kt ni (ngoi tr Move Branch) ch c chiu di bng 1 cell ATM nn thi gian x l rt
nhanh (hay ni cch khc tii gian thit lp mt kt ni ong chuyn mch ATM rt nhanh)
Bng 2.2: Cc loi bn tin qun l kt ni
Loi bn tin qun l kt ni Ch thch
Add Branch Thit lp kt ni hoc thm nhnh ph vo kt ni im-a im.
Delete Branch Xo mt nhnh ca kt ni im-a im hoc trong trng hp
nhnh n/nhnh cui th xo kt ni.
Delete Tree Xo ton b kt ni.
Verify Tree Kim tra s nhnh trong mt kt ni.
Delete All Xo tt c kt ni ng vo cng Switch.
Move Branch Di chuyn mt nhnh cng raA/PI/VCl hin ti n cing
raA/PI/VCI mi.
Qun l port
Bn tin dng kch hot mt cng chuyn mch (Switch port), ngng hot ng ca
port, kim tra hopback v reset n. Khi qu trnh ny c thc hin, mi kt ni n port
ny u b xo v mt chi s port session mi c to ra. Chi s ny bao gm 32 bit c
to ra mt cch ngu nhin mi khi port c kch hot. Mi yu cu GSMP buc phi s
dng ch s mi ny, nu khng yu cu s khng c thc hin. Sau khi switch port c
kch hot li th trng thi ca port l hot ng (active). Ch s port session cho php b
iu khin chuyn mch IP ng b ha vi trng thi hot ng hin ti ca port cng nh
hy b nhng lnh ht hiu dng.
Thng k:
Bn tin thng k cho php b iu khin chuyn mch IP yu cu v nhn tnh ton
thng k lin quan n port v kt ni.
Cu hnh:
Bn tin ny cho php b iu khin chuyn mch IP bit c dung lng v chc
nng ca chuyn mch ATM: Switch name, Switch type, s version ca firmware, ngoi ra
cho php c nhng thng tin ca mt port, nhng VPWCI m n c th cung cp, tc
cc i ca cell, trng thi, loi giao din v port c th u tin.
S kin:
Chuyn mch ATM s dng bn tin ny thng bo cho b iu khin chuyn mch IP
nhng s kin nh port up, port down.
Z7.4.2. GSMP V.2
GSMP Vl . l (RFC 1987) cho php b iu khin chuyn mch IP qun l d dng v
nhanh chng kt ni v trng thi ca port trong chuyn mch ATM v tip nhn thng tin
v port. Switch v trng thi cc kt ni.
GSMP V2 l cc version mi ca GSMP (RFC 2297). GSMP h tr QoS. Nh b
iu khin chuyn mch IP s chia VPC (Virtual Path Connection) v v c c (Virtual
Channel Connection) thnh tng lp QoS gm c 4 thnh phn chnh: b phn loi
(classifier), b chnh sch (policer), b iu chinh (regulator) v lp k hoch (scheduler).
Mi lp QoS s bao gm mt s cp VPWCI v nhim v c b phn loi
(classifier) thc hin. B chnh sch (Policer) c nhim v gn nhn cho t bo (cell) hoc
loi b t bo.
Regulator c hai chc nng l chc nng gim st v chc nng chinh dng.
Chc nng gim st: kim tra xem tc ca t bo c thch ng vi nhng thng s
regulator. Vi nhng t bo khng thch ng vi tc c ch nh th c th b
nh du hay b loi b.
Chc nng chinh dng: t nhng t bo ra ti mt tc xc nh do thng s trong
regulator nh trc.
Ngoi h tr QoS, GSMP V2 cn h tr cc tin ch khc nh'bn tin QoS, chuyn
mch VP,...
2.7.5. Thc t
Nhng sn phm chuyn mch IP xut hin vo nm 1996. H sn phm ca Ipsilon
s dng PC - Pentium chy Free BSD (UNIX) cho b iu khin chuyn mch. Ipsilon cng
a ra mt s chuyn mch ATM c iu khin bi b iu khin chuyn mch. Ngoi ra
nhng chuyn mch ATM chun c s dng nh cc thit b ra cho php Ethernet v
FDDI LANs c th kt ni vi chuyn mch IP ng trc (backbone IP Switching).
Sau c mt s cc nhn t lm cho cc sn phm chuyn mch IP t thnh cng
n th trng. Mt trong cc nhn t l hiu qu ca vic kt hp nhn dng hng d
liu khng cao. Mt nhn t khc l s ra i ca MPLS, y l mt chun quc t c
nhiu cng ty chp nhn, s dng kt hp nhn hng iu khin, c hiu qu cao hn.
Khong 2 nm sau khi cho ra i sn phm u tin, Ipsilon b Nokia mua v cc sn
phm chuyn mch IP khng cn c mt trn th trng.
2.8. TM TT
Chng ta nghin cu kh y v mt chuyn mch nhn l chuyn mch IP,
v y l mt nghin cu quan trng. Tuy l MPLS khng da trn k thut ca chuyn
mch IP nhng n ng vai quan trng trong s pht trin k thut chuyn mch nhn.
T nhng nhc im ca n m cc nghin cu sau ny nh chuyn mch th (Tag
Switching), ARIS v MPLS kh hon thin. Trong phn sau chhg ta s i vo phn chnh
l MPLS thng qua s gii thiu v chuyn mch th v tht s k thut MPLS pht trin
ln t chuyn mch th. Cc nh nghin cu trong nhm lm vic MPLS ca IETF hu
ht l cc k s ca Cisco, ni nghin cu ra chuyn mch th. Trong qu trnh trnh
by k thut MPLS, chng ta s xem qua cc k thut ca chuyn mch th t nn
mng cho MPLS.

CHNG 3; CHUYM MCH 1WI1^
DA GIAO THC MPLS
3.1. TNG QUAN CHYN MCH TH
phn trc, chng ta xem xt cc ng lc thc y ng sau s pht ttin ca
cc nghin cu chuyn mch nhn, nh l m rng chc nng nh tuyn, d dng cho vn
pht trin ca h thng nh tuyn, hiu qu nh tuyn tt hcm v uyn chuyn hn n
cc h thng nh tuyn. Tuy nhin, mt yu t c nh gi cao v cng rt d hiu, l
hiu qu. tiag a ra rt n gin: cung cp chc nng ca mt router (nh tuyn BP)
vi hiu qu ca mt chuyn mch ATM (ATM switch).
Mc tiu thit k ca chuyn mch th (Tag Switching) th rng hn. Tag Switching
tp trung vo m rng cc chc nng nh tuyn (nh nh tuyn r rng) v nng cao vn
pht trin (nh s dng nh tuyn phn cp). Ngoi ra, Tag Switching l c lp vi lp
lin kt (khng nh IP Switching ch trn nn ATM), cho php n hot ng t-n bt c mi
trng no.
Mt mng Tag Switching bao gm cc router ra (Tag Edge Routers: TER) v
router chuyn mch th (Tag Switching Routers: TSR). Nhim v ca TER chuyn cc gi
cha c th inh c th v ngc li. Nhim v ca TSR l nh tuyn cc gi c th. Nh
phn Crc TER tng ng Edge Label Switching Router (Edge LSR) v TSR tcmg
ng LSR.
Chng ta s trnh by y nhng tnh cht ca Tag Switching m s c dng
ttong s pht trin ca MPLS ch khng trnh by tt c cc tng ca Tag Switching.
3.1.1. H tr cho nh tuyn da vo a ch ch
Trong nghin cu IP Switching, nh tuyn da vo a ch ch, l kh nng gi gi
tin n ch.IP s dng chuyn mch th, l chc nng duy nht c cung cp. Trong Tag
Switching (v trong MPLS chng ta s xt sau) y ch l mt trong cc chc nng.
Nhc li l trong nh tuyn da vo a ch ch, mt FEC lin kt vi mt tin t a
ch. S dng thng tin c cung cp bi cc giao thc nh tuyn unicast (nh OSPF, RIP,
BGP), mt router truyn thng to nhng nh x gia cc FEC (tin t a chi) v trm k
tip tng ng ca n, v n s dng nh x ny thc hin vic nh tuyn gi tin.
h tr nh tuyn da vo a chi ch, mt TSR, ging nh cc router truyn
thng trong vic s dng cc giao thc nh tuyn xy dng cc nh x. Tuy nhin, khc
vi cc router truyn thng, TSR khng s dng nh x ny nh tuyn gi tin thc s,
nh x ny chi c s dng bi thnh phn iu khin ca Tag Switching cho mc ch
xy dng c s thng tin chuyn tip th (Tag Forwarding Information Base: TFIB) v
TFIB c s dng nh tuyn gi tin thc s.
Khi mt TSR xy dng nh x gia mt FEC xc nh v trm k ca n, TSR sn
sng cho vic xy dng mt mc trortg TFIB ca n. Thng tin cn thit cho vic xy dng
mt mc c cung cp t ba ngun sau:
Mt kt hp trong gia FEC v mt th.
Mt nh x gia FEC v trm k cho FEC (c cung cp bi cc giao thc nh
tuyn chy trn TSR). .
Mt kt hp ngoi gia FEC v mt th c nhn t trm k.
to mt kt hp trong cho mt FEC xc nh, TSR ly mt th t tp th t do ca
n v cp nht bng TFEB nh sau:
TSR s dng th nh l mt ch mc trong bng TFIB xc nh mt mc (entry)
TFIB cn c cp nht. Mt khi mc c xc nh, th vo ca mc c t bng th
m TSR ly t tp th t do, trm k trong mc c t bng a chi ca trm k m lin
kt vi FEC , v giao din ng ra c t bng giao din m s c s dng i n
trm k. Ch rng th tc kt hp th trong da vo thng tin c cung cp bd cc giao
thc nh tuyn xc nh trm k v giao din ng ra cho mt FEC xc nh (tin t a
chi). Do , s tn ti ca nh x gia FEC v trm k l yu cu trc ht trong vic to
kt hp th.
Khi mt TSR to mt kt hp trong, n sn sng phn b thng tin v s kt hp
ny cho cc TSR khc. Thng tin kt hp th m TSR phn b bao gm mt tp cc b
cin t a ch, th>, tin t a ch xc nh mt FEC xc nh v th l gi tr th m TSR
s dng cho kt hp trong ca n vi FEC.
Khi TSR hon tt qu nh kt hp trong ca n, phn thng tin cn thiu duy nht
trong mc TFIB l th ra. TFEB ly thng tin ny t thng tin kt hp th t cc TSR khc.
Khi TSR nhn thng tin kt hp th t cc TSR khc, n s x l qu ttnh nh sau. u tin,
TSR kim tra s hin din ca kt hp trong ca n cho FEC mang trong thng tin kt hp
ti m n nhn c. Nu kt hfp trcng c, TSR kim tra trm k trong thng tin kt hp
cho FEC . Nu n c, TSR xc nh mc ong bng TFEB ca n m c cha s kt hp
cho FEC v cp nht th ra trong bng bi th c mang trong thng tin kt hp m n
nhn c. V lc ny, mc trong TFIB y v c th c dng nh tuyn.
Nu TSR nhn thng tin kt hp th t cc TSR khc m n khng c kt hp trong
cho FEC mang trong thng tin kt hp, lc ny TSR c hai ty chn. Ty chn u tin l
gi thng tin ny trong trng hp TS. c th dng n sau (khi kt hp ong s c thc
hin sau ) v ty chn th hai l loi b thng tin. ng nhin nu TSR chn loi b
thng tin, th n s c th yu cu cc TSR khc gi li thng tin khi n cn, v iu ny s
t thm yu cu cho cc c ch phn b thng tin kt hp th. V cng s c hai ty chn
tcmg t khi TSR nhn thng tin kt hp th t cc TSR khc v TSR c kt hp trong cho
FEC , nhng m k trong kt hp trong khc vi trm kt trong thng tin kt hp th
nhn c.
C ch xc nh cho phn b thng tin kt hp th ty thuc vo giao thc nh tuyn
m TSR s dng to nh x gia FEC v m k. Neu nhng nh x c xy dng qua
62 . Chuyn mch nhn a giao thc MPLS
Chooig 3: Chuyn mch nhn a giao thc MPLS 63
cc giao thc nh tuyn ng thi lin kt (link-state routing protocol) (nh OSPF), s
phn b thng tin kt hfp th c cung cp qua mt giao thc ring, gi l giao thc phn
b th (Tag Distribution Protocol: TDP). Nguyn nhn l vi cc giao thc nh tuyn trng
thi lin kt, thng tin nh tuyn bao gm cc tp router (c c cc router khng k nhau),
ong khi thng tin kt hp th thng uc phn b gia cc router k nhau. iu ny
lm cho cc giao thc nh tuyn trng thi lin kt khng ph hp cho vic t thng tin
kt hp th vo. Cng nh vy i vi cc gio thc vector khong cch nh RIP. Thc t,
ngay c vi cc giao thc nh RIP hay RIP-II, th vic phn b thng tin kt hp th vn ch
nh vo TDP, l do l rt kh sa i cc giao thc ny. Tuy nhin khi nh x c to
thnh nh vo BGP th thng tin kt hp th c th t vo u BGP nh l mt phn b
ring ca BGP. Bi v BGP phn b thng tin v tin t a ch (FEC) v c m rng
cho php mang thm thng tin v th.
TSR phn b thng tin kt hp th, TSR phi bit tp cc TSR m thng tin ny
c gi ti. TSR xy dng tp ny bng cc giao thc nh tuyn chy trn TSR. TSR to
mt quan h nh tuyn ngang cp cho cc TSR trong mt tp .
hiu r Tag Switching h tr nh tuyn da vo a ch ch, chtg ta xem xt
mt v d trong hnh 3.1. Gi s l c cc a ch ch (biu din bi tin t a ch
192.6/16) c ni trc tip ti TSR E, v gi s (khi tt c cc lin kt u hot ng) c
hai TSR B v TSR D dng TSR E l trm k cho FEC lin kt vi 192.6/16, TSR A dng
TSR B nh l trm k cho FEC ny, v TSR c s dng TSR D l trm k cng cho FEC
ny. Mi TSR c ba giao din, c ghi l IfO, Ifl, If2. Trong v d ny, chng ta gi s tt
c TSR duy tr bng TFIB ca n, cng nh tp nhn t do trn mi TSR (khng phi l trn
mi giao din).
Hnh 3.1: nh tuyn da vo a chi ch ca Tag Switching [1 ].
192.6/16
TSR
u tin xem xt lm th no m TSR xy dng TFIB ca n. Ngay khi TSR A xc
nh TSR B l m k (TSR B) cho FEC lin kt vi 192.6/16, TSR A ly mt th t tp th
t do ca n, gi s l th ny c gi tr l 100. TSR A s dng th ny nh l mt ch mc
trong bng TFTB tm mt mc trong TFIB cp nht. Mt khi mc c tm thy, A
thit lp th vo ca mc l 100, trm k l B, giao din ng ra l Ifl. Ngay khi B xc nh
trm k (TSR E) cho FEC lin kt vi 192.6/16 n ly mt th t tp th t do ca n, gi s
l th ny c gi tr l 6. TSR B s dng th ny nh l mt chi mc trong bng TFIB tm
mt mc trong TFIB cp nht. Mt khi mc c tm thy, B thit lp th vo ca mc l
6, trm k l E, giao din ng ra l Ifl. TSR c v D s dng cch thc tng t to kt
hp ong ca n.
Bng 3.1 cho thy trng thi ca mc trong cc TEDB lin kt vi 192.6/16. ch l
mi dng l mt mc ttong TFIB ca cc TSR khc nha.
Bng 3.1: Mc ban u ca TFIB [1],
Th vo Th ra Trm k Giao din ng ra
Trong TSR A 100 TSRB If1
Trong TSR B TSRE If1
Trong TSR c 17 TSRD If2
Trong TSR D TSRE If0
Trong TSR E TSRE If0
R rng ti thi im ny, khng c mc no c nhn ra, bi v chng mi ch c
kt hp th trong m kt hp th trong khng c thng tin v th ra.
Gi ta s xem xt qu tnh xy ra khi cc TSR phn b thng tn kt hp th ca n
n cc TSR khc. TSR A gi thng tin kt hp th ca n n B v c. Tuy nhin, khi B
nhn c thng tin ny, n thy rng thng tin khng n t trm k ca n cho 192.6/16.
Do , n khng s dng thng tin ny cp nht th ra ca mc trong TFIB lin kt vi
192.6/16. Cng tng t nh vy khi c nhn c thng tin ny.
TSR B gi thng tin v kt hp th ca n cho A, D, E. Bi v, c D ln E khng coi
B l trm k ca n trong vic kt ni vi 192.6/16, do hai TSR ny khng s dng
thng tin ny cp nht th ra trong bng TFIB. Tuy nhin, khi A nhn c thng tin
ny, n thy rng thng tin ny n t trm k ca n n 192.6/16. Do , n dng
thng tin nh l kt hp ngoi cho 192.6/16 v s dng th trong thng tin ny (th 6)
cp nht th ra trong mc ca TFIB m lin kt vi 192.6/16. Ti thi im ny, A c mc
y trong TFIB ca n.
Thng tin kt hp th ca c gi cho A v D khng c s dng v 2 TSR ny khng
coi c l trm k ca n.
Thng tin kt hp th ca D gi cho B, c v E ch c s dng bi c v ch c c coi
D l trm k ca n n 192.6/16 v n s cp nht th ra ca n trong mc ca TFIB vi
th trong thng tin ny (th 5).
Thng tin kt hp th gi tr E n B v D s c s dng bi c hai TSR ny v c
hai TSR ny u coi E l trm k n 192.6/16. Ngay khi B v D nhn c thng tin
ny chng s cp nht th ra trong mc TFIB bng vi th cha trong thng tin m chng
nhn c (th 6).
Lc ny nhng mc TFIB lin kt vi 192.6/16 y nh trong bng 3.2.
Chng 3: Chuyn mch nhn a giao thc MPLS 65
Bng 3.2: Cc mc TFIB sau khi phi b th [I]
Th vo Th ra Trm k Giao din ng ra
Trong TSR A 100 TSRB
Trong TSR B TSRE If1
Trong TSR c 17 TSR D If2
Trong TSR D TSR E If0
Trong TSR E TSR E If0
Ch l TSR E vn cha c th ra trong mc TFIB cho 192.6/16. Ngoi ra, trm cui
ca mc ny l chnh n (TSR E). iu ny bi v 192.6/16 ni trc tip vi E, khi E nhn
c gi c th 6 n s hnh ng nh mt TSR ra, ly th ra khi gi v gi n n
192.6/16.
Lc ny cc TSR u c mc y ca n cho tin t a ch 192.6/16, chng ta s
xem hot ng nh tuyn din ra nh th no.
Khi TSR nhn mt gi v gi ny c mang nhn 100. A s dng th ny nh l mt
ch mc tm mt mc TFIB. Khi mc ny c xc nh (th vo trong mc bng vi th
mang trong gi), A thay th th mang trong gi (th 100) bng th ra trong mc tm thy ca
n (th 6) v gi n n TSR B qua giao din ng ra Ifl. Khi TSR B nhn c gi ny, n
s dng th mang trong gi (th 6) nh l mt ch mc tm mt mc TFIB. Khi mc ny
c xc nh (th vo trong mc bang vi th mang trong gi), B thay th th mang trong
gi (th 6) bng th ra trong mc tm thy ca n (th 6) v gi n n TSR E qua giao din
ng ra Ifl. Khi E nhn gi ny, n ch ly th ra khi gi v gi n n ch qua giao din
ng ra IfO.
Khi c s thay i ca mng
thy Tag Switching hot ng khi c s thay i cu hnh mng, ta xem iu g
xy ra khi ung lin kt gia TSR D v E b h. Mt khi D pht hin ng lin kt ny b
h, n s dng thng tin cung cp bi cc giao thc nh tuyn unicast thay i trm k
ca n t TSR E thnh TSR B. Kt qu l th ra trong mc TFIB s khng cn ng. c
mt th ra chnh xc, D cn phi c thng tin phn b th t trm k mi ca n, TSR B.
Vic c c thng tin ny ty thuc vo cch D nhn cc thng tin phn b th t cc TSR
m khng phi trm k ca n. Nu D c gi li thng tin ny, t B gi t ban u, th n s
c th lp tc thit lp c th ra ca n n B. Nu n khng gi li thng tin ny th bt
buc n phi gi yu cu n B B gi li thng tin kt hp th ca n.
Nh ta thy, s to kt hp th c thc y bi s to nh x gia mt FEC v
trm k ca n v iu ny c thc y bi cp nht thng tin nh tuyn. Do , theo
nh phn trc. Tag Switching s dng kt hp tuyn iu khin. Ngoi ra ta thy rng s
kt hp th gia mt th vo v mt FEC c to bi TSR (mt cch ni b), s kt hp
gia mt th ra v mt FEC c to nh l mt kt qu ca vic nhn thng tin kt hp th
t trm k m lin kt vi FEC . V vy, Tag Switching s dng kt hp th xui dng.
3.1.2. nh tuyn phn cp
Cn nhc li rng mt trong s cc mc tiu ca Tag Switching l lm d dng tnh
cht pht trin ca h thng nh tuyn. Tag Switching gii quyt vn ny bng vic s
dng phn cp kin thc nh tuyn. c ti hiu c ci gi l nh tuyn phn cp
(Hierarchy o f routing), chng ta s xem li vi kha cnh ca kin trc nh tuyn.
Kin trc nh tuyn c s dng ngy nay trn Internet l mt s tp trung ca cc
min nh tuyn, khi nh tuyn trong tng khu vc th c cung cp bi cc giao thc
nh tuyn ong min (nh OSPF, RIP, EIGRP), khi nh tuyn qua nhiu min th c
cung cp bi cc giao thc a min (nh BGP). Mt li im ca vic chia nh tuyn thnh
hai thnh phn ong v a min l lm gim s lng thng tin nh tuyn m c duy tr
bi router, v iu ny cho php d dng pht in nh tuyn. Tuy nhin, s chia ti cp
giao thc nh tuyn khng a ra mt s phn chia hon ton thng tin nh tuyn. R rng
hcm, mi router trong min nh tuyn trung chuyn (l mt min m mang lu lng chi i
qua n) phi duy tr trong bng nh tuyn ca n tt c cc router c cung cp bi cc
giao thc a min, bt k n l cc router ong min hay l cc router ra. Duy tr tt
c cc router c cung cp b nh tuyn a min trong tt c cc router ttong min l cn
thit nh tuyn cc lu lng ttung chuyn qua min.
Ch l cc router ttong min ttung chuyn cn bn ch chuyn cc gi t mt mt
router ra ny n mt router ra khc, nhng dng nh c s lng ph cho chng khi phi
duy tr mt bng nh tuyn y cho tt c cc router trn Internet. Tag Switching cung
cp mt phng tin m nh cc router trong min trung chuyn c th chi lu nhng
thng tin nh tuyn m chng cn, ngha l gi cc gi tin n router ra phi, l ni
m cc thng tin nh tuyn y vn phi duy tr. R rng hn, cc router trong ca
mt min s ch phi duy tr thng tin ca nhng router n ch ong mt min hn l phi
duy tr tt c cc ch n Internet. Do chng ta c th coi y l mt bc tin ca s
phn chia nh tuyn thnh phn trong v a min.
B i s cn thit cho cc router trong phi duy tr thng tin nh tuyn a min l
s n nh nh tuyn nhanh hn. Mt l do cho iu ny l khi mt router a min thay
i, bng cch s dng s phn cp kin thc nh tuyn, ch cc router ra, ch khng
phi cc router trong, phi cp nht thng tin v s thay i. V cng nhiu router cn
phi cp nht th lm h thng cng lu n nh.
Mt nguyn nhn khc thy ti sao b i s duy tr cc thng tin nh tuyn a
min lm s nh tuyn mau n nh l khi mt router trong khi ng, vi s phn cp
kin thc nh tuyn, n ch cn thit lp nhng router n cc router trong cng min ca
n m khng cn phi thit lp tt c cc router trong a min, iu ny lm cho s nh
tuyn lu n nh.
B i s duy tr cc thng tin nh tuyn a min cn cung cp s trnh li tt hn, v
cc router bn trong s hon ton b qua bt k vn no trong nh tuyn a min. Nhanh
n nh v ttnh li tt s lm d dng cho vn pht trin.
S xy dng TFIB h tt mt phn cp nh tuyn c da trn nhng th tc
c dng h nh tuyn da a chi ch ca Tag Switching. Tt c TSR teong mt
min nh tuyn cng dng chung cc giao thc nh tuyn trong min v s dng cc th
tc m t phn trc xy dng TFIB ca n cho cc FEC lin kt vi nhng ch ong
min, l cc TSR ra ca min . Bi v mt router ra vo c th xc nh router ra
ra u n c th gi gi tin, gi tin ny c th c chuyn mch nhn trn tt c cc
ng n u ra ca min bi cc TSR txong.
e mt TSR ra c th thc hin c chuyn mch th, tt c cc TSR ra trong
cng mt min v nhng TSR ra c ni trc tip trong cc min khc nhau c th to
v trao i thng tin kt hp th cho mi router (v FEC lin kt vi router ) c nhn
qua protocol a min (BGP). Mt ln na, s to v trao i thng tin kt hp th ny theo
cc th tc c m t phn trc, ngoi tx phn trm k TSR c to ra bao gm TSR
ra tip theo. Khi mt TSR ra, TSR A, nhn thng tin kt hp th t TSR ra khc,
TSR B, v TSR A c kt hptrong cho FEC mang trong thng tin kt hp th nhn c t
B, TSR A kim tra xem TSR B c l TSR ra tip theo cho FEC ny (thng tin cn thit
cho s kim tra ny c cung cp bi BGP). Neu ng nh th, TSR A xc nh mt mc
trong TFIB ca n m cha s kt hp cho FEC v cp nht th ra trong mc bng vi th
mang trong thng tin kt hp th.
Kt qu ca cc th tc m t trn, TFIB ca mt TSR ra cha cc mc cho
nhng FEC cho c cc router trong min v a min, ong khi TFIB ca cc TSR
trong chi cha mc cho nhng FEC cho cc router trong min.
h tr nh tuyn khi c s phn cp nh tuyn, Tag Switching cho php mt gi
s mang nhiu hn mt th, c t chc thnh mt chng th (tag stack). Khi mt gi c
nh tuyn t mt min nh tuyn ti mt min nh tuyn khc, chng th cha hai th.
tm mc trong TFIB c th c nh tuyn, mt TSR lun lun s dng th trn cng
ca chng th. Khi mt gi mang mt chng th, TSR, ngoi vic ao i th u chng,
cn c th ly ra hay thm vo th vo chng th. Vic ly ra hay thm vo th xy ra bin
gii cc min. Ti u vo min, mt th c thm vo chng th, v ti u ra, th c
ly ra khi chng.
V
e r rng hn v vic Tag Switching h tr nh th no v s phn cp kin thc
chuyn mch nhn, ta xt mt v d trong hnh 3.2. Min nh tuyn A bao gm hai TSR
ra, TSR T v TSR w , v hai TSR trong, TSR X v TSR Y. C mt tp cc ch (tin t
a ch) trong min nh tuyn c c th i ti qua TSR z, TSR ra ca min c. TSR z
phn b thng tin v cc ch ny ti TSR w, v TSR ny s thng bo cho TSR T, v TSR
T s thng bo cho TSR V.
Hnh 3.2: Chuyn mch th vi nh tuyn phn cp [1],
Min nh hng B Min nh hng A Min nh hng c
Bi v tt c TSR trong A u tham gia vo vic iih tuyn trong min nn chng u
c thng tin ca nhau, ngha l TSR T, TSR X v TSRY u c mt nh tuyn n TSR w.
Mi TSR trn to mt kt hp trong cho uh tuyn trn v phn b thng tin kt hji ny
cho TSR khc. S dng s kt hp trong v ngoi, TSR T, TSR X, TvSR Y xy dng mt
mc TFIB lin kt vi TSR w nh trong bng 3.3.
Bng 3.3: Mc TFIB trong min nh tuyn A [1J.
Th vo Th ra Trm k
Trong TSR T Khng xt 10 TSRX
Trong TSR X 10 12 TSR Y
Trong TSR Y 12 17 TSRW
Trong TSR w 17 Khnxt TSRW
Ch l trm k trong mc TFIB ca TSR w ch vo chnh n (TSR W) chi' cho
TSR w khi nhn mt gi c nhn ng bng nhn vo ca n (nhn 17) th n phi ly nhn
ra khi chng nhn trong gi. Sau TSRw tm mt mc TFIB theo nhn trn cng ca
chng nhn (sau khi ly nhn 17 ra) v dng mc ny quyt nh phi gi gi i u.
Chng ta m t nhng TSR trong min nh tuyn A xy dng TFIB ca n vi
nhiig mc lin kt vi cc tuyn trong min (l vi cc tuyn i n TSR W). V by gi
chng ta xem cc TSR ra (TSR T, TSR w , TSR V, TSR Z) xy dng TFIB ca no vi
cc mc lin kt vi cc tuyn a min.
Gi s l TSR z to s kt hp trong cho FEC lin kt vi mt tp cc ch trong c,
vi 6 nh l th trong. Tng t nhng th tc m t phn trc TSR z phn b thng tin
kt hp ny n TSR w to kt hp th trong cho cng FEC trn vi 2 l th vo, v n gi
thng tin ny n TSR T. Khi TSR w nhn thng tin kt hp th t z n ly gi tr th trong
thng tin nhn c lm th ra ca n (th ). Tng t nh vy cho TSR T, gi s n to
kt hp trong cho FEC v s dng th 5 l th vo, sau n gi thng tin kt hp th ny
ti TSR V. Khi TSR T nhn thng tin kt hp th t TSR ra k ca n TSR w, TSR T s
dng th trong thng tin lm th ra.
Khi TSR T nhn thng tin kt hp th t TSR ra k TSR w, n pht hin l trm
k lin kt lin kt vi kt hp ny (TSR W) khng trc tip ni vi TSR T.
Bng 3.4: Mc TFIB ca cc tuyn a min.
Th vo Th ra Trm k
Trong TSR V Khng xt 5 TSRT
Trong TSR T 5 2 TSRW
Trong TSR w 2 6 TSRZ
Trong TSR z 6 Khng xt ch
Do , T8R T tm trong TFIB ca n tm mc m tng ng vi a ch ca trm
k (TSR W). Th ra t mc tm thy (th 10) s l th c TSR T t ln trn u chng
ca mt th (l thp 5).
By gi ta s xcm xt vic nh tuyn cc gi, Gi s l TSR T nhn gi t TSR V c
th l 5 TSR T hy l th ra IrrV muc I FIB ca th 5 l 2. Do TSR T thay th th trong
gi bng th 2 v SR T t ihe 10 ln ti chng th trong gi v gi n trm k ca n
(TSR X). Khi TSR X nhn gi \ i ih 10 n tm mc TFIB toTig ng v n tm thy th ra
l 12 v trm k l TSR Y Do n ihay th th trong gi bng th 12 v gi n TSR Y.
Khi TSR Y nhu gi c th 12 n thay th th ny bng th 17 v gi n TSR w. Cui
cng, khi TSR w nhn c gi. c th 17, n thy rng mc TFD3 m c th vo l th 17
ch ra rng n phi ly th ny ra khi chng th. Sau khi TSR w rt th 17 ra khi chng
th th th by gi l th 2 l th c thay th bi TSR T. TSR w s dng th ny nh l
ch mc tm mc TFIB m c th vo l 2. S dng thng tin trong mc tm c, TSR
w thay th th trong gi tin bng th 6 v gi gi tin ti TSR z. v TSR z s hot ng nh
trn, thm th vo, a gi n ng a ch cn thit.
Tm li, vic s dng nh tuyn phn cp cho php cch ly hon ton cc router
trong mt min nh tuyn khi nh tuyn a min. V iu ny s gip d dng trong vn
pht trin.
3.1.3. Multicast
Ct li ca nh tuyn multicast l cy phn b multicast (multicast distribution tree).
Nhng cy nh vy c to thnh t cc giao thc nh tuyn multicast (nh DVMRP, PIM,
CBT, MOSPF) v c s dng bi thnh phn nh tuyn ca lp nh tuyn mng nh
tuyn multicast cc gi tin. Trong phn ny chng ta s tm hiu Tag Switching h tr
multicast klii cy phn b multicast c xy dng bi Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM).
h tr multicast vi Tag Switching, mt TSR ph c th chn la mt cy phn
b multicast da vo duy nht:
Th c mang trong gi tin.
Giao din m gi tin c nhn.
Nh chng ta tho lun chng 2, iu ny yu cu mt TSR phi duy tr TFIB
ca n trn mi giao din v phi chp nhn hai yu cu ca thnh phn iu khin Tag
Switching:
Khng c hai TSR c ni n cng mt mng con kt hp chung th trn mng con
lm khc cy phn b multicast.
Cc TSR m c ni n cng mng con v l mt phn chung ca cy phn b
multicast, phi ng gia chng irit th chung s c s dng bi tt c cc TSR
khi gi hoc nhn nhng gi !in quan n cy trong cc giao din ni n mng
con .
Ch l yu cu u tin lun lun tha mn khi LSR c ni trn mt mng con
im n im. e tha mn yu cu u tin khi cc TSR c ni n mng con a tray
cp (nh Ethernet), Tag Switching xc nh nlrng th tc m TSR dng chia nh tp cc
nhn r s dng trong multicast cc mrm con khng lin kt. Mi TSR qung b mt
lot cc th thng qua ban lin PIiV HLLO rng TSR mun s dng cho kt hp trong ca
Chng 3: Chu}.'n mch nhn a giao thc MPLS 69
n. Khi TSR ni n mt mng con a truy cp khi ng, n kim tra lot th m n mun
s dng c ng vi cc lot th m cc TSR khc cng ni vi mng con s dng hay
khng bng cch lng nghe bn tin PIM HELLO nhn c trn giao din ni n mng con
. Nu n nhn t cc- TSR khc bn tin PIM HELLO vi mt lot th ttng vi lot th
m n ang qung b ong bn tin P M HELLO ca n th mt trong TSR phi thay i
lot th. Duy tr TFIB cho multicast trn mi giao din (hn l n mi TSR) cho php mt
TSR thc hin cc th tc trn trong mi giao din. Mt lot cc th m TSR dng trn
mi giao din c lp ln nhau.
tho mn yu cu th 2, Tag Switching xc nh nhng th tc la chn trong
cc TSR m cng ni n mt mng con v l mt phn trong cy phn b multicast mt
TSR chu trch nhim cho vic kt hp trong cho FEC lin kt vi cy , v xc nh th
tc phn b thng tin kt hp ny gia cc TSR .
tham gia vo mt cy phn b lin kt, mt TSR, ging nh mt router truyn
' thng, cn phi gi mt bn tin PIM JOESi v pha gc ca cy. to kt hp trong cho
cy ny, TSR ly mt th lin lin kt vi giao din m bn tin s c gi v to mt mc
trong TFIB ca n vi th trong c t hng th trong bn tin PIM JOIN v gi bn tin v
pha gc ca cy. Khi mt TSR l mt thnh phn ca cy nhn mt bn tin P M JOIN t
mt TSR xui dng (so vi gc ca cy), TSR ny s cp nht mc trong TFIB ca n m
gn vi cy bng th trong bng tin v giao din m n nhn bn tin. R rng hn, TSR
s dng th thay th ra v giao din thay giao din ra trong mc.
Th tc m chng ta m t ttn tha mn yu cu th hai khi cc TSR cng
ni n mng con im ni im. V by gi ta xem xt khi cc TSR cng ni n mt
mng con a truy cp. R rng l trong mng con a uy cp, bn tin PIM JOIN c
multicast, do tt c cc TSR cng ni n mng u nhn c tt c cc bn tin PIM
JOIN c gi bi cc TSR khc qua giao din ni n mng con ny. TSR u tin ong
mng con quyt nh tham gia vo mt cy phn b multicast l TSR to ra s kt hp mt
th v cy. Tt c cc TSR khc trong mng con u nhn thng tin v s kt hp ny trong
bn tin PIM JOIN m cc TSR gi v gc ca cy. Do , bt c TSR no sau quyt nh
tham gia vo cy u bit c th lin kt vi cy trong mng con . V TSR mun
tham gia vo cy, n s s dng th trong bn tin PIM JOIN m n nhn c l i vo cho
mc TFIB ca n gn vi cy. Nu mt TSR ni vi mt mng con xc nh mun bit l
s kt hp cho mt cy multicast gia cc TSR khc trong mng c tn ti hay khng, n
gi bn tin P M JOIN vi th 0. Khi cc TSR khc nhn c bn tin ny, v tn ti s
kt hp cho cy, th n s gi tr li bn tin PIM J0 vi th lin kt vi cy. Bi v cc
TSR duy tr TFIB ca n trn mi giao din (ch khng phi ttn mi TSR), mt TSR c
th p dng cc th tc ttn ong mi kt ni, m khng cn c s phi hp gia cc th
tc ca cc TSR trn mi kt ni.
xem Tag Switching h tr multicast nh th no, ta kho st mt v d trong hnh
3.3 c TSR D, TSR E, TSR F c l i vo mt mng con a truy cp, trong khi cc kt ni
khc l mng con im ni im.
Gi s l c mt cy multicast c gc ti TSR A v cy ny ch gm TSR A v TSR
D. Khi TSR B mun tham gia vo cy, n phi gi mt bn tin PIM JOIN v pha TSR A,
ngha l n phi gi bn tin ra giao din IfO. Trc khi gi bn tin, B ly mt th trong tp
th t do gn vi giao din IfO v to mt mc TFIB vi th ny l th vo. TSR B gi bn
tin P M JOIN c cha th ny n D. Khi TSR D nhn bn tin ny, n tm thy trong TF1B
mt mc c lin kt n cy, v n ly th va nhn c lm th ra trong mc v ly giao
din m n nhn c lm giao din ra trong mc y l trng hp kt ni ca mt
TSR hng v pha gc ca cy multicast thng qua mng con im ni im. V chng
'I^r xt trng hp kt ni ihiig qua mng con a truy cp.
Hnh 3.3: Multicast trong chuyn mch th [1 ].
LSR
Nu TSR E mun iam gia vo cy, th n s gi bn tin PIM JOIN v pha TSR A,
ngha l n phi gi bn tin t cng giao din ifO n D. Trc khi gi bn tin, E ly mt
th trong tp th t do gn vi giao din m n gi bn tin (giao din ifO) v to mt mc
TFIB cho th ny nh l mt th vo. TSR E sau gi bn tin PM JOIN c cha th ny.
V bn tin ny c multicast nn tt c cc TSR ni n mng con ny u nhn c,
ngha l n s c nhn bi cc TSR D, E v F. Khi TSR D nhn c bn tin ny, n tm
trong TFIB mc c lin kt vi cy v sau n ly th nhn c lm th ra cho mc v
ly giao din bn tin c nhn lm giao din ng ra (giao din If2). Ch l ti thi im
ny, TSR D c hai giao din ng ra (If 1 v If2) v tng ng vi n c hai th ra.
V by gi gi s l TSR F mun tham gia vo cy multicast. Ch l ti thd im
n quyt nh tham gia vo cy th n nhn c th lin kt vi cy, l th mang trong
bn tin PIM JOIN do TSR D gi (multicast). Do n chi cn tm mc trong TFIB ca n
lin kt vi th ny v ly th ny lm th trong.
trn chng ta m t qu nh to cy multicast c gc t A. Ch l mi TSR
mun c th multicast th n phi t to cy multicast cho ring n.
Chng ta c th h tr multicast cho Tag Switching bng cch t thng tin kt hp
th n u ca PIM s ngn cn Tag Switching trong cc mi trng m nh tuyn
multicast c cung cp bi cc giao thc khc (nh MOSPF, DVMRP). Tuy nhin ngoi
s dng PIM phn b thng tin chuyn mch th, Tag Switching cn cung cp mt cch
phn b chuyn mch th khc l phn b thng tin kt hp th ca multicast bng cc giao
thc phn b th (Tag Distribution Protocol - TDP). Bng cch ny Tag Switching c th h
tr multicast vi cc giao thc nh tuyn khc ngoi PM.
3.1.4. Chuyn mch th trn ATM
Trong phn ny, chng ta s tm hiu cch thc hot ng ca chuyn mch th (Tag
Switching) trn mt chuyn mch ATM. Khi nhng chuyn mch ATM c tn gi
ATM_TSR. Bi v ATM v chuyn mch th cng s dng k thut chuyn mch th.
Chuyn mch th c th hot ng trn phn cng ca mt chuyn mch ATM truyn
thng. Tuy nhin mt phang iu khin ATM (ATM control plane) s c thay th bng
thnh phn iu khin chuyn mch th (Tag Switching control component). Nh vy mt
chuyn mch ATM s iu khin s hot ng ca n bng cch s dng cc giao thc nh
OSPF (Open Shortest Path First), BGP (Border Gateway Protocol), RSVP (Resource
Reservation Protocol) thay V s dng cc giao thc c IT hay ATM Forum nh
ngha nh UNI v PNNI.
3.1.4.1. Thng tin nhn
Thng tin nhn c ghi trong header ca mt t bo ATM. Nu stack nhn ch c
mt mc nhn th gi tr nhn nm trong vng VCI ca header. Chiu di vng VCI l 16 bit
nn s lng nhn ti a l 2' nhn. Bi v bng nh tuyn ca cc chuyn mch ATM
uc xy dng da trn tng giao din nn s lng nhn ca mt ATM-LSR c th ln
hn 2^. Nu stack nhn c hai mc nhn th mc nhn u tin cha trong vng VCI v
mc nhn th hai s cha trong vng VPI ca ti . V chiu di l 12 bit nn s lng
nhn ti a cha trong vng VPI cho mt giao din l 4096 (2') nhn.
3.1.4.2. Chuyn tip da trn ch
Cung cp chc nng nh tuyn da trn a chi ch cho nhng ATM_TSR phi iu
chnh nhng th tc m Tag Switching s dng cung cp chc nng cho nhng thit
b khng phi l ATM-TSR (non ATM TSR). Trong phn ny chng ta ch cp n
nhng thay i ny.
S thay i quan trng nht l hnh thc trao i thng tin th gia cc ATM_TSR.
Mt ATM_TSR s khng thng bo gi m n s dng cho mt TSR bt k cho n khi
n nhn c yu cu t TSR ny. V th c th nhn c thng tin th t mt TSR
no, ATM_TSR phi gi n TSR li yu cu. Vi hnh thc ny cc chuyn mch ATM
c th hn ch c s lng th lu gi. Tuy nhin li ny sinh mt vn l xen ln t
bo (cell interleave).
hiu v vn ny, chng ta xem xt v d sau. C hai TSR A v TSR B cng gi
d liu n ATM_TSR X. Cc gi d liu ca TSR A v TSR B s c phn on thnh
nhng t bo ATM. Ti ng ra ca TSR A v TSR B, cc t bo ny u c gn th bng
7 (VCI = 7). Nh vy, gi s, u tin ATM_TSR X nhn c t bo ATM do TSR B gi
n, X s s dng cch thc chuyn mch truyn thng, thay nhn c VCI bng 7 bng th
mi VCI bng 3 v gi t bo n nt mng k tip trn giao din If2. T bo ATM k tip
m ATM_TSR X rhn c l t bo ca TSR A. Tng t, X s gn th mi VCI bng 3
cho t bo ny v chuyn n n nt mng k tip cng trn giao din If2. Gi s t bo tip
theo ATM_TSR X nhn c cng do TSR A gi n. Cch thc x l t bo cng din ra
tofng t.
Nh vy cc t bo ATM m ATM_TSR X chuyn n nt mng k tip trn giao
din EF2 bao gm nhng t bo n t TSR A v nhng t bo n nhng t TSR B. Hai t
bo lin tip trn cng mt u ra (gi tr th ging nhau) nhng thuc nhng gi d liu
khc nhau, dn n nt mng nhn s khng th ti hp t bo thnh gi d liu mt cch
chnh xc.
Gii php cho vn ny i hi cc ATM_TSR s gi cc t bo ATM ca cng
mt gi d liu trong b m cho n khi nhn c t bo cui cng. Sau khi nhn c
ton b t bo ca gi d liu, ATM-TSR s gi cc t bo ny cng mt lc. Nh vy s
khng c s xen ln cc t bo ca nhng gi d liu khc nhau. Gii php ny c tn gi
vc_merge.
Tr li v d trn, vi gii php vc_merge, khi ATM_LSR X nhn c t bo vi
gi tr th VCI bng 7 trn giao din If 0, X s kim tra t bo ny c phi l t bo cui
cng ca mt gi d liu hay khng. Nu khng phi, t bo s c lu gi trong b m
dnh cho giao din If 0. Tong t klii nhn c t bo do TSR A gi n trn giao din If
1,^X cng kim tra t bo c phi l t bo cui cng ca mt gi d liu hay khng. V nu
kling phi, t bo cng s c lu gi trong b m dnh cho giao din Ifl. Ngay khi
ATM_TSR X nhn c t bo cui cng vi VCI bng 7 trn giao din If 0, X s tin hnh
gi tt c cc t bo trong b m cng vi t bo mi nhn n nt mng k tip trn giao
din lf2 vi th mi VCI bng 3. V.th cc gi d liu s c ti hp chnh xc t cc t
bo ATM.
S dng gii php VC_merge yu cu cc ATM_TSR phi c kh nng phn bit t
bo c phi l t bo cui cng ca gi d liu hay khng v xy dng nhng b m cho
tng ng vo. Tuy nhin c hai ycu ny hoc l c cung cp hoc .l cung cp mt
phn bi cc chuyn mch ATM. Yu cu th nht s c hai thut ton thc hin l Early
Packet Discard (EPD)v Partial Packet Discard (PPD).
Ch rng gii phpVC_merge ch c s dng cho Tag Switching h chc
nng nh tuyn da vo a ch ch (destination based forwarding). Khng c s dng
phng php ny cho nhng lu ltig yu cu s dnh sn ti nguyn mng. V th nh
hng ca b m ln cc yu t nh Jitter s khng quan trng.
Gii php th hai cho vn xen ln t bo l s dng nhiu hn mt th cho mt
ng dn trong mng. Chng ta bit rng s xen ln t bo ATM ca cc ng vo khc
nhau l do chng c cng gi tr nhn VCI ng ra. Do , nu cc t bo n t nhng u
vo khc nhau c gn th u ra khc nhau th cc gi d liu vn s c ti hp chnh
xc t cc t bo.
Mt trong nhng u im ca vic s dng nhiu th khc nhau cho mt ng ra l
khng yu cu s thay i no i vi phn cng ca chuyn mch ATM. Nhng s lng
kt ni o v c cn xy dng s xp x vi m hnh mng overlay tch hp Ip trn ATM. Do
gii php ny kh nng ng dng khng kh thi nh gii php VC_merge.
3.1.4.3. ng gi d liu trn nhng lin kt non_ATM
i vi nhng k thut lp lin kt d liu (data link) nh ATM, header ca tng ny
c s dng mang thng tin th. V th cho php s dng li nhng chc nng chuyn
mch c sn (v d nh s dng phn cng ca chuyn mch ATM). Tuy nhin vi nhng
k thut lp lin kt d liu nh point-to-point, Ethernet.. cu trc tiu ca lp 2 khng
th mang thng tin th. V th, thng tin th c ghi trong mt th, c gi l shim
label, chn vo gia tiu lp mng v lp lin kt d liu ca gi d liu.
Chng 3: Chuyn mch nhn 'a giao thc MPLS 73
Trong mt mng con point-to-point, cc gi d liu c gn th c nhn dng bi
vng giao thc ppp, vi mt gi tr chi nh unicast v gi tr cn li ch nh multicast.
Trong nhng mng con a ttuy nhp, cc gi d liu nh vy cng c nhn dng bng
etheitype v cng c mt gi tr xc nh unicast, gi cn li xc nh multicast.
Nu nh gi d liu c nhiu mc th th chng th s bao gm mt chui cc th c
cu trc (hnh 3.4).
Hnh 3.4: cu trc ca mt th trong chng th [6].
Tag (20 bit) Cos (3 bit) s (1 bit) TTL (8 bit)
Mc th cao nht nm bn phi ngay sau tiu lp lin kt d liu v mc th thp
nht nm tri trc tiu lrp mng. Cc nt mng s dng thng tin trong mc th cao
nht thc hin chuyn gi i.
Vng chng (Stack) s c mt bit. Nu s bng 1, th ny l th cui cng (hay mc
nhn thp nht) trong chng th. Ngc li, s bng 0.
Vng Time_to_Live (TTL) chiu di 8 bit hon ton tong t nh vng TTL trong
tiu IP. Ch rng TSR chi x l vng TTL ca mc th cao nht
Vng Class of Service (CoS) xc nh lp dch v ca gi d liu. Khi TSR ra gn
th u tin cho gi d liu, chnh edge TSR ny cng s quyt nh lp dch v dnh cho
gi v n nh mt gi tr tng ng cho vng CoS. Khi mt TSR trung gian gn thm vo
gi mt mc th mi, gi tr CoS trong th mi ny s gi li gi tr CoS ca mc th cao
nht trc y hoc TSR ny s n nh mt gi tr mi. Gi vng CoS c s dng
tomg t nh gi tr vng IP Precedence trong tiu IP.
Gi tt th c TSR nhn s dng tin hnh tm kim trong bng TFIB (Tag
Forwarding Information Based), xc nh phng thc x l gi d liu. Vng ny c chiu
di l 20 bit cho php s lng th ln n 1.048.576 th. Nh ni trn, cc gi d liu
multicast v unicast c gi tr vng giao thc ppp (i v mng con point-to-point) hay
vng ethertype (i vi mng con a truy nhp) khc nhau. V th, mi hnh ic unicast v
multicast c s lng th ln n 1.048.576 th. Nhumg trn thc t, s lng th c s
dng s b hn ch.
Nh chng ta thy, khi s dng nhn thm vo (shim label) s lm tng chiu di ca
gi d liu, ng thi khng c qu trnh phn on gi d liu nn Tag Switching s dng
th tc IP Path MTU Discovery m bo rng kch thc gi khng vt qua fa'ch thc
ti a cho php.
3.1.5. Kim sot lp vng trong nh tuyn tc thi
Nh chng ta tho lun choTtig 2, cc giao thc nh tuyn ca thnh phn iu
khin c th to nh tuyn lp vng tc thi. Chng ta cn c nhng c ch to nhng nh
hng ngc li ca lp. Trong phn ny chng ta s m t c ch c s dng trong
chuyn mch th.
i vi nhng trng hp khi thng tin th c mang trong tiu thm ca gi,
chuyn mch th s dng thi gian sng (Time to Live - TTL) l mt c ch lm nh lp
vng. Th thm c cha UTicTig TTL, mi TSR nh tuyn gi s tr 1 vo trTig ny, nu
TSR nhn gi m c trng TTL bng 0 n s loi b gi ny. C ch ny toTig t nh c
ch hn ch lp vng ca IP.
. Trong trng hp thng tin th c mang trong mt phn ca tiu lp lin kt
(nh ATM, Frame Relay), s dng TTL khng th c p dng v n khng c trTig
TTL trong tiu ATM hay Frame Relay. Trong nhng trTig hp nh vy chuyn mch
th s dng hai c ch phc tp sau.
u tin, tt c lu lng c trao i gia cc thnh phn iu khin chuyn mch
th (nh lu lng nh tuyn, TDP) c c lp vi vi phn lu lng cn li bng cc
th ring bit (nh cc tnrng ring bt VPWCI trong ATM) cp ti nguyn cho th
(nh bng thng, b m). iu ny ngn chn nhng nh hng nghim trng ca nh
tuyn lp vng tc thi ln cc lu lng in khin. V chng s m bo nhng nh
tuyn lp vng khng nh hng ln s hi t nh tuyn.
C ch th hai l TSR ATM s dng tnh trm trong request v response ca TDP.
Bi v phng php kt hp theo yu cu i hi cc request phi c truyn t im thay
i ca mng n ra m my TSR ATM, nhng vng lp tc thi c th c pht hin v
loi b (nh trong hnh 3.5). Vic tnh trm cng nh TTL, nhng n c mang trong bn
tin TDP, khi n bng 0 th yu cu cho kt hp th b loi b, v ng dn vng ny cng
b loi b. Khi nh tuyn n nh, mt request kt hp th mi s c pht ra v mt
rng dn khng b lp s c thit lp.
Hnh 3.5: S dng vng hop count trong TDP trnh lp vng.
TDP tinh trm = 5
TDP tnh
trm = 4
Phi tha nhn rng khi khng c s mt cu hnh th lp vng vn l mt hin tng
tc thi, n l mt phn ttong cuc sng ca cc giao thc nh tuyn IP nh IS-IS, OSPF,
PIM v BGP. Tag Switching chp nhn cch n xy ra v c m bo l hu qu xy ra
khng qu nghim trng nh trong IP.
3.2. CHUYN MCH NHN A GIAO THC MPLS
IETF triu tp nhm chun ha MPLS vo ma xun nm 1997. Cisco, sau khi
cng b d nh s theo ui vic chun ha k thut chuyn mch nhn, thc y s
thnh lp ny v ngay sau nhn c s cng tc t nhiu cng ty khc, ng ch l
IBM. Chnh v th, nhm chun ha ra i vi hai ng ch ta i din cho Cisco v IBM.
3.2.1. Nhng im quan trng ca k thut chuyn mch nhn a giao thc MPLS
Th nht thit b s dng trong MPLS c tn gi LSR (Label Switch Router). LSR c
kh nng nh tuyn gi ti lp 3 (lp mng) cng nh chuyn mch gi ti lp 2 (lp lin
kt d liu). LSR s dng cc giao thc nh tuyn IP truyn thng v mt giao thc iu
khin c bit thc hin vic n nh, trao i thng tin nh x t FEC sng gi tr nhn.
Th hai l nhn. Gi nhn cha trong vng c chiu di c nh v cn c v gi
tr ny, cc LSR s chuyn gi d liu i trong mng. V d LSR2 thng bo cho LSRl
rng: LSR2 n nh gi tr nhn X cho d liu thuc FEC A. Do khi chuyn d liu thuc
FEC A n LSR2, LSRl s gn gi tr nhn X cho cc gi d liu. i vi nhng k thiii
lp lin kt d liu nh: ATM v Frame Relay, nhn c cha trong header ca lp ny.
Trong khi , vi nhng k thut khc nh Ethernet, point-to-point nhn c gn vo
gia header lp mng v lp lin kt d liu v c tn gi shim label.
Th ba l k thut chuyn mch nhn. Cc LSR s ch x l thng tin cha trong
nhn thay v ton b thng tin cha trong EP header. Trong trng hp gi d liu n LSR
li vo (igress LSR) v c gn vo nhiu mc nhn, c gi l chng nhn (label stack).
Mi LSR trung gian nhn c gi d liu ch x l mc nhn cao nht chuyn gi n
nt mng k tip. Ring LSR li ra (egress LSR), vic chuyn gi i tip cn c vo mc
nhn thp hn mc nhn hin ti. iu ny c ngha l egress LSR s g mc nhn cao nht
ca gi d liu. Nh vy nu gi chi c mt mc nhn th egress LSR s nh tuyn cn c
vo thng tin ca tiu lp mng. Tuy nhin egress LSR c th gi n LSR ngc dng
(upstream LSR) rat nhn c bit, c tn gi Implicit Null, yu cu LSR ny c gi l
penultimate hop g mc nhn cao nht trc khi chuyn gi d liu n n. Bng cch ny,
egress LSR s khng phi x l nhn khng mang thng tin phc v cho qu trnh chuyn
tip gi.
Cui cng l k thut xy dpg LSP t igress LSR n egress LSR. Cc gi d liu
c gn nhn s di chuyn trong mtif trn LSP ny. Qu trnh ny c thc hin bng giao
thc LDP hoc cc giao thc iu Vn khc nh: RSVP hoc BGP.
Nhng vn trn y s ln lt c nh by trong nhng phn tip theo.
3.2.2. Cc thnh phn ca mng MPL
3.2.2.1. B nh tuyn chuyn mch nhn LSR
LSR (Label Switching Router) l thit b thc hin qu trnh chuyn gi d liu trong
mng bng k thut chuyn mch nhn: g nhn c v gn nhn mi cho gi.
Cu trc c bn ca mt thit b LSR c hai thnh phn chnh: thnh phn iu khin
(control component) cn c gi l mt phng iu khin (control plane) v thnh phn
chuyn tip (forwarding component), cn c gi l thnh phn d liu (data component).
Mt phng iu khin s dng cc giao thc nh tuyn IP xy drng nn bng nh
tuyn. T nhng thng tin ny, thnh phn iu khin s tin hnh qu trnh n nh nhn
vi cc nt mng ln cn.
Chng 3; Chuyn mch nhn a giao thc MPLS 77
Thnh phn chuyn tip (forwarding component) s dng thng tin ca qu trnh ny
to bng CO s thng tin nhn LIB (Label Information Based). Khi nhn c gi d liu,
LSR s s dng gi tr nhn ca gi v bng nh uyn nhn tm ra v gn mt gi tr
nhn mi thch hp cho gi d liu,
12.2.2. LSR ra
C hai loi: Igress LSR v Egress LSR. cu trc ca Edge LSR c i cht khc bit
so vi LSR.
Gi d liu khi n igress LSR l gi d liu IP truyn thng. Cn c vo thng tin
trong tiu IP v bng nh tuyn nhn LIB, LSR s n nh mt gi tr nhn thch hp cho
gi d' liu v chuyn n n LSR tip theo.
Nhim v ca Egress LSR th ngc li. Egress LSR tho b nhn cui cng ca gi
d liu v t y gi d liu s c nh tuyn nh mt gi IP thng thng.
Trong cu trc Edge LSR, thnh phn chuyn tip (forwading component) c thm
bng nh tuyn IP. Vi thnh phn ny, Edge LSR c th nh tuyn cc gi d liu EP
truyn thng.
3,2,2 Gmo thc phn b nhn LDP
Giao thc iu khin c s dng trao i thng tin nh x t mt FEC sang mt
gi tr nhn gia cc LSR.
3.2.2A, ng chuyn mch nhn LSP
ng chuyn mch nhn ny c thit lp t igress LSR n egress LSR
chuyn gi trong mng bng k thut chuyn mch nhn. LSP c xy dng bng cc giao
thc nh LDP, RSVP (Resource Reservation Protocol)... s c cp phn sau.
Hnh 3.6: Hnh nh ca mt LSP.
lntf
In
Dest
r.
Out
Labet
Out
3 47.1 1 0.50
47. 3
Intf
in
Label
In
Dest
Intf
Out
Label
Oul
3 0.50 47.1 1 0.40
Intf
In
Label
In
Dest
Intf
Out
3 0.40 47.1 1
3.2.2.5. Cc lp chuyn tip tng ng FEC
c cp tt-ong chng 2.
Hnh 3.7: Hnh nh v mt FEC.
LER LSR LSR LER
LSP
--------
1P1 #L2
IP2 #L2
IP1 #L3
IP2 #L3
Cc gi c chuyn n ch theo cc u a ch
khc nhau, nhng u i ng chung
3.2.2.. Nhn
c cp trong chng 2.
3.2.2.7. Chng nhn
L tp hp cc nhn c sp xp tieo th t gn vo mt gi d liu, cu trc
chng nhn (label stack) cho php MPLS h tr nh tuyn phn cp v tch hp nhiu LSP
vo mt ung k LSP (taink LSP).
3.2.3. iu khin LSP th t v iu khin LSP c lp
MPLS h tr hai phng php gn nhn vo mt FEC, gi l iu khin c lp v
iu khin theo th t.
3.2.3.L iu khin LSP c lp
Vi iu khin c lp, router gn cc nhn vo mi FEC m n bit. V vy mi
FEC c mt nhn c gn cho n. Cc giao thc nh tuyn IP nh OSPF c s dng
lm iu ny.
Hnh 3.8 ch ra rng LSR D ang thng bo cho cc LSR ngang hng rng nhn ni
b 40 lin kt vi tin t IP 192.168.20.0/24. iu ny c ngha l cc nt gn k vi D phi
s dng nhn 40 khi gi lu lng n a ch 192.168.20.0/24 thng qua nt D. Mt cch
khc, nt ngc dng s dng gi tr nhn c n nh bi LSR xui dng khi n gi lu
lng n nhn/tin t n nh bi LSR xui dng ny. R rng l nt c s dng nhn 40
gi bt c gi IP o c a chi ch 192.168.20.X n nt D. Tuy nhin, nt D s khng
dng nhn 40 truyn lun lng n nt I, E v J. V d truyn lu lng n nt E,
nt D s dng gi tr nhn c gi ti bi nt E, chng hn l 38.
Chng 3: Chuyn mch nhn a giao thc MPLS
79
Hnh 3.8: iu khin c lp.
Lung
Qung co kt ni nhn 40 vi a ch 192.168.20.0/24
Cn nhn mnh rng nt D qung co nhn 40 cho tin t 192.168.20.0/24 n tt c
cc nt ngang hng. Cc nt ny c s dng nhn ny hay khng ty thuc vo mi quan h
ca chng vi nt D l xui dng hay ngc dng.
Mt thun li ca iu khin c lp l hot ng gn nhn xy ra sau s qung co
a chi. Nu vic qung co a ch nhanh dn n s nh tuyn nhanh, cc lin kt nhn
cng c thit lp mt cch nhanh chng. Tuy nhin iu khin c lp phi c thit lp
sao cho cc LSR ln cn tcmg thch vi FEC m chng s dng.
u im
K thut ny cho php cc LSR n nh v qung b thng tin nhn bt c lc no,
khng phi ch thng tin n t LSR k cn. Hn na, cc LSR vn gi li thng tin nhn
nhn c t LSR k cn ngay c khi LSR ny khng phi l nt mng k tip s nhn c
d liu. Do khi nh tuyn c s thay i, LSP mi c th nhanh chng c xy dng.
Khuyt im
Vi k thut ny, mi LSR s t nh ngha v FEC. V d mt LSR c th quyt
nh mi tin t ong bng nh tuyn ca n l mt FEC. Do nu LSR k cn khng
nh ngha nh vy v mt FEC th khng th xy dng LSP.
3.2.3.2. iu khin LSP th t
K thut n c s dng trong gii php ARIS dnh cho chuyn mch nhn.
Trong k thut ny, qu trnh n nh nhn din ra theo th t t u cui ny n u cui
kia ca LSP. Nh vy LSP c bt u xy dng t igress LSR hoc egress LSR. V d
nh LSP c xy dng t egress LSR. Trong trrng hp ny ch c egress LSR c kh
nng tin hnh xy dng LSP. ng vi mt FEC no , mt LSR l egress LSR nu nh
nt mng k tip nhn d liu thuc FEC khng phi l LSR. Khi egress LSR s n nh
mt nhn thch hp cho FEC v gi thng tin ny n tt c LSR ln cn. Bt c LSR no
nhn c thng tin ny v ng thi egress LSR ni trn l nt mng k tip cho dng d
liu thuc FEC, LSR s n nh gi tr nhn cho FEC v cng gi thng tin nhn n
cc LSR k cn.
u im
Edge LSR s tin hnh nh ngha FEC. Nh vy khi xy dng LSP, tt c cc LSR
u s dng chung nh ngha y. Do khng gy s mt ng nht khi n nh FEC cho
d liu. c bit k thut ny rt c ch trong mng ang chuyn t hnh thc nh tuyn
truyn thng sang chuyn mch nhn. i vi nhng mng nh th, mt nh qun tr mng
cn kim sot cht ch vic chuyn gi d liu bng MPLS. Vi nhng k thut ny, nh
qun tt mng c th kim sot bng cch cu hnh mt danh sch truy nhp ti LSR khi
u qu trnh xy dng LSP, c th igress LSR hoc egress LSR. Trong khi , vi k thut
iu khin c lp (idenpendence control), cn thit phi cu hnh cho mi LSR trong mng.
Khuyt tn
K thut ny lm tng thi gian xy dng mt LSP. V xy dng LSP, mt LSR s
gi thng tin nhn n tt c cc LSR k cn. Do , gi d liu c th b mt hoc tng thi
gian tr.
Chng ta hon ton c th s dng kt hp c hai k thut trn trong mng. Tuy
nhin nu nh mt nh qun tr mun nhn y u im ca k' thut iu khin LSP th
t (order LSP control), tt c cc LSR trong mng phi h trg k thut ny.
3.2.4. ng gi d liu
Nh cp trong phn c Nhng im quan trng trong k thut chuyn mch
nhn a giao thc MPLS, vi nhng k thut lp lin kt d liu nh Ethernet, point-to-
point MPLS s s dng loi nhn c tn gi shim label. Nhn ny c cu trc nh
trong hnh 3.9.
Hnh 3.9: cu trc nhn trong chng nhn.
Nhn (20 bit) Exp (3 bit)
Stack
(1 bit)
TTL (8 bit)
Vng Stack s tng t nh trong k thut Tag Switching. Nu s bng l, nhn ang
xt l nhn cui cng trong stack. Ngc li, bit s bng 0. Vng khc nhau duy nht trong
cu trc nhn gia Tag Switching v MPLS l vng Exprimental Exp (trong Tag Switching
vng ny c tn gi Class of Service CoS). L do ca s thay i ny l do vn cha quy
nh chnh xc ni dung ca ba bit ny. Nhng trong nhng phn sau, chng ta s thy ba
bit ny c s dng cho vic xc nh cht lng dch v ca gi d liu.
i vi vng Time_to_Live (TTL), khi gi d liu IP irc gn nhn u tin ti
igress LSR, ng thi s sao chp vng TTL trong tiu IP vo vng TTL trong nhn. Gi
tr ca vng ny s gim i mt n v khi n LSR trung gian. V khi egress LSR g nhn
cho gi d liu s chuyn vng TTL t nhn sang vng TTL ca tiu IP. Tuy nhin vng
TTL trong tiu IP c th ch gim i mt sau khi i t igress LSR n egress LSR, iu
ny cng c ngha l mt LSP c xem nh mt nt mng, u im chnh ca phng
php ny l cho php cc nh qun tr mng gi b mt v cu hnh mng chi tit.
Vn tip theo l s phn on gi d liu. Khng ch gi d liu IP mi cn phi
phn on m c nhng gi d liu gn nhn. Nguyn nhn l do khi gi d liu IP c
gn vo mt hay nhiu mc nhn s lm tng kch thc ca gi, yu cu phi phn on
thnh tng gi nh hn. Cc nt mng s s dng MTU Discovery xc nh gi tr MTU
ca gi d liu v cn c vo m bo rng gi d liu s khng b phn on. Neu nh cn
phi phn on gi d liu gn nhn th qu trnh phn on ch tin hnh trn gi d liu
IP pha sau nhn thnh nhng gi nh hn v sau gn nhn tng ng cho mi gi d
liu phn on .
Ngoi ra, c mt s gi tr nhn c nh ngha nh:
0. Ipv4 Explicit Null.
1. Router Alert.
2. Ipv6 Explicit Null.
3. Implicit Null.
Vi d, trong trng hp, nt mng cui cng trn mt LSP cn thng tin v gi tr
vng Exp cung cp cht lng dch v nhng khng yu cu mt gi tr nhn no th
nhn Explicit Nulls c s dng. L do mi hnh thc a ch IP, IPv4 v IPv6, c mt
gi tr ring bit l phn bit giao thc tng mng c s dng.
Nhn Router Alert c s dng ging nh la chn router alert trong gi d liu
IP, yu cu cc router ch nhiu hn n gi khng ch n gin l nh tuyn cho gi.
Khi nhn c gi d liu c loi nhn ny, LSR s g mc nhn cao nht v chuyn gi i
bng mc nhn tip theo.
Nhn Implicit Null khng mang mt gi tr c th v c s dng cho giao thc
LDP (Label Distribution Protocol). Loi nhn ny, chng ta cp n trong phn
Nhng im quan trng trong k thut chuyn mch nhn a giao thc MPLS.
3.2.5. Giao thc phn phi nhn LDP
Mt trong nhng cng vic quan trng m nhm nghin cu MPLS thc hin l
nh ngha mt s phng thc trao i thng tin nhn gia cc LSR. Giao thc LDP
(Label Distribution Protocol) l giao thc chnh v c s dng nhiu nht. Tuy nhin mt
s giao thc khc nh BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) hay RSVP (Resource Reservation
Protcx:ol) vn c th thc hin trao i thng tin nhn. Chng ta s cp n giao thc
RSVP trong chng ni v cht lng dch v v qun l lu lng. Cn sau y chng ta
s tm hiu n giao thc LDP.
Nhng c tnh c bn cu giao thc LDP:
Cung cp k thut gip cho cc LSR c kt ni trc tip nhn ra nhau v thit lp lin
kt c ch khm ph (discovery mechanism).
C 4 loi bn tin:
Bn tin Discovery.
Bn tin Adjency: c nhim v khi to, duy tr v kt thc nhng phin kt ni
gia cc LSR.
Bn tin Label advertisement; thc hin vic thng bo, a ra yu cu, hy b v
gii phng thng tin nhn.
Bn tin Notification; c s dng thng bo li.
Thip lp kt ni TCP trao i cc bn tin (ngoi tr bn tin Discovery).
Cc bn tin l tp hp nhng thnh phn c cu ttc <type,length,valuo.
3.2.5.1. Khm ph lng ging LSR
Giao thc ny hot ng trn kt ni UDP v c th c xem l giai on nhn
bit nhau ca hai LSR trc khi gia chng thit lp kt ni TCP. Mt LSR s qung b bn
tin Hello ti tt c LSR kt ni c tip vi n n mt cng UDP mc nh theo mt chu
k nht nh. Tt c cc LSR u lng nghe bn tin Hello ny ttn cng UDP. Nh LSR
bit c a chi ca tt c cc LSR kt ni trc tip vi n. Sau khi bit c a ch ca
mt LSR no , mt kt ni TCP s c thit lp gia hai LSR ny. Ngay c khi khng
kt ni ttc tip vi nhau th LSR vn c th gi nh k bn tin Hello n cng UDP mc
nh ca mt a ch IP xc nh. V LSR nhn cng c th gi li bn tin Hello cho LSR
gi thit lp kt ni TCP.
3.2.5.2. Cc bn tin U)P
Nh cp n c bn loi bn tin c bn v cc bn tin c s dng thng
dng nht l:
Initialization.
Hnh 3.10: Bn tin Label Request v Label Mapping.
Intf
In
Dest
Intf
Out
Ubel
Out
3 47.1 1 0.50
47.3
Intf
In
Label
In
Dest
Intf
Out
Label
Out
3 0.50 47.1 1 0.40
Intf
In
Label
In
Dest
Intf
Out
3 0.40 47.1 1
Chng 3; Chuyn mch nhn a giao thc MPLS 83
Keepalive.
Label mapping.
Label withdraw.
Label release.
Label request abort.
Hnh 3.11: Qu trnh xy dng mt LSP.
Khi to LDP
LSR/LER LSR/LER
Bn tin Initialization
Khi bt u thit lp kt ni LDP, hai LSR s tha thun cc thng s v la chn cho
kt ni ny thng qua bn tin khi co initialization message. Cc thng s bao gm:
phoTig thc cp pht nhn, phm vi gi tr nhn c s dng cho kt ni ca hai LSR ny,
gi tr timer. C hai LSR cu c the gi i bn tin khi to v LSR nhn s phc p li
bng bn tin Keepalive nu iih chp nhn nhng thng s . Nu nh khng chp nhn,
LSR nhn s gi mt thng bio li v kt thc qu trnh khi to.
Bn tin Keepalive
Ngoi chc nng nli Hi trn, bn tin nv dc gi tun t theo chu k trong
khong thi gian khng c c.; bn tin no khc c gi (.ti. Bn tin n^ gip cho LSR nhn
bit LSR gi vn ang hot ng bnh thng. Nu khng nhn c bn tin ny hay bt c
mt bn tin no khc trong mt khong thi gian c n nh trc th kt ni LDP gia
hai LSR s b ct.
Bn tin Label mapping
c cc LSR s dng ttuyn cc thng tin nh x t mt FEC sang mt nhn.
Bn tin Label request
Chng ta bit rng c hai hnh thc n nh nhn unsolicited downstream v
downstream_on_demand. Vi cch thc sau, mt LSR s yu cu nt mng tip theo s
nhn d liu thuc mt FEC no n nh nhn cho FEC bng cch gi n LSR ny bn
tin Label Request. Nu nh bn tin ny b hy b, bi v nt mng nhn d liu thuc FEC
thay i, LSR s tip tc gi yu cu ny bng bn tin Label Request Abort.
Bn tin Label withdraw
Bn tin ny dng hu b cc thng tin nh x gi i. L do ca vic hy b gi
tr nhn bao gm c vic xa b mt a chi ra khi bng nh tuyn do s thay i trong
thng tin nh tuyn hoc do cu hnh ca LSR.
Bn tin Label release
Sau khi nhn c bn tin Label Mapping v nu khng s dng thng tin ny, LSR
s gi i bn tin Label Release. Trng hp ny xy ra, v d khi LSR2 nhn c t LSRl
thng tin nh x t FEC sang mt nhn, nhng LSR2 nhn ra rng LSRl khng phi l nt
mng k tip nhn d liu thuc FEC ny.
Hnh 3.11 s cho thy r hoi v qu ttnh xy dmg mt LSP bng giao thc LDP.
3.2.6. Cc kiu phn phi nhn
Trong cc phn trc xem xt cc phng php n nh v phn b gi tr nhn
dnh cho FEC: xui dng (downseam) hay xui dng theo yu cu (downstream on
demand), iu khin LSP th t (order LSP control) hay iu khin LSP c lp
(independence LSP control). By gi chng ta xem xt n hai phng php lu gi thng
tin nhn nhn c ca LSR l t do (liberal) v duy tr m thoi (conversative label
retention). Cc LSR s tha thun vi nhau phoTDg thc s dng trong qu trnh thit lp
kt ni LCP.
Vi phng php duy tr m tioi, LSR s ch s dng nhng thng tin nh x t
FEC sang nhn cn thit cho vic chuyn d liu li thi im , nhng thng tin khng
cn iit khc u b hu b.
Tri li, vi phng thc t do, LSR s gi li tt c thng tin nh x t FEC sang
nhn.V d, LSRl gi cho LSR2 gi tr nhn dnh oho mt FEC no . Nu khi , LSRl
khng phi l nt mng tip theo nhn d liu thuc FEC ny, LSR2 s khng s dng
thng tin ny nhng vn gi li. Ti mt thi im bt k sau , khi nh tuyn thay i v
LSRl thnh nt mng tip theo nhn d liu thuc FEC, LSR2 s dng thng tin nhn
c trc cp nht li LIB (Label Information Based) v bt u chuyn gi d liu n
LSRl trn mt LSP mi. Phong php ny c u ( tim l thch ng nhanh chng vri s thay
i trong nh tuyn. Nhng nhc im ca n 1 hao ph nhn. V th i vi nhng thit
b nh ATM_LSR thng tin chuyn mch c lu tr trong phn cng th phng thc
hay s dng l duy m thoi.
Chng 3: Chuyn mch nhn a giao thc MPLS
85
3.2.7. ATM
Khi trin khai MPLS hot nq trn nn k thut ATM s ny sinh nhng vn
chnh cn phi gii quyt nhir sau:
ng gi d liu.
Lp vng v Time to Live.
Xen ln t bo (Cell interleave)v gii php vc_merge.
Chng ta s xem xt cch thc gii quyt tng vn trong MPLS.
Vn th nht; cc gi d liu s c ng gi hon ton nh k thut Tag
Switchig, gi - nhn c ghi ong vng VPWCI. Tuy nhin mt chng nhn s c
gn vo gi d liu lp mng trc khi gi c phn on thnh cc t bo ATM nh hnh
v 3.12.
Chng ta thy rng mt chng (stack) nhn s c gn vo trc gi d liu lp
mng (v d gi d liu IP) v pha sau l AAL5 trailer. Khi AAL5 PDU b phn on thnh
cc t bo ATM th mi t bo s mang mt gi tr nhn trong vng VPWCI.
Hnh 3.12: cu trc AAL5 PDU.
xp chng nhn Gi tin lp mng Phn ui AAL5
Hnh 3.13: ng gi d liu [9].
ATM LSR c rng buc trong nh dng t bo da trn chun ATM
-------------------------------- 6 octet------------------- ^------------------
jnh dng
tiu ATM
VPI VCI PT CLP HEC
Ty chn 1 Nhn_> Nhn_>
Ty chn 2 Nhn gp
Ty chn 3 ATM VR Thread N h n _ l
Ti sao c tiu ca t bo ATM v AAL5 PDU u mang nhn? L do chnh ca
vic ny l cho php chng nhn c chiu di thay i, ging nh trn nhng kt ni
non_ATM. Mc nhn cao nht ca chng (stack) c cha trong vng VCWPI ca t bo
ATM, v cc ATM_LSR s cn c vo chuyn t bo i trong mng. Tuy nhin ny
sinh mt vn md: vi nhng gi d liu ch c mt nhn v nhng gi d liu c nhi
mc nhn, lm sao c th bit c gi d liu c chng nhn hay khng?
Mt chc nng na ca chng nhn l n c cha vng Time_to_live v Exp. C hai
vng ny cung cp nhng thng tin cn thit nu nh sau khi ti hp cc t bo ATM thnh
cc gi d liu v gi d liu s tip tc c chuyn mch nhn nhng khng phi trn nn
ATM na.
Ngoi ra,chng ta cng thy c im khc bit gia mt giao din ATM chuyn
mch nhn v' mt giao din ATM truyn thng. Vi giao din ATM chuyn mch nhn,
cc giao thc iu khin MPLS s n nh gi nhn c gn vo vng VCWPI. Cn
vi giao din ATM truyn thng, cc giao thc iu khin ATM s n nh gi tr vng
VCWPI. Nh vy khi mt chuyn mch ATM hot ng nh mt LSR, tt c cc giao din
ca n u l giao din ATM chuyn mch nhn. S ng gi d liu cc giao din ny
c trnh by trn. V mt thit b non_ATM LSR c th c nhng giao din ATM
truyn thng thit lp cc knh o v c (virtual ccuits). Nhng knh o nh th hot
ng nh lin kt ppp. Trong trng hp ny, cc gi MPLS c cu trc nhn nh c
trnh by phn ng gi d liu s i trn cc knh nh th.
Vng TTL trong chng nhn gii quyt c vn pht sinh t vic khng c
vng ny trong k thut ATM. Th nhng vn cn mt s vn khc cn phi xem xt.
Th nht l vic iu chnh chnh xc gi tr TTL ca mi gi d liu. iu ny c ngha l,
gi tr TTL s gim xung bng vi s lng ATM_LSR m gi d liu i qua. Bi v cc
ATM_LSR khng th thc hin vic iu chnh ny nn trch nhim thuc v cc
non_ATM LSR chuyn gi d liu n giao din ATM chuyn mch nhn. Cn c vo
gi tr vng hop count, cc LSR ny s gim gi tr vng TTL trn gi d liu. Nu TTL
bng 0 hoc c gi tr m, gi d liu s khng c x l bng k thut chuyn mch nhn
khi n cc ATM_LSR. Gi d liu c th b hy b v u gi s nhn c bn tin ICMP
hoc n s c x l nh gi d liu khng gn nhn trong mng v ti mi nt mng, gi
tr vng TTL s gim i mt n v. V th khi n ch, vng TTL ca gi s c gi tr
bng 0.
Vn cui cng l s xen ln t bo (cell interleave). Ngoi nhng gii php nh:
trao i thng tin theo hnh thc downstream_on_demand v s dng nhiu nhn cho mt
FEC hay vc_merge, cn c mt gii php na c tn gi VP_merge. Trong gii php ny,
nhn ch c mang trong vng VPI ca mt tiu ATM. Vng VCI uc s dng nh
mt m nhn dng phn bit cc d liu n t nhng ngun khc nhau nhung c cng
ga ir nhn u ra, vng VPI. Nh vy cc ATM_LSR s hot ng nh mt thit b chuyn
mich VP. Tuy trn ng ra ca. mt ATM_LSR, cc t bo thuc cc d liu khc nhau c
cng gi tr nhn VPI nhng v gi tr VCI khc nhau nn vn khng xy ra hin tng xen
ln t bo (cell interleave).
Th nhng gii php ny vn c mt s hn ch. Th nht l s lng nhn b gii
hn v vng VPI ch c 12 bit. Th hai mi igress LSR phi c mt m nhn dng 16 bit
(tng ng vi mt VCI), iu ny i hi kh nng qun tr v cu hnh cao hn. Th
ba, nhng phn cng chuyn mch ATM hin i khng c hai chc nng Early Packet
Discard (EPD) v Partial Packet Discard (PPD) nu nh chi chuyn mch VPI. Cui cng
vn cha c nhng quy nh y v phoTig thc thc hin VP_merge.
Hnh 3.14: VP merge [9],
Ty chn 1: nh x VCI ng
Khng c vn xen ln
t bo v VCIduy nht
Ty chn 2: Gc
c gn VCI
- Trn nhiu VP trong 1 VP
- Dng tch VCI trong VP sang cc khung phn bit
- Khng hiu qu khi s dng khng gian VPIA/CI, cn h tr SVP
3.3. TM TT
Chng ta tm hiu nhng thnh phn chnh trong k thut chuyn mch nhn a
giao thc MPLS. Chc nng c bn nht ca MPLS l phc v cho vic chuyn gi d liu
bng thut ton chuyn mch nhn n ng dn c xc nh bng k thut nh tuyn
da vo a ch ch (destination_based routing). Giao thc phn phi nhn LDP (Label
Disibution Protocol) s xy dng Tig chuyn mch nhn, c gi l LSP (Label
Switching Path), n ng nh tuyn ty. Giao thc LDP hl ng n kt ni TCP v
cung cp nhiu hnh thc phn b nhn khc nhau nh: xui dng (downstream) hay xui
dng theo yu cu (downstream on demand), iu khin LSP c lp (independent) hay theo
th t (ordered LSP conol), t do (liberal) hay duy tr m thoi (conservative label
retention). Ngoi ra vn c nhng giao thc khc phc v cho vic xy dng LSP nh:
RSVP, BGP m ta s cp n ong nhng phn tip theo.
CHNG 4: CHT L]\G DCH VJ
Nguyn nhn no dn n s thnh cng Ga giao thc p ? chnh l s n gin
ca n. Mi tnh nng phc tp s c t ti u cui mng cn mng li th n gin. B
nh tuyn trong mng s cn c vo a ch IP v bng nh tuyn tm ra nt mng k
tip nhn gi.
Nu hng i dnh cho nt mng k tip qu di, thi gian tr ca gi d liu s ln.
Nu hng i y, khng cn ch trng, gi d liu s b hy b.
Nh vy mng DP ch cung cp m hnh dch v n lc ti a (best effort service)
c ngha l mng s c grig khai thc ht kh nng trong gii hn cho php nhng khng
m bo tr v mt mt d liu. V vy khi c nhiu lu lng truyn i trong mng v
vt qu kh nng ca mng, dch v vn khng b t chi nhng cht lTig dch v gim
i: thi gian tng, tc gim, mt mt d liu. Do mng IP khng thch hp vi
nhng ng dng yu cu thi gian thc. Ngoi ra, i vi thng tin a im multicast ng
thi phc v hng triu khch hng th hin nay mng IP khng th thc hin c. Nu c
th trin khai tt thng tin qung b c th tch hp pht thanh truyn hnh vo mng IP.
S ra i cc giao thc m bo cht lng dch v QoS cung cp cho mng cc tnh
nng mng c th phn c cc lu lng c i hi thi gian thc vi nhng lu lng
c tr, mt mt hay Jitter. Bng ing s c qun l v s dng hiu qu c th p
ng nhng yu cu v cht lng ca cc lung lu lng. Mc tiu ca QoS l cung cp
mt s mc d bo v iu khin v lu lng.
Trong cc mng s liu, QoS c nh gi bng cc tham s chnh sau:
sn sng ca dch v (Service Availability).
tt (Delay).
rung pha (Delay Jitter).
Thng lng (Throughput).
T l tn tht gi (Packet loss rate): t l cc gi b mt, b hu, b li khi i trong mng.
Hin nay c hai loi cht lng dch v c bn:
Dnh trc ti nguyn (Resource Reservation) vi m hnh Dch v tch hp
(Intergrated Service). Ty theo yu cu ca dch v v chnh sch qun l bng thng
m mng s cung cp ti nguyn mng phc v cho ng dng.
S u tin (Prioritization) vi m hnh cc dch v phn bit (Differentiated Service).
Lu lng vo mng c phn loi v c cung cp ti nguyn theo ch tiu ca
chnh sch qun l bng thng.
Chng 4: Cht lng dch v 89
Cht lng dch v c p dng cho tng lung d liu ring r hoc mt nhm
lung. V th sau y ta tm hiu hai khi nim ny:
Lung (Per flow hay microflow): l dng d liu mt chiu v c lp gia hai ng
dng (ngi gi v ngi nhn)Lung c xc nh da vo 5 thng tin: giao thc
lp chuyn vn (transport), a chi IP ngun, ch s cng ngun (source port number),
a chi ch, chi s cng ch (destination port number).
Nhm lung; mt nhm lung gm t hai lung tr ln. Cc lung c nhng thng tin
v nhn, quyn u tin,... ging nhau.
4.1. CC M HNH CHT LNG DCH v
Cht lng dch v c thc hin bng nhiu c ch khc nhau nh dng giao thc
bo hiu, chnh sch hay chnh dng lu lng, qun l tc nghn hay qun l hiu qu lin
kt. IETF nh ngha hai m hnh cht lng dch v cho IP l IntServ v DiffServ. IntServ
theo m hnh QoS c bo hiu, ttong host u cui s bo hiu nhu cu QoS ca n v
ng k bng thng v ti nguyn thit b. DiffServ theo m hnh QoS d phng, trong
cc thnh phn mng c thit lp phc v cho nhiu dch v vi cc yu cu bin i.
Ta c th kt hp c hai loi trn cung cp cc dch v tch hp u cui c tnh kh m
bng cch dng min DiffServ nh l mt thnh phn n.
Bng 4.1: So snh hai m hnh cht lng dch v
Ni dung IntServ DiffServ
Mc QoS m bo Cho mi lung d liu.
Cho cc lung d liu kt tp, phn thnh
cc lp dch v.
Yu cu cu hnh Mi phin u cui-u cui. Gia cc min.
C s phn loi lu
lng
Nhiu trng trong tiu . Trng DS.
Thi hn m bo Ngn hn. Di hn.
Bo hiu Giao thc RSVP. Khng cn.
u im
m bo cht lng u cui-
u cui v cp pht ng ti
nguyn cho lung.
Thc hin n gin, ph hp vi kin trc
mng IP.
Kh khn
Kh thc hin khi s lung
tng ln.
Ch m bo hnh vi ti mi chng, cc
m bo cht ch yu cu iu khin truy
cp v nh tuyn b sung.
4.1.1. Cc khi nim v thut ton
Mt s khi nim trong nh tuyn rng buc h tr cht lng dch v nh tc
nh, tc cam kt, kch thc chm vt tri.
4.1.1.1. Tc nh
T inh l tc ti a m lu lTig gi n CR-LSP. Tc nh hu ch trong
lc cp pht ti nguyn. Nu vic cp pht ti nguyn ong min MPLS da vo tc inh
th gi tr ny s b cng ch ngay ti ng vo min MPLS.
4.1.1.2. Tc cam kt
Tc cam kt l tc m ti min MPLS cam kt s sn c cho CR-LSP.
4.1.1.3. Kch thc chm vt tri
c s dng ti ng vo ca min MPLS iu chnh lu lng v dng o
mc luxi lng ca CR-LSP khi vt qu tc cam kt, b iu chnh lu lng c th cho
qua, nh du hay xa i tu thuc vo min MPLS.
4.1.1.4. Token Bucket tc nh
Tc nh ca CR-LSP c gi bng thut ng token bucket p vi tc th bi
(token rate) PDR v kch thc go ti bi (token bucket) cc i l PBS.
Token bucket p ban u (ii im 0) y, b m th Tp(0) = PBS. Sau , nu b
m th Tp nh hn PHB, s c tng PDR mi giy. Khi mt gi tin c kch thc B n
ti thi im t:
If (Tp(t)-B >=0) then (Gi tin khng vt qu tc nh v Tp b tr mt
lng B) else (Gi tin vt qu tc nh v Tp khng gim)
end i f
Da vo quy nh trn, mt gi tr xc nh dng ca PDR hay PBS cho thy rng
cc gi tin n khng bao gi vt qu tc inh.
4A,L5. Token Bucket tc cam kt
Tc cam kt ca CR-LSP c xc nh bng thut ng token bucket c vi mt
tc cam kt CDR. Lu lng vt qu tc cam kt c xc nh bng token bucket
E, hot ng ti tc CDR. Kch thc cc i ca token bucket c l CBS v ca token
bucket E l EBS.
Token bucket c v E ban u y, tc Tc(0) = CBS v Te(0) = EBS. Sau , b m
th Tc v Te c cp nht CDR ln mi giy nh sau:
If (Tc<CBS) then (Tc c tng 1) else
If (Nu Te<EBS) then {Te uc tng 1) else (C Tc v Te u khng
tng)
end if
end if
Khi mt gi tin c kch thc B n ti thi im t:
If (Tc(t)-B>0) then (Gi tin khng vt qu tc cam kt v Tc b gim i
B) else
If (Te(t)-B>0) then (Gi tin vt qu tc cam kt nhng vn cha
vt qu EBS v Te b gim i B) else (Gi tin vt qu tc cam kt
v kch thc chm vt tri, c Tc v Te u khng gim)
end if
end if
Trng s xc nh mc chia s tng i ca cc CR-LSP cho bng thng vt tri
c th so vi tc cam kt. Khi nim ny khc so vi khi nim trng s trong hng i
cn bng trng lng.
4,LI.6, B o tc trung bnh
B o tc trung bnh o tc gi c gi n b o trong mt khong thi gian
xc nh, v d 1000 gi tin mi giy cho mt khong cch mt giy. Nu s gi n gia
thi im T v T-1 giy khng vt qu 1000 gi c xem l ph hp, nu khng n b
xem l khng ph hp.
4.1.1.7. B o trung bnh vn chuyn c trng s theo hm m
B o EWMA c biu din nh sau:
Avg(n+1) = (1-Gain) * avg{n) + Gain * actual(n+1)
T(n+1) = t{n) + A
Vi n l s gi tin, actual(n) v avg(n) xc nh s byte ca gi tin n trong khong
thi gian ly mu A.
Gain iu khin tn s p ng ca b lc thng thp. Mt gi tin n c tc trung
bnh vt qu tc Average c nh ngha trc th b xem l khng ph hp. Do ,
gi tin n ti thi im t(m);
If (avg {m) >AverageRate) then {Khng ph hp) else (Ph hp)
End if
4.1.1.8. B o Token Bucket
B o Token Bucket tng t nh Token Bucket ATM. TB bao gm ba tham s sau:
tc trung bnh, tc inh v kch thc chm. B o so snh tc gi tin n vi tc
trung bnh bng cch cng dn s byte token trong bucket. Gi tin n c chiu di L
c xem l ph hp nu lun c sn L token ong bucket ti thi im gi tin n.
C th thc hin m tnh token bucket c nhiu hn mt kch thc chm v cc
mc ph hp, v d hai kch thc chm v ba mc ph hp, c gi l b o token bucket
hai mc, tng t nh h s chm cam kt (Bc) v chm vt txi (Be) ca Frame Relay.
4.L1.9. V d WFQ v lung MPLS
WFQ cung cp bng thng cho cc lung MPLS khc nhau, n gn trng s (mc u
tin) cho mi lung v xc nh th t chuyn vn ca gi trong hng i. Nh trong hnh
4.1, dung lng 155,52 Mb/s chp nhn ti a 353.207 t bo ATM trong mt giy. Hng
i ny cho php 8 mc u tin, do IP TOS v EXP trong tiu chn thm c 3 bit. Ta
thy c 8 hng i c phc v mi giy. Da trn nhng trng s c gn cho 8 hng
i, n t bo s c trch t mi hng i v chuyn n lin kt SONET vi gii hn l
353.207 t bo cho mi chu k phc v mt giy. Gi s phc v mt lung n cho mi
hng i, mi lung nhn mt phn bng thng da theo s phn phi nh sau
Tng ttng s: 8+7+6+5+4+3+2+1 = 36
Lung MPLS trong hng i c mc u tin cao nht c phc v 8/36 trong tng
bng thng. Lung MPLS trong hng i c mc uu tin thp nht c phc v 1/36 trong
tng bng thng, chuyn sang phn trm l 22.2% v 2.7%
Do , lung A c 78.411 t bo c trch t hng i trong sut chu k phc v,
chim gn mt phn t tng dung lng ca lin kt. Lung c mc u tin thp nht c
9.536 t bo c phc v. Lu rng mi lung cha nhiu hn rat lung lu lng ca
ngi dng cui v mt trong cc mc ch ca MPLS l kt tp lung.
WFQ c th c hin thc linh hot hn. Gi s c nhiu lung lin quan n tm
lp lu lng v mong mun c cp pht bng thng mt cch cng bng gia cc lung
ChoTig 4: Cht lng dch v 91
ny. Gi s lp chuyn tip tng ng (v lung lin quan) c suy t nhn MPLS v
trng EXP, do ta c th nh ngha nhiu lung.
Hnh 4,1: Hng i cn bng trng lng WFQ v MPLS.
Hnh 4.2: a lung MPLS cho mi lp lu ng.
Nh trong hnh 4.2, bn lung c gn mc UTI tin 5, hai lung c mc u tin 4 v
mt lung vi cc mc cn li. Tng trng s 8+7+6+5(4)+4(2)+3+2+l = 55. Mi lung
trong nhm c mc u tin 5 s chim 5/55 bng thng tng cng (32.109 t bo cho mi
lung ong mt giy), mi lung trong nhm c mc un tin 4 s chim 4/55 bng thng
tng cng (25.687 t bo cho mi lung trong rat giy)...
Vi cc router Cisco, ta c th cu hnh s hng i vi WFQ. Mi hng i tng
ng vi mt lung khc nhau. Do , mi lung trong bn lung c mc u tin 5 nh v d
-n s c t trong cc hng i khc nhau (tc bn hng i, mi hng i c trng s
l 5) nhng vn nhn c mc phc v nh nhau.
4.1.2. Dch v tch hp
Cu trc dch v tch hp IntServ c nh ngha bi IETF nhm mc ch a
Internet thnh c s h tng cho cc dch v tch hp h truyn thng ting ni, hnh
nh, d liu thi gian thc cng nh cc d liu truyn thng. Cc ti nguyn mng c
phn chia ty theo cc yu cu QoS c th. Giao thc RSVP l mt phn ca cu trc
IntServ. QoS ca mi lung lu lng c m bo nh c ch iu khin lu lng, bao
gm phn loi gi, iu khin chp nhn, lp lch pht gi, iu khin chnh sch.
M hnh dch v tch hp (Intergrated Service) c IETF gii thiu vo gia thp
nin 90 vi mc ch h tr cht lng dch v t u cui ti u cui. Cc ng dng s
nhn c bng thng ng yu cu v truyn d liu i ong mng vi tr cho php.
Ngi ta cng nh ngha RSVP (Resource Reservation Protocol), giao thc ny, trn
thc t, l giao thc duy nht dng bo hiu cho m hnh dch v tch hp (IntServ). V
th i lc ngd ta thng lm ln dng RSVP ni v IntServ. Thc cht, IntServ l kin
trc h tr cht lng dch v QoS cho mng cn RSVP l giao thc bo hiu cho IntServ.
Ngoi mt giao thc bo hiu, m hnh dch v tch hp cn nh ngha thm mt s
lp dch v.
Mt ng dng s xc nh c tnh ca lung lu lng m n a vo mng ng
thi xc nh mt s yu cu v mc dch v mng. c tnh ca lu lng c gi l
TSpec (Traffic Specification), yu cu mc cht lng dch v l RSpec (Request
Specification). V th cc b nh tuyn (Router), chuyn mch (Switch) phi c kh nng
thc hin nhng cng vic sau:
Kim sot (Policing): kim tra TSpec ca lung lun lng. Nu khng ph hp th
loi b lung.
iu khin chp nhn (Admission control): kim tra xem ti nguyn mng c p ng
c yu cu ca ng dng hay khng. Nu khng th, mng s t chi.
Phn lp (Classification): phn loi gi d liu cn c vo yu cu mc cht lng
dch v ca gi.
Hng i v lp lch (Queuing and Scheduling): a gi d liu vo hng i tng
ng v quyt nh s hy b gi d liu no khi xy ra xung t.
4,1,2.1. Giao thc dnh trc ti nguyn mng RSVP
RSVP l giao thc bo hiu dng thit lp s d phng v cht lrng dch v
ong mng internet. RSVP h tr cht lng dch v bng cch yu cu cc router phi
thng nht dnh ring ti nguyn (nh bng thng) cho mi giao thng gia mt cp im
u cui, tc trc khi d liu c gi i, cc im u cui phi gi yu cu xc nh
lng ti nguyn cn thit v tt c cc router dc theo con ng phi cng thng nht
cung cp ti nguyn ny, c ch ny c xem nh l mt dng ca bo hiu. Khi gi tin di
chuyn, router cn theo di v kim sot vic di chuyn m bo lng lu lng gi i
Chcmg 4; Cht lng dch v 93
khng vt qu khi lng xc nh v thit lp chnh sch lp hng i m bo cho
vic gi gi u n (do giao thng trn mng thig tri st tht thng, nh mt lung
tc trung bnh l 1 Mbps c th c lu lng 2 Mb trong vi ms v k tip chng c d
liu no c. Router c th n nh tri st bng cc hng i tm thi cho cc gi tin v
gi chng theo mc n nh l 1 Mbps).
RSVP m bo hot ng hiu qu bng cch d phng ti nguyn cn thit ti mi
nt m tham gia h tr lung lu lng. IP l giao thc phi kt ni, khng thit lp con
ng cho lung lu lng trong khi RSVP thit lp con ng ny v m bo bng thng
cho con ig ny. RSVP khng cung cp cc hot ng nh tuyn m da vo IPv4 hay
IPv6 lm c ch chuyn vn (nh ICMP, IGMP) vi cc th tc unicast hay multicast. N
i hi ngi nhn yu cu QoS cho lung, ng dng ngi nhn phi xc nh thng s
QoS m sau c chuyn cho RSVP. Sau khi phn tch yu cu, RSVP s gi thng ip
n nt tham gia trong lung d liu.
RSVP l giao thc bo hiu cung cp th tc thit lp v iu khin qu trnh
chim gi ti nguyn, hay ni cch khc RSVP l giao thc cho php cc chng trnh ng
dng thng bo cho mng bit nhng yu cu v mc cht lng dch v v mng s phc
p li chp nhn hoc khng chp nhn yu cu .
Cc bn tin RSVP c cc router hoc cc switch trn lin kt gia hai u cui gi
v nhn trao i v nhau p ng yu cu v mc cht lng dch v ca ng dng.
Giao thc RSVP c hai bn tin c bn: bn tin Path v bn tin RESV. Bn tin Path
mang thng tin v c t lung lu lng TSpec v cc thng tin nh a ch IP ca nt gi,
nt nhn, ch s cng (port) UDP. V khi nhn c bn tin Path, nt mng ch s gi li
bn tin RESV. Bn tin RESV s gi km theo phn m t yu cu RSPEC (Request
Specification) chi nh kiu dch v tch hp l kim sot ti hay m bo dch v, ngoi ra
cn c du hiu nhn dng lung (flow descriptor) m mi b nh tuyn dng nhn din
mi phin chim gi ti nguyn.
Khi nhn c bn tin RESV, mi b nh tuyn trung gian s tin hnh qu trnh
iu khin chp nhn (admission control). Nu yu cu khng c chp nhn do khng
ti nguyn mng th b nh tuyn s bo li v pha u thu. Nu yu cu c chp nhn
th b nh tuyn s gi bn tin RESV n cho b nh tuyn (router) gi bn tin Path
cho n.
i vi trng hp im_a im (multicast) s c nhiu phc tp hn bi v s c
nhiu yu cu v mc cht lng dch v cho lung lu lng xut pht t nhng u thu
khc nhau. V vy MPLS tp trung hon ton vo nhng ng dng unicast ca RSVP.
Ngoi ra RSVP l mt giao thc mm, c ngha l cc bn tin Path v RESV s c
gi li sau nhng khong thi gian nht nh c th duy lu di s chim gi ti
nguyn. Nu sau khong thi gian ny khng c bn tin no gi i, s d tr ti nguyn s
b xo b. iu ny c mt s u im v nhc im s c trnh by sau.
Mt khc lu lng RSVP c th i qua cc b nh tuyn khng c h tr RSVP.
Ti nhng b nh tuyn ny, dch v s c phc v theo m hnh n lc ti a.
Ni tm li, giao thc RSVP ng vai tr quan ng trong qu trnh trin khai vic
chuyn ti nhiu dch v nh m thanh (audio), hnh nh (video), d liu ong cng mt h
Chng 4: Cht lng dch v
95
tng mng. Cc ng dng c th la chn nhiu mc cht lng dch v khc nhau cho
lung luTi lng ca mnh.
4.L22. Cc thnh phn ca RSVP
Hnh 4.3: C ch hot ng ca RSVP.
Host
ng dng
B phn loi
Tin trnh
RSVP
iu khin
chnh sch
iu khin
chp nhn
iu phi
gi
D lu
Router
Thng ip RSVP
Tin trnh
nh tuyn
B phn ioi
Tin trnh
RSVP
Thng ip
RSVP
iu khin
chnh sch
iu khin
chp nhn
iu phi
gi
D liu
Trong hnh 4.3, b iu khin lu lng RSVP gm b phn loi, iu khin chp
nhn, iu phi gi (hay mt s c ch ph thuc tng lin kt xc nh khi no gi c
chuyn tip), iu khin chnh sch.
B phn loi xc nh lp QoS (v tuyn) cho mi gi, da trn tiu lp IP v
chuyn vn. Vi mi giao tip ng ra, b iu phi hay c ch ph thuc tng lin kt s
thc hin cc cam kt QoS theo cc m hnh phc v c nh ngha bi cc nhm lm
vic IntServ.
B iu khin chp nhn bao gm thut ton quyt nh m router s dng xc
nh xem c ti nguyn chp nhn QoS c yu cu cho mt lung mi. Nu khng
c ngun nh tuyn ri th lung mi s b t chi. Nu lung c chp nhn th router
s phn cng cho b phn loi gi v b iu phi gi.
B iu phi gi qun l vic chuyn tip cc lung gi khc nhau trong cc host v
router, da vo cc lp dch v ca chng, s dng cc cch qun l hng i v cc thut
ton phn loi khc nhau. iu phi gi m bo s phn phi gi tin ph hp vi QoS ca
mi lung, c thc hin khi cc gi c xp hng. c tnh ny ph hp giao thc
mc lin kt.
Trong giai on thit lp, yu cu cht lng dch v c chuyn qua hai module
quyt nh cc b l b iu khin cho php v iu khin chnh sch. iu khin cho php
xc nh nt c ti nguyn sn c cho QoS c yu cu hay khng. B iu khin chnh
sch xc nh lung c c chp nhn hay khng da vo cc quy lut qun , nh
mt s a ch IP c (hoc khng c) d phng bng thng, mt s Protocol ID c
(hoc khng c) d phng bng thng ... Mt phin RSVP c nh ngha gm: a ch
IP ch n, nh danh giao thc s dng v s hiu cng ch.
iu khin chp nhn v iu khin chnh sch
Tin ttnh RSVP chuyn yu cu cho b iu khin chp nhn v iu khin chnh
sch. Nu kim a khng io, vic dnh c ti nguyn b t chi v tin trnh RSV'P
v thng ip bo li cho pha nhn. Cn nu c hai thnh cng, nt s thit lp b phn
loi gi chn ra cc gi d liu c nh ngha bi c t b lc (filterspec) v s toTig tc
vi tng lin kt d liu thch hp t c cht lng dch v mong mun c nh
ngha trong c t lung (flowspec).
B m t lung
Mt yu cu d phng RSVP ofti gin gm c t lung v c t b lc c gi
chung l m t lung (Flow Descriptor).
Hnh 4.4: M t lung.
M t lung
Thng ip RSVP
filterspec & flowspec
Tin trinh
RSVP
Tin trinh
nh tuyn
iu khin
chnh sch
filterspec 1 . . . . flowspec 1
1
(
iu phi
D p i l a i l lUpi
gi
c t b lc, cng vi c t phin, nh ngha mt tp cc gi (lung) nhn c QoS
c nh ngha bi c t lung. c t lung thit lp cc tham s trong b iu phi ca
nt v t b lc thit lp cc tham s oBg b phn loi gi. Cc gi d liu trong mt phin
m khng ph hp vi bt k c t b lc no ca phin s c x l theo kiu best-
effort. c t lung trong mt yu cu d phng gm loi dch v v tp cc tham s: Rspec
(nh ngha cht lng dch v mong mun) v Tspec (m t lung d liu). nh dng v ni
dung ca Tspee v Rspec c xc nh bi cc m hnh dch v tch hp (RFC 2210).
4.1.2.3. Un h gia RSVP v MPLS
M rng RSVP h chuyn mch nhn thit lp LSP cng vi vic d phng ti
nguyn. Cc host v router va h u- RSVP v MPLS c th lin h cc nhn vi cc lung
RSVP. Mt khi LSP c thit lp, lu lng qua con ng c xc nh bi nhn
gn ti nt ng vo LSP. Tp cc gi c gn cng gi tr nhn thuc v cng FEC th
cng ging nh tp cc gi ca lung RSVP. Khi cc nhn c lin h vi cc lung lu
lng ny, router c th nhn dng c ng thi d phng RSVP thch hp cho gi, da
vo gi tr nhn ca n.
M hnh RSVP/MPLS dng phng php nhn xui dng theo yu cu. Mt yu cu
lin kt nhn cho mt Tig hm LSP c th c thit lp bi nt ng vo bng thng ip
RSVP Path cha i tng LABEL_REQUEST. i tng ny cha cc gi tr nhn c
ngh. Nhn c phn phi bng thng ip Reservation vi i tiig LABEL, cha cc
nhn c dng gia cc nt lng ging. i tng LABEL c chn vo danh sch c t
b lc ngay sau c t b lc m n lin quan. V nt c th cp nht ILM ca n (ILM nh
x nhn n mt tp cc NHLFE, rt hu ch cho cn bng ti qua nhiu lin kt).
RSVP v kh nng pht trin
Nh bit RSVP c thit k vi mc ch thc hin dnh sn ti nguyn mng
cho ch mt lung luxi lng. V th khi c nhiu ngi s dng kt ni vo mng hay ni
cch khc s lng d liu i trong mng ngy cng tng ln, s lng thng tin nh tuyn
tng ln, s lng bn tin RSVP cn x l s rt ln. Dan n chi ph trang b cho cc thit
b nh tuyn nhiu hn. Do nu s dng giao thc RSVP ch h tr cho vic dnh sn
ti nguyn mng cho mt lung lu lng l gii php khng ph hp vi tng lai.
phc v tt hoi, mt bn tin RSVP s c s dng cho nhiu lung d liu.
Bn cnh RSVP l giao thc thuc trng thi mm (softstate), c ngha l sau mt
khong thi gian nht nh, RSVP phi gi li bn tin Path duy tr hot ng ca LSP.
Qu trnh ny c gi l qu trnh refresh lm ti li LSP.
Nh vy nu s lng lu lTig c yu cu dnh sn ti nguyn ln ng ngha vi
s lng thng tin refresh cn x l ong mng cng tng theo. Khng nhng th vic trao
i bn tin RSVP c thc hin n giao thc UDP nn nu chu k gi bn tin refresh di
th kh nng mt mt thng tin rt ln.
T nhng l do tin dn n b nh tuyn phi x l mt lTig ln cc bn tin
refresh lm gim hiu sut hot ng ca b nh tuyn. hn ch lng thng tin refresh
trao i trong mng, c hai phoTig php c ra:
Phng php th nht: Cung cp ch trao i tin cy cho qu trnh trao i thng
tin refresh bng cch nh ngha thm hai thnh phn mi l MessagelD v
MessageID_ACK. Khi nt A gi cho nt B mt bn tin Path mi, ng thi s to ra
mt m nhn din, c gi l MessagelD, cho bn tin ny. Nt B sau khi nhn ng
s hi p li cho nt A mt bn tin vi thnh phn MessageID_ACK cha m nhn
din ny. Vi ch ny chu k gi bn tin duy tr trng thi dnh trc ti nguyn
s di hn. V th c th gim c hin tng qu ti thng tin refresh.
Phng php th hai: phng php ny c tn gi Summary refresh. Nguyn tc ca
phong php ny l: duy tr trng thi dnh trc ti nguyn mng cho kt ni,
mi b nh tuyn khng cn phi gi li ton b bn tin RSVP m ch cn gi i m
nhn din c n nh cho bn tin y. Khng ch th, trong mt ln gi b nh
tuyn c th gi i cng lc nhiu m nhn din ca nhiu bn tin khc nhau. Nh
vy nhiu yu cu dnh t-c ti nguyn c lm ti refresh nhng vn gim
thiu c lng thng tin refresh c x l.
4.I.2.4. MPLS htrIntServ
LSR lin h nhn vi cc lung c ng k RSVP. Lin kt c to gia nhn
v cc lung RSVP phi c phn phi gia cc LSR.
Hnh 4.5: Lung thng ip PATH v RESV.
Ngi gi Ngi nhn
Trong hnh 4.5, khi nhn c thng ip RSVP PATH, host s p ng li bng
thng ip RSVP RESV chun. LSR3 nhn c thng ip ny s cp pht mt nhn t
kho nhn ttng ca n v gi thng ip RESV vi i tng LABEL v gi tr nhn (7)
cho LSR2. N cng gn nhn 7 nh l mt nhn n trong bng LFIB ca n. n lt
LSR2, n s to mt entry trong bng LFIB vi nhn 7 l nhn i. Sau n cp pht nhn
mi (nhn 3) nh l nhn n v gi ngc dng cho LSRl. Khi m thng ip RSVP c
i tng LABEL ngc dng xong, mt LSP c thit lp dc theo con ng RSVP v
mi LSR u lin h ti nguyn QoS cho LSP. Khi hot ng, LSR2 nhn c gi tin t
LSRl c gi tr nhn l 3, n s tra trong bng LFIB v nhn ra tt c cc c ch QoS lin
quan c lin h cho gi tin, nh chnh sch, hng i ... m khng cn kim tra tiu
tng IP hay tng chuyn vn.
Mt ong nhng dch v ca IntServ l dch v ti iu khin v dch v c m
bo. Dch v ti iu khin cung cp dch v tt hn n lc tt nht (better-than-best-effort)
v tr thp cho cc ti mng ln ng k. Dch v m bo GS cung cp mt gii hn
cht (hard-bound) cho tr t u cui n u cui v bng thng m bo cho lu lng
tun theo c t ng k. GS yu cu mi lung s dng dch v phi c xp hng mt
cch ring bit nhau (thng dn n khng tn dng tt mng). LSP vi ti nguyn ng
k c gi l LSP c m bo bng thng. Nu mt ng k trc c thit lp dc
theo con ng t LSR ng vo n LSR ng ra. LSR ng vo s thao kho c s d liu
ng thi lin kt ca n v chn ra mt con ng ti LSR ng ra trc khi gi thng ip
PATH n LSR ng ra. Sau khi tm c con ng, LSR ng vo s chn i tng
Explicit Route vo thng ip PATH, m bo rng LSP s c thit lp dc theo con
ng la chn. Con ig ny p ng cc cc rng buc v bng thng n tt c
cc lin kt, cng nh c khng gian b m ti cc nt trung gian p ng bng n
cho cc lung lu thng ng k ti nguyn.
4.13. Dch v phn bit
Cu trc ca m hnh DiffServ (Differentiated Services) bao gm nhiu lp dch v
v mi lp s c cung cp mt lng ti nguyn mng xc nh.
V d trong mng bao gm hai lp dch v: n lc (best effort) v u tin (premium).
iu ny c ngha l nhng gi d liu thuc lp u tin s c cung cp cht lng dch
v tt hn: d liu c m bo t mt hn v c tr thp hon.
im khc nhau gia m hnh DiffServ v IntServ ch: IntServ dng giao thc bo
hiu thng bo cho cc nt mng cht lng dch v m lung yu cu. Vi m hnh
DiffServ, trn mi gi d liu s cha thng tin xc nh lp dch v. Thng tin ny c
gi l im m dch v phn bit DSCP (Differentiated Service Code Point). DSCP c 6 bit,
thuc vng dch v phn bit (Differentiated Service) ca tiu IP, tin thn l vng ToS
(Type of Service). Nh vy trn l thuyt chng ta c tt c 64 lp dch v khc nhau nhng
trong thc t s lng lp dch v t hn rt nhiu.
Cu hi t ra y l cc b nh tuyn s lm g khi nhn c gi d liu vi mt
gi tr DSCP no ?
Gi DSCP cho bit yu cu cht lng dch v m gi d liu yu cu mng cung
cp hay ni cch khc DSCP xc nh mt hnh vi hop PHB (perhop behavior), y xut
hin mt thut ng mi l PHB. Khi nim ny cho bit cht lTig dch v. Ngoi nhng
ga tr PHB chun, trong ni b mt mng c th nh ngha ring nhng gi tr PHB. Di
y l mt s gi tr PHB tiu chun:
Gi tr mc nh (Default): toig ng vi yu cu n lc ti a (best effort).
Expedited forwarding (EF): gi d liu c gi tr ny s c thi gian tr nh nht v
mt mt thp nht.
Assured forwarding (AF): Mi PHB mang mt gi tr AFxy. Gi X cho php xc
nh hng i dnh cho gi, gi tr y xc nh mc u tin hay ni cch khc l kh
nng mt mt ca gi khi trong mng xy ra tac nghn hoc tranh chp. Nh vy nu
cc gi c nh du AF11, AF12, AF13 th cc gi c xp chung vo mt hng
i nhng mc u tin ca cc gi AF13 thp hn v xc sut mt cao hn. Ring cc
gi AF2y th c hng i khc cc gi AFly. s lng AF PHB l 12, trong Xc 4
gi v y c 3 gi tr. V iu quan trng cn phi nhc n y l cc gi AFxl,
AFx2, AFx3 s c a vo cng mt hng i khng b mt Ih l.
Mi thit b nh tuyn s lu gi mt bng nh x gi tr DSCP ca gi vi gi tr
PH, t xc nh phng thc x l gi.
Nhng bng cch no s n nh gi tr DSCP cho gi? Cu tr li l: cc igress LSR
s n nh gi tr ny cho gi d liu cn c vo chng trnh ng dng ca gi hoc nhng
quy nh do LSR t ra. Sau khi gi c n nh DSCP th s c cc nt mng thc hin
phng thc x l thch hp.
Nh vy ta c ci nhn tng qut v m hnh dch v phn bit (Differentiated
Services). Trong m hnh ny, lu lTig d liu c chia ra lm nhiu lp v mi lp s
c x l vi mc khc nhau theo nhng quy nh t trc. Mi gi d liu c n
nh mt gi tr DSCP ty theo yu cu cht lng dch v.
Tuy nhin trong mng IP trc y, cht lng dch v c xc nh da vo 3 bit
IP Precedence nm trong tiu IP, do khi chuyn sang mng MPLS, LSR khng x l
tiu IP nn gi tr ny s c ghi vo trong nhn ca mi gi.
tng chnh ca cc dch v phn bit l phn loi, iu chinh v quyt nh lu
lng ti bin mng. Phn loi lu lng l gom cc gi c c tnh chung thnh cc kt tp
hnh vi BA (Behaviorial Aggregate) s c i x nh nhau trong mng. Vic phn loi
ny da vo ni dung tiu gi tin v lu l ta ch phn thnh t nhm on gin ho
Chng 4: Cht lTig dch v 99
qu trnh cp pht ti nguyn cho cc loi lu lTg khc nhau. Cc lu lng xc nh s
c gn mt gi tr gi l im m dch v phn bit (DSCP). Trong IPv4, im m dng 6
bit trong ng TOS. Trong IPv6, im m c cha trong octet loi lu lng.
Cc lp dch v c phn loi da trn cc yu t sau:
nh thi gia bn gi v bn nhn.
Tc bit (thay i hay c nh).
Phin lm vic gia bn gi v bn nhn l c kt ni hay phi kt ni.
S tun t ca ti ngi dng.
Cc hot ng iu khin lung.
Kim sot lu lng ngi dng.
Phn on v ti hp cc PDU ngi dng.
Bng 4.2: Cc loi lp dch v phn bit.
Loi
lp
Mc tiu
Ti thiu ho tr,
mc u tin cao
V d tr Jitter
T
mt
gi
BW
nh
ngha
DSCP
NCT1/
NCTO
RIP, OSPF,
BGP-4
100ms u 10
-3
CR
111000/
110 000
Bin ng tr t, tng
tc thi gian thc cao
Bin ng tr t, tng
tc thi gian thc cao
EF VolP 100ms 50ms 10
-3
CR 101 110
AF4
Hi ngh
truyn hnh
400ms 50ms 10"'
CR
PR
100 000
AF3
D liu giao tc,
tng tc
Cc ng
dng phin
terminal
400ms u 10'
CR
PR
011 000
AF2 D liu giao tc
D liu ln, tn hao
thp
C s d liu
web
400ms u 10
-3
CR
PR
010 000
AF1 FTP, email 1 s u 10
-3
CR
PR
001 000
BE Best-effort Best-effort u u 10' u 000 000
Ch thch: (U c ngha l cha ipc nh ngha).
4.I.3.I. Min DiffServ
Min DiffServ l tp cc mng, vn hnh di s qun tr ca mt ISP, gm cc nt
mng h tr DS v tun theo mt tp cc chnh sch phc v chung, chu trch nhim p
ng cc yu cu v mc phc v LSA gia ngi dng v nh cung cp dch v, nh cc
nh ngha chung v hnh vi ti mi chng.
Cc nt bin DS chu ttch nhim phn loi v iu chinh lu lng ng vo, m
bo tun theo quy lut ca min DS. Cn cc nt bn trong s chuyn tip gi tin da vo
im m DS. Nhim v ca chng l nh x im m DS sang mt PHB c h .
Cc nt bin DS ni cc min DS vi nhau.
Hnh 4.6 cho thy mi quan h logic ca cc thnh phn chc nng ch yu trong cho
vic phn loi gi v cc hot ng quy nh lu lng. Mt lung gi c gi n b
phn loi v quy nh lu lng. B o c dng o lu lng v so snh vi cc h s
Chong 4: Cht lng dch v
101
lu lng. Kt qu ca qu trnh o c dng nh du, chinh dng hay xo gi l da
trn vic cc gi tin hp hay khRg oh hp h s.
Hnh 4.6: M hnh rihii loi v iu chinh lu lng DS.
Th tc nh du gi s thit lp trng DS ca gi tin thnh mt im m v b
sung gi nh du vo mt kt tp hnh vi DS. B nh du c th c cu hnh
nh du tt c cc gi tin c thnh mt im m n hoc thnh mt ong mt tp cc
im tu vo trng thi b o. Vic thay i im m c gi l nh du li gi.
Th tc chnh dng lm cho lung gi tun theo mt h s lu lng c th. Lung
gi c lu trong b m chnh dng v gi tin b hu nu khng khng gian b m
chuyn tip gi. Th tc xa gi lm cho lung gi thch nghi vi mt h s lu lng c
th. Xa gi l mt trfng hp c bit ca chinh dng.
Nt xut pht ca lung (min DS gc) thc hin cc hot ng phn loi v iu
chnh (gi l nh du trc) t ra hiu qu trong vic h tr cc ng dng cui thy c
yu cu cht lng dch v ca lung gi. Nt gc nh du bng im m xc nh mc
u tin lu lng. Ke n, router chng u tin s nh du lu lng ny vi vi mt
im m khc v iu chnh lung gi.
4.I.3.2. Phn loi v iu khin lu lng
Hnh 4.7: B phn loi v iu chnh mi lng
iu chnh
lu lng
B phn loi
lu lng
iu chnh
lu lng
iu chnh
lu lng
Da vo BA
hay a vng
Nt DS thc hin cc hot ng phn loi v iu chnh lu lng nh trong hnh 4.7.
Nhim v ca phn loi gi l xc nh cc tp con lu lng s nhn cc dch v khc bit
ca min DS. B phn loi hot ng hai ch : mt l phn loi cc hnh vi ket tp chi
da vo DSCP, hai l phn loi gi da vo nhiu trng trong gi nh im m, a chi, s
cng. Kt tp hnh vi BA nh ngha tt c cc lu lng qua mt lin kt v yu cu cng
hnh vi DS.
B phn loi DS s hTig gi n b iu chnh lu lng x l nhiu hcm. Lung
lu lng c chn bi b phn loi da vo mt tp cc h s lu lng nh tc bit
bin ng hay khng i, tri dt v tr. Cc gi i din cho mt b quy nh lu
lng to thnh mt h s lu lng (TP), v n c th l ph hp (in profile) hay khng
ph hp (out-of profile). Cc gi khng hp h s do khng tun theo LSA hoc i n b
quy nh lun lng vi mt tc m b quy nh phi tc ng n chng (tr hon s
phn phi hay xa chng ...)
Cc hot ng phn loi
Chc nng chnh ca b phn loi l nhn mt lung gi (cha c phn loi) ng
vo v to thnh cc lung xut phn bit nhau. Ng ra ny li c dn n cc chc nng
o v nh du. Ta bit b phn loi c th l BA hay MF u c thc hin bng b
lc. B lc l mt tp hp cc iu kin p dng cho cc tx-ng trong gi xc nh lung
xut no cho gi. t-ng c minh ho nh trong hnh 4.8. Lu lng cha phn loi
c a vo mt giao tip v c phn thnh bn lung, 3 lung u tin tun theo cc
gi tr BA hay MA, cc gi cn li l kt qu ca b lc mc nh.
Hnh 4.8: Hot ng lc ca b phn loi.
Lu lng c phn loi
ca b lc 1
Lu lng cha
phn loi
--------------------------
ca b lc 2
phn loi
ca b lc 3
cn li
Hot ng o
Sau khi cc gi c phn loi, b o gim st ii gian n ca cc lung gi xc
nh mc ph hp cho mt h s lu lng. H s ny c cu hnh trc v tun theo mt
hp ng LSA. C nhiu loi b o, v d nh b o tc ung bnh, b o token bucket...
Hnh 4.9: Hot ng ca b o.
Lu lng c xc (^nh
cu hinh A
Lu lng cha
xc nh
RA Ar\
cu hnh B
D 00
C u hnh c
-------------------------
Chng 4; Cht lng dch v 103
4.1.3.3. im m DS
im m DS trong gi IP l irTig TOS trong IPv4 c nh ngha li. Ta bit TOS
c dng xc r.h QoS cho cc ng dng Internet. 6 bit ca DSCP c dng tham
chiu n mt bng chn ra mt c ch x l gi thch hfp. Cc im m c lin h n
nnh vi ti mi chng (PHB). PrfB mc nh l chuyn tip best-effort (theo RFC 1812).
Khi mt lin kt khng tha mn cc PHB khc, th n c gn cho PHB mc nh. im
m DS mc nh cho PHB mc nh l 000000. im m ngh c th c sa i ty
theo quyt nh ca nh cung cp djch v. Thm ch cc PHB ging nha ti hai pha ca
bin DS th DSCP cng c th b nh du li.
Trng DSCP c 6 bit nn c th mang n 64 im m phn bit. Khng gian im
m c chia thnh 3 nhm chnh d gn v qun l. Nhm 1 gm 32 im m c gn
cho cc hot ng chun ca mng internet. Nhm 2 gm 16 im m c dng cho vic
th nghim hay s dng cc b (EXP/LU). Nhm 3 gm 16 im m c dng cho vic
th nghim hay s dng cc b v c dng b sung thm cho nhm 1 khi cn kit.
Bng 4.3: Cc lp AF v im m c ngh.
u tin xo thp
u tin xo trung bnh
u tin xo cao
Class 1
001010
001100
001110
Class 2
010010
010100
010110
Class 3
011010
011100
011110
Class 4
100010
100100
100110
Hnh vi ti mi chng PHB
Sau khi gi tin c phn loi cng vi DSCP ti bin mng, chng s c chuyn
tip qua mng. Vic chuyn tip c ic hin ti mi chng v nt DS s quyt nh vic
chuyn tip bng cch chn mt PHB (Per-hop Behavior) xc nh cch thc phc v gi
v xc sut rt gi c th xy ra cho gi .
Cc loi PHB
C 3 loi PHB. Loi th nht l chuyn tip mc nh BE, th hai l chuyn tip xc
tin EF v th ba l chuyn tip m bo AF. Chuyn tip mc nh hu nh khng lm g
c. Chuyn tip xc tin c tr v mt gi thp, tc ng ra gn bng tc ng
vo. Chuyn tip m bo cung cp nhiu mc chuyn tip, m bo cho gi tin IP.
Hng i cn bng trng lng WFQ l cng c thch hp qun l cc lu lng AF ny.
C 4 loi AP. Mi loi AF ti cc nt DS c cp pht mt l-ng ti nguyn chuyn
tip nht nh (b m v bng thng). Mi loi AF li c 3 mc gi tr quy nh kh nng
b hu gi. Do s AF PHB l 4x3=12. Trong trmg hp nghn, nt DS s u tin bo v
cho cc gi c mc hu gi thp bng cch hu cc gi c mc hy gi cao. Trong hnh
4.10, bn hng i AF c thit lp ti DS LSR tip nhn lu lng t cc giao tip a,
b, c, d. DSCP trong cc gi c dng xp gi tin vo cc v tr tng ng ong tng
hng i. Bng nh x PHB v DSCP ti LSR c dng xc nh tng quan gia
DSCP sang PHB tc quy nh cch thc x l gi tin ti LSR.
Hnh 4.10: DSCP v PHB.
001010 --------
I 010100 I 001100 I I 011010 ----------
'------------AF21
-------AF22
100100 I I 010010 I I 100010 I I - - - - - - - - - - - - -
--------- AF31
_________ ' ' ' ' - ] AF41
I 100110 I---------------- - I AF42
-------------------------------------- '--------------- '------------ AF 43
/ & = = -
Hng i
--AF 11
- A F 12
PHB v DSCP
AF11=001010 AF12=001100 AF13=001110
AF21=010010 AF22=010100 AF23=010110
AF31=011010 AF32=011100 AF33=011110
AF41=100010 AF42=100100 AF34=100110
4.L3.4.MPLSvDiffServ
Hnh 4.11: LSR MPLS h tr DijfServ.
Lung gi IP
DiffServ
LSR MPLS h tr DiffServ
Phn loi
Q_
)
_ J
S I
c
B o
0 )
. 0
Q.
'TO
< o
d )
Xa
c
CO'
D
C
c
s z
xp hng
o
CR-LSP
- Thng s lu lng
-Tc d liu inh
- Kch thch chm nh PBS
- Tc cam kt CDR
- Kch thch chm cam kt CBS
- Kch thch chm vt tri EBS
-Trng s
- Mu / lp ti nguyn
MPLS h tr DiffServ c hai module chnh l DiffServ v module k thut lu lng
da txn MPLS. DiffServ h 7 loi lp khc bit (kt tp lu lng), vi cc thng s
QoS v lu lng c quy nh cho mi loi lp, mc u tin hay trng s cho mi loi
lp. K thut lu lng da trn MPLS h tr nh tuyn rng buc cho cc trung k lu
lng hng kt ni (CR-LSP), iu khin cc trung k lu lcmg thc hin cn bng ti
Chng 4: Cht lng dch v
105
mng, tn dng linh hot ti nguyn mng bng cch mn bng thng gia cc ttung k
lu lng, c th x l cc gi tin phn bit (DiffServ-aware) bng cch s dng trTig EXP
(CoS) trong tiu MPLS chn thm. Tm li, module DiffServ cung cp ti u mc lp
ong khi module MPLS-TE ti u mc tp hp bi cc MPLS LSP.
Trng DSCP trong tiu IP khng c x l bi cc router chuyn vn m chi
c x l bi cc router chuyn mch nhn ng vo v ng ra. Router ng vo dng DSCP
quyt nh cch m ha nhn MPLS. Do vic la chn nhn c th xc nh cch thc
lu lng c i x nh th no trong mng.
DSCP v nhn MPLS
Ta bit rng cc LSR ni khng kim tra tiu IP. Cn cc LSR ng vo c th
kini tra tiu IP v ly thng tin to ra cc LSP v cc nhn lin quan. lin h
DSCP vi gi MPLS, ta nh x thng tin trong DSCP sang nhn hay sang trng EXP ca
tiu chn thm. Tuy nhin DSCP c 6 bit cn trng EXP trong tiu chn thm ch c
3 bit. Bng 4.4 l cc v d v nh x ca EXP v PHB
Bng 4.4: DSCP v EXP tiong inig c ngh.
Lp DSCP M EXP PHB ( ngh)
Best Effort (000 000) 000
Chuyn tip mc nh vi best-effort (mc xo
gi cao nht)__________________ ^___________
Chuyn tip m bo 1, mc xo cao cho d
liu ln, phi thi gian thc
AF1, u tin xa cao (001 110) 001
Chuyn tip m bo 2, mc xo va cho d
liu ABR phi thi gian thc
AF2, u tin xa va (010 100) 010
AF3, u tin xa va (011 100) 011
Chuyn tip m bo 3, mc xo va cho d
liu VBR phi thi gian thc_________________
Chuyn tip m bo 4, mc xo thp cho d
liuVBR thi gian thc
AF4, u tin xa thp (100 010) 100
tr v bin ng tr ti thiu cho lu lng
CBRthi gian thc________________________
Ti thiu ha li, mc u tin cao
Chuyn tip xc tin EF
Lu lng iu khin mng (110 000)
101
110
Lu lng iu khin mng (110 000) Ti thiu ha li, mc u tin rt cao 111
Kt tp hnh vi, k tp th t v LSP
Nhim v ca mng MPLS nh x t DS BA sang cc con ng chuyn mch nhn
MPLS. Ta s lm quen vi khi nim kt tp th t OA. OA l mt tp cc BA b rng buc
theo th t, n th hin mt quy lut ca DS l cc gi thuc cng mt lung th khng th
xo trn th t nu chng ch khc nhau v mc u tin hy gi. tng ny toTig t nh
knh o trong ATM, Frame Relay, yu cu cc t bo hay khung thuc cng mt mch o
n khng xo trn th t khi chng c chuyn qua mng ATM, Frame Relay. nh
hng ca lut ny l cc gi thuc cng mt tp nh AF21, AF22 ... phi c t -ong
mt hng i chung cho cc hot ng FIFO. DS cng nh ngha mt hoc nhiu hnh vi
trng thi ti mi chng p dng cho tp ny c gi l lp iu phi hnh vi ti mi chng
(PSC). Lp iu phi PSC l mt nhm cc PHB yu cu cc gi thuc cc PHB khc nhau
trong mt nhm nhng khng c xo trn th t. Trong ng cnh MPLS, cc lp iu
phi PHB l mt nhm cc gi thuc cng loi PHB v phi c gi trn cng LSP. V d,
c t AF yu cu cc gi thuc v mt vi lung n khng c xo n th t nu chng
ch khc nhau v mc u tin xo gi. Kt qu l cc gi ca cng lp AF thng i trn
mt hng i chung. Hin nay, mt s LSR cung cp mt hng i cho mi LSP v trong
trng hp no , hai LSP n mt ch chung c th i bng nhng con Tig khc nhau
n ch. Do , p ng rng buc v th t ca lu lng AF, thng thTig ta phi gi
cc gi ca cng lp AF (v d AF11, AF12, AF13) ttn cng mt LSP.
C hai tnh hung l LSP c PSC c suy t EXP v LSP c PSC c suy t nhn.
E-LSP l LSP c PSC c suy t EXP. Vi 3 bit ca trng EXP, mt LSP n c
th h tr n tm BA cho mt FEC, PSC ca gi tin trong LSP ny ph thuc vo gi tr
ca ttng EXP. Vi E - LSP, nhn c router dng thc hin quyt nh chuyn tip
v trTig EXP c dng quyt nh cch x l gi. Khi tiu chn thm c dng,
mc u tin hu gi c suy t trng EXP. Khi tiu chn thm khng c dng, mc
u tin hu gi c suy t cc thng tin bc gi ca tng lin kt d liu (trong ATM l bit
CLP, trong Frame Relay l bit DE).
Nu cn hn 8 PHB, mt mnh trng EXP khng thng bo PHB m phi
dng nhn mang PHB. l trng hp L-LSP (mt l do na dng L-LSP l cc
chuyn tip nh ATM khng c tiu chn thm tc khng c EXP nn phi dng nhn).
Mun mang thng tin PHB trong nhn ta cn phi ci tin c ch phn phi nhn nhn
phi c lin kt vi c FEC v PHB.
Hnh 4.12: a) E-LSP v (b) L-LSP
(a)
(b)
Cc gi AFIy
Cc gi mc jnh
RI
LLSPchoAFIy
L
\
L-LSP mc nh
R2 R3
Bng 4.5: So snh ELSP v L-LSP,
E-LSP L-LSP
PHB c suy t cc bit EXP PHB c suy t nhn hoc nhn v EXP/CLP
Khng cn bo hiu thm
PHB/PSC phi c bo hiu lc thit lp LSP (bng RSVP,
LDP)
Phi cu hnh cho nh x EXP-PHB
Anh x nhn-PHB c bo hiu, cn nh x EXP/CLP-PHB
bit (ch dng cho AF)
Yu cu tiu chn thm Tiu chn thm hoc tiu ca lp lin kt
H tr ti a 8 PHB cho mi LSP
Mt PHB cho mi LSP. Ring i vi AF l mt nhm iu
phi PHB cho mi LSP
Trong hnh 4.12, (a) Mt E-LSP n c dng v c th mang cc gi yu cu cho 8
PHB khc nhau. PHB p dng cho gi c xc nh bng cch kim tra bit EXP. (b) Hai
ChoTig 4: Cht lng dch v 107
L-LSP c thit lp. LSP th nht mang cc gi tin mc nh. Cc LSR R2, R3 bit (lc
thit lp LSP) rng cc gi n t LSP di l mc nh; LSP trn mang cc gi tin ca
AF11, AF12, AF13. R2, R3 da vo nhn bit gi l AFly v kim tra trTig EXP
tm ra mc u tin hy gi, tc gi tr y. LSR RI ng vo, lm nhim v a gi n ng
LSP, thit lp cc EXP cho ph hp. Vd L-LSP, PSC c bo hiu r rng ti thi im
thit lp nhn. Do , sau khi nhn c thit lp, LSR c th suy trc tip t gi tt nhn ra
gi tr PSC c p dng cho gi tin c gn nhn. Cch tip cn ny (chuyn tip v th
t c suy t nhn) c thc hin trong mng ATM, Frame Relay.
Lu rng ta c th dng c hai loi LSP cho mt mng n, thm ch trong mt lin
kt ofn. V cc L-LSP yu cu bo hiu PHB lc thit lp LSP nn cc LSP thit lp m
khng c bo hiu PHB r rng s c xem mc nh nh l E-LSP.
Vy nn chn loi LSP no cho thch hp? E-LSP c nhiu li ch hofn do c nhiu
PHB c h tr cho mt E-LSP nn s lng LSP tng cng s gim, hu ch khi ti
nguyn khng gian nhn b gii hn. Ngoi ra, m hnh E-LSP tng t nh m hnh
DiffServ chun (LSR ch vic xem xt cc bit trong tiu quyt nh PHB no c p
dng cho gi). L-LSP c dng cho cc mng khng dng tiu chn thm. L-LSP c
th h tr mt s lng ln cc PHB. V do L-LSP cung cp mt LSP cho mi PHB/PSC
nn n c th h tr cc con ng x l lu lng khc nhau, v d LSP ch mang lu
lng EF c nh tuyn qua cc lin kt c tr thp trong khi cc LSP mang lu lng
EF c nh tuyn qua cc lin kt c tr ln nhng bng thng cao. Tm li, vic chn
L-LSP hay E-LSP tu thuc vo s xem xt v cn nhc ca ta trong mt mng c th.
Tm li, MPLS h tr cho cc hot ng DiffServ v cch m cc DS kt hp v nh
x thnh cc con ng chuyn mch nhn p ng tt nht cho k thut lu lng v
cht lng dch v.
4.I.3.5. Lin mng gia CR-LDP v kin trc mng DS
Hnh 4.13: Lin mng da trn nh x cc dch v c cng tham s QoS.
Min MPLS/CR-LDP
I/F Dch v
1 Srvc_1
2 Srvc_2
MPLS
Srvc_a
Srvc_b
Srvc_c
108
Hnh 4.14: Lin mng da trn nh x dch v mc PHB.
DiffServ_1
DiffServ_2
Min MPLS/CR-LDP
Cch th nht l nh x cc dch v vi yu cu QoS nh nhau gia hai min nn
m bo QoS c tho mn c hai min.
Cch th hai da trn nh x mc PHB. C th cc min khc nhau s dng cng mt
PHB cho cc mc ch khc nhau nn khng m bo cht ch cho cht lng dch v
mc u cui n u cui.
4.2. KNH THU RING o
4.2.1. Dch v m bo bng thng
Mng chuyn mch gi IP ch cung cp dch v c gng tt nht, khng m bo
tr, bin ng tr cht ch cho cc lu lng thi gian thc. Tuy nhin, khch hng xy
dng mng li IP tc cao c th tng doanh thu v tit kim vi cc dch v cng thm
s dng MPLS v DiffServ nh dch v bng thng m bo. Vi n, khch hng c th
dng cc dch v thoi v s liu vi mc m bo im-im, kh nng phn phi cc gi
c th d on c ong cc ng thi ti v mng bin i khc nhau, dnh cho cc ng
dng thi gian thc nh hi ngh truyn hnh cht lng cao, VoIP, o to t xa, tn dng
c tng bit ca bng thng hin c. DiffServ-TE t ng chn ra mt tuyn ng tha
mn rng buc cho cc dch v c nh ngha trc nh premium, gold, silver, bronze,
gii phng nh cung cp dch v khi vic phi tnh ton con ng thch hp cho mi
khch hng v mi loi dch v ca khch hng.
4.2.2. Cc c tnh ca mt phng iu khin
K thut lu lng ca Cisco
K thut lu lng t ng thit lp cc LSP c th m bo bng thng, tr,
bin ng tr thng qua c ch QoS thch hp.
K thut lu lng phn bit ca Cisco
Chcmg 4: Cht lTig dch v 109
Bn thn k thut lu lng i x tt c cc lu lng nh nhau. c th mang
thoi v d liu trong cng mt mng, ta cn phn bit chng nh u tin v m bo cht
lirng dch v cht ch hofn cho lu lng thoi. DiffServ-Aware TE khng chi cho php
cu hnh nhm bng thng ton cc m cn cung cp cu hnh nhm con gii hn cho lu
lng mng, nh thoi. Bng thng hin c c qung co bi cc LSA ca IGP hay TLV,
do m bo rng mi router u qun l c bng thng hin c khi cho php mt con
fng chuyn mch nhn mi.
nh tuyn li nhanh ca Cisco (MPLS FRR)
Ti nh tuyn nhanh l kh nng chuyn i lu lng mt cch cc b sang knh
d phng trong trng hp lin kt hay nt b hng hn 50 ms (so snh c vi chc nng
bo v chuyn mch t ng ca mng SONET) bng cch s dng c ch xp chng nhn
v bo hiu RSVP thit lp knh d phng gn vi nt hay lin kt cn bo v. Khi pht
hin ra mt tn hiu t lin kt, I^RR s t ng chuyn tip lu lng sang knh d phng
trong vng ti thiu 50 ms mt cch trong sut i vi ngi dng cui.
B cp pht bng thng t ng
Qun l lin tc mc s dng trung bnh ca cc knh TE v c th thay i bng
thng ca cc knh TE cho ph hfp vi lung lu lng nn tn dng c bng thng
mng hin c v nng cao li nhun cho nh cung cp dch v. Khong thi gian trung bnh
theo di c th thay i c nn gip iu khin ti nguyn mng tt hn.
Hnh 4.15: Mt phang iu khin v chuyn tip cho cc dch v m bo.
4.2.3. Cc c tnh ca mt phng chuyn tip
Cc c tnh ca mt phng chuyn tip gm tp cc QoS thit yu cho cc cc knh
TE. Cc c ch ny cng vi DiffServ cung cp mc m bo im-im cho mi lp dch
v.
m bo bng thng
Thit b mng phi c kh nng iu phi lu lng m bo cc lu lng thoi lun
nhn c mc chia s dung lng lin kt khi nghn xy ra. m bo bng thng y
khi bng thng d phng ong mt phng iu khin tng ng vi bng thng d phng
cho mt phang chuyn tip cho chnh lp v bng thng cho cc d phng ny tun theo
bng thng c yu cu.
m bo tr
m bo bng thng khng phi lc no cng m bo tr v bin ng tr. V
d cc tuyn di c th cung cp m bo v bng thng nhng khng p ng yu cu v
tr cho cc dch v yu cu QoS cht ch.
Gii hn hin ng tr
Do xp hng v iu phi lu lng nn cc thit b mng gy ra tr khc nhau.
Cc ng dng trung k thoi yu cu mt p ng mng chc chn v c kh nng d on
c trong gii hn bin ng tr.
Cc c m tin tin khc
Ti ra ca mng, lu lfng c kim sot v nh du (color) bng cc bit ToS
trong tiu . Mu ny c dng trong mng li nhn dng lp dch v ca gi v chnh
sch LLQ (Low-Latency Queuing) c dng m bo bng thng ti thiu cho cc knh
thuc mt lp dch v c th. N gip nh cung cp dch v m bo mc u tin nghim
ngt v lng bng thng yu cu cho thoi trong khi phn chia phn bng thng cn li cho
cc knh khc v lu lng d liu (CBWFQ).
4.2.4. Cc bc thc hin m bo cht lng dch v trong mng li
Ta s ni cch m mng MPLS v DiffServ cung cp dch v bng thng m bo
bng cch s dng k thut lu lTig v cht lng dch v. Gii php ny c thc hin
vi thit b router Cisco 7500 ti ra mng, router 12000 trong mng li v h iu hnh
12.0(14) ST.
Bc 1: Cu hnh ton cc
Bt chc nng k thut lu lng (traffic engineering) cho router.
Cu hnh giao thc nh tuyn cho cc router l OSPF hay IS-IS. Traffic Engineering
h tr OSPF v IS-IS cho nh tuyn ni.
Bc 2: cu hnh mt phng iu khin cho cc giao tip trong li.
Bt chc nng traffic engineering cho cc giao tip.
nh ngha bng thng cp pht trn cc giao tip, cho php d phng RSVP cho cc
knh TE.
Vng ton cc global-pooiy. lTig bng thng trn giao tip (interface) lun sn
sng cho vic ng k.
Vng ph (sub-pool): lng bng thng t global-pool sn c cho vic d phng
mt sub-pool. Global-pool v sub-pool cho bit bng thng c gn cho cc
ng hm dch v bng thng m bo qua mng. Bng thng c d phng
ti tt c cc lin kt trong mng. Khi mt ng hm mi c cho php vi
bng thng global-pool hay sub-pool, n ch c thit lp nu c bng thng
sn c p ng yu ca ng hm mi. p ng cht lng dch v, mi
vng bng thng phi c gn mt lp QoS v cc tham s hng i cung
cp bng thng m bo trn cc giao tip li. Vng bng thng phi ph hp vi
bng thng c gn cho lp trn mi lin kt trong mng.
Bc 3: cu hnh mt phng chuyn tip cho cc giao tip li bao gm qun l tc
nghn v trnh tc nghn.
Chong 4: Cht lng dch v 111
Vi qun l tc nghn, cc gi tin c phn bit da trn bng thng v tr gii
hn. H thng iu phi t ng cp pht bng thng v m bo tr ti thiu cho lu
lng mng da vo lp lu lTig. Qun l tc nghn c thc hin bng Modified Deficit
Round Robin (MDRR) vi Cisco 12000 v CBWFQ vi Cisco 7500.
Trnh tc nghn c thc hin bng c ch Weighted Random Early Detection
(WRED) cho cc gi phn bit nhau da trn xc sut xa. WRED theo di lu lng
mng, tin on v ngn chn tc nghn ti cc mng chung v cc im c chai ca lin
mng. WRED c th xa lu lng c mc u tin thp khi mt giao tip bt u b nghn
v cung cp cc c tnh hiu sut khc bit cho cc lp dch v khc nhau.
Bc 4: cu hnh cc ty chn cho mng li nh ti nh tuyn nhanh ci thin
tnh lun sn c ca mng, bo m cc lin kt b li v ti nh tuyn ttong vng 50 ms.
4.2.5. Cc dch v bng thng m bo vi MPLS
4.2.5.1. Knh thu ring o IP
Knh thu ring o IP (IP virtual lease-line) vn chuyn IP theo kiu im-im. Kt
ni gia thit b ra v router ra nh cung cp lun l kt ni IP, trung k IP ny c th l
trung k thoi hay vn chuyn .d liu gia site d phng v trung tm d liu vi cc yu
cu QoS khc bit. Mt VLL nghim ngt khng ch cung cp kt ni m cn bao gm mc
m bo im-im cho bng thng, tr, bin ng tr, mc xa gi v tnh sn sng
ca mng.
Vi knh thu ring o IP, tp bng thng c cp pht trn tt c cc lin kt ca
dch v VLL. Cc dch v c cho php ch khi bng thng c sn trong tp bng thng
VLL. V d kt ni im-im, bng thng cho php cho kt ni trong tp bng thng VLL
tng ng vi tc -uy cp ca site khch hng, bng thng d phng cho kt ni c
gii hn n mt phn ca tc truy cp, s dng cc c tnh QoS v cc k thut nh
chnh sch MQC, tng thch ngc CAR, chnh dng lu lTig. cung cp bng thng
m bo, bng thng tng cng c ng k cho tt c cc kt ni khng c vt qu tc
truy cp pha khch hng.
Hnh 4.16: Knh thu ring o lp 3.
Lin kt
ni tip
Lin kt
ni tip
IP ni tip hay ppp
hay HDLC qua MPLS
IP ni tip hay ppp
hay HDLC qua MPLS
4.2.S.2. Knh thu ring o lp 2
Dch v VLL lp 2 tp trung vo cc giao thc lp 2 nh Ethernet, Frame Relay v
ATM theo kiu im-iii qua mt mng MPLS. Chuyn vn lp 2 qua mng MPLS cung
cp cc dch v n gin nhng hp dn khch hng nh Ethernet qua MPLS. Vi VLL lp
2, khch hng c th dng cc giao thc non-IP nh IPX hay m rng cc min VLAN bng
cch vn chuyn trong cc khung Ethernet th. Nh cung cp dch v cn c th to ra cc
im ngang hng t xa nh l mt hub on bng cch min qung b v trung k Ethernet.
Trong knh thu ring o lp 2, khch hng vn chuyn cc mch o tng 2 sang knh
TE. Mun vy, ng vo ca nh cung cp dch v nh x a ch IP ch ca im cui ng
ra mch o sang mt knh TE vi bng thng d liu sn.
Hnh 4.17: Knh thu ring o lp 2.
ng hm ATM
Lin kt
ni tip
Router
CPE
VLL tng 2 dng mng MPLS cho php v cung cp kt ni lp 2 theo kiu im-
im, m bo cht ch cht lng dch v, kh nng ti nh tuyn nhanh trong vng 50
ms, gim chi ph, tn dng bng thng hin c m vn m bo cho cc lu lng u tin
cao. Tuy nhin, mng VLL tng 2 th phc tp hcm v kh sa cha hoi mng IP.
4.3. TM TT
Mi lin h gia MPLS v QoS l mi quan h gn gi nhng tht s MPLS khng
th thay th hon ton cho QoS. Hn na MPLS ch c th h cho nhng m hnh cht
lng dch v c pht trin trn IP v s dng trong mng thuc loi non_MPLS. C
hai m hnh chnh l dch v tch hp IntServ (Intergrated Services), v dch v phn bit
DiffServ (Differentiated Services). M hnh dch v tch hp c thit k cung cp mc
cht lng dch v t u cui-u cui cho ring tTig dng d liu trong khi m hnh
dch v phn bit cho php mt mng EP quy m ln c th cung cp mt s lng nh cc
lp dch v khc nhau.
H tr cho cc m hnh dch v IP trong mt mng MP1.S l iu ct yu ca vic
trin khai MPLS, v th khng nn mt cc chc nng DP. Thm vo , h tr m hnh
cht lng dch IP bng cc thit b MPLS mang li mt s tin ch. Bi v cc LSR hot
ng trn nn tng l phn cng ca chuyn mch ATM v th mt mng ATM c th h tr
cho m hnh cht lng dch v DP, gp phn mang li mt gii php cho vn gy nhiu
kh khn trong qu kh. Khng nhng th, MPLS c kh nng dnh sn ti nguyn cho
lung lu lng ln bao gm nhiu lu lng nh. V th MPLS gp phn gii quyt vn
lin quan n s trin khai rng ri m hnh dch v tch hp.

CHNG 5: PH TVYN
5.1. TNG QUAN GIAO THC NH TUYN
Cc giao thc nh tuyn c th chia thnh hai loi l vector khong cch v trng
thi lin kt. Ngoi ra, chng cn c th c phn loi theo cch chng quan h nh th
no vi h thng. Cc giao thc hot ng bn trong mt h thng c gi l cc giao thc
nh tuyn ni IGP (Interior Gateway Protocol) nh RIP, IGRP, EIGRP v OSPF. Cc giao
thc hot ng bn ngoi h thng, hay gia cc h t tr AS (Autonomous System) vi
nhau, c gi l cc giao thc nh tuyn ngoi EGP (Exterior Gateway Protocol). BGP l
giao thc EGP ph bin nht v c xem l chun ca Internet.
Bng 5.1: So snh gia hai loi nh tuyn vector khong cch v trng thi lin kt
Vector khong cch Trng hi lin kt
Ly d liu cu hnh mng t thng tin trong
bng nh tuyn ca cc lng ging.
Thu c ci nhn rng v cu hnh ca lin
mng hin ti bng cch tch ly c cc qung
co rng h lin k.
Mi router xc jnh con ng tt nht bng
cch cng dn s chng khi thng tin nh tuyn
c chuyn t router ti router.
Mi router lm vic mt cch c lp tnh con
ng ngn nht ca n ti mng ch.
Cp nht thng tin nh tuyn mt cch nh k Ch cp nht khi c s thay i v cu hnh mng.
Thng ip cp nht thng tin nh tuyn ln, do
sao chp ton b bng nh tuyn.*
Ch gi nhng thng tin cp nht cn thit, tc ch
gi nhng thay i m thi.
Thng tin ^nh tuyn ch c trao i vi lng
ging thng qua phng php broadcast.
Thng tin nh tuyn c gi cho tt c cc
router thng qua phng php ngp lt (flooding).
T so snh trn ta c th suy ra nhn xt sau, thi gian thng tin nh tuyn c
cp nht ti tt c cc router i vi trng thi lin kt ngn hn i vi vector khong cch.
Ni cch khc, thi gian hi t ca trng thi lin kt nhanh hn. Trng thi lin kt tiu tn
ti nguyn (b nh) nhiu hcm vector khong cch nhng tiu tn t thi gian CPU hcm.
5.2. CC GIAO THC NH TUYN
5.2.1. Giao thc thng tin nh tuyn RIP
RIP (Routing Information Protocol) l giao thc nh tuyn ni n gin v c
dng ph bin theo kiu vector khong cch, dng s hop xc nh con ng tt nht
gia hai vng, s hop l s router m gi tin phi i qua n c ch, s hop ti a
ong giao thc RIP gi tin c th i trn mng l 15. Tuy nhin, vic s dng s hop
chn Tig i tt nht trn mng l khng ti u (v d, mt con ng 3 hop qua 3 mng
Ethernet vn tt hoTi con Tig 2 hop nhng phi qua 2 kt nL khng dy hay v tinh).
Trong mt mng RIP, mi router s broadcast ton b bng nh tuyn ca n n cc router
lng ging c mi 30 giy. Mi thng tin cp nht nh tuyn thng gm hai phn: a ch
mng v khong cch n c mng ny. Khi mt router nhn c thng tin nh
tuyn t cc lng ging, n s dng cc thng tin ny cp nht bng nh tuyn ca n v
gi tip bn nh tuyn cp nht ny n cc router lng ging ca n. Th tc ny s
c lp li bi mi router v mng s tin n txng thi hi t khi tt c router u thy
ton b topo mng.
RIP s dng c ch nh thi (timer) loi b cc thng tin c trong bng nh
tuyn. Khi router thm mt thng tin nh tuyn mi vo bng nh tuyn ca mnh, n s
bt timer cho thng tin ny. Khi n nhn c thng tin nh tuyn mi cp nht thng tin
nh tuyn ny, timer s c tnh li. Nu sau mt khong thi gian (180s) m thng tin
ny khng c cp nht th n b loi b.
5.2.2. Giao thc nh tuyn cng ni IGRP
IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing Protocol) cng l giao thc nh tuyn vector
khong cch. IGRP s dng metric tng hp l bng thng v tr xc nh con Tig
tt nht gia hai vng. Ngi qun tr c th s dng cc thng s khc nh MTU
(Maximum Transmission Unit), tin cy hoc ti ca lin kt. Tng t nh RIP, IGRP
cng gi ton b bng nh tuyn v cp nht chng trong nhng khong thi gian u n
nhng khng phi l 30 giy m l 90 giy. Ngoi ra, IGRP cn h tr cp nht nhanh (flash
update) lm tng thi gian hi t ca mng.
5.2.3. Giao thc nh tuyn ni cao cp EIGRP
EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol) l mt giao thc nh tuyn ni
dng vector khong cch nhng c ci tin. Tng t nh IGRP, EIGRP cng s dng metric
l bng thng, tr, MTU, tin cy v ti ca lin kt. Trong mng EIGRP, mi router ch
gi thng tin phi cp nht thm v bng nh tuyn ca n cho router lng ging mi khi c
thay i xy ra. Chnh v vy m EIGRP hi t nhanh v tiu tn t bng thng. Khi router
nhn c thng tin cp nht bng nh tuyn, n s dng thng tin ny vi thut gii DUAL
tm ra tuyn tt nht v tt th hai, cp nht bng nh tuyn ca chnh n v tip tc gi
thng tin ny cho cc router k cn. C nh vy cho n khi mng t trng thi hi t.
EIGRP h tr nh tuyn IP, IPX v Appletalk. Cng vi IS-IS, EIGRP l mt trong
nhng giao thc nh tuyn a giao thc. N dng thut ton DUAL (Diffusing Update
Algorithm), lun lun chun b sn mt tuyn d phng trong trng hp tuyn chnh b
down. DUAL cng gii hn bao nhiu router s b nh hng khi m mt thay i trn
mng xy ra.
EIGRP khng c gii hn cho s hop ti a. Trong mt mng EIGRP, mi router s
multicast cc gi tin hello pht hin ra cc lng ging k cn. C s d liu v s k cn
ny s c chia s vi cc router khc xy dng nn mt c s d liu topo mng. Da
vo y, router s tm ra tuyn tt nht v tuyn tt th hai.
EIGRP l dng khng phn lp (classless), tc l n khng km mt n mng con
trong cc bng cp nht nh tuyn. Metric ca EIGRP c th c tnh ton phc tp theo
Chng 5: nh tuyn 115
nhiu yu t nhng theo mc nh, n ch dng bng thng v tr xc nh con ng
tt nht.
5.2.4. Giao thc ng i ngn nht u tin m OSPF
OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) l giao thc nh tuyn trng thi lin kt hot ng
trong mt h t tr tm ra rng i ngn nht u tin (Shortest Path First). OSPF p
ng c nhu cu cho cc mng ln, c thi gian hi t ngn, h tr mt n mng con c
chiu di thay i (VLSM), kch thc mng thch hp cho tt c cc mng t va n ln,
s dng bng thng hiu qu, chi multicast s cp nht mi khi mng thay i, chn ng
da trn chi ph thp nht. Trong khi RIP s dng topo mng phng nn chi mt thay i
ca mt router s nh hng n ton b cc thit b trong mng, OSPF dng mt khi nim
vng (area) phn on mt mng thnh cc nhm router nh hcm. Bng cch thu hp
mc truyn thng trong mt vng, OSPF c th hn ch vic truyn thng trong min v
ngn cc thay i trong mt vng c th lm nh hng n hiu sut ca cc vng khc.
Router chi nh DR (Designated router): Trong mi mng DP a truy cp, mt router
s c chn l DR. DR c hai chc nng chnh, mt l tr thnh k cn i vi tt c cc
router khc trong mng, hai l phi ng vai tr nh l mt ngi pht ngn cho mng
bng cch gi cc bn tin qung co ng thi lin kt mng (network LSA) cho tt c cc
mng khc n tt c cc router. N chnh l im tp trung thu thp thng tin nh tuyn.
Router chi nh d phng DBR (Designated backup router): DR c th tr thnh
im n gy li, do mt router khc s c chn lm router d phng khi li xy ra.
Do , DBR cng phi k cn hon ton vi cc router khc v thc hin chc nng nh l
im tp trung th hai cho cc LSA. Tuy nhin, DBR khng qun l vic cp nht tuyn
hoc gi cc bn tin LSA, m ch lm nhim v nh thi theo di hot ng ca DR
chc rng DR ang hot ng. Nu pht hin DR khng hot ng, DBR s m nhn vai
tr ca DR v mt DBR mi s c chn.
Cc trng thi OSPF:
Trng thi Down, trng thi ny, OSPF khng trao i thng tin vi bt k ai m
i chuyn sang trng thi k tip l trng thi khi to (Init State).
Trng thi Int: OSPF gi cc gi tin hello (loi 1) c mi 10 giy thit lp mi
quan h vi cc router hng xm. Khi mt giao tip nhn c gi tin hello u tin,
n s chuyn sang trng thi Init v i thit lp mi quan h vi router lng ging
trng thi k tip.
Trng thi Two-way: Bng cch dng cc gi hello, cc router OSPF c gng thit
lp ng thi two-way hay cn gi l truyn thng hai chiu vi tt c cc router lng
ging trong cng mng IP. Trong tiu gi hello cn cha danh sch cc lng ging
OSPF m pha gi bit. Router chuyn sang ng thi ny khi n thy chnh n
trong danh sch ny ca gi hello. y l quan h c bn nht m cc router OSPF
phi t c, tuy nhin lc ny chng vn cha th chia s thng tin nh tuyn gia
cc router. bit trng thi lin kt ca cc router khc v xy dng nn mt bng
nh tuyn, router phi t n trng thi k cn hon ton. Mun vy, bc tip theo
router phi chuyn qua trng thi ExStart.
Trng thi ExStart: c thit lp bng cch dng cc gi tin loi 2 (BDB). Hai router
hng xm s dng cc gi tin hello thng lng ai s l ch (master) v t (slaver)
v dng gi BDB trao i c s d liu. Router c gi tr Router ID cao nht s
thnh master. Khi cc hng xm thit lp vai tr ca chng l master hay slave,
chng s chuyn sang trng thi Exchange v bt u gi thng tin nh tuyn.
Trng thi Exchange: router dng cc gi tin loi 2 l BDB gi thng tin ttng
thi lin kt gia chng. Router s so snh thng tin nh tuyn m chng hc c
vi bng nh tuyn ang c. Nu mt router no nhn c thng tin v mt lin
kt m n cha c trong c s d liu th n s yu cu cp nht ton b t hng xm
ca n. Ton b thng tin nh tuyn s c trao i trong trng thi Loading.
Trng thi Loading'. Sau khi c s d liu c gid thiu ti mi router, chng s
yu cu thng tin y hn bng cch dng cc gi tin loi 3 l LSR. Khi mt
router nhn gi tin LSR, n s p ng li bng cch gi bn tin cp nht trng thi
loi 4 l LSU. Nhng gi tin LSU ny s cha cc thng tin qung co trng thi lin
kt LSA, y chnh l ct li ca giao thc nh tuyn trng thi lin kt. Cc gi tin
LSU loi 4 s c xc nhn bng cc gi tin loi 5 l LSAck.
Trng thi k cn hon ton (Full adjacency): sau khi trng thi loading hon tt,
cc router by gi c gi l k cn hon ton. Mi router s c mt danh sch bao
gm cc router k cn hon ton ny, c gi l c s d liu k cn, phn bit vi
c s d liu trng thi lin kt v c s d liu chuyn tip.
Giao thc Hello
Khi mt router bt u mt tin trnh nh tuyn OSPF n mt giao tip, n s gi
cc gi tin hello v gi u n sau nhng khong thi gian nht nh, v khong thi gian
ny phi ging nhau cho cc router. Giao thc ny c gi l giao thc Hello. Ti lp ba
trong m hnh OSI, cc gi tin hello c da chi multicast l 224,0.0.5. a chi ny s tc ng
n tt c cc router OSPF. Cc router OSPF dng gi tin hello bt u vi cc router k
cn mi v theo di trng thi ca cc router k cn c. Theo mc nh, cc gi tin hello s
c gi c mi 10 giy ong mng a truy cp v im-im v 30 giy ttong cc mng a
truy cp khng qung b NBMA (Non Broadcast MultiAccess) nh Frame Relay.
Mc d cc gi tin hello nh (thTig t hon 50 byte) nhng n cha nhiu thng tin
quan trng. Cng nh cc loi gi OSPF khc, gi tin hello c cha tiu ca mt gi tin
OSPF nh sau:
Hnh 5.1: Tiu gi tin Hello.
Chcmg 5: nh tuyn 117
Phin bn I Loi I Chiu di gi tin
Nhn din router (Router ID)
Nhn din vng (Area ID)
Kim tra tng Loi xc thc
D liu xc thc
Phin bn, loi v chiu di gi tin - Cho noi nhn bit phin bn ca giao tlic
OSPF ang s dng, loi gi tin OSPF v chiu di ca gi tin ny.
Router ID - Chc nng ca cc gi hello l thit lp v duy tr trng thi k cn
ca cc router. Giao thc OSPF dng trng RouterlD 32 bit dng nhn dng
router. Gi tr RouterlD c chn s l gi tr loopback IP cao nht. Trong trng
hp khng c IP loopback th gi tr a ch cao nht ca mt giao tip c chn lm
RouterlD bt chp giao tip c tham gia vo tin ttnh OSPF hay khng. Nu mt
giao tip tng ng vi a ch IP ca n b down, th router khng th dng a chi
ny lm Router ID c na v s phi gii thiu li RouterlD ca n cho hng xm
trn tt c cc lin kt v lm cho mng b qu ti bi cc thng tin trao i ny. Do
, ngi qun tr mng thng gn a ch IP cho vng hi tip. Vng hi tip ny
lun up nn n rt n nh v u tin c chn lm RouterlD.
Area ID - Chng ta c th nh ngha nhiu vng trong mt mng OSPF gim v
m lc cc thng tin nh tuyn, gip cho mng d dng pht trin. Khi cu hnh
cho mt mng OSPF ch c mt vng, ta phi cu hnh l vng 0 v n cng chnh l
mng trc.
Checksum: c 2 byte kim tra li. Cc thng ip sai s b hu.
Loi xc thc v d liu xc thc
Sau trng tiu ca OSPF chung cho cc thng ip trn, mi loi gi OSPF s c
1 nh dng ring. OSPF c 5 loi gi nh sau:
Bng 5.2: Nm loi gi ca OSPF.
Loi gi tin Chc nng
Loi 1 - Hello Thit lp v duy tr thng tin k cn vi hng xm
Loi 2 - BDB M t nl dung c s d liu trng thi lin kt ca router OSPF
Loi 3 - LSR Yu cu mt mu c s d liu trng thi lin kt ca router
Loi 4 - LSU Vn chuyn cc qung co trng thi lin kt n router lng ging
Loi 5 - LSAck Xc nhn LSA ca router lng ging
Nhng hot ng ch yu
OSPF thc hin giao thc hello cho php cc router trao i thng tin v m bo cc
lin kt v router ln cn ang hot ng. Sau khi hot ng hell, cc router ngang hng
c xem l gn k nhau. Chng trao i v cp nht cc bn tin LSA cha thng tin v
min nh tuyn m chng bit v t n trng thi k cn hon ton.
Sau , cc bn tin hello theo chu k s c gi m bo cc nt ngang hng vn
gi c lin lc vi nhau, v cc bn tin LSA m router khi to phi c gi n cc nt
ngang hng mi 30 giy m bo c s trng thi lin kt l ging nhau, v cc router
OSPF phi trng thi k cn th mi chia s thng tin nh tuyn. Router OSPF quyt nh
router no tr thnh k cn da vo loi mng m n kt ni.
Chng 5: nh tuyn 119
Hnh 5.2: Qu trnh khm ph tuyn.
EO EO
172.168.5.1 172.168.5.3
[ Trng thi Exstart
Ti s bt u trao i v ti c RouterlD 172.168.5.1
Kt ni mng WAN
Cc giao tip OSPF c t ng nhn bit l mt trong ba loi sau: a truy cp
qung b (broadcast multiaccess), a truy cp khng qung b NBMA (nonbroadcast
multiaccess) v im-im. Ngi qun tr mng c th cu hnh loi mng th t l mng
im-a im (point-to-multipoint). Cc loi mng khc nhau cho thy cch m router lin
h ln nhau s khc nhau. Mt s mng a truy cp trnh tnh trng mng b qu ti khi cc
router thit lp ttng thi k cn hon ton vi cc router khc bng cch chn ra cc DR v
DBR. Cn ong mng im-im, do ch c tn ti hai nt nn khng cn chn ra DR hay
DBR. C hai router u tr thnh k cn hon ton vi nhau.
OSPF c th hot ng trn mt mng a truy cp dng mt li y (full-mesh)
hay mng ngang hng (hub-and-spoke). Tuy nhin ta phi cu hnh a chi ca cc neighbor
trn mi router. Hub-and-spoke l gii php kinh t hn nhng lnh neighbor hot ng
khng tt ttn topo ny do hub router, th thy tt c cc spoke, nhng spoke chi c th gi
gi hello ti hub m thi. Mun vy ta phi cu hnh mc u tin l 0 n tt c cc spoke
router n khng th l DR hay DBR. Cch tip cn khc l dng hub-and-spoke vi giao
tip ph (sub-interface) tc chia mng thnh cc kt ni im-im khng cn DR/DBR.
Tuy nhin n c nhc im l cc a ch subnet phi c cp pht cho mi lin kt nn
qun l mng s phc tp.
Mt gii php ca Cisco l mng im-a im (point-to-multipoint), ong hub
router c ni ttc tip n nhiu spoke router nhng cc WAN interface c cng a ch
mng con. Khi mun trn ngp mt giao tip nonbroadcast, cc gi LSU, LSAck s c
nhn bn v gi i ttn mi interface n neighbor. Mun vy ta phi cu hnh th cng
thay th loi mng OSPF mc nh bng lnh ip ospf network point-to-multipoint
Bng 5.3: So snh cc loi kt noi WAN.
Kieu
im-im
Thun l-i Kh khn DRy DBR Tng thch RFC
D ci t Nhiu mng con (subnet) Khng Khng (Cisco)
im-a im Cng mng con.
D ci t
Cn chnh LSA Khng C
im-a im
khng qung b
Dng vi ATM
Cng mngcon.
Gn lng ging (neighbor)
tnh
Khng Khng (Cisco)
NBMA Cng mng con. Gn lng ging tnh C C
NBMA qung
b
Cng mng con.
D ci t
Mng khng n nh.
Lu lng PVC b sung
C Khng (Cisco)
Cc min OSPF
Cc h thng ln c th c nhiu mng, router v my ch. qun l s lng ln
cc thnh phn uyn thng ny, cc router phi trao i nhiu bn tin LSA v lu lng
ny s nh hng n ngi dng. OSPF c chnh sch ngn chn gi v qun l vng lp
rt tt bng cch chia h thng t tr thnh cc vng (area) nh hn. N lm gim lu lng
truyn tng th v lng thng tin m router phi qun l v ton b h thng t tr. Mt
router ch nh s chu trch nhim thng tin cho cc router trong vng v cc router, cc
mng v host nm trong h t tr .
Chnh sch ngn chn gi
Nu mng l qung b nh Ethernet, OSPF dng multicast gii hn vic x l cc
gi tin LSA ti nhng nt khng cn thit. Nu mng l khng qung b nh Frame Relay,
OSPF dng cc th tc lc gi gim s gi tin trao i bi cc router trong vng. C bn
loi router OSPF v mt router c th l mt hoc nhiu hn mt loi;
Router ni (Internal router) - l router c tt c cc giao tip txong cng mt vng.
Router ng trc (Backbone router) - l router kt ni vi vng backbone. Cc
router ny c cng thng tin nh tuyn OSPF v s dng cng th tc v thut gii
nh router ni.
Router ra ABR (Area Border Router) - l router c nhiu giao tip gn vi nhiu
vng khc nhau. N cha c s d liu trng thi lin kt cho mi vng m n kt ni
v n s nh tuyn cho cc lung n hoc i t cc vng khc. ABR tm lc thng
tin v cc vng c kt ni t c s d liu trng thi lin kt v phn phi chng cho
mng trc. Router bin ca mng trc s chuyn tip cc thng tin ny n cc vng
c kt ni. Mt vng c th c nhiu ABR.
Router bin t tr ASBR (Autonomous System Boundary Router) - l router c t
nht mt giao tip ni ra lin mng bn ngoi (mt h t tr khc) hay mt mng
khng phi OSPF. Cc router ny c th nhp (import) cc thng tin ca mng non-
OSPF sang mng OSPF v ngc li. Hot ng ny c gi l phn phi li
(redistribution).
Cc loi vng
Vng ct (Stub area) - l vng ch c mt router bin, tc ch c mt li ra duy nht
khi vng v bt k gi no c ch n ngoi vng ny u c chuyn n router
ny. Cc stub area hiu qu trong vic gim gnh nng trong OSPF. Tuy nhin c mt
hn ch l cc router ny mt kh nng trao i tuyn ngoi t cc ngun b sung
khc. Khng nh vng ct NSSA (Not So Stubby Area) s gii quyt vn ny.
Khng nh vng ct NSSA vn gi c cc tin ch ca mt vng ct (Stub Area)
nhng n cho php cc router trao i thng tin cc tuyn ng tm thy t cc
ngun khc m khng chu chi ph ca ton b mt vng OSPF do n cho php nhp
cc tuyn t bn ngoi nh l mt LSA loi 7 v din dch LSA loi 7 sang LSA loi 5.
Trn ngp cc gi LSU n nhiu vng
Mt router ABR s pht sinh thng tin nh tuyn cho mi vng m n kt ni v s
trn ngp thng tin ny qua vng ng c n cc vng khc m cc vng ny ni vi
Tig trc. Qu trnh trn ngp theo cc bc sau:
1. Qu trnh nh tuyn xy ra trong vng. Ton b vng phi c ng b trc khi
ABR bt u gi cc LSA tm tt n cc vng khc,
2. ABR xem li c s d liu trng thi lin kt v pht sinh cc LSA tm tt loi 3 v
loi 4. Theo mc nh, ABR s gi LSA tm tt n cho mi mng m n bit.
, gim s thc th LSA, ta c th cu hnh tm lc tuyn cho cc a ch IP lin tc.
Do vic thit k a ch IP cho mng cng tt th router ABR qung b cng t thc
th LSA by nhiu.
3. Cc LSA tm tt c t trong cc LSU v phn phi qua cc giao tip ca router
bin ABR vi mt s ngoi l sau: Nu interface ny c ni n mt router lng
ging m router ny ang trng thi thp hn trng thi Exchange th bn tin tm tt
LSA s khng c chuyn tip i. Nu giao tip ny c ni n mt tng vng ct
(totally stubby area) th bn tin tm tt LSA cng khng c chuyn tip. Nu bn
tin tm tt LSA c cha tuyn loi 5 (external) v giao tip (interface) c ni n
mt vng ct hay tng vng ct th LSA cng khng c gi n vng ny.
4. Sau khi ABR hay ASBR nhn c cc bn tin tm tt LS A, n s thm vo trong c
s d liu trng thi lin kt v trn ngp ton b vng cc b. Cc router ni s cp
nht thng tin ny vo c s d liu ca chng. gim s lng tuyn m cc router
ni phi cha, ta c th cu hnh cc loi vng khc nhau nh vng ct, tng vng
ct, hay l NSSA.
Cp nht bng nh tuyn
Chng 5: nh tuyn 121
Sau khi tt c cc router nhn c thng tin cp nht, n s thm chng vo trong c
s d liu ng thi lin kt v tnh ton li bng nh tuyn. Th t m cc con ng
c tnh ton nh sau:
1. Tt c cc router u tin s tnh ton cc con ng c ch n nm trong vng
v thm nhng eny ny vo bng nh tuyn. Nhng tuyn ny c hc t cc
LSA loi 1 v loi 2.
2. Cc router sau s tnh ton con ng n cc vng khc trong lin mng. Nhng
con ng ny c hc thng qua cc tuyn lin vng (interarea route) hay t cc
LSA loi 3 v loi 4. Nu router c mt tuyn lin vng v mt tuyn ni vng c
cng ch n th tuyn ni vng s c gi.
3. Tt c cc router, ngoi tr cc router trong cc vng ct, s tnh ton con ng n
cc ch nm ngoi AS t cc LSA loi 5. Lc ny, mt router c th n c cc
mng nm trong v nm ngoi h t tt.
Hot ng tm lc tuyn
Tm lc tuyn (route summarization) nh hng trc tip n bng thng, CPU v
ti nguyn b nh c s dng bi tin trnh OSPF. Tm lc tuyn gip khi phi tnh
ton li bng nh tuyn mt cch khng cn thit. OSPF s dng hai loi tm lc: mt l
tm lc tuyn lin vng (Interarea route summarization) c thc hin ti ABR v p
dng cho tt c cc tuyn trong mi vng, n khng p dng cho cc tuyn ngoi c thm
vo OSPF thng qua vic phn phi li. c th rt gn tt, cc a ch mng phi nn lin
tc nhau. Hai l tm lc tuyn ngoi vng (External route summarization) p dng cho cc
tuyn ngoi c thm vo OSPF thng qua vic phn phi li. Vic tm lc cc vng
chng ln nhau ca hai router khc nhau c th lm cho gi tin b gi n ch sai. v chi c
ASBR mi c th thc hin vic ny.
5.2.5. Giao thc cng bin BGP
S cn thi ca BGP
Trong mt AS th c khuyn co l s dng OSPF nh tuyn trong mng
Internet nhng khi ra ngoi mt AS th phi s dng mt giao thc khc. Ti sao nh vy?
Vn chnh y chnh l mc ch ca cc IGP v EGP khng ging nhau. Tt c cc
IGP u phi thc thi l di chuyn gi i t ngun n ch. N hon ton khng quan tm
n chnh sch (policy). Mc khc khi ra khi phm vi mt AS th policy li l vn quan
trng. V d sau s minh ha iu ny.
Gi s ta c mt mng nh hnh 5.3, A mun truyn d liu n AS4. Trong th
cng ty B l cng ty i th ca cng ty A. Nh vy cng ty B hon ton khng mun tr
thnh mt m vn chuyn d liu cho cng ty A. A ch c th chuyn d liu thng qua
mt con ng khc l AS3, AS2, ASl n c AS4, mc d con ng thng qua
cng ty B c th l ti u nht. Nhng ngc li th mt cng ty no trong AS3 (tt nhin
l khng phi i th ca cng ty B), nu mun truyn d liu n AS4 th cng ty B sn
sng cho qu giang. Nh vy cc router ca cng ty A v router trong AS3 c cng mt ch
n nhng phi i theo nhng cch khc nhau. Cc IGP u khng th lm c iu ny.
N chi bit c gng lm sao chuyn c cc gi d liu n ch mt cch hiu qu v ti
u nht. BGP ra i v l do
Chng 5: nh tuyn 123
Hnh 5.3: M hnh mng ca cc A5.
5.2.5.1.Cc tnh c h ca BGP
BGP khng phi l mt nh tuyn vector khong cch (dictance-vector routing) hay
nh tuyn trng thi lin kt. N l mt giao thc lai c c tnmg bi cc tnh cht sau:
Thng tin lin lc vi cc h t qun tr: y l iu tt nhin v BGP c thit k
nh mt giao thc ngoi AS v vy n cho php mt h t qun tr c th giao tip
vi cc h t qun khc.
Trao i cc thng tin nh tuyn gia cc h qun tr: BGP cho php mt h t qun
tr thng bo cc ch m c th i n c.
M hnh trm k; Cng tng t nh cc giao thc nh tuyn ni, BGP cung cp
thng tin v trm k cho mi ch n.
Chuyn ti ng tin cy: BGP khng ging nh nhng giao thc bnh thng khc
khi truyn thng tin nh tuyn bi v n gi nh rng vic chuyn ti l ng tin cy.
Nh th, BGP s dng kt ni TCP trong mi vic thng tin lin lc (to kt ni TCP
cng 179).
Thng tin v con ng: Thut ton nh tuyn ca BGP c gi l nh tuyn
vector ng dn (path vector routing). Mt iu khc bit gia vector khong cch
v vector ng dn l thng tin trao i trong qu trnh cp nht bng nh tuyn.
Vector khong cch qung b gi tr (next-hop) t n mi ch, cn vector
ng dn chi chnh xc mt danh sch ton b fng dn n ch. Ngoi ra n cn
h tr rt tt vic xc nh vng lp trn mng. N s xem xt tp cc router c trong
cc con ng m cc router khc gi v c n trong hay khng nu c n trong
con ng th n s bit c ngay l y s l mt vng lp v n s loi b.
H tr cc a ch khng phn lp: BGP h cho cc a ch CEDR. C ngha l,
thay v ch mong cc ch t xc nh, giao thc ny cung cp mt cch gi mt
mt n cng vi mi mt a ch.
Tch ly thng tin tuyn ng: BGP tit kim bng thng ca mng bng cch cho
php noi gi tch ly thng tin v tuyn ng v gi i ch mt ln nhng th hin
nhiu ch n.
Xc minh: cho php ni nhn quyn xc minh thng ip, kim chng ni gi.
5.2.5.2. Thc thi chnh sch
Mng c th thc thi chnh sch theo 1 trong 3 cch khc nhau. Cch tip cn om
gin nht l s dng bng thng. V d nh, cng ty B mun chc chn rng cng ty A s
dng khng nhiu hoTi 56Kb/s ca bng thng ong mng ca n, th cng ty B c th gii
hn kt ni gia 2 mng n 56Kb/s. R rng chi vi 56Kb/s th cng ty A phi chu
chnh sch rng buc ca cng ty B. Trong trng hp hn na th cng ty B c th n
gin ct kt ni vi cng ty A, gii hn bng thng xung 0 Kb/s.
Mt cch tip cn khc thc thi chnh sch l trong tin ttnh chuyn tip mt gi.
Mi gi m xuyn qua mng cng ty B u phi i qua cc router ca cng ty B v tng IP
trong mi router s thc hin vic chuyn tip cc gi. Router c th thc ii chnh sch
bng vic ch ng quyt nh chuyn tip. Hu ht cc router h tr hnh thc thc thi chnh
sch thng qua mt c ch l lc gi, cho php ngi qun tr nh ngha chnh xc loi gi
no router s cho php i qua v gi no khng c php i qua. Nhng nhng b lc nh
vy lm tiu tn rt nhiu ti nguyn ca router. Chng phi kim tra mi gi n i vi
cc rng buc c nh ngha trc.
BGP l mt cch th ba thc thi chnh sch, vi tng c bn l nu router ca
cng ty A khng bit l n c th n ch ca n thng qua router ca cng ty i th, th
n s khng chuyn d liu i trn con ng . Trong hnh trn i cc router ca cng ty
B xem thng tin v con ng n AS4 l thng tin mt v t chi qung b n cho cng ty
A. Cch tip cn ny khng yu cu mt s tnh ton c bit cho mi gi IP, router ch n
gin thc thi vic chuyn tip bnh thng. Router ca cng ty A s t tm mt con ng
khc n AS4 v d nh hnh v l con mg qua AS3, AS2, ASl.
5.2.5.3. Thuc tnh ca BGP
Ta s nghin cu cc thuc tnh m BGP s dng xc nh con ng ti u nht:
Thuc tnh ng i l thuc tnh quan trng nht trong vic xc nh con ng ti
u. Thuc tnh ny xc nh i n ch cn qua nhng router no. N cung cp 2 chc
nng. Mt l con ng AS cng ngn cng c router quan tm hn. Chc nng th hai l
ngn nga vng lp. Bi v n rt quan trng cho qu trnh hot ng ca BGP, do l
mt thuc tnh bt buc, ngha l tt c cc b nh tuyn phi chuyn thuc tnh ny n tt
c cc lng ging trong mi thng ip update.
Thuc tnh Orign: cng l mt thuc tnh quan trng khc. N nh ngha phng
php m mng c bit. Nu gi tr l i , router pha bn kia c bit thng qua mt
giao thc IGP nh RIP hoc OSPF, tc l 2 router nm trong cng mt mng. Nu gi tr
e th router pha bn kia c hc thng qua mt EGP. Nu gi tr ? l khng bit
ngun gc ca mt router. iu ny c th xut hin nu mt router c bit thng qua
mt giao thc IGP sau li c thng bo qua EGP.
Thuc tnh Next-Hop\ l thuc tnh bt buc. Theo thut ng ca IGP, chng k
n mt tuyn l a chi IP ca router thng bo tuyn . Chng k theo BGP th phc
tp hcm v l mt trong ba dng sau: i vi cc phin EBGP, chng k l a ch IP ca
hng xm thng bo tuyn ny. i vi cc phin IBGP, khi tuyn c ngun gc bn
trong AS, chng k l a chi IP ca hng xm thng bo tuyn. i vi cc tuyn c
thm vo AS thng qua EBGP, chng k c hc t EBGP s c gi nguyn khng i
sang IBGP, chng k l a ch IP ca hng xm EBGP m tuyn c hc. Cn khi m
tuyn c qung co n cc mi trng a truy cp (nh Ethernet, Frame Relay), chng
k thng l a chi IP ca giao tip c gn trn router m tuyn bt u.
Thuc tnh Local-Preference\ l thuc tnh khng bt buc, n m t mc u tin
ca mt tuyn so snh vi cc tuyn khc cho cng mt ch n. Gi tr ca thuc tnh
ny cng cao cng c u tin. Tuy nhin, n ch c ngha cc b trong min t tr v
c trao i gia cc IBGP ngang hng m thi, khng c qung co n cc EBGP
ngang hng. Cc router ttong rat h t tr multihomed c th n mt mng ch thng qua
cc hng xm ca hai hay nhiu h khc nhau tc c nhiu im thot t mng cc b n
mt ch n no . Do ta c th dng thuc tnh mc u tin cc b p buc cc
router BGP u tin dng im thot ny cho mt mng ch no . Bi v thuc tnh ny
c truyn thng gia tt c cc BGP router trong h t tr nn tt c cc router s thy
ging nhau cch i khi AS. Lu rng, gi tr metric v khong cch qun tr ca mt
tuyn cng thp cng tt, t-ong khi mc u tin cc b cng cao cng tt.
Thuc tnh MULTI_EXIT_DISC (MED attribute): y l thuc tnh ty chn, n
thng bo cho cc hng xm bn ngoi v con ng u tin vo AS m c nhiu im vo.
Gi tr thuc tnh MED cng thp cng tt. khng ging nh mc u tin cc b, thuc tnh
MED c trao i gia cc h t , nhng thuc tnh MED n mt AS th khng ra khi
AS. Khi mt bn tin cp nht c cha gi MED n mt AS, gi tr ny dng nh du
quyt nh trong AS . Khi BGP chuyn bng cp nht tuyn n mt AS khc, gi tr ny
c thit lp (reset) v 0. Khi mt tuyn bt ngun t mt AS, gi tr MED thng ly theo
gi tr metric IGP ca tuyn. iu ny hu ch khi khch hng c nhiu kt ni n cng
nh cung cp dch v. Metric IGP phn nh mc xa cch ca mng n mt im diot.
Mng gn im thot A hon im thot B s c metric IGP thp hn router bin ni n
A. Khi metric IGP chuyn sang MED, th lu lng vo AS c th i vo mng t lin kt
gn vi ch hn bi v gi tr MED thp hn c ngh. N c th c dng bi c nh
cung cp dch v v khch hng cn bng lu lng trn nhiu lin kt gia hai h t tt.
Thuc tnh Communtity: y l mt thuc tnh khng bt buc, c dng nhm
cc router v cung cp mt chnh sch cho chng. Do cc router ny c cng mt tnh
cht v c cng mt chnh sch.
s.2.5.4. Hot ng ca BGP
Cp nht nh tuyn BGP
Theo RFC 1772, nhim v ca BGP l trao i thng tin nh tuyn gia cc h t tr
v m bo chn ra cc con Tig khng b vng lp. BGP h tr CIDR v lin kt tuyn,
khng thc hin quyt nh nh tuyn bng metric m bng chnh sch v cc lut. BGP s
dng kt ni TCP port 179 nn n yu cu kt ni TCP phi c thit lp v thng lng
trc khi trao i cc bn cp nht. Do , BGP k tha tnh tin cy v hng kt ni ca
TCP. m bo la chn con ng khng b vng lp, BGP xy dng mt s hoc
cy ca cc h t tr ong ton mng da trn thng tin trao i gia cc hng xm BGP.
Kt ni gia hai mng bt k c gi l con Tig v thng tin v con ng c biu
din bng chui cc s hiu AS gi l con ng AS.
Khi hai router thit lp mt kt ni TCP cho BGP, chng c gi l hng xm
hay ngang hng. Router BGP c gi l BGP speaker. Cc router ngang hng s trao i
cc thng ip bt u v xc nhn cc thng s kt ni.
Chng 5: nh tuyn 125
Cc loi thng p: c 4 loi thng ip.
Thng ip m u (Hello): dng thit lp kt ni gia cc ngang hng, gm phin
bn BGP, s hiu AS, hold time v Router ID.
Thng ip Keepalive: c gi u n gia cc ngang hng duy tr kt ni.
Thng ip Notification; dng thng bo li, n cha trng m li khc phc
s c cho cc kt ni BGP.
Thng ip cp nht (Update): cha tt c thng tin m BGP dng xy dng mt
bc tranh khng b vng lp ca lin mng. Ba thnh phn chnh ca mt thng ip
cp nht l thng tin v tnh c th t c ca lp mng (NLRI), cc thuc tnh
ng i v cc tuyn b rt li. Thay v qung co cc ch c th n c theo
dng mng v mt n mng con, BGP qung co theo kiu NLRI tc gm tin t v
chiu di tin t. V d 10.1.1.0 255.255.255.0 c tin t l 10.1.1.0 v chiu di tin
t l 24 s c qung co bi BGP nh sau 10.1.1.0/24. Hay 192.24.160.0/19 m chi
supemet 192.24.160.0 255.255.224.0. Cc tuyn rt li l mt danh sch cc tuyn
hin khng cn hiu lc na, cng c nh dng ging nh NLRI.
Cc trng thi v c ch hot ng ca BGP
Router chy BGP khng nhn ra cc lng ging mt cch t ng m n phi c
cu hnh bng tay (lnh neighbor). Khi mt hng xm c chi nh, BGP s khi u mt
kt ni TCP. Khi kt ni c thit lp thnh cng, router gi mt thng ip Open n lng
ging. Sau , c hai router s trong trng thi OpenSent. Khi hai router nhn thng ip
Open v c hai u ng trn cc tham s , chng s chuyn sang trng thi
OpenConfirm. Chng xc nhn nhau thng qua thng ip keepalive, router chuyn sang
trng thi c thit lp. Khi cc router chuyn sang trng thi c thit lp ln u, chng
s bt u ao i thng tin nh tuyn thng qua bn tin update gm thng tin v tt c cc
mng c th n c.
Hnh 5.4: S chuyn trng thi trong BGP.
Chng 5: nh tuyn 127
Sau khi trao i thng tin hon thnh, cc router s tip tc gi thng ip keepalive
chc chn kt ni hot ng tt. Neu mng c iu g thay i th thng tin s c gi
thng qua thng ip Update. Trong bt k trng hp li no, router s gi mt thng ip
notification, thng bo cho router bn kia bit. Sau , router s ng kt ni TCP v ngumg
mi quan h. Khi cc router kt ni li, tt c thng tin nh tuyn s phi c gi li.
Tin trnh nh tuyn
Cc tuyn c trao i gia cc BGP ngang hng thng qua cc thng ip cp nht.
Router BGP nhn c thng ip cp nht, thc hin mt s chnh sch v b lc trn bng
cp nht v chuyn n cc BGP ngang hng khc. Cisco qun l cc thng ip cp nht
trong bng cp nht tch bit vi bng nh tuyn. Trong trng hp c nhiu tuyn tn ti
cho mt ch n, BGP khng trn ngp tt c cc tuyn ny m ch chn ra tuyn tt nht
v gi n cc ngang hng ca n. Tuyn tt nht ny c ci t trong bng nh tuyn IP
v bng nh tuyn IP c dng cho quyt nh nh tuyn cui cng.
m hnh ho tin tnh nh tuyn, gi s rng mi b thng bo BGP c nhiu tp
tuyn v cc c ch chi sch khc nhau. M hnh ny gm cc inh phn nh trong hnh 5.5.
Hnh 5,5: M hnh tin trnh nh tuyn.
Tuyn nhn t
cc ngang hng
Lc cc
thuc tnh
Chn tuyn
tt nht
Tuyn nhn t
cc ngang hng
Bng BGP
Tuyn gi cho
cc ngang hng
Bng ^nh tuyn IP
Cc tuyn nhn c t cc ngang hng
Engine chnh sch ng vo: x l lc tuyn v cc thuc tnh. Vic lc da n cc
thng s nh tin t IP, AS path v thng tin v thuc tnh. Engine ny bin i cc
thuc tnh ng i v tc ng n tin trnh quyt nh ca BGP.
Tin trnh quyt nh: BGP thng qua tin trnh quyt nh chn ra tuyn no c
dng i n ch, da trn cc tuyn sau khi qua engine chnh sch ng vo, n
s xem xt cc tuyn hin c ca mt ch n, so snh cc thuc tnh lin quan khc
nhau chn ra tuyn tt nht m ta s ni r trong phn sau.
Tuyn c dng bi router. tuyn tt nht ca tin trnh quyt nh s c qung
b n cc ngang hng. Nhng tuyn ny cng c gii thiu cho engine nh tuyn
v t vo bng nh tuyn IP
Engine chnh sch ng ra: ging nh engine chnh sch ng vo nhng p dng cho
ng ra. Tuyn c dng bi router (tuyn tt nht) cng vi cc tuyn m router
pht sinh cc b c a n engine ny x l. Engine s p dng cc b lc v
c th tiay i mt s thuc tnh (nh metric hay AS_Path) trc khi gi bn tin cp
nht. Engine chnh sch ng ra cng phn bit gia cc ngang hng ni v ngoi.
Tuyn gi cho cc ngang hng: l cc tuyn c to ra t engine ng ra v c gi
n cc ngang hng BGP ni hoc ngoi.
Tin trnh quyt nh
Tin trnh quyt nh ca BGP da trn cc gi tr thuc tnh. Khi gp nhiu tuyn
cho mt ch n, BGP chn ra tuyn tt nht nh sau:
Nu chng k l khng truy cp dc, tuyn s b b i (y l l do ti sao c mt
tuyn IGP n chng k l quan trng).
Router s u tin con ng c trng s lTi nht (trng s l mt tham s c quyn
ca Cisco).
Nu trng s ging nhau, router s u tin cho tuyn c mc u tin cc b ln nht.
Nu cc tuyn c cng mc u tin cc b, router s uu tin cho tuyn xut pht cc
b (xut pht t router ny).
Router un tin cho tuyn c con ng AS ngn nht.
Nu chiu di ca cc con ng AS ging nhau, router s u tin cho tuyn c
origin type thp nht (IGP thp hn EGP, EGP thp hon INCOMPLETE)
Nu origin type ging nhau router s u tin cho tuyn c MED thp nht.
Nu MED ging nhau, router s u tin cho tuyn theo cch nh sau: EBGP tt hon
roop.
Nu khng, BGP s u tin cho tuyn c hng xm IGP gii nht. Nu con ng ni
cng ging nhau, router BGP s u tin cho tuyn n t BGP router c ID thp nht.
BGP h tr hai loi phin yu cu khc nhau khi cu hnh. Phin EBGP: xy ra gia
cc router ca cc h t tr khc nhau. Cc router ny thng k cn nhau v cng chia s
mt mi trng v mng con. Phin IBGP: xy ra gia cc router trong cng mt h t tr,
dng phi hp v ng b chnh sch nh tuyn. Cc hng xm thng nm bt k ni
no trong AS, thm ch xa nhau rt nhiu chng. Phin IBGP thTig xy ra gia cc router
trong cng mt AS ca mt ISP. Da vo s hiu AS khi cu hnh lnh router bgp m BGP
thit lp mt phin internal hay external.
5.2.6. Cu hnh RIP, OSPF v BGP
Sau y l mt s m hnh mng minh ho cc c tnh, hot ng v cc trng hp
pht trin khc nhau ca mng OSPF v BGP. Cc bi lab ny c thc hnh trn cc thit
b l hai router Cisco 2511 v mt router 2621, 2 CSU/DS, cc switch v mng Fast
Ethernet. Mt s bi lab khc c thc hnh trn phn mm gi lp Boson Router
Simulator. Cc bc thc hin c th c trnh by trong phn ph lc B.
Lab 1: cu hnh cho a vng OSPF, tm lc tuyn lin vng, tm lc tuyn ngoi
vng v nh tuyn mc nh.
Chng 5; nh tuyn 129
Hnh 5.6: cu hnh a vng OSPF.
LoO 192.168.240.1/30
Lo1 192.1S8.244.1/30
Lo2 192.168.248.1/30
Lo3 192.168.252.1/30
Ti Aukland
Lab 2: cu hnh cho vng ct (stub area) v tng vng ct (totally stubby area).
Hnh 5.7: cu hnh cho vng ct v tng vng ct
Lab 3: cu hnh OSPF NSSA du nhp c cc thng tin nh tuyn ngoi trong
khi vn gi c cc tnh cht ca vng ct. Area 51 khng th cu hnh thnh vng ct
hoc tng vng ct bi v router Singapore trong Area 51 c nhim v phi phn phi li
cc tuyn t Auckland dng LSA loi 5. p ng tt c yu cu ny, ta cu hnh area 51
thnh NSSA (Not So Stubby Area).
130
Hnh 5.8: cu hnh OSPF NSSA.
LoO 192.168.240.1/30
Lo1 192.168.244.1/30
Lo2 192.168.248.1/30
Lo3 192.168.252.1/30
Ti Aukland
Lab 4: cu hnh BGP trao i thng tin nh tuyn vi hai ISP. Ta c hai kt ni
n hai ISP khc nhau c c kt ni Internet chu ng li (fault-tolerant). Ta cu hnh
BGP cho router bin ca cng ty v router ca ISP.
Hnh 5.9: cu hnh BGP trao oi thng tin nh tuyn vi hai ISP.
Lab 5: Ta dng cc lnh BGP ngn chn vic qung co s hiu AS ring ra mng
bn ngoi, v dng thuc tnh AS_PATH lc cc tuyn BGP da vo cc s AS ngun.
Chng 5: nh tuyn 131
Hnh 5.10: Ngn chn vic qung co s hiu AS ring ra mng bn ngoi.
5.3. KIN TRC NH TUYN INTERNET
Khi xt n kin trc nh tuyn Internet, d tha, tnh i xng v cn bng ti l
nhng vn quan trng cho cc kt ni mng internet thng lng cao. d tha c
thc hin bng cch cung cp nhiu con ng la chn bng cch c nhiu kt ni n
mt hoc nhiu AS. Tnh i xng c th hin nh sau; lu lng ra khi AS ti mt
im thot no cng s tr v ngay ti im . Cn bng ti l kh nng phn chia lu
lng mt cch ti u qua nhiu lin kt. p ng c ll c cc yu cu ny tht s l
mt iu khng d dng, ph thuc vo nhu cu, cu hnh c th ca mng v s hp tc
ca nhiu thc th khc.
d tha
Cc t chc v cc nh cung cp dch v u mong mun kt ni khng b gin on.
Tuy Tihin cc vn v kt ni thnh thong vn xy ra do nhiu yu t lin quan n
router, CSU/DSU, cp, tig truy cp vt l v s nh hng ca nhiu nh qun tr mng
ln nhng phn khc nhau ca kt ni. Hay nhng nh hTig do sai st ca con ngi, phn
mm, li vt l hay cc iu kin bt li khng bit trc c nh thi tit hay in p. Do
cn phi cung cp d tha cho mng. Tuy nhin kh cn bng v c th c mu thun
gia d tha v tnh i xng. d tha cng nhiu th nhng im vo mng v ra
mng cng kh on. Do ngi qun tr mng phi cn nhc.
Do p lc ngn cch a l v do tnh d phng nn xut hin nhiu tuyn la chn
en v i khi mng v lm tng s lng thng tin nh tuyn phi lu tr trong bng nh
tuyn. e trnh s qu ti ny, nh tuyn mc nh l mt cng c hiu qu ti thiu ho
s lng tuyn m mt router phi hc nhng vn cung cp d tha cho mng khi c li
kt ni. Cisco gi nh tuyn mc nh l gateway of last resort. Tuyn mc nh l mt
tuyn trong bng chuyn tip IP, c dng khi khng tm thy tuyn ng ca ch n,
ni cch khc n l last resort trong trng hp thng tin nh tuyn ca mt ch n l
khng bit.
nh tuyn mc nh ng
Tuyn mc nh thng c biu din bng o.o.o.o/o.o.o.o (0/0) v c trao i
gia cc router nh mt bng qung co ng. H thng qung co tuyn ny t gii thiu
n nh gateway of last resort cho cc h thng khc. Tuyn ng mc nh c hc
thng qua BGP hay IGP ph thuc vo giao thc c s dng gia hai min. d phng
li, mng nn nhn cc mc nh t nhiu ngun. BGP c thuc tnh Local Preference chi
nh mc u tin xc nh mc nh no l chnh v mc nh no l d phng.
nh tuyn mc nh tnh
H t tr c th thit lp mc nh bng cch thit lp tuyn 0/0 ca chnh n thay v
b. p t bi cc thc th bn ngoi bng ch t ch ra a chi IP ca chng k, ng giao
tip router, a ch mng. Mt cch khc ch nh cho tuyn mc nh tnh l dng tham
s khong cch (distance) ch nh mc un tin. Tham s ny khng c ao i
gia cc router nn n chi p dng trong trng hp mt router c a kt ni. Nu c hai
tuyn c cng khong cch th ti s c cn bng gia hai tuyn mc nh ny.
Cn bng ti
Cn bng ti gip phn chia d liu trn nhiu kt ni (khng nn hiu sai cn bng
ti l phn chia ti mt cch ng u). Phn phi ti mt cch ng u l rt kh i
vi cc lung trong mt mng qui tr n hung chi l c nhiu nh qun khc nhau.
Cn bng ti c gng t c mt mu phn phi lu lng (affic distribution pattern)
m c th tn dng tt nht cc a lin kt c cha s d tha trong .
Khi mt b thng bo BGP hc hai con ng EBGP ca mt tin t t AS lng
ging, n s chn con ng c nh danh tuyn thp nht lm con ng tt nht. Con
mg tt nht ny c ci t vo bng nh tuyn IP. Neu cho php h BGP
multipath v cc con ng EBGP c hc t cng AS lng ging, thay v chn ra con
ng tt nht, nhiu con ng s'c ci t v bng nh tuyn. BGP h tr ti a su
con ng cho mi ch n nu n c hc t cng AS. Theo mc nh, BGP ch ci t
mt con rng vo bng nh tuyn IP.
Khi cn bng ti, cn xc nh loi lu lng m ta nh cn bng l i vo hay i
ra mng. Khng nn hiu lu lng l mt thc th n m gm hai thc th ring bit l
lu lng i vo (inbound) v lu lng i ra (outbound). i vi mt h t tr, lu lng
inbound c nhn t mt h t tr khc trong khi lu lng outbound c gi n cho
cc h t tr khc, vo mng hay ra mng lin quan cht ch n cch qung co tuyn v
cch hc tuyn t cc AS. Do lu lng vo b nh hng bi cch AS qung co mng
ca n ra th gii bn ngoi, lu lng ra b nh hig bi cc bn cp nht tuyn n t
cc AS bn ngoi.
Con ng m lu lng ra ngoi n mng A ph thuc vo noi m mng A c
hc. V mng A c hc tr c NY v SF nn lu lng ra ngoi mng n mng A c
th i thng qua lin kt NY hay SF. Con ng cho lu lng i vo trong mng cc b B,
c ph thuc vo cch m ta qung co cc mng ny. Do ta ch qung co mng c trn lin
kt NY nn cc liru lng n mng c s i bng lin kt NY. Tng t nu ta ch qung
co mng B trn lin kt SF nn cc lu lng n mng B s i bng lin kt SF
Chng 5: nh tuyn
133
Hnh 5.11: Lu lng i vo v i ra mng.
Quyt nh lu lng i vo
Quyt nh lu lng i ra
Mng c mt ng ra mng (single-homing)
Hnh 5.12: Mng.c mt ng ra.
Lu lng
i ra
Mc nh V - - ->
^7 " V Tnh
'U lng
Lu
i vo
. Mng single-homing pi ra. mng internet bng mt lin kt n mt nh cung cp dch
.v. Trong h t tr n nh cung cp, mt tuyn mc nh tnh thng thng s hng d liu
n nh cng cp dch v. Nh cung cp c th dng nhiu phoTig php hc v loan bo*
cc tuyn ny n mng ca khch hng, bao gm c nh tuyn tnh. Trong ttxrng hp ny
ta khng cn quan tm n tnh i xng (do chi c mt im n vo mng v cng l im
i ra mng), cn bng ti v tnh d tha. Tuy nhin, p ng cho cc ng dng quan
trng hay thng mi in t ... th h t tr nn l a nh cung cp (multihomed).
Mng c nhiu ng n mt nh cung cp dch v
Khch hng mun dng mt lin kt l chnh (primary) v lin kt cn li d
phng khi lin kt chnh b down. i vi lu lmg i ra, khch hng cu hnh hai tuyn
mc nh tnh vi khong cch qun tr (distance administrative) khc nhau to mt tuyn
mc nh (l tuyn c khong cch nh) v tuyn cn li l d phng.
Hnh 5.13: Mng c nhiu ng n mt nh cung cp dch v
Nh cung
cp dch v
Default-2 Default-1
Primary Primary
Metric 100
Tuy nhin, khch hng mun hc tuyn mc nh (hay mt s tuyn kt tp) mt cch
ng t nh cung cp dch v bng cch dng BGP. Trong trng hp ny, ISP hay khch
hng s lc cc bn tin qung co, do ch mt s lng tuyn ti thiu cn thit c gi
i. Thuc tnh Local Preference c dng ngh mt tuyn ny so vi cc tuyn khc.
i vi d liu i ra, tt c chng c gi trn con ung chnh v con ng th
hai ch d phng. S thiu ht cn bng ti c n b bng s yu cu t b nh v
nng lc tnh ton cho cc router ca khch hng.
i vi d liu i ra, khch hng phi iu khin cn thn cc bn tin cp nht n
nh cung cp dch v. Khch hng c th qung co mng, ca h n nh cung cp dch v
thng qua BGP, do nh cung cp s c hai con ng n mng khch hng. Khch
hng c th nh hng n quyt nh nh tuyn ca ISP bng cch thay i gi tr metric
qung co n ISP. Nh cung cp s chuyn lu lng n khch hng da vo gi tr
metric. Nh trong hnh trn, khch hng qung co tuyn vi metric 50 cho NY v metric
100 cho SF. Do , lu lng gi n khch hng s i bng tuyn NY.
Mng c nhiu ng n nhiu nh cung cp dch v .
Khch hng phi qun l lu lng i vo mng ging nh trn, bng cch dng mt
s tuyn iu chinh cc metric c qung co.
i vi lu lng ra ngoi mng, khch hng c th cu hnh tuyn tnh mc nh n
hai ISP hay c th hc (dynamically) cc tuyn ny t c hai ISP. i vi tuyn tnh mc
nh, khong cch qun tr c dng ngh mt tuyn mc nh, trong khi mt tuyn
ng c ngh bng cch s dng thuc tnh Local Preference. Khch hng c th iu
chnh mc u tin cc b ca tin t ny. Nu mt mc nh b hng, ci cn li s thay th.
Trong hnh n, khch hng ch ra tuyn mc nh n tin t 192.213.0.0/16, m n nhn
c t c hai nh cung cp dch v, router khch hng s dng s tuyn cho cc thng
ip n. S tuyn thit lp thuc tnh mc u tin cc b, do lin kt NY c u
lin. Nn lin kt NY l lin kt chnh v lin kt SF l d phng.
Chng 5: nh tuyn 135
Hnh 5.14: Mng c nhiu ng n nhiu nh cung cp dch v.
53.1. nh tuyn chih sch
nh tuyn chnh sch (Policy Routing) l mt cng c qun l tuyn da vo
ngun hoc ngun v ch n thay v ch da vo ch n.
Hnh 5.15: nh tuyn chnh sch da vo a chi ngun.
Trong hnh 5.15, ASl c gn a ch mng khc nhau t hai nh cung cp dch v
khc nhau. ASl dng nh tuyn chnh sch p buc cc lu lTig c a chi IP ngun
thuc mng 10.10.10.0/24 phi c chng k l 1.1.1.1, cn cc lu lng c a ch IP
ngun thuc mng 11.11.11.0/24 phi c chng k l 2.2.2.I. Hay ta c th da vo s t
hp ca a ch ngun v ch n nh trong hnh 5.16. nh tuyn chnh sch ch nh
chng k cho cc lu lng c a ch ngun 10.10.10.0/24 v a ch ch 12.12.12.0/24 l
1.1.1.1 v chng k cho cc lu lng c a ch ngun 11.11.11.0/24 v a ch ch
13.13.13.0/24 l 2.22.2.
136
Hnh 5.16: nh tuyn chnh sch da vo a chi ngun v ch.
Do nh tuyn cMnh sch l mt dng ca nh tuyn tnh (dng p buc mt hnh
vi nh tuyn hnh ng khc vi nhng g nh tuyn ng a ra) nn ta phi xem xt- vn
d phng bng cch cung cp nhiu chng k d phng la chn khi mt ci b down.
Mt ng drig thc t ca nh tuyn chnh sch l p dng cho tng la - thit b
p dng cc yu cu bo mt c bn cho thng tin nh lc gi, xc thc, m ho ... n yu
cu ngi dng phi qua firewall trc khi ra ngoi mng internet. Do nu firewall
khng nm trong qu o ca gLth gi phi c chuyn n firewall. nh tuyn chnh
sch c cu hnh ti router gip vi mng ngoi, p buc lu lng i qua firewall.
Sau khi c firewall p dng cc chnh sch v m ho, n c, tip tc gi n ch.
Ngoi ra nh tuyn chnh sch cn dng p dng cho cc ng dng quay s cn bng
ti. Ngi dng quay s vng 1 c chuyn tip n nh cung cp dch v 1, ngi dng
quay s vng 2 c chuyn tip n nh cung cp dch v 2. Lu rng nh tuyn chnh
sch khng thay i ch n m ch thay i chng k m thi v n cng khng thay th
hon ton m ch nn b sung cho nh tuyn ng m thi. nh tuyn chnh sch c mt
s tt ngi sau: cn cu hnh thm nhn dng ngun hy ngun v ch ca lu lng,
cn d phng nhiu chng k. Ngoi ra, do cc k thut caching v chuyri mch c thc
hin ti u da trn a chi ch, khng da vo a chi ngun nn nh tuyn chnh sch s
tn nhiu nng lc tnh ton ca CPU.
5.3.2. Tnh n nh
Cc yu t nh hng n s bt n nh ca mng Internet nh tnh bt n nh ca
IGP, hng hc phn cng, li phn mm, hot ng qu ti, b nh khng hay s gin
on khi nng cp mng. Ngoi ra cn c cc li do con ngi, qu ti lin kt d phng.
Vic thm cc tuyn IGP vo BGP mt cch t ng c th gy ra s chp chm
tuyn (route flapping) khng cn thit, hng hc trong min lan truyn ra min bn ngoi.
Static injection c th khc phc c tnh trng ny. Kt hp tuyn (route aggregation) ti
router bin cng gim c s nh hng ny. Kt hp tuyn l nhiu tuyn c kt hp
li v c thm vo BGP nh l mt kt tp tuyn tm tt. S bt n nh ca tng thnh
Chng 5: nh tuyn 137
phn trong tp hp khng nh hng n tnh n nh ca c tuyn kt hfp ny. Tuy nhin,
nh thit k mng vn buc phi dng nh tuyn ng v cc l do sau: BGP ch c th x l
mt s gid hn cc mng c qung b tnh m thi, v cc mng c qung co tnh bi
router c th b khng th n (unreachable) v dn n hin tfng l en (black hole). Mt
s bin php ngn chn tnh bt n nh ca mng nh dng b nh cach hoc tuyn
chp chn (route dampening).
Qun l tuyn v b nh cache hiu lc

Hot ng trao i ca BGP da trn cc phin TCP/IP gia hai hng xm. Mi khi
ngi qun tr mng thay i cc thuc tnh hay chnh sch th cc phin ny phi c khi
ng li s thay i c hiu lc. Khi , vic nh tuyn b gin on, do b nh cache
cng nh cc tuyn khng cn na. v cc tuyn cha n nh ny s nh hng ko theo
cho ton mng trc khi t c trng thi thit lp li. Cisco c a ra mt c ch gi l
ti cu hnh mm cho php ngi qun trj cu hnh li cc thuc tnh mt cch m thm m
khng xa b cc kt ni TCP t lp, do b nh cache khng b xo v vic nh
hng n cc tuyn l ti thiu.
Tuyn chp chn
Tuyn chp chcm (Route dampening) l mt c ch khc qun l cc tuyn xut hin
v bin mt mt cch thng xuyn lm cc thng ip BGP UPDATE v WITHDRAW lin
tc lan trayn trn mng. Lng thng tin nh tuyn ny c i lm cn kit bng thng v
nng lc CPU ca router. Cc tuyn chp chn c mc bt n nh cao trong mt thi gian
ngn v phi b x pht (penalize) bng cch nh ch (khng qung b) cho n khi n t
c mc n nh chp nhn c. Tnh n nh c c lng bng cch theo di trng
thi ca tuyn, tc s ln tuyn chp chn trong mt khong thi gian. Mi ln chp chri,
tuyn b pht v khi s ln b pht t n mt ngng nh trc, tuyn s b tnh chi. v
n cng s c xem xt li gii ta s nh Gh v ti qung b tr li. Cch thc veo di
ph thuc vo cc tham s sau v c biu din nh trong hnh 5.17.
Hnh 5.17: Dng mc pht qun cc tuyn chp chn.
Mc pht
Penalty l gi tr gia s s tng cho mi ln tyn chp chn. Half-life-time l thi
gian ch gim mc penalty cn mt na. Gii hn nh ch l gi tr khi mc pht vt
qua th tuyn s b nh ch. Gii hn s dng li l gi tt khi mc pht gim ti mc ny
th tuyn c cho l up tr li. Tuyn b nh ch l cc tuyn c s ln pht ln hn gii
hn nh ch. Tuyn riiy khng c qung co mc d ti thi iin n ang up. History
entry: cha cc thn;j; tin theo di v tnh ton mc dao ng ca mt tuyn. Khi tuyn
n nh, thng tin ny khng cn thit na v b xa i.
Trong hnh 5 17, ta thy s ln b pht tng n gii hn th tuyn s b nh ch v
mc pht gim dr. theo hm m ph thuc vo tham s half-life-time. Thi gian ny cng
ln cho cc tuyn I mc dao ng thrng xuyn.
n nh trong AS
Khi BGP c phn phi li (chn) vo IGP th iu quan trng l s bt n nh ca
BGP khng >. nh hng n mng bn trong. Cc tuyn chp chn khng c thm
vo mng cho n khi chng n nh tr li.
Hnh 5.18: n nh trong AS.
R1
R2
R3
Trong hnh 5.18, cc tuyn Rl, R2, R3 c thm bi BGP vo AS. Mi tn ln
xung cho thy tuyn R2 bt n nh v khi , n to nn s qu ti cho router bin v cc
router bn trong, IGP s thng xuyn trn ngp v xa b cc tuyn khi chng khng n
nh. Vi tuyn chp chn (route dampening), tuyn chp chfn R2 s b nh chi (khi vt
qu gii hn nh chi) v ngn chn khng cho i vo AS.
n nh ngoi AS
Hnh 5.19: n nh ngoi AS.
Tuyn chp chn (route dampening) cng c th ngn cc tuyn BGP khng n nh
khng cho lan truyn sang cc ngang hng ra bn ngoi nn gip tit kim bng thng v x
l t hn ti cc router bin. Router bin s nh ch cc tuyn khng n nh ca khch hng
da theo cc lut v thng s chp chn.
5.4. NH TUYN RNG BUC
5.4.1. nh tuyn rng buc l
Trc ht chng ta s nhc li v nhng giao thc nh tuyn s dng trong mng IP.
Mt mng IP l tp hp ca nhiu AS (Autonomous System). Nhng giao thc nh
tuyn s dng trong phm vi mt AS c gi l giao thc nh tuyn ni vng
(intradomain routing protocol) nh: RIP, OSPF v IS_IS. Ngc li nhng giao thc nh
tuyn c s dng trao i thng tin nh tuyn gia cc AS gi l giao thc nh tuyn
lin vng (interdomain routing protocol) nh: BGP.
Quay tr li vi nhng giao thc nh tuyn ni vng. Giao thc RIP s dng thut
ton Bellman_Ford chn ra Tig i n mt a ch nht nh vi yu cu s lng nt
mng trn ng i ny l nh nht. Nh vy giao thc RIP ti u ho s lng nt mng
trn ng nh tuyn. Trong khi giao thc OSPF v IS_IS s ti u ho metric qun tr
(administrative metric) ca ng nh tuyn.
Nh vy nh tuyn c rng buc l nh th no v c khc g vi nh tuyn IP
truyn thng?
Trong phm vi mt mng, ng ni gia hai nt mng bt k s c mt s c tnh.
Nhng c tnh ny c xem l nhng rng buc v lung lu lTig i qua cmg ni ny
khng c vi phm nhng c tnh . Nh vy nh tuyn rng buc s thit lp ng i
cho lung lu lng va phi ti u ha mt metric v hng (scalar metric) c th (chng
hn nh s lng nt mng) va khng vi phm nhng rng buc c th trn mi ng ni
gia cc nt mng. y cng chnh l im khc bit gia nh tuyn rng buc v nh
tuyn IP truyn thng.
Cu hi tip theo c t ra l; c nhng loi rng buc no?
Th nht l nhng rng buc v hiu sut. V d nh lung lu lng yu cu mt
bng thng nht nh th fng ni gia cc nt mng m lu lng d liu i qua phi c
bng thng ln hn hoc bng bng thng m lu lng yu cu. Nh vy c tnh ca
ng ni cn xt n y l bng thng. Nhng cp nt mng khc nhau th Tg ni
gia chng cng c bng thng khc nhau.
Loi rng buc th hai l s qun tr (administrative). V d mt nh qun tr mng
khng cho mt lu lng d liu i qua mt s ng lin kt xc nh trong mng v cc
ng lin kt u c c tnh ring. Trong trng hp ny, rng buc t ra cho giao
thc nh tuyn l ng dn dnh cho lung d liu s khng i qua nhng ng lin kt
c nu trn. Hoc ngc li, nu nh nh qun tr mng mun d liu i qua mt s
ng lin kt no th yu cu t ra cho giao thc nh tuyn l ng dn phi i qua
nhng Tig lin kt . Ch rng cng ging nh nhng rng buc v hiu sut, i vi
nhng rng buc v qun tr (administrative), nhng Tng dn khc nhau th yu cu rng
buc loi ny cng khc nhau.
Chng 5: nh tuyn 139
nh tuyn rng buc cng c th bao gm c rng buc hiu sut v qun . V d,
yu cu t ra l ng dn phi c mt s lng bng thng xc nh v ng thi khng
i qua mt s kt ni no .
Nh vy nh tuyn IP truyn thng c th cung cp chc nng nh tuyn c rng
buc hay khng? Cu tr li l khng. C rt nhiu l do dn n cu tr li ny. Trong ,
l do chnh l v chc nng nh tuyn c rng buc yu cu ng dn dnh cho d liu
phi do nt ngun tnh ton tm ra. Do , vi cng mt a chi ch, nhng nt ngun khc
nhau s xc nh nhng ng dn khc nhau, v nhng yu cu rng buc lin quan n
nt ngun th chi thuc v nt ngun y, khng mt nt mng no bit. Ngc li,'vi giao
thc nh tuyn EP, khi nhn c d liu, cn Gvo thng tin ttong tiu ca gi, nt
mng s nh tuyn cho gi. Nh vy, ng i ca gi d liu trong mng l do s tnh
ton ca nhiu nt. ng thi, giao ic nh tuyn IP khng a nhng rng buc vo qu
trnh tnh ton ng dn v nhng yu cu ny khng c phn b trong ton mng.
Mt l do khc cho vn ti sao nh tuyn IP thng thmg khng th cung cp
chc nng nh tuyn c rng buc l do cc giao thc nh tuyn IP s dng cch thc
chuyn gi i da vo a ch ch. Nh ni n, mi ngun khc nhau th ng dn
n cng mt a chi cng khc nhau. V th nu chi cn c vo a chi ch th khng
thng tin xc nh phng thc chuyn gi. T t ra yu cu kh nng nh tuyn
xc nh (explicit route).
Cui cng, v nt ngun khi tnh ton ng dn cn phi s dng n thng tin v
c ti ca cc lin kt trong mng, cn phi c phng tin qung b ling thng tin y.
R rng giao thc nh tuyn IP tuyn thng khng th p ng yu cu ny: giao thc
OSPF hay IS_IS ch em n thng tin v ttng thi up/dwn v metric qun tr
(administrative metric) ca cc lin .kt, cn giao thc RIP ch thng tin, v a ch ca nt
mng k tip v khong dch.
Mc d, nh tuyn IP thng img khng th cung cp chc nng nh tuyn rng ,
buc nhng vi s b sung thm mt s tnh nng th iu ny hon ton c th. Bng cch
'ny chng ta c th xy dmg mt h thng nh tuyn ong c s tn ti ca nh tuyn
IP v chc nng nh tuyn rng buc. Vi mt h thng nh th, chng ta c th tin hnh
nh tuyn cho mt s lung d liu brig giao thc nh tuyn IP truyn thng ng thi
tin hnh nh tuyn rng buc cho mt s khc.
5.4.2. Nhng yu cu k thut ca chc nng nh tuyn rng buc
nh tuyn n* cn phi c b sung thm nhng chc nng g c th h tr cho
nh tuyn c rng buc? c cu tr li cho cu hi ny, trc tin chng ta tm hiu
nhng k thut chnh phc v chc nng nh tuyn rng buc.
Yu cu th nht l kh nng tm ra ng dn ti nt ngun. ng dn ny khng
chi ti u ha nhng metric c th m cn khng vi phm tt c nhng rng buc. iu ny
yu cu nt ngun phi c tt c nhng thng tin cn thit tm ra ng dn nh vy.
Thng tin m nt ngun cn bao gm nhng thng tin c, sn ca n cng vi nhng
thng tin m n nhn c t cc b nh tuyn khc trong mng. Thng tin c sn ti nt
ngun l thng tin v nhng yu cu rng buc ca cc ng dn khc nhau xut pht t
n. Thng tin th hai l thng tin v cu trc mng cng nh nhng c tnh ca nhng
ng lin kt trong mng. V th k thut th hai l kh nng phn phi thng tin v cu
trc mng v c tnh ca ng lin kt trong ton mng.
Sau khi tm ra ng dn, chng ta cn mt k thut phc v cho vic chuyn d
liu n ng dn . Do yu cu th ba l mt k thut c kh nng h nh tuyn
xc nh.
Cui cng s xy dng tuyn nh tuyn cho d liu cng i hi s dnh sn ti
nguyn mng trn ton tuyn v th dn n s thay i c tnh ca cc ng lin kt
ong mng. V d bng thng cha s dng ca ng lin kt l mt ong nhng yu cu
rng buc phi p ng, khi xy dng tuyn nh tuyn cho d liu i hi s dnh sn bng
thng trn ton tuyn. iu ny s lm thay i bng thng cha s dng ca cc ng
lin kt trn ton tuyn. V th k thut th t l kh nng p ng yu cu dnh sn ti
nguyn v hiu chinh c tmh ca cc ng lin kt ong mng.
Phn tip theo ta tm hiu thut ton c tn CSPF (Constraint Shortest Path Est).
y l thut ton m cc b nh tuyn s dng tm ra ng i cho lung lu lng tho
mn hai yu cu: ti u ho nhng metric nh s lng nt mng trn mg dn ng thi
khng vi phm nhng rng buc.
5.43. CSPF
Nh ni ttn im khc bit gia CSPF (Constrained Shorstest Path First) v
SPF (Shorstest Pai First) l: khi tnh ton ng i, CSPF cn da vo c nhng metric
rng buc.
Trc khi tm hiu thut ton CSPF, chng ta s c ci nhn s lc v thut ton
SPF. Trong thut ton ny xut hin khi nim nt d tuyn (candidate node) l nt mng
c kt ni trc tip vi nt ang xt. Sau y l 3 bc tm ra ng dn ngn nht t nt s
(Sender) n nt D (Destination):
Bc 1: Cy ng dn ngn nht (shortest path tree) ban u chi c nt s v s
lng cc nt d tuyn c mc nh bng 0. n nh gi tr meic ng dn (path
metric) c SPF s dng tnh ton cho tt c cc mg lin kt ttong mng.
Bc 2: Gi V l nt va c a vo cy ng dn ngn nht. Tt c cc nt
mng c kt ni trc tip vi V s c a vo danh sch cc nt d tuyn, cc nt
ny c gi l nt w . C hai kh nng: nu nt w nm trong cy ng dn ngn
nht th b qua nt ny, xt n nt khc. Ngc li, s tin hnh tnh gi tr metric t
nt s n nt w.
Bc 3: Ln lt xt n tt c cc nt mng nm trong danh sch candidate nodes,
nt w no c tng gi u- metric ng dn (path metric) t nt s n n nh nht s
c a vo cy ng dn ngn nht v loi ra khi danh sch nt d tuyn. Nu
nt w chnh l nt D th qu nh tm ng dng li, nu cha phi th quay tt li
bc 2.
Hot ng ca thut ton CSPF hon ton da trn cc bc ca thut ton SPF
nhng c mt s iu chnh bc 2. Ti bc 2 ca thut ton SPF, u tin phi kim tra
xem cc Tig lin kt vi nt V c tho nhng rng buc khng. Nh vy khi c n rng
buc Cl, C2, C 3 , . . C n cn phi tnh n th mt nt ch c a vo danh sch nt d
tuyn khi lin kt gia n v nt V khng vi phm bt c rng buc no. C th nu lung
Chng 5: nh tuyn 141
lu lng yu cu mt bng thng BW xc nh th ti bc 2, mt nt mng chi c a
vo danh sch nt d tuyn khi ng dn gia n v nt V phi c bng thng cha s
dng ln hon hoc bng gi tr BW.
e c ci nhn r rng hoTi v thut ton CSPF, chng ta s xem xt v d sau: Tnh
ton ng i cho lung lu lng t LSRl n LSR6 vi yu cu bng thng l lOOMb/s.
Gi s tt c cc ng lin kt ong m hnh u c cng gi tr khong cch qun tr
(administratN e distance) bng 1; bng thng cha s dng ca tt c cc lin kt trong
mng u l 150Mb/s, ngoi tr bng thng ca lin kt gia LSR2 v LSR4, k hiu
(LSR2, LSR4), l 45Mb/s.
Hnh 5.20: V d v thut ton CSPF [1],
LSR6
Ban u trong cy ng dn ngn nht ch c duy nht LSRl. Tip theo xt n
LSR2 v LSR3 l hai nt mng kt ni trc tip vi LSRl. Bng thng ca mi Tig lin
kt u tha yu cu ca lu lng nn c hai LSR2 v LSR3 u c a vo danh sch
nt d tuyn. Mc khc c hai nt u c cng khong cch n LSRl nn chn ngu nhin
LSR2 ng thi xo khi danh sch nt d tuyn. n y giai on mt ca thut ton
hon thnh.
Sang n giai on hai, chng ta xt n LSR4, nt mng duy nht kt ni trc tip
vi LSR2. Nhng bng thng ca (LSR2, LSR4) ch c 45Mb/s, nh hn yu cu. V vy
(LSR2, LSR4) vi phm rng buc. Nh vy khng th a LSR4 vo danh sch nt d
tuyn. Tuy nhin ong danh sch nt d tuyn cn li LSR3. V th ta a LSR3 cng vi
lin kt (LSRl, LSR3) vo cy ng dn ngn nht v xo LSR3 khi danh sch. Giai
on hai ca thut ton kt thc.
Tip theo, ti bc ba, thut ton xt n LSR5. Bng thng ca (LSR3, LSR5) l
150Mb/s, ln hn yu cu, nn a LSR5 vo danh sch nt d tuyn, v trong danh sch
ny nt LSR5 c khong cch ngn nht n LSRl. Do vy cp nht LSR5 cng (LSR3,
LSR5) vo cy ng dn ngn nht. Giai on ba ca thut ton kt thc.
Ti bc 4, LSR4 l nt mng c xt n. Bng thng ca (LSR5, LSR4) l
150Mb/s, ln hn yu cu, khng vi phm rng buc nn a LSR4 vo danh sch nt d
tuyn. Cng nh LSR5, LSR4 l nt mng trong danh sch c khng cch ngn nht vi
LSR1. V vy LSR4 v lin kt (LSR5, LSR4) vo cy Tig dn ngn nht, ng thi xo
LSR4 trong danh sch nt d tuyn, cn ch rng, trc y ti giai on hai, chng ta
xt n LSR4. Nhng v bng thng (LSR2, LSR4) khng t yu cu nu LSR4 khng
c a vo danli sch nt d tuyn.
Bt u giai on nm ca thut ton, lc ny hai LSR c xt n l LSR6 v
LSR7. Bng thong (LSR4, LSR6) v (LSR4, LSR7) u l 150Mb/s, tha yu cu rng buc
nn a c hai vo danh sch nt d tuyn. Sau chng ta chn ra LSR6, l nt mng c
khong cch ngii nht n LSRl. Nh vy ta a LSR6 cng vi (LSR4, LSR6) vo cy
ng dn ngn nht. V LSR6 cng l nt nhn nn thut ton dng y.
Kt qu ng i tha yu cu bng thng lOOMb/s t LSRl n LSR 6 l:
LSRl - > LSR3 -> LSR5 -> LSR4 -> LSR6.
Trong khi , nu s dng thut ton SPF th Tig i cho lung lu lirng s l:
LSRl - > LSR2 -> LSR4 -> LSR6. iu ny dn n kh nng mt d liu hoc thi gian
tr tng ln khi lu l-ng n LSR2 do bng thng khng tha yu cu. Nh vy cht lng
dch v khng c bao am.
Kt lun: c th thy rng vi thut ton CSPF, chng ta tm ra Tig dn m
bo yu cu cht lng dch v cho lu lng d liu di chuyn trong mng.
5.5. MPLS
Nh trnh by n, cn c mt k thut phc v cho vic thit lp ng nh
tuyn xc nh, y chng ta chn k thut chuyn mch nhn a giao thc MPLS v hai
l do: k thut MPLS tch ri thng tin s dng chuyn tip gi d liu vi thng tin trn
tiu IP v qu trnh xy dng mt LSP hon ton do igress LSR ca LSP thc hin.
Ging nh bt k chc nng khc ca MPLS, chc nng h tr nh tuyn xc nh
c chia lm hai thnh phn: thinh plin chuyn tip (forwarding component) v thnh
phn iu khin (control component). Thnli phn iu khin thc hin vic n nh nhn,
xy dng LSP trn tuyn nh tuycn xc nh . thc hin nhim v ny c hai giao
thc chnh m ta s cp phn tip theo l: RSVP m rng v CR-LDP (Constrained
Label Distribution Protocol). Thnh phn chuyn tip s s dng thng tin trn nhn v
thng tin -ong bng LIB (Label Information Based) chuyn gi d liu i trong mng
5.5.1. Giao thc RSVP m rng
Sau khi tm ra ng dn bng thut ton CSPF v v chng ta s dng k thut
MPLS chuyn tip gi nn vic tip theo cn lm l xy dng mt LSP cng vi dnh
sn ti nguyn mng trn ton b ng dn . C hai giao thc thc hin cng vic ny:
giao thc RSVP m rng v giao thc CR-LDP. Chng ta s tm hiu giao thc CR-LDP
phn tip theo. Giao thc RSVP m rng c pht trin t giao thc RSVP m chng ta
cp chng 4: Cht lng dch v.
Vi giao thc RSVP, LSP c xy dng trn Tig dn m giao thc nh tuyn IP
truyn ting xc nh. Khi mt router trong mng nhn c bn tin Path, router s kt hp
thng tin trong bng nh tuyn, c xy dng bng cc giao thc nh tuyn nh OSPF, RIP,
IS_IS v a ch ch trn gi d liu IP xc nh b nh tuyn tip theo nhn bn tin ny.
ChoTig 5: nh tuyn 143
Cn giao thc RSVP m rng vn s dng hai bn tin Path v RESV xy dng
LSP vi mc cht lng dch v theo yu cu nhng ng i ca bn tin Path v RESV l
ng nh tuyn xc nh (explicit route). Di y chng ta xem xt cu trc cu hai bn
tin Path v RESV.
5.5.L1. Bn tin PATH
Vi giao thc RSVP m rng, bn tin Path c thm mt thnh phn mi: EXPLICIT
ROUTE object. Sau y chng ta tm hiu v ba thnh phn chnh ca bn tin Path:
Thnh phn yu cu nhn (Label request object).
Thnh phn nh tuyn r rng (Explicit route object).
Thnh phn nh tuyn mnh tin (Record route object).
Thnh phn yu cu nhn
Igress LSR yu cu n nh nhn cho LSP ny, ngoi ra thnh phn cn mang gi
m nhn dng giao thc lp mng L3PID (Layer 3 Protocol Identifier) xc nh giao thc
lp mng s dng. Nh ta bit c 3 loi nhn c s dng:
Nu giao thc lp 2 khng c cu trc xc nh th nhn c dng l nhn chn thm
(shim label) nm gia tiu lp 2 v lp 3.
Nu giao thc lp 2 l ATM th gi nhn cha trong vng thng tin VCI v VPI.
Nu giao thc lp 2 l Frame Relay th nhn c cha ong vng DLCI.
Khi nhn c bn tin PATH, cc LSR s gi li trong khi trng thi ng dn
(Path State Block) dnh cho LSP ny. Nu xc nh c loi nhn th s tin hnh qu ttnh
n nh nhn.
Cc li c th xy ra;
LSR nhn c bn tin Path nhng khng n nh c nhn th n s gi bn tin
Path Eor bo cho igress LSR bit xy ra li nh tuyn hoc li ca n nh gi
tr nhn.
Nu LSR nhn khng h L3PID th s gi Path Eor cho igress LSR. Li ny xy
ra s kt thc qu trnh khi to LSP.
Nu nhn c bn tin ny m khng nhn ra c thnh phn yu cu nhn
(LabeLRequest object) th cng gi Path Error v kt thc khi to LSP.
Thnh phn nh tuyn r rng (ERO)
Thng tin trong thnh phn ny l ng i ca bn tin Path trong mng. Cc LSR
cn c vo thnh phn ny chuyn bn tin n ch nhn tip theo trong mng. ERO ch
s dng cho unicast v ch khi tt c cc b nh tuyn trn ton tuyn u c h tr RSVP
vERO.
Cu trc ca ERO gm mt chui cc thnh phn ph (subobject). Mi thnh phn
ny xc nh mt nhm cc nt mng hay chi l mt nt mng trn ng nh tuyn hoc
ch ra mt thao tc trn tuyn. Mi thnh phn ph nh th c gi l abstract node. Nu
absttact node ch c duy nht mt nt mng th cn gi l simple abstract node. Cc thnh
Chng 5: nh tuyn
145
phn ph trong mt ERO c th l nhng chi s AS (Autonomous System), trong mi AS c
th c nhiu nt mng nhng chng hon ton trong sut i vi Igress LSR. Di y l
nh dng ca mt thnh phn ph trong ERO.
Hnh 5.21: Mt thnh phn ph trong ERO.
Kiu di Ni dung thnh phn ph

L
(Type) (Length) (Subobject content)
Bit L =1, y l mt ghp lng (loose hop); cn L=0 y l mt ghp cht (strict hop)
trn fng nh tuyn xc nh (explicit route).
Hin nay c 4 loi thnh phn ph (subobject) c 'nh ngha:
IPv4: cc nt mng trong abstract node c a ch IP thuc phin bn 4. Mi a ch
c 32 bit.
IPv6: a ch ca mi nt mng thuc phin bn 6, c 128 bit.
Autonomous System Number: nhng nt mng nm trong abstract node cng nm
ong mt AS.
Di y l hnh nh v d ca mt nh tuyn xc nh vi cc nt mng a ch IPv4.
Hnh 5.22: Mt i tng nh tuyn xc nh trong bn tin Path [8].
Ingress LSR Egress LSR
EXPLICIT_ROUTE = {[L=0, IPv4, 32, 193.3.3.1]
,[L=0, IPv4, 32, 193.3.2.1]
[L=0, IPv4, 32, 193.3.1.1]}
Trn y ta thy ERO c 3 thnh phn ph, mi thnh phn ny l a ch IP ca mt
nt mng nm trn nh tuyn xc nh (explicit route). L=0 cho bit y l mt strict hop,
a ch ca mi nt l a ch IPv4, 32 bit. Nh vy, Igress LSR s gi bn tin Path n LSR
k tip c a chi IP l 193.3.3.1. Khi nhn c bn tin, cn c vo thnh phn Explicit
Route, LSR ny chuyn bn tin n LSR trung gian k tip c a ch IP l 193.3.2.1. Khi
bn tin Path c chuyn n LSR c a ch EP l: 193.3.1.1 th kt thc qu trnh chuyn
bn tin Path.
Thnh phn nh tuyn mnh tin (RRO)
Vi thnh phn ny trong bn tin Path, LSR s bit c tt c cc LSR nm trn
ng i ca bn tin Path (cng chnh l LSP) t Igress LSR n Egress LSR. Khi Igress
LSR xy dng rpt LSP, u tin, n s gi i bn tin Path c cha thnh phn Label_object
v c thnh phn RRO. Thng tin cha trong RRO lc ny ch c a ch IP ca Igress LSR.
Khi mt LSR ttung gian nhn c bn tin ny, s sao li thnh phn RRO trong khi trng
thi ng dn (Path State block) v thm a ch IP ca n vo trong thnh phn RRO.
Ring egress LSR khi nhn c bn tin Path s hi p li bng bn tin RESV. Bn tin ny
s sao li thnh phn RRO ca bn tin Path, Nh vy, sau qu trnh ao i bn tin PATH
v RESV, mi LSR s bit c ton b LSR thuc LSP ny. iu ny rt hu ch cho cng
vic qun tr mng.
5.5.L2. Bn tin RESV
Bn tin ny c egress LSR gi i tx li cho bn tin Path. Bn tin RESV mang
thng tin v gi nhn c n nh cng nh ti nguyn mng c dnh cho LSP ny.
Trong phn ny, chng ta ch xem xt thnh phn chnh nhn (LABEL object).
Nh ni ttn thnh phn ny cho bit gi u- nhn c s dng v nhn c
gn trn gi c th ch l mt nhn hoc l mt chng (stack) gm nhiu mc nhn.
Hnh 5.23: Thnh phn Label Object trong bn tin RESV [8].
Lng ging,
ngc dng
RESV (LABEL)
10
LSR
If2
RESV (LABEL)
Lng ging
xui dng
Bng chuyn tip MPLS
In Out
(If1,10) (If2, 20)
Khi nhn c mt bn tin RESV, LSR s kim tra xem bn tin ny tng ng vi
bn tin PATH no v LSR gi c phi l nt mng k tip thuc LSP hay khng. Khi tt c
u hp l th LSR s n nh gi tr nhn trong bn tin RESV cho vng nhn u ra
(outgoing label). ng thi LSR cng gi i bn tin RESV vi gi tr nhn s dng cho LSP
ny ti LSR ngc dng. Nh hnh v 5.23 cho thy: LSR s n nh gi tr nhn bng 2
cho cc gi d liu c nhn bng 10 n trn Ifl khi gi n n LSR k tip trn If2.
Nh vy khi igress LSR nhn c bn tin RESV, lung lu lng xc nh c
LSP dnh cho n. Qu ttnh n nh nhn cho LSP c thc hin di hnh thc xui dng
theo yu cu (downstream_on_deniand).
5.5..3. Qu trnh xy dng LSP
Hnh 5.24: Mt LSP bao gm LSRl, LSR2, LSR3, LSR4 [8],
Chng 5: nh tuyn 147
Router A
Tuyn IGP
Ingress
LSR
LSR 1 LSR2 LSR3
LSP-
Egress-
LSR
LSR4
Nh hnh 5.24 cho thy, nh tuyn IP truyn thng xc nh ng i ca d liu t
igress LSR (LSRl) n egress LSR (LSR4) s qua mt nt mng trung gian Router A.
Trong khi , nh tuyn c rng buc xc nh ng nh tuyn xc nh (explicit route)
cho d liu t LSRl n LSR4 qua cc nt mng trung gian l LSR2 v LSR3. Sau y l
qu nh xy dng LSP trn tuyn nh tuyn ny.
Qu trnh gi bn tin Path
Ti LSRl: LSRl gi i bn tin Path v ba thnh phn chnh trong bn tin Path:
Explicit Route: m t ng i ca bn tin Path trong mng xy dng LSP v
dnh sn ti nguyn mng trn LSP ny.
Label Request: a ra yu cu v gi tr nhn dnh cho L*SP.
Record Route: Nh trnh by trn, thnh phn ny trong bn tin gip igress LSR
c c thng tin chnh xc v LSP nh a ch ca cc LSR thuc LSP. Thnh phn
ny rt thit thc trong vic khc phc hin tng lp vng.
Ti LSR2:
Khi nhn c bn tin Path, LSR2 lu thnh phn Label Request v Explicit Route
trong khi trng thi ng dn (Path State Block). ng thi a chi IP ca LSR gi
LSRl, session, Tspec cng c lu li s dng cho vic nh tuyn bn tin RESV
tng ng ti LSRl.
Cn c vo thnh phn Explicit route LSR2 chuyn bn tin Path n LSR3.
Trong trng hp khng th n nh nhn cho LSP, LSR2 s gi bn tin Path E bo
li en LSR1.
Ti LSR3: Qu nh x l bn tin Path hon ton tng t nh ti LSR2.
Ti LSR4: Nhn c bn tin Path, LSR4 bit c n chnh l egress LSR v tin
hnh gi bn tin RESV v LSRl.
Qu trnh gi bn tin RESV
Hnh 5.25: ng i ca bn tin RESV [8],
LSR 1
Ingress
LSR
LSR2 LSR3 LSR4
Egress
LSR
LSP'
Ti LSR4:
LSR4 n nh gi tr nhn bng 0 cho LSP, a gi tr nhn ny vo thnh phn Label
ca bn tin RESV. L do LSR4 s dng gi tr nhn bng 0? Khi nhn gi d liu c
nhn bng 0, LSR4 s bit c n l egress LSR ca LSP, g nhn v nh tuyn gi
bng cc giao thc nh tuyn IP truyn thng.
Nh ni trn, LSR4 s dng thng tin Sender_Tspec (Traffic Specification) to
ra thnh phn Receiver_TSpec v Rspec (Request Specification). ng i ca bn
tin RESV c xc nh da vo thng tin lun li ong khi trng thi ng (Path
State block).
Ti LSR3:
Nhn c bn tin RESV, LSR3 c thng tin trong thnh phn Label, lu gi tr
nhn bng 0 vo vng nhn u ra trong bng thng tin nh tuyn. Vi nhng gi
d liu n LSR4 n LSP ny, LSR3 s gn vo gi gi tr nhn bng 0.
LSR3 s n nh mt nhn thch hp cho LSP ny, y nhn ny bng 20, gn gi
tr ny vo bn tin RESV v gi n LSR2.
Ti LSR2;
Qu trnh x l bn tin RESV ti LSR2 hon ton toTig t nh ti LSR3.
LSR2 dng mt nhn bng 10 cho LSP, gi n LSRl trong bn tin RESV.
Ti LSRl:
Khi nhn c bn tin RESV, qu trnh xy dng LSP kt thc. Vi nhng lung luxi
lng thch hp, LSRl s gn nhn bng 10 cho cc gi d liu khi chuyn ti LSR2.
ng i ca gi d liu t igress LSR en egress LSR
Di y l qu trnh di chuyn trn LSP ca cc gi d liu sau khi kt thc qu
trnh n nh nhn.
ChoTig 5: nh tuyn 149
Hnh 5.26: D liu tgress LSR n egress LSR [8],
Ingress
LSR
LSR 1 LSR2 LSR3 LSR4
Egress
LSR
LSP'
LSRl l igress LSR, nhn cc gi d liu IP. Da vo thng tin frn tiu IP, LSRl
nh dng li gi d liu ph hp vi k thut lp lin kt d liu, gn nhn bng 10
v chuyn n LSR2 n If 2.
Nhn c d liu trn If 1 c nhn bng 10, LSR2 da vo bng thng tin nh tuyn
LIB {Label Information Based) xc nh c gi tr nhn u ra. Trn hrh 5.26 cho
thy LSR2 gi d liu c nhn bng 20 trn If 2 n LSR3.
Qu trnh x l d liu ti LSR3 hon ton tng t nh ti LSR2. D liu c gi
n LSR4 trn If2 vi gi tr nhn bng 0.
Nhn c d liu, vi gi tr nhn bng 0, LSR4 bit rng n l egress LSR. LSR4
g nhn trn gi d liu v nh tuyn bng cch thc nh tuyn IP truyn thng.
5.5.2. CR-LDP
Chng ta .tm hiu cch thc xy dng LSP bng giao thc LDP âbel
Disibution Protocol), v yu cu i vi LDP lc ny l xy dng mt LSP trn tuyn nh
tuyn xc nh (explicit route) v dnh sn ti nguyn trn ton tuyn. CR-LDP
(Constrained Label Distribution Protocol) l giao thc m rng ca LDP gii quyt c
nhng yu cu t ra trn.
xy dng LSP trn tuyn nh tuyn xc nh, CR-LDP a vo mt thnh phn
mi, c gi l ER (Explicit route), cu trc cng nhu cch thc x l thnh phn ny ti
cc LSR hon ton tng t nh thnh phn Explicit Route ERO m ta cp n trong
phn Giao thc RSVP m rng.
Qu trnh xy dng LSP, hay cn gi l qu trnh n nh nhn c thc hin di
hnh thc xui dng theo yu cu (downstream_on _demand) v s dng bn tin LDP Label
Request. h tr chc nng nh tuyn xc nh, bn tin ny c thm thnh phn ER
(Explicit Route).
V d di y s trnh by cch thc xy dng LSP trn mt tuyn nh tuyn xc
nh s dng giao thc CR-LDP.
Hnh 5.27: Qu trnh xy dng LSP bng giao thc CR-LDP [1].
LSR9
LSR8
Bn tin LDP LABEL REQUEST
Bn tin LDP LABEL MAPPING
Gi s rng LSRl mun xy dng LSP t LSRl n LSR4 v i qua LSR2, LSR3:
LSRl - > LSR2 - > LSR3 - > LSR4. v thc hin iu ny, LSRl to ra thii phn ER
bao gm ba nt mng, cn c gi l abstract nodes: LSR2, LSR3, LSR4. Mi nt mng
c c trng bng a ch IPv4. Ch rng, mi a ch IP nh th c th l a ch ca
mt giao din no n LSR (trong trng hp ny, a ch IP gn lin vi mt giao din)
hoc l a ch ca ton b LSR. ng thi, LSRl xy dng bn tin LDP Label Request v
km theo thnh phn ER ny. Sau khi c c bn tin hon chnh, LSRl xc nhn LSR2 l
nt mng u tin trong thnh phn ER nn s gi bn tin ny n LSR2. Nhn c bn tin
ny, LSR2 nhn bit c n l nt mng u tin cng nh nt mng tip theo l LSR3
ong thnh phn ER. LSR2 s hiu chnh li thng tin thnh phn ER bng cch xa i
thng tin lin quan n n v gi bn tin Label Request n LSR3 trn kt ni gia LSR2 v
LSR3. vo thi im ny trong thnh phn ER ch cn hai nt mng l LSR3 v LSR4.
Cch thc x l bn tin LDP Label Request (cng nh s iu chnh thnh phn ER) ti
LSR3 hon ton tong t nh LSR2. Khi bn tin ny n LSR4, LSR4 nhn ra rng n l
nt mng cui cng trong thnh phn ER. V th, LSR4 to ra bn tin Label Mapping v gi
n LSR3. Bn tin ny bao gm thnh phn nhn v cc thnh phn khc. Sau khi nhn,
LSR3 s dng gi tt nhn ong bn tin n nh cho ng lin kt gia n v LSR4 dnh
cho lu lng. Tip theo, LSR3 gi bn tin Label Mapping n LSR2 v cng tng t, bn
tin ny c cha thng tin nhn. Ti LSR2, cch thc x l bn tin ny ging nh ti LSR3.
Cui cng, khi LSRl nhn c bn tin ny th qu trnh xy dng LSP kt thc.
ong thi vi thng tin nhn, giao thc CR-LDP s thng bo cho cc LSR bit yu
cu v yu cu ti nguyn mng m lung liru lng cn c p ng. Thng tin ny c
lu gi ong thnh phn thng s Ixm lTig (Traffic Parameter). C 7 thng s lu lng
c nh ngha [1]:
Tc d liu nh PDR (Peak data rate);
Kch tic chm cc i PBS (Peak burst size);
Tc d liu cc i CDR (Committed data rate);
Kch thc chm tha thun CBS (Committed burst size);
Kch ic chm vt ngng EBS (Excess burst size);
Tn ss (Frequency);
Trng s (Weight).
Thng s PDR v PBS cho php xc nh tc ti a ca lung lu lng i trn
LSP. Cn thng s CDR v CtS xc nh tc trung bnh ca lung lu lng. Cc LSR
trn LSP s s dng nhng thng s ny xc nh ngun ti nguyn mng thch hfp dnh
cho LSP ca lung d liu.
Giao thc phn phi nhn rng buc nh tuyn CR-LDP
tng c bn l m rng giao thc LDP h cc con ng chuyn mch
nhn rng buc CR LSP bng cch nh ngha c ch v cc gi tr TLV b sung v da vo
cc giao thc c sn tm ra tuyn theo rng buc tha mn yu cu.
nh tuyn rng buc c thit lp nh mt hot ng u cui n u cui, t
CR-LSR ng vo n CR-LSR ng ra. LSR ng vo s thit lp tuyn rng buc cho tt c
cc nt tc ng c th d tr ti nguyn bng cch dng giao thc phn phi nhn.
Thut ng rng buc m ch rng mt s iu kin phi c tha mn cho cc lin kt gia
cc nt nh yu cu bng thng ti thiu hoc yu t an ninh. Giao thc tm ra nhng con
ng nh vy (nh OSPF c sa i) b rng buc qung co ( v tm) con ng
trong min nh tuyn m tha mn cc rng buc ny.
Vi LDP, con ng chuyn mch nhn c thit lp ging nh con ng ca
chuyn tip IP bnh thng, LDP chi thc hin vic phn phi nhn m thi. Vi CR-LDP,
router ng vo c php chn ra hn mt con ng hon chnh thay v chi chn ra chng
k m thi. Vn l CR-LDP khng gip router ng vo bit con ng no l con ng
tt nht cho mt lung xc nh no . Mt ong nhng cch thc hin l thm mt s m
rng c bit cho cc giao thc nh tuyn hin ti nh OSPF hay IS-IS chng mang
thm thng tin trng thi mng nh mc s dng bng thng hin ti, bng thng cc i c
sn, mc u tin tong i... '
Khi , cc bc thc hin nh sau;
1. Router ng vo tp hp thng tin trng thi mng.
2. Mt lung yu cu ti nguyn t c.
3. Router ng vo tnh ton con Tig cho lung ny.
4. Router ng vo yu cu mt LSP r rng cho lung v nh x nhn cho con mg.
y l chc nng ca CR-LDP.
5. Nu thnh cng, lung s s dng con ng chuyn mch nhn ny.
Chng 5: nh tuyn 151
Hnh 5.28: Bn tin yu cu v nh x nhn cho LSP.
*Bn tin cha:
Explicit route TLV
10.1.1.5 strict
1 0.1. 3 loose
Preemtion TLV
setup priority: 4
holding priority; 4
T raffic parameters TLV
CDR: 10M
(other stuff)
LSPID TLV
ingress router; 10.1.1.4
local id: 100
Hnh 5.29: ng hm LSP.
ch nh con ng chuyn mch nhn y , router ng vo phi a ra mt
tuyn r rng ttong bn tin yu cu nhn. Mi hop dc theo LSP ny c th l nghim ngt
hoc lng lo (strict hay loose). Nu l hop nghim ngt, n phi c chn l hop k tip
ngay sau . Hop khng nghim ngt linh hot hn do n c th l hop k trc tip hoc qua
nhiu hop trung gian ri mi ti n. Hop nghim ngt cho php con ng tht s c th
c thay i sau ny. Nhig nu ta mun gi chnh xc con ng nh lc u th ta phi
gi yu cu c nh tuyn (route pinning) km theo.
Khi LSR xui dng tr v thng ip nh x nhn, n thc hin xong vic t
trc ti nguyn v ng hm LSP c thit lp.
Cc thng Mp nh tuyn rng buc v TLV
Chng 5: nh tuyn 153
LDP dng TLV m ho cc thng tin c mang trong thng ip LDP. Nh trong
hnh di y, LDP TLV c m ha nh sau: 14 bit dng ch loi m, 2 bit u, F ch ra
cch thc thc hin khi m LSR khng nhn ra loi TLV ny, trng chiu di di 2 byte,
trTig cha gi tr c chiu di thay i
Hnh 5.30: nh dng ca TLV.
u Loi Chiu di
Gi tr
Khi nhn mt TLV khng bit, nu bit u = 0, mt thng bo s c gi v ni xut
pht thng ip v ton b thng ip b b mc. Nu u = 1, TLV b b mc mt cch im
lng v phn cn li ca thng ip c x l nh khng c mt TLV khng bit . Cn
bit F chi c p dng khi bit u c thit lp (set) v thng ip cha TLV khng bit ny
c chuyn tip i. Nu F = 0, TLV khng c chuyn tip, F = 1 th TLV khng bit
ny c chuyn tip. Mi th xut hin trong thng ip LDP c th c m ho nh mt
TLV nhng khng phi lc n cng vy do n tn km khng gian v nhiu khi khng cn
thit, v d khng cn m ho TLV nu chiu di ca gi tr l c nh v loi gi tr ny
c bit.
Hnh 5.31: Bn tin yu cu nhn.
Yu cu nhn (0x0401) Chiu di bn tin
ID bn tin
FEC TLV
LSPID TLV (CR-LDP, bt buc)
ER-TLV (CR-LDP, ty chn)
TLV thng s lu lng (CR-LDP, ty chn)
TLV c nh tuyn (CR-LDP, ty chn)
TLV lp ti nguyn (CR-LDP, ty chn)
TLV quyn u tin (CR-LDP, ty chn)
Hnh 5.32: Bn tin nh x nhn.
nh x nhn (0x0400) Chiu di bn tin
ID bn tin
TLV lp chuyn tip tng ng
TLV nhn
ID ca bn tin yu cu nhn
TLV LSPID (CR-LDP, ty chn)
TLV lu lng (CR-LDP, ty chn)
Nu giao thc phn phi nhn c dng cho nh tuyn rng buc, tuyn rng buc
s c m ho bng mt chui cc chng ng r rng (explicit route hop) v c cha
trong thng ip CR-LDP. Mi ER hop c th xc nh mt nhm cc nt trong tuyn
fng bt buc v cc gi u- TLV m t cc tham s luTi lng nh tc nh, tc c
nh. Mt tuyn rng buc nh th ny s yu cu to ra con Tig gm cc nt xc nh
ny v ng nh th t n xut hin trong TLV.
Hnh 5.33: TLV nh tuyn r rng.
nh tuyn r rng (0x0800) I Chiu di bn tin
ER-Hop t 1 n n
Hnh 5.34: Chi tit ca ER-Hop TLV.
Kiu hop ER (gi tr thay i) I Chiu di
Ni dung
Hnh 5.35: TLV tham s lu lng.
TLV tham s lu lng (OxoSIO)
C Tn s
Chiu di bn tin = 24
D tr Trng lng
T c d liu nh (PDR)
Khc thc chm cc i (PBS)
Tc d liu tha thun (CDR)
Kich thc chm tha thun (CBS)
Kch thc chm vt ngng (EBS)
CR-LDP cn h tr vic cng ch ti nguyn, cho php mt thng ip yu cu
nhn mi chim ly mt ti nguyn ang c s dng bi mt LSP no nu yu cu
md ny c mc u tin cao hn con ng ny. Mi yu cu nh x nhn c th cha c
hai gi tr mc u tin khi to (cho lc thit lp LSP) v mc u tin chim gi (khi con
mg thit lp ri). Hin c 7 mc u tin, cao nht l 0, thp nht l 7. v mc u tin
khi to ca mt CR-LSP khng nn cao hn mc u tin chim gi.
Hnh 5.36: TLV mc u tin.
TLV mc u tin Chiu di = 4
u tin khi to 1 u tin chim gi D tr
5.5.3. So snh gia CR-LDP v RSVP
So snh nhng u khuyt im gia hai giao thc ny c th la chn ra giao ic
no em li nhiu li ch khi s dng.
Ging nhau
C hai giao thc u c pht in trn nn tng ca mt giao thc khc. Nh
ni trn, c s ca giao thc RSVP m rng l giao thc RSVP v ca giao thc
CR-LDP l giao thc LDP. ng thi c hai thnh phn ERO v ER u c cu trc
v chc nng ging nhau.
Hai giao thc u xy dng LSP di hnh thc xui dng theo yu cu.
Trong cc bn tin ca c hai giao thc u c thng tin v cht lng dch v cho
php dnh trc ti nguyn cho LSP.
Khc nhau
Ban u giao thc RSVP c s dng l giao thc bo hiu yu cu ti nguyn
mng cho ring tng dng d liu, mi dng d liu nh vy c xc nh bng 5 thnh
phn trong tiu IP: giao thc lp giao vn (transport), a ch ngun, a chi ch, chi s
cng ngun (Source port number), ch s cng ch (Destination port number). V th RSVP
khng thch hp trin khai trong mt mng ln nh mng ng trc nh cung cp dch v
Internet ISP (Internet Service Provider) v c nhiu d liu ao i trong mng.
Th nhng hin nay, vi giao thc RSVP m rng, mt LSP c th s dng cho nhiu
dng d liu, ch cn dng d liu ph hp vi yu cu ca LSP, v d nh c cng a ch
ch. Nh vy khi trin khai giao thc RSVP m rng trong mt mng khng cn phi n
o khi quy m mng ngy cng pht trin.
Tuy nhin khi s dng giao thc RSVP m rng, sau mt thi gian xc nh phi
lm ti (refresh) LSP nu khng ng dn s b mt. Mt vn na l phng thc
trao i thng tin ca giao thc ny l phng thc khng bo m tin cy. v chng
4 Cht lng dch v cp n bin php khc phc nhc im trn.
v phn giao thc CR-LDP, v nn tng l giao thc LDP nn cng trao i thng tin
trn giao thc TCP mt ch truyn ti c tin cy. Tuy nhin khi thit lp kt ni TCP
gia hai LSR s khng c mc u tin, cc bn tin s chuyn i theo phcxng thc FIFO
(First in, First out). Nh vy nhng bn tin c mc UXI tin thp hn vn khng c chuyn
i trc nu nh n sau mt bn tin c mc uu tin thp hn. Thm vo khi mt bn tin
gp s c trn ng truyn, tt c cc bn tin khc u phi ch cho n khi bn tin gp s
c c truyn nhn tt.
Vy CR-LDP c u dim hn giao thc RSVP m rng l khng cn phi refresh li
LSP. Th nhng CR-LDP i hi phi c qu trnh thit lp kt ni TCP. Cn giao thc
RSVP th khng yu cu nh vy.
v m hnh cht lng dch v m hai giao thc h tr th RSVP cng c nhiu thun
li hn. Giao thc RSVP h tr cho m hnh dch v tch hp, m hnh ny c ng
dng rng ri nhiu nm. Trong khi , giao thc CR-LDP nh ngha rt nhiu thng s
cht lfng dch v nhng vn cha ch dn y cc thng s ny s dng nh th no?
5.5.4. Giao thc ginh trc ti nguyn h tr phn phi nhn RSVP-TE
Nhu cu s dng RSVP bt u t vic s dng mng IP vn chuyn cc lu lng
thi gian thc nh thoi, hi ngh truyn hnh vn yu cu cht ch v rng buc thi gian.
e m bo yu cu, cc ng dng s c t c ti nguyn, tc ti nguyn khi ny s
Chng 5: nh tuyn 155
c dng ring cho ng dng. RSVP nh ngha cch t trc ti nguyn ny. V d nh
mt router va h tr ng dng thi gian thc va h ng dng thng thng nh truyn
file, dung lng ca lin kt ATM l 51Mb, ng dng truyn dung lng hin ti l 30M,
lung video yu cu bng thng l 31M. Nh vy bng thng tng cng l 61M vt qu
kh nng p ng ca lin kt ATM ny. Router s c gng chia s ti nguyn cho hai
lung, lung video l 26M v lung truyn file l 25M. Bng thng 25M c th chp chn
c i vi ng dng tnyn file nhng 26M l khng th chp nhn i vi ng dng
video. S tt hn nu ng dng video c cp pht 31M v ng dng uyn file l 20M th
s p ng c cho c hai. RSVP thc hin iu ny bng cch cho php ng dng t
trc ti nguyn m n cn. Lc ny router s chp nhn yu cu ca ng dng video v
gii hn bng thng ca dch v uyn file xung cn 20M. v router ny cng s thng bo
khng chp nhn khi hp ti nguyn t trc khng c sn. V d khi ng dng video yu
cu bng thng 62M, router s t chi v ngay lp tc ng dng bit rng mng khng h
tr c, c gng cng v ch m thi.
Ni nhn thc hin t trc ti nguyn l iu hp l v n bit r v ti nguyn m
ng dng s cn. V d nh nu bng thng ch c 26M nhng ng dng video bnh thng
yu cu 62M v ng dng video dng nn ch yu cu 25M th ngi dng s chn dng
nn. Hn na ngi dng cng d dng tham gia hoc khng tham gia na m khng gy
nh hng n pha gi.
Nu yu cu ng k ti nguyn n bn gi v vic ng k QoS c thit
lp ti mi router trn ng i th trnh ng dng c th gi gi n bn nhn. B phn
loi v b iu phi ti mi ruter gip cc gi c chuyn i theo ng QoS c yu
cu. Vic ng k ti nguyn ch hp l khi tt c cc router trn ng i cung cp
RSVP. Nu c mt router cung cp vic ng k ti nguyn th dch v khng th m
bo cho c ng i. Mt router n Tig i khng cung cp RSVP (tc ch cung cp
dch v theo kiu best-effort) s lm tc nghn lung. Do bn nhn khi u vic ng
k ti nguyn c th yu cu mt thng ip xc nhn cho bit yu cu c c thit lp
ong mng. Bn nhn nhn c yu cu xc nhn trong thng ip RESV v nhn c
thng ip RESVCONF nu nh vic ng k c thit lp thnh cng. Vic ng k ti
nguyn RSVP c duy tr rt ngn ti cc router v cc host nn vic ng k s b hu
b nu RSVP khng gi li thng ip xc nhn dc theo con ng ng k ti nguyn
tn ti.
Hnh 5.37: Cc thng ip ca RSVP.
Host A (6^
24.1.70.210 ^
Host B
128.32.32.69
Chng 5: nh tuyn 157
Trong hnh 5.37, RSVP s dng cc thng ip xc nh con ng c d tr
ti nguyn. Ti mi chng, router s chn a ch EP ca n vo thng ip ghi nhn li
con ng
M rng RSVP-TE
RSVP-TE m rng khi nim lung lu lng cho con ng chuyn mch nhn. Do
cc router c chc nng RSVP s gn lun l-ng thnh cc lung da vo nhn
MPLS.
Sa i mt s lut cc thng ip ch ng v t trc ti nguyn c th truyn
gia cc router u vo v u ra (m theo RSVP l gia ngun v ch cui cng).
Thm trTig cho php thng ip tm ng t trc v nh x tr v cc gi tr
nhn.
Cho php router u vo chi nh ra mt tuyn xc nh cho lung
Thm mt s tu chn tng thm tnh linh hot. Router c th dng RSVP-TE chi
phn phi nhn thm ch khi khng c nhu cu v d phng ti nguyn.
Cc thng ip RSVP v m rng cho RSVP-TE
Hnh 5.38: nh dng tiu ca RSVP
Phin bn C
Loi thng
ip
Kim tra RSVP
Send_TTL D phng Chiu di RSVP
Phin bn: 4 bit, hin l phin bn 1.
C; 8 bit, xc nh cc loi thng ip sau:
1. PATH
2. RESV
3. PATHERR
4. RESVERR
5. PATH TEAR
6. RESV TEAR
7. RESV CONF
Loi thng ip; 4 bit.
Trng kim tra RSVP: 16 bit, bn nhn kim tra xem thng ip nhn c c b
li hay khng.
Send TTL: 8 bit, cha IP TTL.
D phng: 8 bit.
Chiu di RSVP: 16 bit,
c hiu di tng cng ca thng ip RSVP, gm tiu chung v tt c cc i tng,
c tnh bng byte.
Hnh 5.39: Thng ip RSVP PATK
Tiu RSVP
i tng ton vn
i tng phin
i tng hop
i tng hop
i tng thi gian
i tng mu
i tng truyn dn
Vi ing ip dn ng (Path message), mi router s thay i thng ip bng
cch chn a ch chnh n vo trng RSVP_HOP dn ng. Tng t nh thng ip
xc nhn (Reservation message)
Hnh 50: Thng ip RSVP RESV.
Tiu RSVP
i tng ton vn
i tng phin
i tng hop
i tng hop
i tng thi gian
i tng kiu
i tng lung
RSVP nh ngha thm mt s i tng h tr RSVP-TE. i tng
LABEL_REQUEST c thm vo thng ip dn ng. i tng LABEL c thm
vo thng ip xc nhn.
Cc i tng yu cu nhn (label request) trong RSVP-TE.
Chng 5: nh tuyn
159
Hnh 5.41: i tng Label Request
i tng yu cu nhn bnh thng
Chiu di i tng: 8 Lp: 19 1 Loi: 1
D phng Nhn dng giao thc
i tng yu cu nhn ATM
Chiu di i tng: 16 Lp: 19 Loi: 2
DLCI cc tiu VPl cc tiu
VPI cc i DLCI cc i
i tng yu cu nhn Frame Relay
Chiu di i tng: 16 Lp: 19 1 Loi: 3
D phng DLCI cc tiu
D phng DLCI cc i
i tng nhn trong RSVP-TE
Chiu di i tng; 18 1 Lp: 16 1 Loi: 1
Nhn
Nh ta ni, c hai giao thc LDP v RSVP u c kh nng qun l LSP. Tuy
nhin, im khc bit c bn ca hai giao thc ny l cch qun l trng thi mng ca LSR.
LDP c gi l trng tii cng (hard-state) v RSVP c gi l trng thi mm (soft-
state) do hai LSR trong LDP trao i thng tin vi nhau v mi bn cho rng i phng
gi thng tin mt cch c nh, cn hai LSR trao i thng tin trong RSVP s nh k
lm toi thng tin bng cch gi gi li. Do , RSVP yu cu nhiu bng thng hon cho
cc thng ip refresh ny. Tuy nhin RSVP li d thc hin ti router v n cho php mng
thch ng ng vi s thay i trong mng hay trong cc ng dng.
OSPF-TE
OSPF-TE c m rng cho php mng ngi dng tc ng n cch thit lp
cc tuyn ong mt mng nh tuyn DP/chuyn mch MPLS. tng c bn l dng
OSPF phn phi nhn v OSPF-TE thc hin nh tuyn rng buc.
Trong hnh 5.42, RD BI chu trch nhim cho cc mng t 192.168.1.0 n
192.168.50r0, RD B2 chu trch nhim cho cc mng t 192.168!51.0 n 192.168.100.0.
Router bin trong min nh tuyn B s gi gi tin qung co tuyn OSPF (LSA) n router
bin ca min A. Bn tin qung co ny ch ra rng tt c cc gi tin IP c a ch IP bt u
l 192.168 c th c gi n router RD B.
Hnh 5.42: Kt ni cc min nh tuyn mc cao.
S tng quan gia tin t v nhn MPLS
Trong hnh 5.43, router B cp nht LIB vi mt nhn gn vi tin t a ch
192.168.0.0/16. Gi s nhn ny c gi tr 76. Sau khi giao thc nh tuyn OSPF thc
hin, nhng router khc m bit v gi tr tin t a ch ny c th sinh ra LIB cho n. Vic
gn tin t a ch/nhn ny ch c ngha cc b cho mi router. B gn nhn 76 cho tin t
192.168.0.0/16, router trong RD B, gi mt thng ip gn nhn (label binding message)
n router trong n nh tuyn A nh trong hnh 5.43.
Hnh 5.43: Phn phi nhn s dng thng tin OSPF.
Vic router A quyt nh chn nhn 76 cho tin t a ch 192.168.0.0/16 da vo nt
qung b (trong trng hp ny l RD B) l trm k tip theo chiu xui dng i vi tin
t ch n. Do t-ong trTig hp ny, RD A s dng nhn 76 cho lu lng no m c
tin t IP l 192.168.
Xem xt OSPF h tr nh tuyn rng buc
OSPF c th c dng trong mng MPLS xy dng mt con ng chuyn mch
nhn rng buc, ph hp vi cc yu cu k thut lun lng cho LSP. tng n gin l
thm cc thuc tnh vo bn tin qung co lin kt OSPF.
Xt mt m hnh mng c cc router chuyn mch nhn trong li nh hnh 5.44, LSP
t nt c n nt F da n bng thng ti thiu l OC-48. e thit lp mt TE LSP tun
theo yu cu ny, cc bc tnh ton nh sau:
Nt c thm cc nt k cn vo danh sch cc ng vin cho con ng ngn nht.
Hin nhin l lin kt C-D tha mn yu cu bng thng OC-48.
Cc nt lng ging ca D l I, E, J c xc nh. Lin kt D-I v D-J cng tha cc
yu cu v bng thng nn khng vi phm cc rng buc ca LSP. Cc LSR I v J
c thm vo trong danh sch OSPF cho LSP ny. Nt E khng c thm vo
anh sch v lin kt D-E khng tha mn yu cu v bng thng.
V cc LSR I v J u c cng metric vi LSR D, mt ci s c chn cho bc lp
k tip trong thut ton OSPF. Ta chn nt I chng hn
Cc lin kt t LSR I n cc nt ln cn c xem xt v n pht hin rng lin kt
n nt E khng tha yu cu cho tuyn LSP. V vy nt E khng c thm vo
danh sch ng vin ca LSP.
LSR J vn cn trong danh sch ng c vin, nn n lt cc lin kt ca n c
kim tra. N pht hin rng lin kt D-J v J-E tho cc yu cu v bng thng. V
vy nt J c thm vo danh sch ng c vin.
Cc nt ln cn J c kim tra l nt E. Lin kt E-F tho yu cu v bng thng,
nt F c thm vo danh sch.
Kim tra thy nt F l nt ch, thut ton dng li. Tuyn LSP tha rng buc ttong
v d ny l C-D-J-E-F.
Hnh 5.44: OSPF v nh tuyn rng buc.
Chng 5: nh tuyn 161
M rng k thut l u l ng cho OSPF
M rng cc thuc tnh lin kt m rng ca OSPF v gi km trong cc bn tin
qung co LSA ca router vn c dng xy dng cc c s d liu ttng thi lin kt
chnh quy, nay c pht trin thnh mt c s d liu ttng thi lin kt m rng. im
khc bit ca c s d liu k thut lu lng ny l n c cc thuc tnh lin kt b sung
(additional link attribute) h tr x l lu lng, nh tuyn ngun da n rng bc v
theo di cc thuc tnh lin kt m rng ny.
162 Chuyn mch nhn a giao thrc MPLS
M rng bn tn qung co trng thi lin kt _LSA
Nhng d liu ny c t trong gi OSPF sau tiu OSPF chun nh hnh 5.45
Ni dung ca gi tun theo nh dng kiu-chiu di-gi tr TLV (type-length-value').
Hnh 5.45: M rng OSPF ISA.
Cc TLV
Gi tin c th cha mt trong 2 TLV mc cao v c th ln n 9 TLV con theo sau.
1. Router a ch TLV l mt a chi IP n nh ca router qung b m ta lun c th
t n c nu c bt k kt ni no n n. Gi tr ny tng t nh router DD
c dng trong cc giao thc khc.
2. Lin kt TLV; m t mt lin kt n gm mt tp cc gi tr TLV con sau:
Loi lin kt: im-im hoc a truy cp (bus chung, vng)
Link ED: xc nh im kt thc ca mt lin kt. i vi lin kt im-im, gi
tr ca trTig ny chnh l Router ID ca neighbor. i vi liii kt a tray cp
(multi-access), gi tr ny chnh l a ch giao tip ca router c chi nh.
a ch IP ca giao tip cc b (Local interface IP address): a ch IP ca giao
tip tng ng vi lin kt ny.
a ch IP ca giao tip xa (Remote interface p address): a chi IP ca giao
tip lng ging. Gi tr ny v a ch cc b dng phn bit cc lin kt song
song trong h thng.
Traffic engineering metric: xc nh metric k thut lim lng ca lin kt.
Bng thng ti a: gi tr ti a ca bng thng trn lin kt ny theo hng ca
cc bn tin qung co LSA t nt xut pht n nt nhn.
Bng thng d phng ti a: gi tr bng thng ti a c th d phng ca lin
kt theo hfng ny, gi tr ny c th ln hoTi bng thng cc i (trong trTig
hp thu bao ln).
Bng thng khng d phng: gi tr ca bng .thng cha d phng ti 8 mc u
tin. Nhng gi tr ny tong ng vi bng thng m lin kt c th d phng vi
mc u tin thit lp t 0 n 7 c sp xp tng dn. Mi gi tr ny u b
hn hoc bng bng thng d phng ti a.
Loi ti nguyn (resource class/color): xc nh mi lin h ca cc nhm ca
lin kt ny, da vo mt bn bit biu din cc lp ti nguyn.
Vic s dng OSPF cho mng MPLS hin l mt n lc mi v mi nhn ca IETF
Working groups. Mt s m rng i vi bn tin LSA cho php OSPF ng vai tr ca mt
giao thc nh tuyn rng buc v phn phi nhn mc d giao thc c ngh hin gi
l LDP v CR-LDP.
S ci tin giao thc OSPF v I S J S [5]
Mt nt mng c th tin hnh nh tuyn bans iiiao !ic CSPF cn phai c nling
thng tin khng ch l trng thi ca 'ng dn m cn nhng c tnh khc chng hn nh
bng thng cha s dng. Da vo nhng thng tin ny, mt nt mng xc diih xem ung
dn c vi phm nhng yu cu rng buc t ra hay khng. Nh vy cn c h M'? ih:rc
cung cp nhng thng tin cho nt mng
PhoTig thc s dng cho cng vic ny l s ci tin cc giao tiic nh luyn .;lu'
OSPF hay IS_IS. Trc y hai giao thc ny ch mang tling till v trng thi ung truycn
th nay vi giao thc OSPF thng tin v c tnh ca ng dun c mang trong thnh
phn Opaque LSA (Opaque Link State Advertisement). Cn vi giao thc 1S._IS, thnh
phn cha thng tin ny l LSP (Link State Packet). Thng tn bao gm mt tp hp cc
thnh phn type-length-value, mi thnh phn l mt c tnh xc nh ca ng truyn.
Nh cp trn, khi thit lp mt LSP yu cu phai c s dnh sn ti nguyn
n ton b tuyn fng v v vy s c s thay i v c tnh ca ng truyn. Khi c
SJ thay i nh vy, nt mng m iig dn kt ni vo s th\ic hin qu trnh qung ba
thng tin ny n tt c cc nt mng. iu ny c th dn ti mt s lng ln thng tin cp
nht li bng nh tuyn i trong mng gy nn tnh trng qu ti. Hin tng ny s nh
hng khng tt n hiu sut hot ng ca mng nn mt s ngTig c t ra vi mc
tiu khng tnh trng ni trn xy ra. V d s thay i bng thng cha s diing ca
ng dn chi c thng bo khi n vt qua mt gi tr ngng c quy nh t trirc.
C hai giao thc OSPF v IS_IS u c nhng k thut llic hin vic quy nh mt gii hn
cn c vo mt nt mng tin hnh qung b thng tin lin quan n mt ng di.
5.5.5. n g dng chc nng nh tuyn rng buc vo vn qun l luTi lng
5.5.5.1. Ti sao qun l lu lng quan trng i vi cc nh cung cp dch v?
Chng ta bit rng hiu qu khai thc ti nguyn mng, c bit l bng thng, s
tc ng n hiu sut hot ng kinh doanh ca mt nh cung cp dch v mng, Vic SII
dng bng thng hiu qu ng ngha vi vic nh cung cp khng xy ra hiii tng
mt s v tr trong mng b tc nghn trong khi nhng v tr khc li khng c s
ding ht nng sut.
Vic s dng ti nguyn hay bng thng cng hiu qu s gim uc tng clii ph
hot ng. iu ny gip cho nh cung cp dch v c c li ih hon nhng i th cnh
tranh khc, v iu ny cng tr nn quan trng khi xut hin ngy cng nhiu nh cung cp
dch v mng.
Gii php cho vn qun l lu lng, cc nh cung cp dch v ngoi kli niig dini
tuyn cho d liu ng thd phi kim sot c lu lTig trn mi ng ni tron mnc:.
5.5.5.2. K thut lu lng trong mng ATM v Frame Relay
Ngay t chng u tin, chng ta lm quen vi khi nim m hnh mng o\erlay
(overlay model). y l m hnh mng tch hp IP v ATM, trong mng ng Irc gm
cc chuyn mch ATM, xung quanh l cc b nh tuyn (router). Nh vy mi b nh
ttyn u bit tt c cc b nh tuyn khc trong mng hay ni cch khc, cc router u
c lin kt trc tip vi nhau.
Chng 5: nh tuyn i63
Xt v d sau thy m hnh mng trn cung cp chc nng k thut lu lng
(Traffic Engineering) nh th no?
Hnh 5.42: K thut liru lng trong ATM [I].
R2 ATM4
+ PVC cho lu lng t R1 ti R3
PVC cho lu lng t R2 ti R3
Mi ng lin kt -ong mng u c bng ting 150Mb/s. Lu lng t router RI
n router R3 c bng thng lOOMb/s s i n ng dn xy dng qua cc chuyn mch
ATMl - > ATM2 - > ATM3 -> ATM5. Trong khi , lu lng t router R2 n router R3
cng vi bng thng lOOMb/s s i trn ng dn khc qua cc chuyn mch ATMl ->
ATM4 - > ATM5. Nh vy khc phc c hin tng xung t trong mng, lu lng
trong mng c chia u trn tt c cc ng dn. Th nhng m hnh mng ny vn
khng c pht trin rng ri. Nguyn nhn l do:
M hnh mng ny tch hp hai k thut mng l ATM v IP. IP l k thut hng
khng kt ni, ATM li l k thut hng kt ni. Do c s khc nhau nn i hi
phi c nhng giao thc tng thch, trong c yu cu nh x t a ch IP sang
gi tr nhn ca t bo ATM.
Khi mng pht trin ngy cng quy m, c nhiu ngi s dng kt ni vo mng
hn, s lng b nh tuyn (router) tng ln th s lng thng tin nh tuyn m
mi b nh tuyn lu gi s rt nhiu.
Qua nhng iu cp trn, mt m hnh overlay tch hp IP/ATM l mt gii
php khng kh thi h chc nng k thut lu lng.
5.S.5.3. Mt mng IP c gii quyt c vn ny khng?
Nh chng ta bit, nguyn tc hot ng ca cc giao thc nh tuyn IP l da vo
a chi ch tnh ton mg dn v tig dn ny phi ti u ho c mt thng s v
hng no , v d giao ic RIP th ng dn phi c s lng nt mng trung gian t nht.
Chng 5: nh tuyn 165
Hnh 5.47: Giao thc nh tuyn IP khng s dng ht ti nguyn mng [].
R3
jnh tuyn IP; da trn ch, nh tuyn chi ph thp nht
ng cho lu lng t R2 n R3
------ng di ti
ng cho lu lng t R1 n R3
Xt hnh 5.47. Gi s ta chn nh tuyn IP theo s chng t nht. Trong trcmg hp
ny, tuyn t RI n R3 v R2 n R3 u theo con ng (R4, R5, R6). Nhng lin kt
dc theo con ng ny s b nghn v bng thng ca mi lin kt l 15M trong khi bng
thng tng cng ca RI v R2 lc ny l 100 + 100 = 200M. Trong khi th cc lin kt
dc theo con ng (R4, R7, R8, R6) li khng c s dng. Ta c th dng nh tuyn
vi khong cch qun tr ti thiu (trong OSPF hay IS-IS) buc tt c lu lng t RI n
R3 v R2 n R3 u i theo con con ng (R4, R7, R8, R6). iu ny cng khng gii
quyt c vn , do (R4, R5, R6) khng c dng. Thm ch c trong trng hp chi ph
tng ng vi kh nng chn nhiu con ng ng thi ca OSPF hay IS-IS.
Tm li, mun p ng c k thut lu lng phi tho c hai iu kin l kh
nng la chn ti u theo mt metric v hng no v phi tnh n bng thng hin c
ca mt lin kt bt k. nh tuyn IP ch p ng iu kin u m thi.
Vic chn mg trong MPLS ph thuc vo hot ng ca giao thc nh tuyn IP.
Nh ta ni trong phn trc, nh tuyn IP khng gii quyt frn vn vn k thut lu
lng, c th l tnh ttng mt phn mng th b nghn trong khi nhng phn cn li khng
c tn dng. gii quyt vn ny cng nh vn cp pht v d phng ti nguyn
cho ng dng, ta s m rng cc giao thc nh tuyn v bo hiu trong mng MPLS. Vic
m rng ny c th l m rng giao thc phn phi nhn LDP c sn h tr nh tuyn
rng buc, hay m rng giao thc d phng ti nguyn RSVP phn phi nhn v gii quyt
vn k thut lu lng hay m rng giao tic nh tuyn trng thi lin kt OSPF c sn
qung co v tnh ton ra cc con ng tho mn rng buc hoc dng cc giao thc m
rng a nh tuyn nh MP-BGP thc hin phn phi nhn gia cc min nh tuyn.
5.5.5.4.G quyt vn
nh tuyn da trn rng buc ca MPLS gii quyt c vn ny. MPLS nh
tuvn cho cc lung trung k lu lng (traffic trunk), khng nh tuyn cho cc lung ring
le (microflow). Lung trung k l mt tp hp cc lung nh c chung hai tnh cht sau:
nhng lung ny c chuyn tip trn cng mt con ng chung thng th*ng v chng
s dng cng loi dch v. Lu rng con ng chung chia s bi cc lung khng phi l
con g t u cui n u cui, m ch l mt on ng nm trong mng ca mt
nh cung cp dch v no . Cc lung trung k ca nh cp dch v ch ph thuc vo
topo ca nh cung cp, khng ph thuc vo lng lu lng m n phi chuyn. Bng
cch gom nhm cc lung ging nhau ny m ta c th tit kim v qun l c s lung
khi chng tng ln m kling phi tng s trng thi chuyn tip v cc lu lng iu khin
cn thit duy tr trng thi ny.
Mt trong nhng vu cu quan trng ca k thut lu lng l phi c kh nng p
buc rnt nhm cc gi tin ca mt lung trung k chuyn tip theo con ng chuyn
mch nhn c tnh ton v thit lp bng nh tuyn rng buc ch khng phi bng
nh tuyn IP thng thTig. tm ra con ng ngn nht tha mn rng buc, ta sa i
gii thut SPF thnh CSPF (c trnh by trong phn trc), Sau khi tnh ton c con
Tig tha yu cu, ta phi dng cc giao thc bo hiu thit lp v nh x nhn dc
theo cc nt ca con ig ny.
5.5.5.5. nh tuyn rng buc MPLS vi chc nng k thut luu lng
Nh vy, c th cn bng ti lu lng trong ton mng, khc phc tnh trng qu
ti mt s ng dn trong khi nhng Tg dn khc khng c s dng yu cu cc
giao thc nh tuyn phi tnh ton n lng bng thng cha s dng trn ng truyn.
Yu cu trn c th c thc hin bng chc nng nh tuyn rng buc MPLS,
trong khi iu kin rng buc chnh l bng thng cha s dng ca ng truyn,
Trc tin, chng ta tm hiu mt khi nim mi trung k lu lng (traffic trunk).
Mt dng d liu c xc nh da vo 5 thnh phn trong tiu IP: a ch ngun, a
ch ch, giao thc lp giao vn (transport), ch s cng ngun, ch s cng ch. Trong khi
mt trung k lu lng l tp hp ca nhiu dng d liu ring c chung hai im: cc
dng d liu u c chung ng dn trong mng v ging nhau v lp dch v. Tuy nhin
cng cn lu rng, ng dn y khng phi l ng lin kt t nt nhn n nt gi
m ch trong phm vi qun l ca mt nh cung cp dch v.
L do phi cp n khi nim trung k lu lng l: thc hin chc nng qun
l u lng, phng thc nh tuyn rng buc ch tin hnh nh tuyn cho mi trung k
liru l*ng thay v cho mi dng d liu ring r. Phng php ny s rt c ch khi quy m
mng pht trin, c nhiu ngi s dng kt ni vo mng. Lc ny s lng dng d liu
di chuyn trong mng rt ln th nhng s lng trung k khng tng ln (v s lng ny
c quy nh bi cu hnh mng), ng ngha vi vic s lng thng tin bo hiu xy
dng LSP v thng tin trng thi ng m cc LSR lu gi cng khng tng, khng gy
nh hng n hiu sut hot ng ca mng.
Khi ng dn xy ra s c th cn phi nh tuyn li cho tt c cc trung k lu
lirng i qua ng dn ny. V ng nh tuyn c xy dng bi igress LSR nn cng
ch nl i l . SR ny s t i n hnh nh t uyn li.
5.5.5.. Chc nng nh tuyn rng buc trong nh tuyn li nhanh
Trong phn ny chng ta s tm hiu phng thc m chc nng nh tuyn rng buc
gim thiu s lng gi d liu b mt trong xy ra s c trn Tig truyn dn.
Khi ng truyn tiay cc b nh tuyn trong mng gp s c th thng tin nh
tuyn ang lu tr trong cc b nh tuvn khc buc phi c s iu chnh. ng thi gi
d liu c th ri vo vng lp.
Nh ta bit, trong mt mng IP thng thng, khc phc tnh ng lp vng
ny, trong tiu IP ca cc gi d liu c mt vng gi l Time_to_live (TTL). Khi b
nh tuyn nhn c gi d liu IP, b nh tuyn s gim gi tr vng TTL. Nu nhn
c gi d liu m TTL bng 0 v a ch IP ca b nh tuyn khng phi l a ch ch
ca gi, b nh tuyn s loi b gi d liu ny. V vy trong thi gian din ra s thay i
thng tin nh tuyn, s xy ra hin tTig mt mt d liu. Thi gian ny cng ln th d
liu b mt cng nhiu.
Trong mt mng EP, thi gian tin hnh thay i thng tin nh tuyn, t l thun vi
s lng gi d liu b mt ph thuc vo hai yu t. Th nht l thi gian s c trn ng
truyn hay ti cc nt mng c pht hin. Th hai l thi gian tt c cc b nh tuyn
trong mng tin hnh thay i li thng tin trong bng nh tuyn ca n. Tng hai thi gian
ny cng ln th s lng gi d liu b mt cng nhiu. Nh vy hn ch c tng thi
gian ny s gim thiu c s lng gi d liu b mt.
Trc y, khi ng truyn xy ra s c, mng s chuyn lu lng sang mt ng
truyn khc vi mc ch nh cho cc gi d liu b lp v b hu b. Tuy nhin khng
phi lc no bin php ny cng c kt qu tt. V d sau s cho t thy c nhc im
ca phng php ny.
Hnh 5.48: nh tuyn li bng ng thay th I].
Chng 5: nh tuyn 167
R4
Khi ng truyn gia RI v R2 xy ra s c. RI s lp tc chuyn d liu sang
ng thay th khc, qua cc b nh tuyn trung gian; R3 > R4 -> R5. Tuy nhin khi
RI chuyn d liu ti R3 th ngay lc R3 vn cha cp nht c thng tin v s c
xy ra trn ng truyn nn cha tin hnh hiu chnh li bng nh tuyn. iu ny dn
ti vic R3 s chuyn gi d liu tr li RI v trong bng nh tuyn ca R3: n R2,
ng dn qua RI l ngn nht. Nh vy cc gi d liu vn ri vo vng lp v vn s b
mt. T cho thy, vi giao thc nh tuyn IP truyn thng, bin php dng ng thay
th khng th hn ch c s lng gi d liu b mt khi ng truyn gp s c.
Nguyn nhn ca vic ny do c im ca nhng giao thc nh tuyn IP thng thng
l: tin hnh dc lp ti mi b nh tuyn da vo a ch ch v ng i ca d liu
c xc nh ti tng chng.
5.5.5.7. Chc nng nh tuyn rng buc vi vn ti nh tuyn nhanh
Trong phn ny chng ta xem xt n kh nng gii quyt vn ti nh tuyn
nhanh (fast rerouting) khi ttong mng xy ra s c ca nh tuyn rng buc MPLS.
Xt v d sau: LSRl gi d liu n LSR9. Chc nng nh tuyn rng buc MPLS
tin hnh xy dng mt tuvn nh tuyn xc nh explicit route nh sau: LSRl - > LSR2 -
> LSR4 - > LSR9. Nh hnh 5.49 cho thy, mi chng trn tuyn c n nh mt nhn xc
nh: (LSRl - > LSR2) nhn bng 37, (LSR2 - > LSR4) nhn bng 14, LSR4 c nhim v
ly mc nhn cao nht ra v chuyn gi ti LSR9. V trong v d ny gi d liu ch c mt
mc nhn nn gi d liu ti LSR9 l gi d liu IP.
Hnh 4 9 . ng dn LSP [1].
LSR9
> Setup: PATH (ER0=LRS1->LSR2->LSR4->LSR9)
Thit lp nhn trn bn tin RESV
ng thi mng cng xy dng mt tuyn bo v LSRl - > LSR2 - > LSR6 - > LSR7
- > LSR4 - > LSR9 vi gi tr nhn trn tng chng (LSRl -> LSR2) nhn bng 37, (LSR2
- > LSR6) nhn bng 17, (LSR6 - > LSR7) nhn bng 22, LSR7 s ly ra mc nhn cao nht
ca gi.
Chng 5: nh tuyn
169
Hnh 5.50: ng chuyn mch nhn LSP bo v [1].
LSR9
LSR8
> Setup; PATH (LRS2->LSR6->LSR7->LSR4)
Thit lp nhn trn bn tin RESV
Hnh 5.51: Khi ng truyn xy ra s c [].
LSR9
LSR8
Chng nhn; LSR 1
37
LSR2
17
14
LSR6
22
14
LSR7
14
LSR4
None
Nh vy khi ng truyn gia LSR2 v LSR4 xy ra s c, LSR2 ngay lp tc iu
chnh li bng thng tin nhn LIB (Label Information Table). Do khi nhn d liu t
LSRl c nhn bng 37, LSR2 dng nhn bng 14, thay cho nhn c bng 37, ng thi gn
thm mt nhn bng 17 v chuyn gi ti LSR6. LSR6 ch x l mc nhn cao nht, thay
nhn c bng nhn mi c gi tr bng 22. D liu ti LSR7 c hai mc nhn, cng vic ca
LSR7 l ly ra mc nhn cao nht (nhn bng 22) v chuyn gi d liu c mt nhn bng
14 n LSR4. Nh vy s c trn ng truyn khng nh hng n vic truyn d liu.
5.5.5.4.Gii quyt vn
nh tuyn da trn rng buc ca MPLS gii quyt c vn ny. MPLS nh
tuyn cho cc lung trung k lu lng (traffic trunk), kling nh tuyn cho cc lung ring
l (microflow). Lune trung k l mt tp hp cc lung nh c chung hai tnh cht sau:
nhng lung ny c chuyn tip trn cng mt con ng chung thng thng v chng
s dng cng loi dch v. Lu rng con Tig chung chia s b*i cc lung khng phi l
COMT\g tr u cui n u cui, m ch l mt on Tg nm trong mng ca mt
nh cung cp dch v no . Cc lung trung k ca nh cp dch v chi ph thuc vo
topo ca nh cung cp, khng ph thuc vo lng lu lng m n phi chuyn. Bng
cch gom nhm cc lung ging nhau ny m ta c th tit kim v qun l c s lung
khi chng tng ln m khng phi tng s trng thi chuyn tip v cc lu lng iu khin
cn thit duy tr trng thi ny.
Mt trong nhrng yu cu quan trng ca k thut lu lng l phi c kh nng p
buc rnt nhm cc gi tin ca mt lung trung k chuyn tip theo con ng chuyn
mch nhn c tnh ton v thit lp bng nh tuyn rng buc ch khng phi bng
nh tuyn IP thng thng. tm ra con ng ngn nht tha mn rng buc, ta sa i
gii thut SPF thnh CSPF (c trnh by trong phn trc). Sau khi tnh ton c con
ng tha yu cu, ta phi dn cc giao thc bo hiu thit lp v nh x nhn dc
theo cc nt ca con ng ny.
5.5.5.5. nh tuyn rng buc MPLS vi cht nng k thut lu lng
Nh vy, c th cn bng ti lu lng trong ton mng, khc phc tnh trng qu
ti mt s ng dn trong khi nhng ng dn khc khng c s dng yu cu cc
giao thc nh tuyn phi tnh ton en lng bng thng cha s dng trn ng truyn.
Yu cu trn c th c thc hin bng chc nng nh tuyn rng buc MPLS,
trong khi iu kin rng buc chnh l bng thng cha s dng ca ng truyn.
Trr tin, chng ta tm hiu mt khi nim mi trung k lu lng (traffic trunk).
Mt dng d liu c xc nh da vo 5 thnh phn ong tiu IP: a ch ngun, a
chi ch, giao thc lp giao vn (transport), ch s cng ngun, ch s cng ch. Trong khi
mt trung k lu lng l tp hp ca nhiu dng d liu ring c chung hai im: cc
dng d liu u c chung ng dn trong mng v ging nhau v lp dch v. Tuy nhin
cng cn lu rng, ng dn y khng phi l ng lin kt t nt nhn n nt gi
m ch trong phm vi qun l ca mt nh cung cp dch v.
L do phi cp n khi nim trung k lu lng l; thc hin chc nng qun
l lu hrng, phng thc nh tuyn rng buc ch tin hnh nh tuyn cho mi trung k
lu lng thay v cho mi dng d liu ring r. Phng php ny s rt c ch khi quy m
mng pht trin, c nhiu ngi s dng kt ni vo mng. Lc ny s lng dng d liu
di chuyn trong mng rt ln th nhng s lng trung k khng tng ln (v s lng ny
c quy nh bi cu hnh mng), ng ngha vi vic s lng thng tin bo hiu xy
dng LwSP v thng tin trng thi ng m cc LSR lu gi cng khng tng, khng gy
nh hTig n hiu sut hot ng ca mng.
Khi ng dn xy ra s c th cn phi nh tuyn li cho tt c cc trung k lu
Ing i qua ng n ny. V ng nh tuyn c xy dng bi igress LSR nn cng
ch nh I . SR ny s t i n h nh nh t uyn li.
5.5.5.. Chc nng nh tuyn rng buc trong nh tuyn li nhanh
Trong phn ny chng ta s tm hiu phng thc m chc nng nh tuyn rng buc
gim thiu s lng gi d liu b mt trong xy ra s c n ng truyn dn.
Khi ng truyn hay cc b nh tuyn trong mng gp s c th thng tin nh
tuyn ang lu tr trong cc b nh tuvn khc buc phi c s iu chnh. ng thcd gi
liu c th ri vo vng lp.
Nh ta bit, trong mt mng IP thng thng, khc phc tnh trng lp vng
ny, trong tiu IP ca cc gi d liu c mt vng gi l Time_to_.live (TTL). Khi b
nh tuyn nhn c gi d liu IP, b nh tuyn s gim gi tr vng TTL. Nu nhn
c gi d liu m TTL bng 0 v a ch IP ca b nh tuyn khng phi l a ch ch
ca gi, b nh tuyn s loi b gi d liu ny. V vy trong thi gian din ra s thay i
thng tin nh tuyn, s xy ra hin tng mt mt d liu. Thi gian ny cng ln th d
liu b mt cng nhiu.
Trong mt mng IP, thi gian tin hnh thay i thng tin nh tuyn, t l thun vi
s lng gi d liu b mt ph thuc vo hai yu t. Th nht l thi gian s c trn ng
truyn hay ti cc nt mng c pht hin. Th hai l thi gian tt c cc b nh tuyn
trong mng tin hnh thay i li thng tin trong bng nh tuyn ca n. Tng hai thi gian
ny cng ln th s lng gi d liu b mt cng nhiu. Nh vy hn ch c tng thi
gian ny s gim thiu c s lng gi d liu b mt.
Trc y, khi ng truyn xy ra s c, mng s chuyn lu lng sang mt ng
truyn khc vi mc ch trnh cho cc gi d liu b lp v b hu b. Tuy nhin khng
phi lc no bin php ny cng c kt qu tt. V d sau s cho t thy c nhc im
ca phng php ny.
Hnh 5.48: nh tuyn li bng ng thay th [1].
Chong 5: nh tuyn 167
R4
m
Khi ng truyn gia RI v R2 xy ra s c. RI s lp tc chuyn d liu sang
ng thay th khc, qua cc b nh tuyn trung gian: R3 -> R4 -> R5. Tuy nhin khi
RI chuyn d liu ti R3 th ngay lc R3 vn cha cp nht c thng tin v s c
xy ra trn ng truyn nn cha tin hnh hiu chinh li bng nh tuyn. iu ny dn
td vic R3 s chuyn gi d liu tr li RI v trong bng nh tuyn ca R3: n R2,
cmg dn qua RI l ngn nht. Nh vy cc gi d liu vn ri vo vng lp v vn s b
mt. T cho thy, vi giao thc nh tuyn IP truyn thng, bin php dng ng thay
th khng th hn ch c s lng gi d liu b mt khi ng truyn gp s c.
Ch rng, mt ng bo v c th phc v qu trnh nh tuyn li cho nhiu LSP
khc. Nh n hnh v cho thy, ng dn LSR8 - > LSR2 - > LSR4 -> LSR5 c th s
dng chung ng bo v qua LSR6 v LSR7. Kh nng cho php nhiu LSP khc s dng
chung mt Tig bo v s lm tng hiu qu ca gii php ny, nht l khi s lng LSP
ong mng lm, v s lng ng bo v khng ph thuc vo s lng LSP.
Mt cu hi c t ra y l ti sao chc nng nh tuyn rng buc MPLS h tr
ti nh tuyn nhanh (fast rerouting) tot hn nh tuyn IP thng thTig? Tr li v d trn,
ta thy, vi nh tuyn rng buc MPLS, fng bo v cho ng truyn gia LSR2 v
LSR4 c xc nh v kim sot ch bi LSR2. Tri li, vi giao thc nh tuyn IP, tt c
nhng router trn ng bo v u kim sot vic truyn d liu.
Nh vy, chng ta thy c kh nng h ti nh tuyn ca chc nng nh
tuyn rng buc MPLS, nhng v d ttn vn cha cp n s c h hng b nh tuyn
trong mng, v cch thc gii quyt s c ny cng tng t nh trng hp s c xy ra trn
ng truyn.Tuy nhin c hai im khc nhau c bn: i nht, khi b nh tuyn h hng
th b nh tuyn ngc dng (upstream router) ca n s tin hnh nh tuyn li. Th hai l
cn mt k thut mi nh giao thc Hello pht hin ra s c h hng ti b nh tuyn.
5.5.S.8. Pht hin v ngn chn vng lp trong MPLS
Vng lp c th xy ra i vi cc gi iu khin LSP lm cho LSP khng th c
thit lp hoc xy ra trong gi d liu MPLS lm cho gi khng n c ch v lm trn
ngp mng.
trnh vng lp, MPLS dng khung (frame-mode) s lm tng t nh IP bng
cch s dng trng TTL trong tiu chn thm (shim header). Gi tr ny s c gim
dn v khi c gi tr l 0, n s b hu. MPLS dng t bo (cell-mode) nh ATM khng c
trng TTL, ta cu hnh gii hn khng gian b m tiu th ca mt knh o. Nu vng
lp xy ra, n ch c th tiu tn ti a lng b m m ta gii hn cho n. Chuyn
mch vn c th hot ng bnh thng i vi cc vng lp pht sinh do cu hnh sai, cn
cc vng lp ngn hn do trng thi mng thay i th s b ph v khi mng t n trng
thi hi t.
pht hin v ngn chn vng lp, ta c th p dng hai cch sau.
Cch th nht l thng bo ng i (path vector diffusion). Vng lp c ngn
chn bng danh sch cc a chi LSR m bn tin yu cu nhn i qua. LSR nhn
c s thm a ch ca n vo vector txrc khi gi bn tin yu cu nhn cho chng
k. Nu mt LSR thy a chi ca n trong danh sch ny, n s ngn vic xy dng
LSP ang b vng lp ny.
Cch th hai l.nh du tuyn (colored thread). Phcmg php ny c dng khi
thit lp LSP theo cch cp pht nhn theo yu cu xui dng. Mi mt tuyn s c
nh du mu khc nhau. Do cc LSR trung gian khi gp li bn tin yu cu nhn
c mu ny s kt lun rng con fng b vng lp v kch hot ngng xy
dng LSP ny v i mt khong thi gian cho n khi bng nh tuyn n nh.
Trong hnh 5.52, LSRl m rng mt tuyn bng cch dng mt thng ip yu cu
nhn. Mi tuyn s c mt gi tr mu duy nht cho mt a ch IP ch ti LSRl v cc
LSR2, LSR3, LSR4 v LSR5 cng c cng gi tr mu ny cho bn tin yu cu nhn gi i.
Chng 5: nh tuyn 171
Thng ip yu cu nhn khi n LSR2 c mu trng vi mu ca yu cu nhn t LSRl v
LSR2 s pht hin ra vng lp. Khi cc bn nh tuyn hi t, vng lp s b ph v. LSR3
pht hin chng k tip cho LSP khng phi l LSR5 m l LSR6, n s rt li (withdraw)
yu cu nhn m n gi n LSR5 v gi cho LSR6. V LSR6 l router ng ra ca vng
MPLS nn s tr v mt lin kt nhn v LSR2 v c th tr v LSRl thit lp mt con
ng chuyn mch nhn khng b vng lp.
Ngo^ ra, cc thng ip yu cu v p ng ca LDP v TDP cn dng phoTig php
m hop hot ng tng t nh TTL trnh vng lp.
Hnh 5.52: Gii thut tuyn mu trnh vng lp.
I Yu cu nhn I Color ID I IP I
LSR3 LSR6
Yu cu nhn Color ID IP
LSR4 LSR5
Yu Cu nhn I Color ID [Ip
5.5.6. Cht lng dch v QoS
Trong phn ny, chng ta tm hiu n vai tr ca nh tuyn trong vic cung cp cht
lTig dch v QoS. Sau s tm hiu bng cch no cc k thut QoS h vic m bo
cht lng dch v cho cc LSP c xy dng t chc nng nh tuyn c rng buc.
5.5.6.I. Mi lin h gia c h lng dch v v nh tuyn
Nh ta bit giao thc RSVP s tin hnh qu trnh chim gi ti nguyn mng trn
ng dn m cc giao thc nh tuyn xem l tt nht. Gi s gia hai nt mng, nt s v
nt D c hai ng dn v giao thc nh tuyn chn ra mt trong hai fng l ng
tt nht. Sau chng ta tin hnh qu trnh yu cu dnh sn ti nguyn trn ton b
Tig dn . Tuy nhin vo thi im hin ti, yu cu khng th c p ng.
Nhng qu trnh chim gi ti nguyn vn tip tc c thc hin trn ng dn ny, mc
d lc ng dn cn li c th p ng c yu cu cht lng dch v. V th phi c
s kt hp nh tuyn vi nhng yu cu cht lng dch v.
5.5..2. LSP bng thng m bo
Trong chng trc, chng ta thy giao thc RSVP c s dng n nh nhn
cho ng dn ng thi vi qu trnh dnh sn ti nguyn mng. Nh vy, mt LSP p
ng c nhng yu cu v ti nguyn mng c xy dng. Mc d iu ny c nhng
u im hom vic s dng RSVP ch dnh sn ti nguyn mng nhng vn khng gii
qt c mi quan h gia nh tuyn v cht lng dch v. ng i ca bn tin Path
n nt ch vn l ng dn ti u ha c mt metric no theo yu cu ca giao
thc nh tuyn trong mng.
Cng trong chng ny, phn trc chng ta tm hiu giao thc RSVP m rng.
Giao thc ny c s dng xy dng mt LSP, c gi l LSP bng thng m bo
(guaranteed bandwidth LSP). V d, chng ta cn dnh sn ti nguyn n ng dn t nt
A n nt B, c hai nt ny cng nm ttong mt vng nh tuyn. Trc khi gi i bn tin
Path, nt A s chn ra ng dn p Hg c nhng rng buc: cc ng lin kt nm
n ng dn phi c y bng thng h tr nhng yu cu ti nguyn. Sau khi
tm ra ng dn, nt A s a vo bn tin Path thnh phn Explicit Route, m bo rng
LSP s c xy dng ttn mg dn chn.
Ngay khi chc nng nh tuyn rng buc c th tm ra ng dn t nt A n nt B
c th p ng nhng yu cu rng buc th qu ttnh dnh sn ti nguyn vn cha chc
chn thnh cng. V d mi nt mng trn ng dn phi c mt b m, nu nh khng
c b m s gy ra s c trong qu trnh kim sot thu nhn, ngay c khi ng dn c
y bng thng. V vy iu kin rng buc khi la chn ng dn phi bao gm c
bng thng v b m.
Nh vy u l im khc bit gia s ng dng nh tuyn rng buc vo tnh ton
lu lng v cht lng dch v QoS? Khi chng ta xy dng mt trung k lu lng gia
hai im, chng ta khng cn phi kim sot lung Imi lng i trn LSP hay ch nh bt
k hng i no. Trong khi , cung cp cht lng dch v trn mt LSP, cn phi c s
kim sot ti igress LSR cng nh chim gi b m v xy dng chnh xc ti nguyn,
ng dn ttn tt c cc nt mng thuc LSP.
5.6. TM TT
Chng ta tm hiu mt trong nhng tin b quan trng m MPLS mang li: nh
tuyn c rng buc. Chc nng nh tuyn ny c nhiu u im hn nh tuyn IP truyn
thng ch: c kh nng xy dng nhng mg nh tuyn va ti u ha c nhng
thng s v hng va p ng c nhng rng buc, chng hn nh yu cu bng thng.
Nhng thnh phn chnh ca mt h thng nh tuyn rng buc:-th nht l giao
thc CSPF (Consained Shortest Path First), c s dng chn ng. Th hai l
MPLS, k thut ic hin chuyn mch nhn. Th ba l hai giao ic RSVP m rng v
CR-LDP, hai giao thc xy dng LSP ttn tuyn nh tuyn xc nh (explicit route). Cui
cng chng ta cn ci tin mt s giao thc nh tuyn nh OSPF v IS_IS trao di thng
tin v trng tii ng truyn lin quan n kh nng p ng nhng yu cu rng buc.
Chc nng nh tuyn rng buc cung cp mt s ng dng, ong phi k n ng
dng trong tnh ton lu lng: iu khin lu lng trong mang c th ti u ho vic
s dng ti nguyn mng, ng dng th hai l kt hp vi cht lng dch v QoS cung
cp cho lu lng ng dn c bng thng m bo LSP (guaranteed bandwith LSP) h
tt nht cho vic p ng yu cu cht lng dch v. Mt ng dng khc l ti nh
tuyn cung cp kh nng nhanh chng khc phc s c trn ng truyn v nt mng.
CHf NG 6: MNG RIIVG o
Trong chuofng ny ta tm hiu cch thc m MPLS h tr cho vic xy dng mt
mng ring o (Virtual Private Networks). Tht ra c nhiu gii php dng MPLS xy dng
mng ring o v tt c cc gii php ny chi c mt im chung duy nht l s dng k
thut chuyn mch nhn MPLS. y chng ta ch xm xt mt gii php c tn gi
BGP/MPLS VPN. T tn gi cho thy m hnh mng ring o ny l s kt hp hai k thut
BGP v MPLS. Chng ta tm hiu cc thnh phn lin quan, bao gm c mt cht lfng
dch v v bo mt. C hai l do cho vic la chn giao thc nh tuyn BGP:
S lng ng nh tuyn trong mt VPN s rt ln v BGP l giao thc nh tuyn
duy nht c th phc v cho mt s lng ln ng nh tuyn.
BGP, EIGRP, IS-IS l nhng giao thc nh tuyn duy nht c th hot ng vi
nhiu hnh thc a chi khc nhau. Tuy nhin, IS-IS v EIGRP khng c kh nng
phc v mt s lng ng nh tuyn ln nh giao thc BGP. Ngoi ra, BGP con
c thit k thc hin trao i thng tin gia nhng b nh tuyn khng kt ni
trc tip vi nhau.
Tuy nhin phn trnh by di y khng cp chi tit tt c nhng thnh phn,
chng hn nh b phn Qun l dch v VPN (VPN Service Management) l mt thnh
phn quan ng nhng khng cp n y.
6.1. NH TH NO L MNG RING o - VPN?
Hin nay mt cng ty c th c rt nhiu chi nhnh nhng vng khc nhau. V th
cn c mt mng kt ni tt c cc my tnh nhng chi nhnh ny. Mng ring y c
ngha l mng chi thuc quyn s dng ca ring cng ty ny cng nh vic nh tuyn, cch
nh a chi trong mng hon ton c lp vi cc mng khc. Mng o y c ngha l
c s h tng mng khng phi thuc ring v mt cng ty, n c s dng chung vi
nhng cng ty khc v h tng mng ny thuc quyn s hu ca mt nh cung cp, c
gi l nh cung cp dch v mng ring o (VPN Service Provider). V cng ty ng k s
dng dch v mng ring o vi nh cung cp c gi l khch hng (VPN Customer).
Nh vy khi s dng mng ring o, mt cng ty c th c c mt mng ring lin
kt tt c cc chi nhnh nhng a im cch xa nhau, c gi l nhng khu vc (site )
ca mt VPN, m khng tn chi ph cho mt c s h tng mng.
Hai m hnh mng VPN chnh l: m hnh VPN chng lp (overlay VPN) v VPN
ngang cp (peer-to-peer VPN).
Tip theo chng ta s xem xt n hai m hnh mng ring o ny.
6.2. M HNH CHNG LP
Vo thi im hin ti, k thut thng dng nht cung cp dch v mng ring o
VPN u da vo m hnh mng chng lp (overlay model). Trong m hnh mng ny, mi
khu vc (site ) c mt b nh tuyn (router) kt ni im-ifci vd cc b nh tuyn ca
nhng khu vc khc trong cng mt mng ring o. Tuy nhin mt khu vc c th c nhiu
hnmt b nh tuyn, cc b nh tuyn ny lin kt vi tt c nhng khu vc cn li hay
ch lin kt vi mt s khu vc. K thut c s dng cung cp nhng lin kt im-
im ny c th l nhng Tig knh thu ring (leased lines), Frame Relay hoc ATM. Tat
c cc b nh tuyn v nhng lin kt im-im kt ni cc b nh tuyn hp thnh mt
ng trc (backbone) o. Nh vy Tig trc o chnh l c s h tng cung cp lin kt
gia cc khu vc.
M hnh mng chng lp c th thy r qua v d sau.
Hnh 6.1: M hnh mng chng lp.
VPN A/Site 2
VPN B/Site 2
VPN A/Site 1
VPN B /Site 3
Trn hnh 6.1 l hai mng ring o VPN A v VPN B. Mng VPN A c ba khu vc
ln lt: khu vc 1 (site 1), khu vc 2 (site 2), khu vc 3 (site 3). Router Rai khu vc 1
lin kt vi Ra2 khu vc 2 v Ra3 khu vc 3 bng mng Frame Relay hoc ATM. Tng
t nh vy, Rb2 kt ni vi Rbi v Rb3 - Nhng kt ni ATM hoc Frame Relay c cung
cp bi nh cung cp dch v mng ring o. Hnh elip gia tng trng cho mng li ca
nh cung cp. Mng VPN B cng c ba khu vc ring bit: khu vc 1, khu vc 2 v khu vc
3. Nhng khu vc 1 c khng phi mt m hai b nh tuyn (router): R'bi v R^BI- Hai b
nh tuyn ny u kt ni vi Rb2 v Rb3- Nh hnh v ta thy, Rb2 v Rb3 mun thng tin
vi nhau u phi thng qua R'bi hoc RÎ- Vic s dng hai b nh tuyn (router) khu
vc l do; nu ch s dng mt b nh tuyn th khi b nh tuyn ny xy ra s c VPN
ny s hon ton b t lit, cc khu vc trong mng khng th lin lc c vi nhau. Ch
rng, trong v d ny, cch nh a ch VPN A v VPN B hon ton ging nhau nhng
giao thc nh tuyn IP s dng th khc nhau. V d VPN A s dng giao thc OSPF cn
VPN B s dng giao thc RIP.
Mc d mng ring o VPN hin nay vn ch yu c xy dng trn m hnh chng
lp (overlay) nhng gii php ny hn ch rt nhiu vic trin khai dch v VPN trn quy
m ln. C nhiu nguyn nhn dn n nhc im ny.
Nguyn nhn th nht l do yu cu c t ra cho mi khch hng mun s dng
dch v VPN phi t xy dng mt mg trc (backbone) o cho s hot ng ca mng.
Yu cu ny i hi mt s hiu bit nht nh v nh tuyn IP, dn n c t cng ty c
th ng k s dng loi hnh mng ring o. Thm vo , yu cu cht lng dch v
c k thut ATM v Frame Relay cung cp nn cc thng s ly thuc v s x l ca
lp 2. Trong khi cht lng dch v dnh cho lu lng c quyt nh bi cc b nh
tuyn ng trc (backbone router) hot ng di s kim sot ca cc khch hng VPN
(VPN customer). V th yu cu phi c qu trnh nh x cht lng dch v lp IP sang
.cht lng dch v ca mng Frame Relay v ATM.
gii quyt vn ny nhng nh cung cp dch v mng ring o gii thiu mt
dch v mi c tn managed router. Trong nh cung cp dch v s xy dng v a
vo hot ng mt Tig trc (backbone) o cho mi khch hng. Tuy nhin nu nh s
lng khch hng ln n 100.000 th nh cung cp dch v phi xy dng v a vo hot
ng 100.000 cmg ttc (backbone) o khc nhau. iu ny i hi rt nhiu s u t t
nh cung cp dch v v s xy dng v a vo hot ng mt VPN khng phi l mt
cng vic n gin.
Tuy nhin khng c kh nng phc v mt s lng ln khch hng khng phi l
nhc im duy nht ca m hnh ny. Nhc im th hai toTig t nh nhc im ca
m hnh mng tch hp IP/ATM overlay c trnh by Chng 1. Khi mt VPN c
hnh thc kt ni nh VPN A, nu s lng khu vc ca VPN ny qu ln, t 1000 ln,
s lng ng kt ni trong mng s rt phc tp.
Mt vn na ca m hnh mng ny l s lng cu hnh phi thay i khi thm
vo VPN mt khu vc mi. ng vy, khi m rng quy m mng, nhng khu vc mi phi
thit lp kt ni vi tt c nhng khu vc cn lai trong mng.
Mt bin th khc ca m hnh mng chng lp (overlay) l m hnh mng trong
cc nh cung cp dch v trin khai cc b nh tuyn c kh nng hot ng nh nhng b
nh tuyn o. Trong trng hp ny, mt b nh tuyn hot ng nh mt tp hp cc b
nh tuyn o. Mt b nh tuyn o c chc niig tng ng mt b nh tuyn bnh
thng, ngoi tr vic n c th chia s CPU, bng thng, b nh vi nhng b nh tuyn
o khc. Mt b nh tuyn o kt ni im-im vi cc b nh tuyn o khc. Mi khu
Chng 6: Mng ring o 175
vc s c mt b nh tuyn kt ni vi mt b nh tuyn o xc nh. V th trong trTig
hp ny, tig ttc o bao gm nhng b nh tuyn o v cc Tig lin kt gia chng.
Vic s dng b nh tuyn o s gim s lng cc thit b vt l m mt nh cung
cp dch v phi qun l. L do ca u im ny l do mt b nh tuyn c th hot ng
nh nhiu b nh tuyn o, ong khi mt b nh tuyn o li phc v cho mt VPN
xc nh. Tuy nhin s dng b nh tuyn o vn khng khc phc c nhng hn ch
ca m hnh chng lp m chng ta cp trn. Cng khng c g ngc nhin bi v
tht ra s dng nhng b nh tuyn o vn khng lm thay i cu hnh mng. ch l s
thay th nhng b nh tuyn vt l bng nhng b nh tuyn o m thi.
Ngoi hnh thc s dng ng leased line. Frame Relay, ATM c th s dng GRE
v IPSec lin kt cc b nh tuyn. Tuy nhin c hai loi ny u ch thc hin kt ni
im-im gia cc router v khng thay i cu hnh mng. V th, VPN ny s tha
hng tt c nhng nhc im ca m hnh chng lp ng thi cng sinh ra mt s vn
cn phi gii quyt khc.
Khi s dng ng hm GRE gi gi d liu n mt a ch EP l im kt cui
ng hm, c th xy ra hin tng cc gi d liu c a vo VPN v c gi i bi
bt k b nh tuyn no, khng ch l router ti u Tig hm. Gii php cho vn ny
l s dng cc b lc gi nhng cu hnh s phc tp.
Gii php th hai l s dng ng hm IPSec. Vi IPSec, u kt cui ca ng
hm c th nhn thc ngi gi, v th ch c nhng gi d liu tht s do u gi to ra
mi c nhn v cc gi d liu khc s b loi b. Mt iu cn lu l vic s dng
ng hm IPSec l phng tin kt ni cc router c qun l bi cc nh cung cp dch
v tht s khng mang li s bo mt d liu cho cc khch hng. Nguyn nhn l do cc
nh cung cp dch v l ngd kim sot kho IPSec (IPSec key).
v mt cht lng dch v, ng hm GREv IPSec h tr tt nht cho m hnh
dch v phn bit (Differentiated Services). Tuy nhin khng khng nh c rng cung
cp cht lng dch v bng m hnh ny tht s khng thch hp vi nhng khch hng khi
h quen s h tr cht lng dch v bng k thut Frame Relay, ATM hay cc ng
leased line.
Mt im mi ca vic s dng ng hm GRE v IPSec l kh nng kt ni VPN
vo mng Internet. Tuy nhin theo tp ch Wed Magazine, thng 2.1998: txrng xy
dng mt mng ring trn c s h tng Inttenet bng cch to ra mg hm hay m ho
tht s s tn t chi ph hn. Tuy nhin hot ng ca n ging nh th bn n bng gii vo
tai ti qung trmg Times v gi v nh khng c ai xung quanh.
Ni tm ti, m hnh chng lp rt hn ch vic trin khai dch v dch v mng ring
o ttn quy m ln.
63. M HNH NGANG CP
Trong ton b phn trnh by sau y chng ta s cp n mt m hnh mng khc
cho vic xy dng mng ring o VPN, l m hnh ngang cp (peer-to-peer model).
Mc tiu chnh ca m hnh ny l khc phc nhng hn ch ca m hnh chng lp.
c bit m hnh ny cho php cc nh cung cp dch v mng ring o cung cp dch v
trn quy m ln (vi s lng ln n hng ngn, hng triu mng ring o), trong khng
176 Chuyn mch nha a giao thc MPLS
Chomg 6: Mng ring o 177
yu cu khch hng phi hiu bit nhiu v nh tuyn IP, ng thi h tt nhiu loi hnh
VPN khc nhau, t VPN c quy m nh ch c vi khu vc n nhng VPN quy m ln c
n hng trm, thm ch hng ngn khu vc. M hnh ny cng nhm gi chi ph cung cp
dch v VPN mc thp.
Nhng k thut chnh ca m hnh ny:
Phn b rng buc thng tin nh tuyn (Constrained Distribution of routing
information).
Bng a chuyn tip (Multiple Forwarding Tables).
S dng hnh thc a chi mi VPN-IP.
MPLS.
Trong nhng phn sau chng ta s tm hiu v nhng k thut ny, kt hp vi nhau
to nn mt gii php cho vic xy dng mng ring o p ng c nhng mc tiu
c cp trn.
Trn hnh 6.2 l m hnh nganj cp (peer-to-peer model). m my gia tng
trng cho tp hp ca mt hay nhiu nh cung cp dch v.
Nhimg trc tin chng ta nn tm hiu v mt s khi nim mi:
Customer Edge (CE) router: y l b nh tuyn kt ni mt khu vc trong VPN vo
h tng cu nh cung cp dch v.
Provider Edge (PE) router: b nh tuyn thuc mng li ca nhiu nh cung cp dch
v kt ni vi b nh tuyn CE (CE router).
Provider (P) router: b nh tuyn nm trong mng li ca nh cung cp dch v.
Hnh 6.2: M hnh mng BGP/MPLS VPN [1 ].
VPN A/Ste 2
VPN B/Site 1
VPN A/Site 3
Trn hnh v cho thy, mng VPN A c ba khu vc, mi khu vc c mt b nh
tuyn CE (CE router). Trong khi , khu vc 1 ca VPN B c hai b nh tuyn CE, khu
vc 2 v khu vc 3 mi khu vc c mt b nh tuyn CE. Trong mng li ca nh cung
cp dch v, mt b nh tuyn PE c th kt ni vi cc b nh tuyn CE thuc nhng
VPN khc nhau. Hn na, cc VPN khc nhau c th s dng a chi ging nhau. Nh
ong v d ton, PE2 kt ni vd CE'bi, CEa2 , CEb2 - Thm vo c khu vc 2 ca VPN A
v khu vc 3 ca VPN B u c chung a chi EP 10.2/16 cho tt c nhng v tr ong khu
vc. Khng ch th mt khu vc c th kt ni vi nhiu hn mt b nh tuyn PE. V d
khu vc 1 cu VPN B kt ni vi PEi v PE2 . M hnh mng nh hnh 6.2 c gi l m
hnh ngang p (peer-to-peer model) bi v, ng trn quan im v nh tuyn, b nh
tuyn ca khch hng ch kt ni trc tip vi b nh tuyn PE ca nh cung cp. Tri li
vi m hnh chng lp, cc b nh tuyn ca khch hng kt ni trc tip vi nhau thng
qua k thut lp 2 hoc ng hm IP c cung cp bi nh cung cp dch v.
6.4. PHN B RNG BUC THNG TIN NH TUYN
Phn b rng buc thng tin nh tuyn l k thut c s dng iu khin s kt
ni gia cc khu vc trong mt VPN. y l mt k thut kh c c s dng rng ri
trong Internet t nhng nm cui thp nin 80 ca th k 20. Kh nng iu khin c kt
ni l do s kt ni v s lu thng d liu c iu khin bi cc bng nh tuyn lu tr
trong b nh tuyn v ni dung ca cc bng nh tuyn c kim sot bi vic rng buc
lu lng ca thng tin nh tuyn. hiu c cch thc s dng k thut ny trong
BGP/MPLS VPN trc tin chng ta tm hiu nm bc ca qu trnh phn phi thng tin
nh tuyn:
Bc 1: Thng tin nh tuyn i t mt b nh tuyn CE n mt b nh tuyn PE
c kt ni trc tip vi n. C nhiu la chn thc hin cng vic ny nh giao
thc RIP, OSPF, BGP.
Bc 2: Ti b nh tuyn igress PE, thng tin c nhp vo giao thc BGP ca nh
cung cp.
Bc 3: Thng tin ny c phn b n cc b nh tuyn PE trong mng ca nh
cung cp dch v, s dng BGP.
Bc 4: Bc ny hon ton tri ngc vi bc 2. Ti b nh tuyn egress PE,
thng tin nh tuyn c tch ra t BGP.
Bc 5: Bc ny hon ton tri ngc vi bc 1. B nh tuyn PE gi thng tin
nh tuyn n b nh tuyn CE v c nhiu giao thc thc hin cng vic ny
nhRIP,OSPF.
thc hin phn b rng buc thng tin nh tuyn, ngi ta s dng k thut lc
thng tin nh tuyn da vo c tnh BGP Community. c tnh ny c xem nh mt
nhn dng dnh cho tuyn nh tuyn . Ti bc 2, b nh tuyn igress PE n nh c
tnh BGP Community thch hp cho tuyn nh tuyn trc khi a thng tin vo BGP. Ti
bc 4, b nh tuyn egressPE s dng c tnh Community ca tuyn kim sot vic
tci thng tin nh tuyn t BGP.
Ch rng, mt b nh tuyn igress PE c th dng ch mt c tnh Community
cho b nh tuyn CE kt ni trc tip vi n, ng thi b nh tuyn igress PE ny cng
c th n nh nhiu c tnh Community. K thut ny cho php s lin kt cc khu vc
trong mt VPN linh ng hn. iu ny cho php cc nh cung cp dch v s dng ch mt
k thut chung h tr cho khch hng cc chnh sch lin vng khc nhau.
Nh vy k thut phn b rng buc thng tin nh tuyn c thc hin bc hai
v bc bn. Hon na hai bc ny c nh cung cp dch v x l. V th khng yu cu
khch hng c hiu bit su v nh tuyn vn c cung cp dch v mng ring o VPN.
Chng ta tip tc s dng hnh nh c trnh by phn trc. Trong v d ny,
chng ta theo di qu trnh thng !in nh tuyn i t khu vc 1 n khu'vc 3 ca VPN A.
u tin l bc 1, giao thc RIP a thng tin nh tuyn ca a ch 10.1/16 t b nh
tuyn CE ca khu vc 1, CEai, n b nh tuyn PE kt ni vi n, PE]. bc 2, b nh
tuyn igress PE, cng chnh l PEi n nh c tnh BGP Community thch hp cho tuyn
nh tuyn ny v chuyn thng tin vo giao thc BGP ca nh cung cp. Ti bc 3, thng
tin ny s di chuyn ti cc b nh tuyn PE khc bng giao thc BGP. Bc 4, cn c vo
c tnh Community, b nh tuyn egress PE, PE3, tin hnh tch thng tin nh tuyn ra
khi BGP. Bc 5, thng tin nh tuyn c cc giao thc nh tuyn nh RIP, OSPF, IS
IS a t PE3 n CEa3 -
Sau y l k thut m BGP/MPLS VPN s dng thc hin kt ni cc khu vc
trong phm vi mt VPN. Trc ht chng ta thy rng, trong mt VPN, cc b nh tuyn
CE c kt ni trc tip vi b nh tuyn PE v khng cn phi nhn nhng b nh
tuyn CE cc khu vc khc. V th, khi c thm nhng khu vc mi, b nh tuyn CE
khng phi iu chnh li bng nh tuyn cng nh khng phi xy dng nhng mg kt
ni mi. c im ny cho php cc "nh cung cp dch v xy dng nhng VPN c quy m
ln, ln n hng trm n hng ngn khu vc khc nhau trong mt VPN.
Th hai, thm vo mt khu vc mi, m rng VPN, nh cung cp dch v ch cn
cu hnh li cho b nh tuyn PE kt ni vi b nh tuyn C ca khu vc mi ny. V
vy, khi lng cu hnh thay i cn c x l trong mt VPN khng ph thuc vo s
lng khu vc c trong VPN . Trong khi , m hnh chng lp, khi thm vo mt khu
vc mi, cc khu vc khc phi cp nht thng tin ny v thit lp kt ni vi khu vc ny.
Cui cng, mt b nh tuyn PE chi phi lu tr thng tin nh tuyn thuc v
nhng VPN m cc khu vc ca n kt ni trc tip vi b nh tuyn PE ny. Nh trn
hnh v, PE] ch cn lu gi nhng ng nh tuyn ca VPN A v VPN B, cn ring
nhng VPN khc, b nh tuyn PE khng cn lu gi bt c thng tin g.
Mt vn ny sinh khi s dng c tnh Community l mi nh cung cp dch v
ch c th c nhiu nht 2'^ gi tr ny. Bi v mi c tnh ny c chiu di 32 bit, trong
16 bits s dng cho ch s AS (Autonomous System) v 16 bit cn li c mi b i]
tuyn s dng c lp. Mi VPN cn t nht mt gi tr Community, diu nv dn dn
mt nh cung cp dch v ch c th phc v ti a 2 'khch hng. D khc ph^ han ch
ny, ngi ta a ra mt khi nim mi c tn l BGP Extended Community, cho php mi
b nh tuyn PE s dng ton 32 bit. V th mi nh cung cp dch v c th h tr en 2^^
c tnh Conununity khc nhau.
6.5. BNG A CHUYN TIP
Chc nng phn b rng buc thng tin nh tuyn tht s cn thit cho vic iu
khin kt ni nhng cha y . Chng ta bit rng mt b nh tuyn PE c th kt ni
vi nhiu khu vc thuc cc VPN khc nhau. Nu nh b nh tuyn ch c mt bng nh
tuyn cha tt c ng nh tuyn trong cc VPN ny, dn n vic khng th nh tuyn
ng cho cc gi d liu nn c th xy ra hin tng gi d liu b chuyn t VPN ny
sang VPN khc, c bit l khi cch nh a chi ging nhau.
V th, yu cu t ra l cc b nh tuyn PE phi c khng ch mt m nhiu bng
nh tuyn. B nh tuyn PE s gi mt bng nh tuyn cho mi VPN nu VPN c mt
hay nhiu khu vc kt ni vi b nh tuyn PE ny.
Khi nhn c gi d liu, b nh tuyn PE s nh tuyn cho gi d liu bng bng
nh tuyn tng ng. Do b nh tuyn PE cn phi xc nh c VPN ca gi. Thng
dng nht, b nh tuyn PE s cn c vo cng m gi d liu n n b nh tuyn PE.
Mi bng nh tuyn trn mt b nh tuyn PE c xy dng nn t hai ngun
thng tin. Th nht, cc tuyn nh tuyn m b nh tuyn PE nhn c t nhng b nh
tuyn CE kt ni vi b nh tuyn PE. Ngun thng tin th hai c b nh tuyn PE
nhn c t cc b nh tuyn PE khc trong mng. Nh cp phn 'uc, mi
thng tin nh tuyn m cc b nh tuyn PE nhn c t nhng b nh tuyn PE khc
u c n nh mt c tnh BGP Community. Da vo c tnh ny b nh tuyn PE
xc nh c thng tin thuc VPN no. Hy cng xem xt mt v d trnh by phng thc
xy dng VPN. Trung hp n gin nht l m hnh mt VPN c s kt ni cc khu vc
tng t nh VPN A. Trong trng hp ny, VPN ch c n nh c tnh BGP
Community Cciosed- Nh vy cc b nh tuyn PE kt ni vi nhng khu vc. ca VPN s
a thng tin nh tuyn nhn c t cc khu vc ny vo BGP vi c tnh c dng
Qiosed- Tng t, vi bng nh tuyn ca VPN , b nh tuyn PE s nhp vo nhng
thng tin nh tuyn c c tnh Cciosed-
Trong trng hp cc khu vc c s kt ni ging nh VPN B: cc khu vc ong
VPN mun lin lc vi nhau cn phi thng qua mt khu vc trung gian. Hnh thc ny
c gi l hub-and-spokes, trong , v d nh trongVPN B, khu vc 1 ng vai tr hub
v khu vq 2, khu vc 3 ng vai tr spokes.V th VPN ny cn phi c hai gi c tnh
khc nhau: Chub dnh cho hub, Cspokes dnh cho spokes. Do b nh tuyn PE lin kt vi
khu vc spokes ca VPN s n nh c tnh Cspokes cho thng tin nh tuyn nhn c t
nhng b nh tuyn CE ny v ch nhn t BGP nhng thng tin nh tuyn c c tnh
Chub- Ring b nh tuyn PE kt ni vi khu vc hub th ngc li, a vo BGP thng tin
nh tuyn c c tnh Chub v nhn v thng tin c c tnh Cspokes-
6.6. A CH VPN-IP
Nh cp n, m hnh VPN m ta tm hiu lBGP/MPLS VPN.Giao thc
BGP m cc b nh tuyn ong mng li ca nh cung cp dch v s dng trao i v
xy dng thng tin nh tuyn cho mi VPN. Giao thc BGP s dng a ch IP, th nhng
cch nh a chi cu cc VPN c lp vi nhau dn n trng hp cc VPN c cch nh
a chi ging nhau. V th, cn phi c mt gii php cho vn s dng giao thc BGP
trong mt mi trng m a ch IP khng phi l c nht. R rng chng ta cn mt hnh
thc a ch mi thay th cho a ch IP v a chi ny phi l duy nht. Hnh thc a ch
mi ny c gi l a ch VPN-EP. a ch VPN-IP c cu trc gm mt thnh phn c
chiu di c nh 64 bit, c gi l b phn bit tuyn (Route Distinguisher) v thnh phn
a ch IP. Mi nh cung cp dch v c thnh phn b phn bit tuyn (Route
Distinguisher) ring bit. Thnh phn ny c cu trc nh trong hnh 6.3.
h n h 6.3: cu Uic cn thnh phn b phn bit tuyn.
Chng 6; Mng ring o 181
Loi (1)
(2*8 bit)
Ch s AS (2)
(2*8 bit)
Ch s AN (3)
(4*8 bit)
Vng (2) cha ch s AS (Atonomous system) ca nh cung cp dch v. V nh cung
cp dch v n nh cho mi VPN mt ch s c tn gi l AN (Assigment Number). V
trong phm vi mt mng ca nh cung cp dch v, cc VPN khng s dng chung ch s
AN (Assigment Number) v ch s ASN (Autonomous System Number) l duy nht trn
ton cu, do mi VPN s c mt thnh phn b phn bit tuyn ring bit.
ng trn ci nhn v PGP, vic nh tuyn theo a ch VPN-EP khng khc vi s
nh tuyn bng a ch IP. Nhng c mt im quan trng cn phi ni n, giao thc BGP
hon ton khng bit n cu trc a ch VPN-IP cng nh cu trc ca thnh phn b
phn bit tuyn, khi so snh hai a ch VPN-IP, BGP hon ton b qua cu trc ny, s
dng BGP Route Reflector, BGP Refresh nh tuyn vi a chi VPN-IP nh nh tuyn
vi a chi IP thng thng.
Vic s dng a ch IP hon ton do nh cung cp dch v VPN quyt nh. Cc khch
hng VPN khng bit g v hnh thc a chi ny. Qu ttnh chuyn i t a ch VPN-IP
sang a ch IP c tin hnh ti b nh tuyn PE. B nh tuyn PE s lu gi thnh phn
b phn bit tuyn (Route Distinguisher) ca cc VPN kt ni trc tip vi n. Nh vy, khi
b nh tuyn PE nhn p thng tin nh tuyn t mt b nh tuyn CE, n s xc nhn
VPN ca b nh tuyn CE ny ng thi trc khi a thng tin ny vo giao thc BGP, n
s chuyn i t a ch IP sang a chl VPN-EP. Tng t, khi nhn c thng tin nh
tuyn, b nh tuyn PE s thc hin chuyn i t a chi VPN-IP sang a ch IP.
n y, chng ta s c s so snh v vai tr ca a ch VPN-BP v c tnh BGP
Community. C hai vn cn cp n. vn th nht l bng cch no hot ng vi
nhng a chi khng phi l duy nht ttong phm vi ton cu. Gii php cho vn ny l
a ch VPN-EP vi thnh phn b phn bit tuyn. V vy thnh phn ny c s dng
phn bit a ch IP. Tuy nhin thnh phn na khng c s dng kt ni c rng buc,
n khng s dng lc thng tin nh tuyn, vn th hai l kt ni c rng buc. Gii
php l chc nng phn phi rng buc thng tin nh tuyn c thc hin bng cch lc
thng tin nh tuyn da vo c tnh BGP Community. c tnh ny, tri li, khng s
dng phn bit a ch BP.
Ch rng, nhng VPN khc nhau th thnh phn b phn bit tuyn s dng phi
khc nhau, th nhumg mt VPN c th s dng nhiu b phn bit tuyn (v d ca trng
hp ny l hnh thc a nh cung cp dch vu). Tng t, c tnh BGP Community ca hai
VPN bt k cng khng c ging nhau nhng mt VPN c th c nhiu c tnh ny
(trng hp VPN c hnh thc hub-and-spoke). Nh vy, ni chung, c hai thnh phn b
phn bit tuyn v BGP Community u khng th xc nhn mt VPN.
Cng cn bit thm rng, a ch VPN-IP ch c s dng trong cc giao thc nh
tuyn, n khng c trong tiu ca gi IP. V th, a ch khng c s dng chuyn
gi. MPLS l k thut thc hin vic chuyn gi trong mng.
6.7. MPLS
Nh cp trn, tin trnh xy dng thng tin nh tuyn hon ton ch s dng
n a ch VPN-IP, trong khi a ch ny khng c trong tiu ca gi IP. Vy cn c vo
u di chuyn gi i trong mng?
Gii php cho vn ny l MPLS. MPLS s chuyn gi d liu IP trn nhng tuyn
nh tuyn c xy dng da trn a ch VPN-IP. MPLS c kh nng ny bi v MPLS
tch ri ing tin c s dng chuyn gi, l nhn, vi thng tin cha ttong tiu
ca gi EP. V chng ta cng bit rng a ch VPN-IP ch do nh cung cp dch v bit nn
cng ch c nh cung cp dch v s dng n MPLS.
Nh vy, r rng b nh tuyn PE ng vai tr mt edge LSR. C th l igress LSR
hoc egress LSR. C ngha l b nh tuyn PE chuyn gi d liu t khng c nhn sang
c nhn v ngc li.
Khi b nh tuyn PE nhn c gi d liu t b nh tuyn CE, cn c vo cng
vo ca gi d liu, b nh tuyn PE s xc nh VPN ca b nh tuyn CE ny, cng c
ngha l xc nhn c bng nh tuyn, cn c gi l LIB (label information base). B
nh tuyn PE da vo thng tin trn tiu IP, chng hn nh a ch ch, tin hnh d
tm trn bng FIB, xc nh v gn mt nhn tng ng vo gi d liu.
nng cao kh nng m rng, chng ta s dng chc nng nh tuyn phn cp.
thc hin chc nng ny, chng ta s dng hai mc nhn. Mc nhn th nht c s dng
chuyn gi d liu trn LSP t igress LSR n egress LSR. Mc nhn th hai c xc
nh bi giao thc LDP hoc giao thc RSVP, CR-LDP nu nh nh cung cp dch v
mun thc hin k thut lu lng (traffic engineering). Mc nhn th hai c b nh
tuyn PE ng ra s dng xc nh VPN ca gi d liu v c n nh thng qua BGP
cng vi a chi VPN-IP. hiu r hn, chng ta cng xem xt v d c trnh by trong
hnh 6.4.
Hnh 6.4 cho thy hai khu vc khc nhau ca mt VPN, b nh tuyn CE ca khu
vc 1 c k hiu CEi, b nh tuyn CE ca khu vc 2 l CE2 . C hai b nh tuyn PE
PEi v PE2 u lu gi thnh phn b phn bit tuyn ca VPN cng nh c tnh BGP
Community, cng vo ca d liu t CEi n PEi cho php xc nh LIB ca VPN. CEi
gi d liu n PE] vi a ch ch l 10.1.1/24, PEi xc nh bng nh tuyn dnh cho gi
d liu v bt u tin hnh tm kim trn bng ny. Sau khi tm kim, PEi gn vo gi d
liu hai nhn v gi n b nh tuyn P]. B nh tuyn Pi da vo nhn th nht xc nh
b nh tuyn P2 l nt mng k tip nhn gi d liu. Ti y b nh tuyn P2 l
penultimate hop trn LSP kt ni PEi v PE2, s g mc nhn th nht ra khi gi d liu v
chuyn n PEa- PE2 nhn c gi d liu chi c mt mc nhn, nhn ny c PE2
chuyn n cc b nh tuyn PE khc bng giao thc BGP, v cn c vo nhn ny PE2 s
gi gi d liu n> nh tuyn CE2 l nt mng c a ch ch 10.1.1/24.
S dng chc nng nh tuyn phn cp gim thiu c lng thng tin lun gi
mi b nh tuyn p. Ly v d mt nh cung cp dch v mng ring o VPN c tt c 200
b nh tuyn trong mng li, bao gm c b nh tuyn PE v b nh tuyn p, vi s
lng mng ring o VPN l 10.000 v mi VPN c trung bnh 100 tuyn nh tuyn. Nh
vy nu khng s dng nh tuyn phn cp, s lng Tig nh tuyn m b nh tuyn p
phi lu gi thng tin n un 10.000*100 = 10^ Vi chc nng nh tuyn phn cp, s
lng y ch cn l 200.
Hnh 6,4: S dng hai mc nhn [1 ].
BGP(Dest=RD:10,1.1,Next hop=PE2 ,Label=X)
CE2
Gi IP
6.7.1. Bo mt
Bo mt lun l mt yu cu quan trng trong bt k m hnh mng ring o no.
Trong lnh vc bo mt, mc tiu ca m hnh BGP/MPLS VPN l t c s bo mt c
th so snh vi s bo mt m cc m hnh VPN da n FrameRelay (Frame Relay-based
VPN) hay VPN da trn ATM (ATM-based VPN) mang li. c bit, mc tiu cn m
bo rng: mt gi d liu thuc VPN ny khng th i vo VPN khc khi s lin kt c s
c hoc cu hnh khng chnh xc.
Lm th no thc hin c mc tiu ny? u tin chng ta bit rng cc nh cung
cp dch v s dng k thut chuyn mch nhn khng phi l nh tuyn IP trc y. V
th s chuyn gi d liu i trong mng khng da vo a ch IP trn tiu . Hn na, tt
c LSP u bt u v kt thc ti cc b nh tuyn PE, chng khng bt u cng nh
khng kt thc ti cc b nh tuyn p trong mng li ca nh cung cp dch v. Ti mi b
nh tuyn PE, cc LSP gn lin vi nhng bng nh tuyn xc nh cng nh cc bng
nh tuyn lin h vi cc giao din trn b nh tuyn PE v cc giao din th lin h vi
cc VPN.
Do , khi mt b nh tuyn PE gi n b nh tuyn CE no d liu, gi d liu
ny c th n t mt b nh tuyn CE khc hoc mt b nh tuyn PE no . Trong
trng hp u tin, c hai b nh tuyn CE gi v nhn phi cng thuc mt VPN v s
dng chung bng nh tuyn trn b nh tuyn CE. trng hp sau, LSP ca gi d liu
lin h vi mt bng nh tuyn xc nh v bng nh tuyn ny c xy dng cho VPN.
Nh vy, gi d liu phi n b nh tuyn igress PE trn giao din lin kt vi VPN. R
rng vic a mt gi d liu vp VPN hon ton c thc hin thng qua giao din trn b
nh tuyn PE kt ni vi VPN y. V th cc gi d liu khng i lc vo cc VPN khc.
6.7.2. H tr cht lng dch v
Trong lnh vc cht lng dch v, yu cu t ra l kh nng cung cp cht lng
dch v p ng c mt s lng ln cc khch hng VPN vi nhng yu cu a dng. V
d, mt nh cung cp dch v c th cung cp nhiu lp cht lng dch v cho mt VPN v
nhng ng dng khc nhau trong VPN ny s thuc v nhng phn lp dch v khc nhau.
Vi cch thc ny, dch v mail s thuc v mt lp dch v COS (Class of Service) no
ong khi nhng ng dng thi gian thc COS hon ton khc. Hn na COS ca mt ng
dng trong phm vi mt mang ring o VPN c th khc vi COS ca cng ng dng y
nhng thuc v VPN khc. S khc nhau ny c ngha cc VPN c lp trong vic n
nh lp dch v (COS) cho cc ng dng. Thm vo , khng phi VPN no cng s dng
tt c lp dch v COS m nh cung cp dch v h .
Trc khi tm hiu n nhng k thut m BGP/MPLS VPN s dng h tr cht
lng dch v, ta xem xt n hai m hnh cht lng dch v trong VPN: m hnh hg
ng pipe v m hnh hose.
6.7.2.L M hnh Pipe
Vi m hnh u tin, nh cung cp dch v mng ring o VPN cung cp cht lng
dch v cho lung lim lng khi i t b nh tuyn CE ny n b nh tuyn CE khc
cng thuc mt VPN. Trong trng hp ny s c mt ng ng pipe kt ni hai b nh
tuyn ny v bt c luru lng no i vo c ng hm cng nhn c s m bo cht
lng dch v. V d Tig hm ny m bo bng thng kt ni gia hai b nh tuyn
CE. V quyt nh lu lng no c s dng mg hm hon ton thuc v b nh
tuyn PE u ng hm.
Hnh thc ny kh ging vi m hnh cht lng dch v m cc mng VPN da n
FrameRelay (Frame Relay- based VPN) v VPN da ttn ATM (ATM-based VPN) cung
cp. im khc nhau ch yu l cc kt ni Frame Relay v ATM l cc kt ni song
hng, trong khi m hnh ng hm l kt ni n hng. c im ny ca m hnh
ng hm xut pht t s bt i xng trong vic truyn d liu, khi s lgmg d liu i t
khu vc ny sang khu vc khc c th khc vi s lng d liu i theo hng ngc li.
Hnh 6.5 l mt v d ca m hnh ng hm pipe, trong nh cung cp dch v
cung cp cho VPN A mt ng hm bng thng 7 Mb/s cho d liu i t khu vc 1 n
khu vc 3, hay c th ni i t CEai n CEa3 v mt Tig hm bng thng 10 Mb/s t
CEa3 n CEa2 - Nh vy t mt b nh tuyn CE c th xut pht hoTi mt cmg hm.
Tuy nhin m hnh ny c nhc im. N yu cu khch hng phn bit c s
lng d liu di chuyn gia cc khu vc. i khi thng tin ny khng c cp nht hay
khng th s dng c.
Hnh 6.5: M hnh QoS pipe [2].
VPN A/Site 2
VPN B/Site 1 VPN B/Site 2
10 Mb/s t
CEa3 n CEa2
10;^/16
VPN A/Site 1
VPN A/Site 3
VPN B/Site 3
. 7.2.2. M hnh Hose
Trong m hnh ny, nh cung cp cht lmg dch v h tr cho mi khch hng mt
s mc cht lng dch v nht nh cho lu lng d liu thuc mng ring o VPN.
M hnh Hose s dng hai tham s: Tc aing bnh li vo ICR (Igress
Coramiteed Rate) v Tc trung bnh li ra ECR (Egress Committed Rate). ICR l tng s
lu lng m mt b nh tuyn CE gi n cc b nh tuyn CE khc. Cn ECR l tng
s lu lng m mt b nh tuyn CE nhn c t cc b nh tuyn CE khc. c bit,
vi mi b nh tuyn CE, khng yu cu gi tr ICR phi bng vi ga tr ECR. Di y l
hnh nh v d v m hnh Hose.
Trong m hnh ny, nh cung cp dch v mng ring o VPN m bo bng thng
cho tt c lu lng xut pht t CEb2 l 15Mb/s, ICR =15Mb/s, v khng tnh n ni nhn
lung lu lng l CEbi hay CEb2 - Tng t lu lng m CEb3 gi n cc b nh tuyn
CE khc trong VPN u c cung cp bng thng l 7Mb/s, ICR=7Mb/s. V nh ta iy
trn hnh 6.6, lu lng m CEb2 nhn c t cc b nh tuyn CE khc trong VPN s
c cung cp bng thng l 15Mb/s, ECR=15Mb/s.
Hnh 6.6: M hnh QoS hose [2],
VPN B/Site 1
ICR 7 Mb/s
ECR 7Mb/s
VPN A/Site 1
VPN A/Site 2
VPN A/Site 3
VPN B/Site 3
Nh vy m hnh hose rt ging vi m hnh dch v phn bit (Differentiated
Service) cp n ong chooig 4 Cht lng dch v. Mi hnh Hose cung cp nhiu
lp dch v v mi lp khc nhau nhng thng s, v d dch ny c th c ti l mt gi
d liu thp hn dch v khc. Tuy nhin nu ng dng yu cu cht lng dch v chnh
xc, v d nh bng thng m bo, th m hnh pipe thch hp hoti. M hnh pipe ging vi
m hnh Dch v tch hp cng c cp chng 4 Cht lng dch v.
C hai m hnh ny u khng loi tr ln nhau. V th mt nh cung cp dch v c
th h tx c hai m hnh ny cho mt khch hng s dng dch v VPN v khch hng s
quyt nh m hnh cng nh lp dch v COS dnh cho lu lmg,
h m hnh pipe, chng ta s dng nhng LSP c bng thng m bo,
c cp phn nh tuyn rng buc thuc chng 5. Nhng LSP ny xut pht
cng nh kt thc ti cc b nh tuyn PE v c bng thng m bo. Vi hai b nh
tuyn PE bt k, mi b nh tuyn PE kt ni vi nhiu b nh tuyn CE v gia chng c
nhiu ng hm nn thay y xy dng cho mt ng hm mt LSP, chng ta s dng mt
LSP cho tt c cc mg hm.
Tr li hnh 6.5, xy dng mt ng hm t CEa3 n CEai thuc VPN A v mt
ng hm t CEb3 n CE\i thuc VPN B, ngi ta xy dng mt LSP bng thng m
bo t PE3 n PEi v bng thng ca LSP ny bng tng bng thng ca hai ng hm.
S dng ch mt LSP phc v cho nhiu ng hm gia hai b nh tuyn PE gip cho m
hnh ny c th trin khai rng ri, V s lng cc LSP m bo bng thng m nh cung
cp dch v xy dng b gii hn bi s b nh tuyn PE trong mng li, thay v ph thuc
vo s lng ng hm phi cung cp cho khch hng.
Nh cung cp dch v s s dng dch v phn bit (Differentiated Services) h tr
cho m hnh hose. Ngoi ra nh cung cp dch v c th s dng chc nng qun l lu
fng MPLS nng cao hiu sut s dng ti nguyn mng.
B nh tuyn PE s thG hin cng vic xc nh lp dch v COS cho lu lng cn
c vo cc yu t: giao din lu lng ti trn b nh tuyn PE, a ch IP ch v a chi
IP ngun, IP Precedence, ch s cng TCP.
Mc d khch hng s k vi nh cung cp dch v mt hp ng yu cu c cung
cp lp dch v cho lu lng. Tuy nhin vn c trng hp lu lTig khch hng gi n
vt qu ngTig cho php. V th nh cung cp dch v s c nhng bin php kim sot ti
b nh tuyn igress PE. Nu lu lng vt ra ngoi phm vi cam kt, nh cung cp dch
v s c hai hng x l: mt l hy b lu lng ny ngay ti b nh tuyn igress PE
hoc vn gi i nhng lu lng b nh du l khng hp l. Vi s la chn cch x l
th hai, c hai lung lu lTig hp l v khng hp l s cng di chuyn trn LSP. Nhng
khi trong mng xy ra xung t, lu lng khng hp l s b mt.
6.7.3. Kh nng m rng
Qua nhng g trnh by trn, b nh tuyn CE ch lu gi thng tin nh tuyn
vi b nh tuyn PE m n trc tip kt ni. Nh vy s lng thng tin lu gi khng ph
thuc vo s lng khu vc ca VPN, do s lng khu vc trong mt VPN c th ln
n con s hng trm, hng ngn. ng thi khi thm vo mt khu vc khng phi thit lp
kt ni khu vc mi vi tt c cc khu vc cn li.
Ngoi ra, vi vic s dng chc nng nh tuyn phn cp MPLS cho php gim
thiu s lng thng tin nh tuyn lu gi trong p router, p router chi ]u gi thng tin lin
quan n LSP lin kt hai b nh tuyn PE bt k c xy dng bng cc giao thc LDP
(Label Disibution Protocol), RSVP (Resoure Reservation Protocol)...
Th hai, mt b nh tuyn PE ch lu gi thng tin nh tuyn lin quan n nhng
mng ring o VPN c cc khu vc kt ni trc tip vi n. Nu nh s lng thng tin
nh tuyn lu gi tx nn qu ln, chng ta thm vo mt b nh tuyn PE mi v chuyn
mt s VPN t b nh tuyn ny sang b nh tuyn mi.
Nh vy khng c thnh phn no trong mng li ca nh cung cpl dch v phi lu
gi thng tin nh tuyn ca tt c mng ring o VPN. V th kh nng trin khai trn mt
quy m ln khng b hn ch.
6.8. TM TT
Mt c im c bn ca m hnh BGP/MPLS VPN l khng c s rng buc trong
k hoch nh a ch cho mng ring o VPN. Cc VPN c th s dng bt c hnh thc
a ch no, v d a chi ring, a ch DP ...
Vn bo mt c th so snh vi m hnh VPN da trn Frame Relay v VPN da
trn ATM.
Chong 6: Mng ring o ' 187
Hn na, v lii vc cung cp cht lng dch v, nh cung cp dch v c th h tr
cho khch hng nhiu lp dch v COS vi hai m hnh chnh l pipe v hose. B nh
tuyn PE s quyt nh, lp dch v dnh cho lini lng.
Ngoi ra, m hnh ny c th trin khai trn quy m ln vi s lfng khu vc trong
mi mng ring o VPN ln n hng trm hng ngn. M hnh ny cho php mt nh cung
cp dch v s dng chung h tng mng cung cp dch v VPN v dch v Internet.
V lin kt gia b nh tuyn CE v b nh tuyn PE l lin kt IP cng nh nh
cung cp dch v s s dng k thut chuyn mch nhn MPLS nn k thut lp lin kt d
liu c th l Frame Relay, ATM, leased lines, DSL ... kt ni b nh tuyn CE vi b
nh tuyn PE v b nh tuyn PE vi b nh tuyn p.
iu quan trng ca m hnh ny l khng yu cu khch hng VPN phi c hiu bit
nhiu v mng. Khch hng khng phi xy dng v a vo hot ng mg trc
(backbone) o ca ring n. V vy m hnh ny c th phc v cho nhiu khch hng hn.
CHNG 7: XY DtjfNG
M]VG NG TRIC MPLS
Mng MPLS c th c xy dng bi nhiu cch, s dng s kt hp ca cc LSR
v cc ATM MPLS LSR. Nhng nghin cu thit k cho mng MPLS c m t nh sau:
7.1. MNG MPLS TRN GI
Hinh 7.1: Mng MPLS trn gi [3].
Khch hng A Khch hng B
Frame Relay, ATM,
PVP, knh thu ring,
FE. GE hoc bt k
lin kt lp 2 no
Frame Relay, ATM,
PVP, knh thu ring,
FE. GE hoc bt k
lin kt lp 2 no
Nh cung L PE2
cp dch v
PoP-2
CE
Khch hng c
Khch hng B
Khch hng A Khch hng D Khch hng A Khch hng c
Nh cung cp Nh cung cip
dch v PoP-3 dch v PoP-4
Router LSR
Router
Trong hnh 7.1 cho thy mt mng MPLS gi s dng Tig trc l b nh tuyn.
Nhng lin kt gia cc b nh tuyn p, cc PE n p, v PE n b nh tuyn CE c th
l kt hp bt k cc k thut lp 2. Tiu MPLS c mang trong mt tiu thm vo
trong trng hp tiu ca lp 2 khng h tr nhn v trong trng VPWCI trong trTig
hp ca ATM. Backbone MPLS khng cn phi c kt thng hon ton. Tuy nhin i
vi IGP (Interior Gateway Protocol) (OSPF hay IS-IS) th cn c kt ni hon ton. Nhng
b nh tuyn PE hot ng nh im truy cp PoP (point of presence) v c th c t
ti cc thit b hay trung tm d liu ca cc nh cung cp dch v. Thit k mng MPLS
trn gi theo cng quy tc vi thit k cho mng nh tuyn IP chun.
7.2. MNG MPLS TRN ATM
Hnh 7.2: Mng MPLS trn ATM [3].
Nh cung
cp dch v
PoP-2
Frame Relay. ATM,
PVP, knh thu ring.
FE. GE hoc bt k
lin kt lp 2 no
Nh cung cp Nh cung cp
Router LSR Router ATM LSR B tp trung
Mng MPLS s dng LSR ATM trong li v kt hp cc b nh tuyn ATM hay cc
LSR ATM khc (thc hin chc nng LSR ra hay PE) ti cc im truy cp. Nhng s
kt hp khc nhau c trnh by trong hnh 7.2. Cc LSR ATM li s dng nhng knh
Chng 7: Xy dng mng ng trc MPLS 191
nhn o (Label Virtual Circuit LVC) giao tip vi cc LSR li khc v cc b nh tuyn
PE ATM. FKn iu khin chuyn mch nhn (Label Switch Controller LSC) ti PoP-1 ca
nh cung cp dch v c th c chc nng nh l mt LSR ra. iu ny lm gim yu cu
cho cc b nh tuyn PE ATM ring r cn c t cng vi LSR ATM li.
Lu lng ti PoP-2 ca nh cung cp dch v t khch hng B v c c th c tng
hp ti giao din ca mt thit b giao tip X v c truyn trn cc PVC ATM n LSR
ATM gn nht, trong trng hp ny l PE3. Mng MPLS ATM vi cc LSR ra cho gi
c th s dng cc thit b giao tip nh X nu c truy nhp yu cu qua mt thit b m
khng h tr dch v MPLS. Lu lng ca khch hng c mang qua thit b truy cp
n LSR ra. Gia thit b truy cp v LSR ra c cc Tig lin kt logic khc nhau cho
mi khch hng, n c th l Frame Relay hay PVC ATM hay mt lin kt ppp.
7.3. MNG MPLS TRN HN HP GIA ATM V GI
Hnh 7.3: Mng MPLS hn hp [3].
Nh cung
cp dch v
PoP-2
Nh cung cp
dch v PoP-1
Frame Relay
hoc tp trung
song song
trn gi |Khch hng B
Frame Relay. ATM,
PVP, knh thu ring.
FE, GE hoc bt k
lin kt lp 2 no
Nh cung cp Nh cung cp
Router LSR Router ATM LSR B tp tmng
Mng hn hp s dng mt s kt hp ca LSR ATM, LSR ATM ra v LSR trn
gi ra. iu ny c th kt hp mng MPLS trn ATM v mng MPLS trn gi vi cc
LSR ATM li. Cc LSR ra nm trn lp phn b v cc LSR trn gi nm trn phn
mch cn li ca lp truy cp. Mt v d v mng hn hp c ch ra trong hnh 7.3. Trong
mt mng nh vy, mt vi lin kt c th chy MPLS trn gi v phn khc c th chy
MPLS trn ATM. Thit b giao tip gia MPLS trn gi v MPLS n ATM c i l
cng cc LSR ra ATM.
7.4. TCH HP MPLS VO MNG ATM
Nhiu nh cung cp dch v hin ti hot ng trn mng Tig trc ATM v cung
cp cc dch v ATM v Frame Relay cho cc khch hng ca h. Hu ht khch hng chy
ng dng IP trn nn ATM hay Frame Relay nh vo cc nh cung cp dch v. Nhng cu
trc ny cho thy c nhiu yu im ca IP truyn thng trn mng ATM, ch yu l
gim cc b nh tuyn ngang cp trong vn pht trin, v hiu qu bng thng thp (nh
ta tho lun cc phn trc).
Mng MPLS l mt thay th xut sc. Chng cho php pht trin ti u v bng
thng hiu qu vi kh nng qun l lu lng v QoS. MPLS c th c trin khai vo
mng ATM truyn thng mt cch t tr, khi u bng mt cp ATM LSR trong mng.
MPLS c th c trin khai qua cc chuyn mch (switch) khng c h - MPLS bng
vic s dng kt ni VP qua cc chuyn mch ATM truyn thng. Nhng kt ni VP ny
cn gi l nhng ng hm VP (tunnels VP) bi v chng cho php MPLS to mt ng
hm qua xuyn cc chuyn mch ATM. Nhng ng hm VP lm cho tch hp hon ton
MPLS d dng, mc d n vn c nhng bt li.
Nhng bc sau tch hp MPLS vo mng ATM:
Hnh 7.4: Bc tch hp mt 13].
LSR ra LSR ra
LSR ra
ChoTig 7: Xy dng mng ng trc MPLS
193
Bc 1: Cu hnh v ci t LSR ATM ra nn b nh tuyn s dng PVP hay
PVC qua mng backbone ATM. Nhng PVP v PVC ny phi c cu hnh trn cc
chuyn mch ATM s dng phng php cu hnh PCP. Mt k hoch tch hp linh
ng khi u cho s a MPLS vo mt mng ATM c trnh by trong hnh 7.4.
Hnh 7.4 ch ra v tr khi u vi cc b nh tuyn c ni bi cc PVP qua mt
m my ATM. Nhng ti thd im ny vn c nhng yu im ca mng IP- over-
ATM. Nhng n c th h cc dch v MPLS.
Hnh 7.5: Bc tch hp hai [3].
LSR ra
Lin kt PVP'
hoc PVC
Mng ng
trc ATM
LSR ra
Lin kt PVP
hoc PVC
Mng ng
trc ATM
LSR rla LSR ria LSR ra
Bc 2: a cc LSR ATM vo mng li, nh ttong hnh 7.5. C th chuyn i cc
chuyn mch ATM iiyn thng thnh LSR ATM bng cch gn thm phn iu khin
chuyn mch lin LSC (Label Switch Conoller) v cu hiih ti nguyn cho phn
MPLS. Nhng LSR ATM vn c i h tr cc dch v ATM truyn thng. Do cn
cn thn lm vic vi cc khch hng ang s dng PVP hay PVC ATM. Ngoi ra phi
dnh cc VCI t 2 n 15 cho LVC s dng, s lng PVP cho mi LSR ria c
th c gim ti mt (hoc hai nu c bo v), v c th l 0 nu LSR ra ni trc
tip vi LSR ATM, lc ny LSR ra c th c cu hnh vi LVCi Cc LSR ATM
c ti c ni n cc chuyn mch ATM t^yn thng bng nhiu cch khc nhau.
Hnh 7.6: Bitc tch hp ba [3].
LSR ra ATM
LSR ra ATM
LSR ra
Lin kt PVP
hoc PVC
Mng ng
trc ATM
LSR ra
Bc 3: Thc hin chuyn i cc chuyn mch ATM aiyn thng trong ra ca mng
thnh LSR ATM, nh trong hnh 7.6. cn phi cn thn khng phi lm gin on
cc dch v ca cc khch hng ATM hay Frame Relay ttong qu ttnh trung gian.
Hnh 7.7: Bc tch hp bn [3].
LSR ria ATM ________ LSR ria ATM
LSRraATM -------- - --------------- - LSRraATM
Bc 4: Chuyn i tt c cc chuyn mch ATM cn li trong li thnh LSR ATM
lm mng tr thnh hon ton MPLS ATM nh trong hnh 7.7. S dng PVP khng
cn thit, thay th bng LVC, c s dng trong li v gia li vi LSR ra.
7.4.1. Nhng vn cn quan tm kM chn thit b LSR ATM ra
C bn vn cn quan tm:
Cc kiu dch v c th c h tr: l cc dch v DP, ATM hay kt hp c hai.
Cc kiu truy cp khc nhau v nhng giao thc lin quan: cc card ng dy phi
s dng mt k thut v giao thc giao tip vi phn ln b nh tuyn CE nh ni
tip, ni tip/Frame Relay, ISDN ti El/Tl, 10 Mb/s Ethernet, Fast Ethernet, Gigabit
Ethernet, HSSI, ni tip tc cao, ATM, gi trn SONET/SDH......
S lng ng dy v s tng hp ca chng: cn la chn thit b ph hp vi s
lng ng dy hin ti v tng lai.
Yu cu cho vic d tr v tin cy: cc yu cu ong vic la chn LSR ra l
kh nng d phng nng (standby hot), thm v bt card online (khng tt my), h
nhiu trang ngi dng.
7.4.2. Nhng yu cu trong la chn LSR ATM
H tr cc kiu khc nhu ca ng trung k.
S lng cc trung k c i h tr.
S lng kt ni h tt.
Yu cu cho d tr v tB cy.
7.5. XY DNG MNG MPLS
Thit k mng MPLS phi c hon thnh trc khi ci t mng m bo
mng hot ng ti u v tin cy. Nhng bc cn thit sau cn phi tnh ton trong khi
xy dng mng.
Thit k PoP.
Tnh kch thc lin kt ng trc MPLS.
Thit k nh tuyn lfp 3.
TnhLVCMPLS...
7.5.1. Thit k im truy cp PoP
Thit k PoP (point of presence) bat buc phi bao gm s la chn kiu truy nhp
ng dy v thit b cho mng.
V tr ca PoP c xc nh ch yu bi lu lng ngi dng v v tr ca cc trung
tm dn c. Mt k hoch tnh ton hp l phi c thc hin trc khi thit k PoP. K
hoch ny phi lm nhng c tnh chnh xc cho s pht trin ca lu lng trong tng
lai da vo cc khch hng hin ti.
7.5.2. Thit k PoP ca mt LSR ATM n ra
Mt thit k PoP ca LSR ATM ra nh ttong hnh 7.8, c s dng nu node c
th h tr s lng v kiu Tig dy c yu cu bi b nh tuyn CE ca khch hng
ti v tr PoP. Mt LSR ra n kh nhy vi vn pht trin. iu ny c th trnh nu
LSR ATM ra c cng t vi LSR ATM v cc LSR ra thm vo c th gn vo cc
cng ATM ca LSR ATM li.
Hnh 7.8: Mt LSR ATM ra [3].
Chong 7: Xy dng mng ng trc MPLS 195
Router CE
7.5.3. Thit k PoP cho cc LSR ra v LSR ATM
Neu cc fng dy a truy cp c h tr ti mt PoP, PoP c th yu cu nhiu
hn mt LSR ra ti . Tng ng, cc kiu ca LSR ra khc nhau c th c yu
cu bi v c nhiu kiu truy cp khc nhau c h tr. Phi ch l cng t mt LSR
ATM v tr c nhiu LSR ra trong PoP. cu trc ny c ch ra trong hnh 7.9.
Trong hnh 7.9 LSR ATM chuyn mch cc lu lng gia cc LSR ra khc nhau
trong PoP. N cn c th tp trung lu lng t PoP ny vo mt tp n cc ng lin kt
MPLS ATM. V vn pht trin nh tuyn c ci thin bi v ch mt giao thc nh
tuyn ngang cp c yu cu t LSR ATM n cc im khc ong mng MPLS. Nu
khng c LSR ATM, nhiu giao thc nh tuyn ngang cp phn tch s c yu cu bi
tt c cc LSR ra. Vic gim cc cp Tig lin kt gia LSK ra v LSR ATM ph
thuc vo yu cu v tin cy.
Hnh 7.9: Nhiu LSR ra [3].
Router CE
7.5.4. Thit k b tp trung, LSR ra v mt LSR ATM
Hnh 7.10: LSR ra v b tp trung [3],
Router CE
Cc b tp trung truy cp c th c s dng cng vi cc LSR ra v mt LSR
ATM c dng tp trung lu lng ngi dng v t ln LSR ra. Mt v d ca
kiu ny c ch ra ong hnh 7.10. Lu lng IP t b tp trung ttny cp c mang
trong cc PVP ATM n LSR ra, lu lng ny c mang qua LSR ATM. Trong hnh,
LSR PEl phi c t nht hai giao din ATM, mt cho cc PVP truy cp t b tp trung v
mt cho l'.' lirtig MPLS ATM.
Ch l LSR ATM c th hot ng nh l mt LSR ra ng thi hot ng nh
mt LSR. Tuy nhin iu ny khng c khuyn co cho cc nh cung cp dch v.
S lng LSR ra ong PoP ph thuc vo tng s lng ng dy uy cp v
tng bng thng ca cc ng truy cp, c tnh t mc s dng trung bnh.
7.5.5. Thit k PoP ca mt LSR
Mt site PoP LSR thng thc hin chc nng chuyn mch ATM kt cui vi cc
khch hng s dng b nh tuyn ATM CE. Cc khu vc (site) nh vy bao gm mt LSR
ATM n, nh trong hnh 7.11, hay l hai ong trng hp d phng. B nh tuyn ATM
CE c th kt cui trc tip vo LSR s dng mt mch TDM hay c chuyn mch qua
mt PVC ATM d tx.
Hnh 7.11: PoP ca mt LSR [3].
7.6. NH HNH LIN KT NG TRC MPLS
Nhng bc sau y lin quan n vic nh hnh lin kt ng trc MPLS:
Bc 1: Thit k im truy cp PoP.
Bc 2: c tnh lu lng t mi im PoP.
Bc 3: c tnh ma trn lu lng n hng.
Bc 4: c tnh ma trn lu lTig song hng.
Bc 5: Thit k cu hnh backbone trung k.
Bc 6: c tnh bng thng kt ni.
Bc 7: Gn dung lng kt ni.
Bc 8: iu chnh d phng.
Bc 9: La chn nhng thit b thch hp.
7.6.1. Thit k im truy cp
Bc u tin ca vic thit k mng MPLS l la chn kch thc, kiu, v layout
ca PoP da vo nhng m t phn trc.
Nhng PoP ra nh ttong hnh 7.12 c chn da vo nhng lin kt khch hng
c c tnh.
Hnh 7.12: Tng bng thng-cc ng dy truy cp [3],
LSR ra
LSR ATM
500Mb/s
400Mb/s
7.6.2. c tnh lu lng t mi PoP
Hnh 7.13: Bng thng cc ng dy truy cp c iu chnh [3]
LSR ra
LSR ATM
300Mb/s
240Mb/s
ChoTig 7: Xy dng mng Tig trc MPLS 199
Tng bng thng ca tt c ng dy truy cp ca khch hng phi c xem xt, v
c tnh tng lu lTig c gi t cc khch hng ca mi PoP c th c tnh. Mt lu
lng nh c tnh trc c th c s dng, nh l tc trong pht bn nht ca ngy.
iu ny m bo kch thc va . Mt c tnh ln nht c th l tng bng thng
ca ng y uy cp ti PoP, nh trong hnh 7.12. Tuy nhin s hp l hn nu ly c
tnh thp hn nit t, nh l 60% tng bng thng c tnh nh ong hnh 7.13.
7.6.3. c tnh ma trn lu lng n hng
Bc ny c tnh cc lu lng t PoP ny n PoP khc da vo cc yu t khc
nhau, bao gm s phn b dn s, bng thng ng dy truy cp c iu chnh cho mi
PoP. Mt yu t khc l s c mt ca cc ng dng nh Web server trong trng hp nh
cung cp dch v cng l mt ASP. Nhng th tc chnh xc khc nhau ong mi mng. V
d i vi lu lng kinh doanh IP, bc xp x hp l cho mng c th l 33% ca lu
lng n Chicago, 22% lu lng n Washington, 13% n Seattle, 15% n San Diego,
v 17% n Miami. Mt nh cung cp dch v tn ti c th c c tnh cho tng phn
lu lng ong khu vc ca n. Da vo phn trm phn b lu lng c tnh v tng lun
lng PoP t bc 2, mt ma trn lu lng c th c c tnh. Ma n liru lng cho v
d ny c chi ra trong bng 7.1.
Bng 7.1: Ma trn phn b lu lng n hng [3]
ch ^
Chicago Washington Miami San Diego Seanie Phn b
Chicago 100 175 125 100 60 33%
Washington 250 50 75 65 25 22%
Miami 50 25 20 10 20 17%
San Diego 30 20 10 20 35 15%
Seattle 20 30 10 15 40 13%
Tng 450 300 240 210 180 100%
Trong mt mng ininh, ma trn s hon ton i xng. V d, trong bng 7.1, lu
lng t Washington n Chicago l 175Mb/s, nhng lu lng t Chicago n
Washington l 250Mb/s. Nu lu lng qu bt i xng hon 2:1 hay 3:1, th c l l c li
trong c tnh lu lrng, v iu ny phi c tnh li.
7.6.4. c tnh ma trn lu lng song hng
Trong mng IP, lu lng t node A n node B thng i chung mt tuyn. Nhng
s khc ong hng ngc li, nh lu lng t node B n node A. Mc d cc giao thc
nh tuyn v s tnh ton lu lng c th vt qua iu ny, nhng ta gi s iu ny xy
ra, ch yu cc mng nh. Vi s gi s ny, s d dng hn s dng lu lng song
hng hn l lu lng n hng trong mng.
Lung lu lng song hng cho mng v d c a ra trong bng 7.2. Bng thng
lu lfng song hung gia Washington v Chicago, v d, l 250 Mb/s, khi bng thng n
200
Chuyn-mch nhn a giao thc MPLS
hng ln nht t Washington n Chicago l 175Mb/s v bng thng t Chicago n
Washington n 250Mb/s.
Bng 7.2: Ma trn phn b lu lng song hng [3]
Chicago
Washington
Miami
San Diego
Seattle
Chicago
100
250
N/A
N/A
N/A
Washington
N/A
50
N/A
N/A
30
Miami
125
75
20
N/A
N/A
San Diego
100
65
10
20
N/A
Seattle
60
N/A
20
35
40
7.6.5. Thit k cu hnh trung k ng trc
Cu hnh trung k nng trc nn ph thuc vo cc nhn t sau:
V tr node t cu hnh a l. Bao gm c cc cp quang hin hu v s c mt ca
cc im phn b trung tm nh l mt NAP (Network Access Point). Trong v d
ny, cc server NAP Chicago nh l mt im phn b v tng hp cho cc ng
cp quang trung k ng di.
Cc thit b an ton vi tnh cht mi trfng v din tnh c yu cu xy dng
cc node LSR ATM. Nhng thit b c th c m rng trong vt l to thnh
LSR ra, v cc k thm vo cho s pht trin ca mng.
Vic d phng cp mng c ic hin bi c nhiu ng dn cho mi ch. iu
ny m bo tt c cc node c ng truyn thay th cho nhau.
Nhng ng trung k quang phi c d phng hon ton t cp quang lp 1 v
module card/node tng ng.
Cu hnh lp mng trong v d ny c trnh by ttong hnh 7.14, nhiu thay i
khc c th chp nhn, cu hnh ny gm mt cu hnh dng vng. Thit k kh tt cho d
phng lp mng, m bo c t nht hai ng dn gia mt cp node. Khng cn thit phi
c ng d phng ung k v n c th nh tuyn li LVC MPLS. Trong mng ATM
truyn thng hng kt ni, nh tuyn li l phucfng n cui cng, ch c s dng khi tt
c cc c ch d phng khc tht bi. Bi v n s lm dng cc lu lng khch hng trong
nhiu giy hay pht, ong khi cc mch ang c nh tuyn li. Trong mng IP, nh
tuyn li khng l vn nghim ng, bi v lung gi tin c th c chuyn mch t kt
ni ny n kt ni khc ngay khi cc giao thc nh tuyn c s dng. Mng MPLS nm
gia hai trng thi ny. nh tuyn li trong mng MPLS s thc hin c nu dn v c
c s dng, v dn v c s lm gim s lng v c c s dng trong mng, v do n
lm gim nhng yu cu thay i trong kt ni khi nh tuvn li xy ra.
Hu ht cc ng trung k ong v d ny khng cn d phng v vn kinh t, ch
c mt cp d phng t Chicago n Washington v tuyn ny ti lu lng nhiu nht.
Hnh 7.14: Thit k mng [3].
Seattle
^ LSR ra
LSR ATM
7.6.6. c tnh bng thng kt ni
Bng thng kt ni trong mng c th c tnh da vo ma trn phn bo lu lng
song hng trong bng 7.2. Gi s rng cc giao thc nh tuyn EP lp 3 hot ng trn cc
kt ni c bng thng tcmg ng s chn tuyn ngn nht tr khi c s can thip ca qun
tr. iu ny s gip cn bng ti ca lun lng khi c hai hay nhiu ng dn tng ng.
Qu ttnh tnh cc lung kt ni cho lu lng trong bng 7.2 c chi ra trong hnh 7.15.
Hnh 7.15: Tnh ton bng thng lin kt mng [3].
Seattle
75+(65/2)
[107.5Mb/s] 0C3
Miami
LSR ra
LSR ATM
Mt v d, bng thng yu cu gia San Diego v Chicago l 100 Mb/s, bng thng
yu cu gia San Diego v Washington l 65Mb/s. Tuy nhin, c hai ng dn cng gi t
San Diego n Washington l San Diego-Chicago- Washington v San Diego-Miami-
Washington. Ti cn bng qua c hai ng trn l 65/2 Mb/s cho mi ng.
7.6.7. Gn dung lng kt ni
Bng thng lu lng c tnh ttong bc 6 c th c gn cho cc kt ni trong
mng. N bao gm la chn kch thc tiu chun ca kt ni ln hn lung kt ni c
tnh trc. Hnh 7.15 cng chi ra s liu ny.
7.6.8. iu chnh d phng
Mng da vo nh tuyn li lp 3 trong trmg hp kt ni b h, v y khng s
dng cc ng trung k d phng cho tt c cc lin kt. Do s tt hcm nu ta iu
chnh cc bng thng kt ni cao hn m bo rng bng thng cn thit ttn ng
thay th khi c s c v kt ni
V d, nu lin kt gia San Diego v Seattle h, th kt ni 0C3 gia San Diego v
Chicago s l 132,5+45, hay l 177,5 Mb/s r rng vt qua tc ca 0C3 l 155 Mb/s.
Do mt lin kt 0C12 hay l nhiu lin kt 0C3 c s dng cho kt ni ny.
Phn b cui cng ca bng thng kt ni c a ra trong hnh 7.16.
Hnh 7.16: Bng thng lin kt c tnh n d phng [3]
Miami
LSR ria
LSR ATM
7.6.9. La chn thit b thch hp
Kim tra cc thit b chn trong PoP c th h tr cc kiu giao din v yu cu
bng thng.
7.7. THIT K NH TUYN LP 3
MPLS s ng cc giao thc nh tuyn trng thi lin kt nh OSPF hay IS-IS
xc nh cc b nh tuyn cho lu lng IP v LVC. Cc LVC s dng cc giao thc nh
tuyn IP ging nh cc b nh tuyn thng dng. Thit k nh tuyn IP trong mng
Chong 7: Xy dng mng ng trc MPLS 203
MPLS hon ton ging nh thit k nh tuyn BP cho mng IP truyn thng. Mng c th
c m t bng cu hnh logic, v cu hnh nh tuyn cng t cu hnh ny m ra.
Bng cch xem xt cu hnh nh tuyn, chng ta c th chia mng 'ra thnh cc khu
vc, thit k tuyn tng qut, ri c nh vy cho n ht.
Mt thit k logic trnh din mng nh n c xem bi cc giao thc nh tuyn IP.
Mt v d ca thit k logic mt mng trong hnh 7.17 c ch ra trong hnh 7.18. Cc
chuyn mch PVC lp 2 v cc chc nng chuyn mch PVC r rng trong sut vi nh
tuyn IP. Nu mt PVC ni mt khu vc (site) ca khch hng vi mt b nh tuyn, th
PVC l mt kt ni trc tip t cch nhn ca nh tuyn IP. Mt b iu khin chuyn
mch nhn v mt chuyn mch to thnh mt im nh tuyn oTi.
Hnh 7.17: cu hnh vt l ca mng MPLS [3],
LSR ATM
LSR ra LSR ra
B tp trung
Hnh 7.18: cu hnh logic ca mng MPLS [3],
LSR ATM
LSR ra LSR ra
LSR ria
Nhng vn trong thit k nh tuyn lp 3 MPLS
Nhng bc sau m t chi tit nhng th tc thit k nh tuyn lp 3 MPLS:
Giao thc IGP c s dng trong ng trc MPLS nn l cc giao thc nh tuyn
trng tii lin kt nh OSPF hay IS-IS. EIGRP c th c s dng nhng n khng
h tr qun l lun lng MPLS, v n l giao thc vector khong cch hn hp. IGRP
hay RIP c th lm vic vi MPLS nhng n khng lm vic vi MPLS TE do n
khng c khuyn co s dng.
S dng nhng kt ni IP khng nh s bt c khi no c th. N lm gim s IP
ch m LSR phi nh v do lm gim s LVC c dng trong mng.
Tng hp tuyn c yu cu trong mt mng LSR ATM, n phi c thc hin
trn mt LSR ATM ra. Mt LSR ATM c th c s dng trong mt ABR (Area
Border Router) OSPF hay IS-IS chi khi no khng c s tng hp no c thc hin
ti ABR. iu ny l bi LSR ATM khng th x l cc a ch IP.
Nu mng MPLS cn ngang cp vi mt h thng t khc AS (Autonomous
System), mt LSR ATM ra c th c cu hnh nh l mt Router Boundary
Autonomous System BGP4. Nhng mt LSR ATM th khng th.
Qun l 1UTJ lng MPLS lm vic ong Tig trc phi c mt khu vc OSPF hay
IS-IS n. Qun l lu lng MPLS/nh tuyn c dnh ti nguyn - TE/RRR
(Traffic Engineering/Routing with Resource Reservation ) c th khng c s dng
trong cc mng a min.
Hin thi khng th s dng MPLS TE/RRR trong mng c ABR l LSR ATM.
Tng hp khng th c thc hin trong mt mng VPN MPLS v trong mt mng
MPLS ho tr VPN c the c nhiu khu vc OSPF hay IS-IS.
7.8. NH HNH LVC MPLS
Mt chuyn mch ATM ch c th h tr mt s ling cc v c tch cc. Nhiu dch
v ATM nh MPLS, PNNI v tuyn nh sn (Autoroute) chia s nhng ti nguyn ca cc
kt ni ttong mt mng IP+ATM. Do mt s lng v c cn thit phi c dnh
trong s dng LVC trong mi kt ni. vn thit k y l xem xt s l-ng LVC yu
cu. M s lng LVC yu cu ph thuc vo s ch IP ong mng, s lin h gia ch IP
v LVC, dn v c v nhng tuyn c la chn bi nh tuyn IP.
7.8.1. Tin t a ch ch
Nhng bc sau y m t nhng chi tit lin quan n vic nh hnh LVC MPLS:
S lng ca LVC c s dng trong mt khu vc xc nh trong mng ph thuc
vo s cc tin t ch IP trong khu vc .
a chi lp vng ca tt c cc LSR ra v LSR ATM trong mng l mt tin t ch.
Tin t a chi mng con (subnet) ca bt k kt ni im n im c nh s no,
hay ca bt k mng con khc l mt tin t a ch. iu ny nhn mnh yu cu
dng cc lin kt khng nh s trong mng MPLS.
Cc a chi c tng hp thnh mt a ch cm ti mt LSR ABR ra hay ASBR
th c tnh l mt tin t ch.
Chng 7: Xy dng mng Tig trc MPLS
205
Bt k tin t a ch khc c qung b trong khu vc u phi c tnh.
Ch tin t a chi ch ca khch hng VPN khng c qung b vo li ca
mng v do khng c tnh vo LVC, y l mt c im pht trin VPN MPLS.
7.8.2. LVC v dn v c
Hnh 7.19: Cc LVC khi khng dn v c VC Merge) [3].
LSR1
LSR3
Hnh 7.20: Cc LVC kh dn VC[3].
Mi LSR ra v LSC yu cu mt node MPLS k n cho cc LVC cho tin t a
ch m n bit. Nu lp ca dch v COS (Class of Service) MPLS c s dng, n c th
yu cu ti 4 LVC cho mi tin t ch. Nhng yu cu cho lung LVC chy qua mng ph
thuc vo cc ng dn c la chn bi nh tuyn IP. Nu dn v c khng c s
dng, th s c nhiu LVC cho mi lin kt nh ong hnh 7.19.
Vi dn v c , cc LVC ti mi ch c dn ti mi LSR ATM. C ngha l trn mi
kt ni, c t nht mt LVC cho mi ch trong min. Dn v c c ch ra trong hnh 7.20.
Nu CoS MPLS c s dng, s lTig cc lp nhn vi s lTig cc ch c s lng
ca LVC.
7.8.3. Thit k tnh ton cho LSR ra [3]
i vi cc LSR ATM ra, s lng LVC c s dng trn mi kt ni ty thuc
vo c s dng dn v c trong mng hay khng.
Cng thc 1
Nu d l s cc tin t ch c bit trong min, v c l s lng ca CoS c s
dng trong mng, v dn v c c s dng, th s lng ca LVC c s dng trn mi
kt ni l
l<= c
Cng thc 2
Nu dn v c khng c s dng trong mng, th c 3 tham s phi xt n:
S lng ca LSC trong min.
S Ing ca LSR ra ong min.
S lng cc ch m c th n trc tip thng qua LSR ra.
Nu d l s cc tin t ch c bit trong min, v c l s lng ca CoS c s
dng trong mng, v de l s lng tin t cc ch m c th n c qua mt LSR ATM
ra xc nh (thng th n bng 1), y tng s lng cc LSR ATM ra v LSC trong
min l n th s lng ca LVC c s dng n mi kt ni l
l <= cd-de) + (c)(n)(de)
Cng thc 3
Mt cng thc n gin c dng ong cc trng hp khi tha tt c cc iu kin sau:
Dn v c khng c s dng.
C mt tin t ch trn mi LSR ra hay LSC.
Tt c cc kt ni u khng nh s.
Khng c tin t ch no t bn ngoi min.
Nhng iu kin trn thng c p dng trong li ca mng MPLS c h tr VPN,
nhng khng s dng dn v c .
S lng LVC trn mi kt ni trn LSR ATM ra trong trng hp ny l:
< = 2cn
Hng dn cng thc: cng thc 1 n 3.
Mt txong 3 phng trnh trn c s dng kim tra xem c s lng cc LVC
cn thit trn thit b, nh c ch ra trong bng 7.3.
Bng 73: Gii hn LVC LSR ra [3].
Thit bj Tmh trng Thng s chnh Cng thc
LSR ra Mng c s dng dn vc.
S lng cc vc hot ng
c h tr trn mi lin kt.
Cng thc 1
Mng khng s dng dn vc. C
mi tin t ch trn mi LSR hay
LSR ra, tt c kt ni u khng
nh s v khng c b nh tuyn
bn ngoi min.
Mng khng s dng dn vc. Cc
trng hp khc c p dng.
LSR ra
S lng cc vc hot ng
S lng cc vc horng
Cng thc 3
LSR ra Cng thc 2
7.8.4. Thit k tnh ton cho LSR ATM vi dn v c
C dn v c , cc LVC ti ch c dn vo ti mi LSR ATM. C ngha l c nhiu
nht mt LVC cho mi ch trn mi kt ni. Nu CoS MPLS c s dng, s lng ca
lp nhn vi s lng ca LVC.
Cng thc 4
Nu d l s lng cc tin t ch c bit trong min, v c l s lng ca CoS
c s dng, s lng ca LVC c s dng trn mi kt ni l l:
l <c d
Cng thc 5
Mt vn quan ng trong nhng chuyn mch m h tr dn v c l s lng ca
LVC c dn trong chuyn mch m. N ph thuc vo s lTig ca kt ni trong chuyn
mch k. Gii hn l:
m < cd{k-\)
Nhng cng thc ttn c s dng kim tra xem c s lTig cc LVC cn
thit n thit b, nh c chi ra trong bng 7.4.
Bng 7.4: Gii hn LVC kh dn v c trong LSR ATM [3].
Thit b Thng s chnh Kim tra li
LSRATMc dn vc 1. S lng cc vc hot ng c h tr trn mi
lin k.
Cng thc 4
2. S lng ca cc LVC dn c h tr trn mi
chuyn mch hay trn mi port card.
Cng thc 5
7.8.5. Thit k tnh ton cho LSR ATM m khng dn v c
Cng thc 6
Khi khng dn vc , c nhiu v c trn mi ch, nh trong hnh 7.19. Nu tng s
lng ca LSR ATM ra v LSC trong min l n, th c th c n c(n-l) LVC cho mi
ch trn mi kt ni.
S lng LVC c s dng Uen mi kt ni l:
l < cd(n-)
Cng thc 7
Mt gii hn cht hn c p dng ong cc txng hp xc nh, khi m khng
dn VC; c mt tin t ch cho mi LSR ra hay LSC, tt c kt ni khng nh s, v
khng c tin t a chi t ngoi Tiin. Cc iu kin thng c p dng txong li mng
MPLS c h tr VPN nhng khng dn vc. s lng ca LVC c s dng trong trng
hp ny l:
l<=c{n'^/2)
Nhnig cng thc ttn c s dng kim tra xem c s lng cc LVC cn
thit trn thit b, nh c ch ra trong bng 7.5.
Bng 7.5: Gii hn LVC kh khng dn v c trong LSR ATM [3]
Thit b Tinh trng Thng s chnh Kim tra li
LSR ATM c
dn vc
Mng khng s dng dn vc. C mi
tin t ch trn mi LSR hay LSR ra,
tt c kt ni u khng nh s v
khng c b nh tuyn bn ngoi min.
S lng cc vc
hot ng c h
tr trn mi lin kt.
Cng thc 7
LSR ATM c
dnVC
Tt c tnh hung khc S lng cc vc
hot ng c h
tr trn mi lin kt
Cng thc 6
CHNG 8: MKG QUAWG, GMPLS V MPS
Mng quang c xem l mng th h sau. Chuyn mch nhn v MPLS c xem l
thnh phn ch yu ca mng truyn dn quang. Ta s ni v bc sng quang, mi lin h
gia cc nt chuyn mch quang v MPLS, mt s vn lin mng gia MPLS v mng
quang, v ni v GMPLS.
8.1. WDM V MNG QUANG
Ghp knh theo bc sng WDM toTig t nh ghp knh phn tn s FDM. Trong
mng WDM, mi knh l mt bc sng. Mi knh hot ng ti mt tn s hay bc sng
X khc nhau (tc cng cao th bc sng cng ngn). Cc bc sng trong si quang
c phn cch bi cc di ph khng c dng chng tch bit vi nhau v khng gy
can nhiu ln nhau. S phn cch knh ny c th hin bng khong cch gia cc knh
nh ong hnh 8.1.
Hnh 8.1: Ghp knh theo bc sng.
Lin h gia cc tc v quang v MPLS
Mt phng d liu ca LSR trao i nhn chuyn mt gi tin c gn nhn t
mt cng ng vo n mt cng ng ra. Cn mt phng d liu ca chuyn mch quang
dng ma trn chuyn mch kt ni con ng chuyn mch quang (OSP) t mt cng
ng vo n mt cng ng ra. OSP m rng t giao tip ng ra ca mt nt n giao tip
ng vo ca giao tip k cn. D liu ca cc ng dng ngi dng tng trn c th c
gi n mt phang d liu hay mt phang iu khin ca tng MPLS v n tng truyn dn
v sau c chuyn theo th t ngc li pha nt nhn.
Ta bit cc router LSR thc hin hot ng chuyn mch nhn trc ht bng cch
thit lp mi lin h gia cng vo v nhn vo vi cng ra v nhn ra. Tng t nh vy,
chuyn mch quang thit lp lin h gia cng vo v knh quang vo (bc sng hay si
quang) vi cng ra v knh quang ra. Trong chuyn mch quang, b iu khin cu hnh
cho c cu kt ni bn trong (gi l bng ni cho OSP hay WFIB) thit lp lin h gia
MPLS v cc knh quang.
Trong khi mt phang iu khin MPLS gm hot ng pht hin ti nguyn, qun l
kt ni v lin kt nhn th mt phang iu khin ca nt quang pht hin, phn phi v bo
tr thng tin trng ii lin quan n OSP di cc lut v chnh sch v k thut lu lcmg
lin mng quang.
im khc bit gia router chuyn mch nhn v cc chuyn mch quang l vi LSR,
thng tin chuyn tip c gn thm vo gi d liu, vi chuyn mch quang, thng tin
chuyn tip c suy ra t bc sng hay si quang. Lu l nhn c dng cho bng ni
cho LSR, bc sng c dng cho bng ni cho OSP.
8.2. CHUYN MCH LAMBDA A GIAO THC
Hnh 8.2: Chuyn mch Lambda a giao thc.
Nt gi Nt nhn
Ngi dng Ngi dng
MPLS ------------------------ MPLS
Quang ------------------------ Quang
Khung lm vic lin mng gia mng quang v MPLS l MPS. MPLS v mrtg
quang u c c ch iu khin (mt phng qun l) qun l lu lng ngi dng.
Mt phng iu khin quang thit lp cc knh quang (bc sng), cch thc m ho
quang ph hp vi hin thc quang v tc truyn (bis), cc tu chn bo v chuyn
mch. Lu cc knh c gi l mg chuyn mch quang (Optical Switch Path_OSP)
hay l vt quang (Optical Trail).
8.2.1. nh x gia chuyn mch nhn a giao thc v bc sng quang
Vn mu cht ca lin mng MPLS v mng quang l nh x (tng quan) mt gi
tr nhn MPLS vi bc sng quang. Trong hnh 8,3, thng tin t LFD3 (do mt phng iu
khin IP) c dng nh x nhn vo mt bc sng ong OSP. K n, nt s dng mt
giao thc iu khin nh GMPLS hay LMP thng bo n cc nt lng ging v vic nh
x mt nhn c th sang mt bc sng c th. Sau nt quang khng cn quaii tm n
vic x l cc nhn MPLS. Nh trong hnh 8.4, chuyn mch quang chi lin quan n vic
chuyn mch (thc t l phn x) cc bc sng t mt giao tip ng vo n mt giao tip
ng ra. y l mt v d ca mt phng d liu quang l mt thit b 0 / 0 / 0 (tn hiu vo l
Chng 8: Mng quang, GMPLS v MPS 211
tn hiu quang/mt phng d liu l quang tc khng c s chuyn i in t ca tn hiu
/tn hiu ra l tn hiu quang).
Hnh 83: Mt phang iu khin quang v MPLS,
Nt mng
Hnh 8.4: Mt phng d liu quang 0/0/0.
Nt mng
XI 74
X2
44
66
Xn 89 70
Bng ni
cho OSP
56
- 1
74 44 XI
-------L>.
89 70 Xn
' 12 Xn
Trong hnh 8.4, 2 i vo t giao tip 1 v c chuyn mch sang giao tip 3.
Nhng bc sng khc th c ni cho sang giao tip 2. Chuyn mch lc ny khng xt
n nhn v ti ngi dng. Neu phi kim tra nhn, chuyn mch phi thc hin tc v
O/E/0, tc chuyn tn hiu thnh in x l tiu nhn.
Mt cch l tng vic nh x nhn - bc sng xy ra ti ra mng quang. Trong
hnh 8.4, ti nt ng vo (LSR/OXC), nhn MPLS c nh xvi bc sng thch hp, tc
mt knh quang s i vo v i ra mng quang i n ngi dng ch. Nt chuyn vn
(transit OXC) c cu hnh x l c bc sng v thc hin nh tuyn. Nhn MPLS
c th c hay khng c kim tra ti cc nt qu giang. Trong v d ny, ta gi s ti
ngi dng c gi qua mng trong mt LSP c rng buc c nh ngha trc t
LSR/OXC ng vo n LSR/OXC ng ra. Do , khng cn bit v cc nhn MPLS khi
mi nt u bit mi lin h ca bc sng ng vi nhn v ch cui cng.
Mt LSP r rng c nh ngha ti nt ban u hay bi mt giao thc iu khin
nh OSPF (khm ph, thit lp con ng qua mng). Tuy nhin con ng ny mt khi
c xc nh v thit lp, n rt bn vng tr khi c vn xy ra ti mt nt hay ti mt
vt quang (optical trail). LSP v OSP r rng c nhng nt tng ng, n u l quan h
mt hng v ngang hng. LSR nh ngha trc cung cp mt con fng chuyn tip gi
(lung trung k) gia LSR ng vo v LSR ng ra. OSP cng cung cp mt knh quang
gia hai im cui vn chuyn lu l-ng ngi dng. Ti c mang bi LSP v OSP
u trong sut i vi nhng nt trung gian dc theo con ng . C LSP v OSP u c
th c cu hnh quy nh hiu sut v cc yu cu bo v.
8.2.2. Li ca cc kt ni quang
Trong trTig hp si quang hay nt quang b hng, cn phi c mt phng php
tm ra mt tuyn d phng. Trong mng MPS, phi c mt s sp xp cht ch gia mt
phng iu khin quang v nhn nu chng khc nhau v cc chng nh x l. V d nu
nh mt kt ni ong mng quang b hng, mt phng iu khin quang phi c kh nng
thng bo cho mt phng iu khin MPS cc LSR hng xm c th nhn c thng
bo v cc s c ny. S phi hp ny c th c thm vo bi tng lin kt d liu thit
k c bit cho mc ch ny.
Xem xt mt phng iu khin MPLS v chuyn mch quang.
IETF ngh dng k thut lu lng v mt phng iu khin MPLS trong mt
chuyn mch quang. Cc thnh phn trong m hnh mt phng iu khin k thut lu
lng MPLS gm cc module sau:
Khm ph ti nguyn: thng lng v d phng bng thng.
Phn phi thng tin ttng thi: phn phi cc thng tin thch hp lin quan n thng
tin trng thi ca mng bao gm topo v thng tin v cc ti nguyn hin c. Trong
ng cnh ca MPLS, vic phn phi c thc hin bi cc giao thc ng thi lin
kct nh tuyn ni IP mang cc thng tin cng thm trong bn qung co ng thi
lin kt.
Chn ng; chn ra mt tuyn thch hp nh tuyn r rng, vic ny c thc
hin bi nh tuyn rng buc.
Quo l ng: qun l vic phn plî nhn, sp xp v bo v thu hi Tig i.
8.2.3. Tng thch iu khin
Mt trong s cc vn cn xep-' xt l vic pht trin m hnh min quang c trng
v xy dng cc kin trc tliain chiu phn mm c trng cho min. C hai m hnh min
quang c trng l m hnh theo chiu ngang v m hnh theo chiu dc.
M hnh tliPO chin ngang oi hi cc yu cu chuyn mn ho v mng ca mi
trng quang/MPLS v cc ci tin thit yu cho m hnh mt phng iu kliin MPLS-TE
p ng cc yu cu c bit ca mng quang.
M hnh theo chiu dc cc b ho cc c im v phn mm v phn cng ca
o x c tomg thch vi mt thit b no v c ch h tr cn thit chuyn i v s
dng li cc phn mm mt phng iu khin MPLS-TE trong mt oxc.
8.3. GMPLS V DNG GMPLS CHO MNG QUANG
GMPLS c pht trin h tr cc hot ng MPLS trong mng quang v c th
dng c nhng cng ngh khc nh phn thi gian (SONET, ADM), bc sng, chuyn
mch khng gian (cng vo hay si quang vo n cng ra hay si quang ra). N cung cp
mt phng iu khin chung (bo hiu v nh tuyn) cho cc loi thit b chuyn mch gi,
thi gian, bc sng, si quang. Mt phng iu khin chung ny oTi gin ho cc hot
ng v qun l mng bng cch t ng ho cc kt ni u cui n u cui, qun l ti
nguyn mng v cung cp cc mc cht ITig dch v cho ng dng.
Bng 8.1: Cc min chuym mch.
Min chuyn
mch
Loi lu
lng
Chuyn tp Thit b Thut ng
Gi. bo iP, ATM vcc IP router, ATM
switch
Kh nng chuyn mch
gi PSC
Thi gian TDM/SONET Khe thi gian trong
cc chu k lp li
H thng ni
cho s
Kh nng ghp knh phn
thi gian TDM, ADM
Bc sng Trong sut Lambda DWDM Kh nng chuyn mch
theo bc sng LSC
Khng gian vt
l
Trong sut Quang oxc Kh nng chuyn mch
theo si quang FSC
MPLS cho rng cc giao thc chuyn tip ca LSR ch c kh nng x l v nh
tuyn cho cc tn hiu c ranh gii ca gi, khung, t bo (tc l cc thit b OEO). Ngc
li, GMPLS cho rng cc LSR l cc thit b 0 / 0 / 0 khng th nhn bit c ranh gii ca
cc gi hay t bo. Do , cc quyt nh chuyn tip da vo khe thi gian, bc sng hay
cc cng vt l.
Mt s thut ng trong GMPLS;
Kh nng chuyn mch gi (PSC): x l lu lTig da vo ranh gii ca cc
gi/khung/t bo.
Kh nng ghp knh phn thi gian (TDM): x l liru lng da vo ranh gii ca
TDM nh cc nt SO^T/SDH.
Kh nng chuyn mch theo bc sng (LSC): x l lun lng da vo bc sng quang.
Kh nng chuyn mch theo si quang (FSC): x l lu lng da'vo cc giao tip
vt l nh l si quang.
Cc LSP ca MPLS truyn thng l n hTig, trong khi GMPLS h tr vic thit
lp cc LSP song hng. Cc LSP song hng c thun li l tr thit lp ip v yu
cu t thng ip hn cho cc hot ng thit lp.
8.3.1. Xem xt lin mng gia tng 1 Lambda v tng 2 nhn
Chuyn mch quang c xem nh chuyn mch lp 1 cn cc hot ng MPLS din
ra ti lp 2. Chuyn mch lp 1 thng l chuyn mch knh, chuyn mch lp 2 thng l
chuyn mch gi. Nhng khc bit ny nh hfng n vic lin mng gia tng 1 Lambda
vi tng 2 nhn.
Ta bit trong cc nt chuyn mch knh c th c n hng ngn lin kt (cng) vt
l. Mt vn mu cht ca mng quang/MPLS l phi cu hnh v qun l cc cng ny v
cc bc sng trong tng cng. Ngi ta mong mun rng khng phi thc thi cc chc
nng OEO trong mt phng d liu ca mng li. Do cc con ng quang l tng i
qua mng quang s s dng cng mt bc sng t u cui n u cui. y khng phi
l mt yu cu n gin v n yu cu mi nt trong mt mng hoc nhiu hn mt mng
phi thng nht v mt bc sng c th. Tuy nhin, GMPLS cho php vic thng lng
cc bc sng ny.
Cc cng chuyn mch tng 1 khng c a ch IP. Thc t l a ch IP c dng
chung cho tt c cc nt v giao tip ca nt. Cc nt lng ging tng mt khng cn bit
nh da;ih port ni ca cc lng ging ca n, n chi cn bit nh danh knh (channel ID)
ca mt cng nhn ra mt phn lun lng. Do vy, ta nn gn nhn mi interface (per-
interface) d kt hp vi thc t chuyn mch ca tng mt.
Nhiu c im ca chuyn mch knh c cu hnh bng tay v nhng hot ng
ny l c nh (fixed slots ...) N khng th tip tc nu ti nguyn ca mng c dng
mt cch ng hay thay i. Do mng chuyn vn quang/MPLS phi tcmg thch vi s
thay i ny. Mng khng ch gm nhng nhng ng ng c nh m phi thay i ng.
Mng by gi c xem nh mt chuyn mch knh ln vi cc backplane c th cu hnh
ng. Do cc hot ng tng 1 phi tun theo cng cc quy nh chung v bng thng,
OAM manipulation nh cc tng trn (ATM hay MPLS ti tng 2)
K thut chuyn mch knh da vo cc ca cu kt ni cho bng phn cng rt
nhanh, trong cc cng nhp v xut yu cu ng b rt cht ch. Trong mt nt
quang/MPLS, chng k c thit lp bng cch lin kt nhn MPLS trong bng kt ni
cho n ng ra ca nt . Ngoi ra vic phn phi nhn vi LDP tng t nh thit lp
kt ni vi SS7 (ISUP) ti tng 1.
8.3.2. Cc hot ng ca GMPLS
Cc thng ip MPLS c dng trong mng quang mang cc thng tin c gi n
LSR quang bng nhiu giao thc khc nhau (nh RSVP, LSP).
Yu cu nhn chung
x c A gi thng ip yu cu nhn chung GMPLS n x c B, cung cp mt s thng
tin cn thit chuyn mch B thit lp ti nguyn kt ni ca mt LSP ti chuyn mch A.
Chng 8; Mng quang, GMPLS v MPS 215
Yu cu nhn chung ny gm 3 trng bt buc v mt trng tu chn:
Loi m ho LSP: xc nh loi m ho (format) c dng, gip cho nt nhn bit
c nh dng khi.mg c th. C 12 loi m ho nh trong bng 8.2.
Loi cluyn mch: thng bo cho x c loi chuyn mch c hin thc ti mt lin
kt c th. Cc loi cliyn mch gm PSC, chuyn mch lp 2 (ATM, Frame Relay),
TDM, LSC, FSC. C nhiu tu chn cho PSC, cho php mng thc hin nhiu hn
mt hot ng chuyn mch gi.
G-PID: xc nh loi ti mang bi LSP. TrTig ny dng cc gi tr ca cc loi
Ethernet chun v mt s gi tr khc nh trong bng 8.3.
Loi m ho bng thng: xc nh bng thng cho LSP, bng 8.4.
Bng 8.2: Cc loi m ho LSP.
Gi tr Loi m ho (nh dng lu lng)
1 Gi (jnh dng IP truyn thng)
2 Ethernet V2
3 ANSI PDH (DS1...)
4 ETSI PSH(E1 ...)
5 SDH ITU-TG.701 (1996)
6 SONET ANSI TI .105 (1995)
7 Digital Wrapper
8 Lambda (photonic)
9 Si quang
10 Ethernet IEEE 802.3
11 SDH ITU-T G.707 (2000)
12 SONET ANSI T1.105 (2000)
Bng 8.3: G-PID..
Gi trj Loi Cng ngh
0 Khng xc nh Tt c
1 DS1 SF (siu khung) ANSI-PDH
2 DS1 ESP (siu khung m rng) ANSI-PDH
3 DS3 M23 ANSI-PDH
4 DE3 C-Bit chn ANSI-PDH
5 nh x khng ng b ca E4 SDH
| 6
nh x khng ng b ca DS3/T3 SDH
8 nh x ng b bit ca E3 SDH
9 nh x ng b byte ca E3 SDH
10 nh x khng ng b ca DS2/T2 SDH
Gi tr Loi Cng ngh
11 nh x ng b bit ca DS2/T2 SDH
12 nh x ng b byte ca DS2/T2 SDH
14 nh x ng b byte ca E1 SDH
15 nh x ng b byte ca 31*DS0 SDH
16 nh x khng ng b ca DS1/T1 SDH
17 nh x ng b bit ca DS1/T1 SDH
18 nh x ng b byte ca DS1/T1 SDH
19 Ging 12, nhng trong mt VC-12 SDH
22 Bt ng b siu khung DS1 SONET
23 Bt ng b siu khung m rng DS1 SONET
24 Bt ng b DS1 M23 SONET
25 Bt ng b DS3 bt c chn l SONET
26 VT SONET
27 STS SONET
28 POS, no scrambling, 16 bit CRC SONET
29 POS, no scrambling, 32 bt CRC SONET
30 POS, scrambling, 16 bit CRC SONET
31 POS, scrambling, 32 bit CRC SONET
32 nh x ATM SONET/SDH
33 Ethernet Lambda, quang
34 Ethernet Lambda, quang
35 SONET Lambda, quang
36 Digital wrapper Lambda, quang
37 Lambda Quang
Bng 8.4: Cc gi tr bng thng.
Loi tn hiu Tc bit (Mbis)
DSO 0,064
DS1 1,544
E1 2,048
DS2 6,312
E2 8,448
Ethernet 10,00
E3 44,736
DS3 44,736
STS-1 51,84
Loi tn hiu Tc bit (Mbis)
Fast Ethernet 100,00
E4 139,264
0C-3/STM-1 155,52
OC-12/STM-4 622,08
Gigabit Ethernet 1000,00
OC-48/STM-16 2488,32
OC-192/STM-64 9953,28
10 G-Ethernet-LAN 1000,00
OC-768/STM-256 39812,12
Yu cu nhn chung c m rng xc nh khng ch nhn cho gi m cn l mt
bc sng trong mt di sng hay si quang, mt si quang trong mt b si quang, mt di
sng trong mt si quang, mt tp cc khe thi gian trong mt si quang hay mt di sng.
Vic m rng ny cng c th xc nh cho cc nhn ATM hay Frame Relay trayn thng.
Nhn port v bc sng: FSC, PSC c th dng nhiu knh/lin kt c iu khin
bi mt knh iu khin n.
Nhn bc sng: nhn ny gom nhm cc bc sng lin tc v nh danh chng
bng mt DD ca di sng duy nht. Chc nng ny gip cc chuyn mch ni cho cc di
bc sng vi nhau. Nhn ny gm 3 trng: ID di sng, nhn bt u (bc sng thp
nht trong di sng), nhn kt thc (bc sng cao nht trong di sng).
ngh nhn cho bc sng
GMPLS c th c dng cu hnh cho phn cng PXC. Mt phng php l
nhn ngh c dng bi cc PXC ngc dng thng bo cc hng xm xui dng
v cc nhn s c dng trong mt bc sng hay mt tp cc bc sng. N nh ngha
cch dng mt tp cc nhn hn ch vic chn cc nhn thc hin gia cc nt GMPLS
k cn. Cc tp nhn hu dng khi mt nt quang b hn ch bi mt mt cc bc sng no
, do khng phi nt quang no cng c cng kh nng, v mt s nt quang c kh nng
OEO ong khi mt s nt khc li c kh nng 0 0 0 .
Cc con ng chuyn mch nhn hai chiu trong mng quang
GMPLS nh ngha con ng chuyn mch nhn song hmg c cng yu cu v k
thut lu lng cho mi hng. thit lp mt con ng chuyn mch nhn LSP bng
RSVP-TE hay CR-LDP, hai LSP n hTig c thit lp mt cch c lp. Do iu bt
li u tin l rt tn thi gian, th hai l phi trao i nhiu thng ip hn, th ba l cc
LSP c lp nhau c th dn n cc tuyn khc nhau cho hai LSP.
LSP k cn chuyn tip FA-LSP
FA-LSP (Forwarding Adjacency LSP) l mt LSP da trn GMPLS mang cc LSP
khc. Mt FA-LSP c thit lp gia hai nt GMPLS c xem nh mt lin kt o c cc
c tnh TE ring, v c qung b cho OSPF/IS-IS nh l mt l kt vt l bnh thng.
FA-LSP tham gia vo c s d liu trng thi lin kt v c dng trong vic tnh ton con
ng v mang cc LSP khc. N gip gim kch thc s s d liu v thi gian tm kim
trong bng ny. FA-LSP c th c nh s hoc khng nh s v c th c gp vi
cc lin kt khc.
LSP phn tng
Khi mt lung u cui-u cui c thit lp cho ng dng cn dung lng lOM
trong khi cc lin kt vt l gia hai mng l lOOM nn s lng ph v khng hiu qu nu ta
dng lin kt ny cho ng dng. S tt hcm nu ta kt hp cc lung tc thp vo iit
lung tc cao hon. N to thnh kin trc LSP phn tng.
Trong mt kin trc phn tng t nhin, mt nhm cc PSC-LSP c lng trong cc
TDM-LSP v sau c lng trong mt LSC trong nhm cc LSC trong mt FSC.
Tnh tin cy
Mt c tnh quan trng ca tp cc giao thc GMPLS l kh nng qun l li mt
cch t ng. Li ttong mt loi mng phi c c lp v gii quyt c lp vi cc mng
khc. y l mt c im quan ttng cho cc LSP u cui-u cui c xuyn hm
trong cc LSP khc. Mt phng iu khin chung ca cc mng khc nhau ny phi c kh
nng qun l mc tin cy trong mi mng.
Hnh 8.5: Tin trnh qun l li.
Pht hin
>
nh v
7
Pht hin ti lp
gn vi li nht
(v d LOL)
Xc nh ni li xy
ra. LMPbttay
gia hai nt k cn
(ChannelFail,
ChannelFailAck,
ChannelFailNack)
Thng bo
cho nt chu
trch nhim
phc hi
Chuyn t con ng
bj li sang LSP
ipc cp pht trc
(fast_switch) hay to
ra LSP ml mt cch
t ng (restoration)
GNPLS cung cp hai mc bo v, bo v gia hai nt hay bo v u cui-u cui
(bo v ng). Vi bo v gia hai nt, con ng th hai c thit lp qua mng v
dng cc thng ip bo hiu chuyn t con ng chnh b hng sang con ng th
hai. Vi bo v ng, con ng chnh v con cmg d phng c tnh ton v bo hiu.
Nhm lin kt chia s ri ro l mt c ch tu chn cho php thit lp cc LSP d phng
khng c bt I lin kt no chung vi LSP chnh. Khi phc li mt con ng b hng
mt cch t ng hoc da vo con ng d phng. C hai mc phc hi t ng l tuyn
v ng. Phc hi tuyn tm.mt con ng thay th ti nt trung gian. Phc hi ng
othc hin ti nt ngun v tm mt con fng khc n ch.
S dng ti nguyn hiu qu
Vic, qun l ti ngu>n trong TDM v mng quang thng qua mt phng iu khin
da ttn IP i hi phi s dng ti nguyn hiu qu nh gp cc lin kt v s dng cc
lin kt khng a ch.
Gp cc lin kt
ChoTig 8: Mng quang, GMPLS v MPS 219
Mt mng quang c hng nghn si quang song song, mi sd li mang hng trm
nghn bc sng gia hai nt. gim kch thc c s d liu lin kt v d m rng,
GMPLS a ra khi nim gp cc lin kt (link bundling). Gp lin kt cho php nh x
nhiu lin kt thnh mt v qung b cho OSPF hay IS-IS. Mc d cng gin lc th c
mt s thng tin b mt nhng gp lin kt gip gim ng k kch thc c s d liu trng
thi lin kt v s lin kt phi qung b. Mt b cc lin kt ch cn mt knh iu khin
nn gim c s lng thng ip phi trao i cho cc giao thc bo hiu v nh tuyn.
Tuy nhin, lin kt gp c mt s hn ch sau: tt c cc lin kt trong b ny phi
bt u v kt thc vi cc LSR ging nhau, phi cng mt loi lin kt (PTP hay
multicast), c cng metric (loi bo v hay bng thng), c kh nng chuyn mch ging
nhau (nh PSC, TDMC, LSC hay FSC).
Cc lin kt khng a chi IP (Unnumbered link)
Thay v gn cc a ch IP khc nhau cho mi TDM hay cc lin kt quang, GMPLS
dng lin kt khng a ch theo di cc loi lin kt ny. iu ny l cn thit v s
lng kih TDM, bc sng v si quang tng nhanh trong khi vic qun l mi a chi EP
tn nhiu thi gian v ti nguyn a ch l hu hn. Lin kt ny khng c a chi IP, thay
vo n dng t hp router ID (duy nht) v s lin kt biu din. Cc lin kt ny
c xc nh trong mt phang bo hiu nh mt lin kt bnh thng c a ch IP.
Phn gii tranh chp nhn
V mi nt quang c th cp pht nhn nn c kh nng hai nt ngh cc nhn xung
t nhau (ti cng thi im, gi tr nhn ging nhau cho cc si quang khc nhau hay cc
nhn ging nhau cho cc bc sng khc nhau ong mt si quang). y l mt vn
quan ng v GMPLS cng nh ngha cc th tc phn gii mu thun tranh chp
cc nhn ny.
Tm li, IETF m rng tp cc giao thc MPLS cho chuyn mch thi gian, khng
gian, bc sng tm v cung cp mt con ng ti u da trn yu cu lu lng ngi
dng cho mt lung bt u t mt mng IP, c chuyn i bng SONET v c chuyn
mch theo bc. sng.. .Khung lm vic ca GMPLS nh trong bng 8.5.
Bng 8.5: Tp cc giao thc GMPLS.
Giao thc Chc nng
nh tuyn
OSPF-TE
IS-IS-TE
T ng khm ph topo mng, qung b ti nguyn hin c (bng thng, loi
bo v). Mt s ci tin ch yu:
- Qung b loi bo v lin kt (1+1), 1:1, khng bo v, lu lng thm
- Cc lin kt FA ci thin tnh kh m
- Chp nhn v qung b cc tuyn khng c a ch
- Nhm lin kt chia s ri ro
Bo hiu
RSVP-TE
CR-LDP
Thit lp cc LSP TE. Mt s ci tin ch yu:
- Trao i nhn chung cho cc mng khng phi l gi
- Thit lp cc LSP song hng
- Bo hiu thit p cc con ng d phng
- Gn nhn nhanh thng qua cc nhn c ngh
220 Chuyn'mch nhn a giao thc MPLS
Giao thc Chc nng
H tr chuyn mch di sng - tp cc bc sng lin tip c chuyn
mch
Qun l lin kt
LMP
- Qun l knh iu khin: thit lp bng cch thng lng cc thng s
lin kt v m bo trng thi kt ni l tt.
- Kim tra kt ni-lin kt: m bo kt ni vt l ca cc lin kt gia cc
k cn bng cc thng ip kim tra
- c im lin kt: xc nh c im lin kt ca cc nt k cn (c ch
bo v)
- Tch bit li trong min quang
Hnh 8.6: M hnh chng giao thc GMPLS.
LMP
RSVP-TE CR-LDP BGP
UDP OSPF-TE I TCP
PPP/AL
IP
SONET
Chuyn mch
bc sng
ATM Frame Relay
Si quang
Vic s dng MPLS trong mng quang da trn s dng WDM cha c a ra
nhng nhng u im ca MPLS (k thut liru lng, tch hp tt vi IP) tht s hp dn
mng quang. GMPLS c ngh cho vic qun l mt phng iu khin quang, h tr
vic lin mng MPLS v mng quang.
Mng chuyn mch gi IP c xem l c s h tng ca mng th h sau. Cng ngh
quang ghp knh theo bc sng mt cao DWDM c coi l cng ngh ct yu cho
mng li p ng nhu cu bng n dch v EP. Do , mng tch hp quang v IP l xu th
tt yu to nn mng li Internet quang-c s mng th h sau. Mt trong nhng thch thc
quan ng l vn iu khin cc lung quang ny, tc pht trin cc c ch v thut ton
cho php thit lp cc lung quang nhanh v cung cp kh nng khi phc khi c s c v
vn m bo c tnh tng tc gia cc nh cung cp thit b. Nguyn nhn ch yu gy
nn s phc tp ttong qun l l s phn thnh nhiu lp theo truyn thng ca cc giao thc
mng vi chc nng chng cho nhau v chnh sch khc nhau ca cc lp. V vy, mt
trong nhng gii php gim chi ph xy dng v qun l mng mt cch it l gim
s lp giao thc. Khi dung lng v cht lng ca cng ngh IP v quang tng ln th cc
lp trung gian c xu hig c b qua.
Hnh 8.7: Xu hng tch hp cc lp giao thc IP/quang.
IP
ATM IP
SDH ATM/SDH/SDL IP (MPLS)
WDM WDM WDM
Tuy nhin, cc lp trung gian cng cung cp mt s chc nng gi tr nh k thut
lu lng v khi phc cn c gi li trong mng bng cch a chng ln lp IP hoc
xung lp quang hoc tt nht trn mt lp con ring. V mt thch thc khc cho lp
quang l pht trin cc giao thc bo hiu iu khin ng l hot ng lin mng ca lp
quang. Hin cng c hai xu hng l xy dng m hnh xp chng hoc ngang hng. V c
hai m hnh u gi nh pht trin mng quang th h sau c topo mt li vi nn iu
khin IP da trn MPLS.
ng dng c th ca MPLS cho m hnh xp chng l GMPLS (Generalize
Multiprotocol Label Switching), cung cap mt tp cc giao thc n gin, ton din v
tng thch IP. Vi dung lng truyn dn ln v kh nng cu hnh mm do ca cc
chuyn mch quang o x c , GMPLS cho php xy dng mng quang ng hon vi cc ni
kt bng tn ln c th c thit lp theo yu cu. Cc giao thc nh tuyn IP lm n by
cho vic nhn bit topo mng v cc giao thc bo hiu MPLS c s dng s gip cc
nh sn xut thit b m bo tnh tcmg thch nh c cc tiu chun ph bin. Cc giao thc
CR-LDP, RSVP, OSPF-TE ang c m rng to ra toTig tc c iu khin gia
Router IP v chuyn mch quang.
CHNG 9: M PH]\G HOT NG
MNG MPLS V D1FFSERV
9.1. CU TRC NS
NS (Network Simulator) l gi phn mm m phng mng theo m hnh hng s
kin a dng chy trn nn ca UNIX, c pht ttin bi u c Berkeley. N m phng
mng IP, cc giao thc mng nh TCP v UDP, cc ngun ng dng nh FTP, Telnet, Web,
CBR v VBR, cc c ch qun l hng i router nh Drop Tail, RED, CBQ, cc giao thc
nh tuyn nh Dijkstta... Ngoi ra, n cn h tr multicast v cc giao thc lp MAC
m phng mng LAN.
Hnh 9.1: cu trc th mc ca NS-ainone.
Hin ti, NS c vit bng C++ v OTcl. NS l b bin dch kch bn c b iu
phi s kin m phng v th vin cc i tng thnh phn mng v th vin cc module.
Ta dng ngn ng OTcl lp trnh kch bn cho b iu phi s kin. gim thi gian
x l gi v s kin, b iu phi v cc i tng thnh phn c bn c vit v bin dch
bng C++ v c lin kt ti b bin dch OTcl.
Chcmg 9; M phng hat ng mng MPLS v Diffserv
223
Hnh 9.2: M hnh triu gi cc i tng.
Hnh 9.3: cu trc cc thnh phn trong mng.
Mt nt bao gm ng vo nt v cc b phn loi. C hai loi nt l unicast v
multicast. Cii mt lin kt c kin trc nh sau: gi ra khi hng i c chuyn n
i tng Delay m phng tr lin kt v i tng TTL cp nht li trng ny, hay
gi b gi n Null Agent v gii phng y, tc gi b xa. Tng t nh vy i vi
kin trc hng i.
Hnh 9.4: Kin trc nt.
a) Nt Unicast
Hnh 9.5: Kin trc ca lin kt.
0
Thc th
lin kt
Lin kt n
Loi b
0
I xp hng I---I Tr I------- * TTL
Chong 9: M phng hat ng mng MPLS v Diffserv 225
Hnh 9.6: cu trc gi tin.
Hnh 9.7: Lung d liu.
Gi
ui d : uni qe i d
pt ype : pkt t ype
c i T A c i m i l a t p d n k t
Tiu cmn
Tiu ip
O l __ d i M U I Oi c u p \ l OI
t s_ : t i 1TB s arrp
Tiu
Tiu tcp
D liu (ty chn)
Tiu rtp
\
%
\
*
Tiu trace
Gi tin trong NS gm ngn xp cc tiu v khng gian d liu tu chn. Cc tiu
c khi to gm cc tiu thng thng ca EP, TCP, RTP, tiu trace v ns qun l
cc a ch offset ny.
B l lch s kin m phng tr x l gi v cc b nh thi cn thit.
Ns h vic theo di hot ng ca mng vi i tng Trace. Khi mi i tng
Trace (EnqT, DeqT, DrpT, RecvT) nhn c gi, n s ghi nhn li trong file ace v tip
tc chuyn n cho i tng mng k tip. nh dng ca file trace nh ong hnh 9.10, t
y ta c th thc hin vic thng k v cc tnh ton khc nhau.
Hnh 9.9: Kin trc i tng Trace.
Lin kt vi i tng Trace
B , H - >
lin kt
Loi b
DrpT h : AgenNull
Hnh 9,10: nh dng file Trace.
S Thi T n Loi Kch
C
/4
a ch a ch S th pkt
kin gian nt nt pkt thc pkt ngun dich t id
r : nhn (ti nt ti)
+ : xp vo hng (ti hng)
- : loi khi hng (ti hng)
d : loi b (ti hng)
src_addr: nodo.port (3.0)
dstâddr: noda.port (0.0)
r 1.3556 3 2 aclc 40 ------- 1 3.0 0.0 15 201
+ 1.3556 2 0 ack 40 ------- 1 3.0 0.0 15 201
- 1.3556 2 0 ack 40 ------- 1 3.0 0.0 15 201
r 1.35576 0 2 tcp 1000 ------- 1 0.0 3.0 29 199
+ 1.35576 2 3 tc^> 1000 ------- 1 0.0 3.0 29 199
d 1.35576 2 3 .tc^ 1000 ------ 1 0.0 3.0 29 199
+ 1.356 1 2 cbr 1000 ----- 2 1.0 3. 157 207
- 1.356 1 2 cbr 1000 ------ 2 1.0 3.1 157 207
Ngoi ra, ns cn h tr cc cng c khc nh Network Animator v Xgraph gip vic
m phng thm trc quan v d dng theo di cc kt qu phn tch c.
9.2. TFFSERV
(Jun li hng i v iu phi gi
Hng i l ni cc gi tin c gi hay xo. iu phi gi l tin trnh quyt nh gi
no c phc v v gi no b xa. Qun l b m gm cc quy tc iu chnh mc chim
dng ca mt hng i, nh hng i drop-tail (FIFO), RED, CBQ (gm iu phi u tin v
xoay vng), hng i cng bng nh FQ (Fa Queueing), hng .jcng bng xc sut SFQ
(Stochastic Fa Queueing) v vng kh hi thiu DRR (Deficit Rond-Robin).
Hnh 9.11: Kin trc hng i.
Chng 9: M phng hat ng mng MPLS v Diffserv 227
Lin kt vi i tng SnoopQueue
----- KJ! SnoopQ/ln I- J xp hng I----- SnoopQ/Out -----Tr I-----i TTL
i tng T *-1--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- **--1--------- *---------^---------A *-1*-------- '
lin kt
I
*
--------- M SnoopQ/Drop [> Agent/Nul
D i --------------------------------------------------/ - -----------------------^
/ #
__________ / __ _
QueueMonltor
C ch hot ng
C ch tr hon nh sau: hng i c th b buc kho hay gii kho ti bt k thi
im no khi bi cc hng xm xui dng ca n. C ch xo gi nh sau: cc gi b xo
c hng i gi n mt i tng xa v n qun l cc gi tin b xa ny.
Cc i tng hng i
Drop-tail: mt dng ca hng i FIFO on gin.
FQ (Fair Queueing): mt dng ca hng i xp hng cng bng.
SFQ (Stochastic Fa Queueing): hng i cng bng xc sut.
DRR (Deficit Round-Robin); vng kh hi thiu - mt dng ca iu phi cho cc
lung khc nhau trn mt khng gian b m n c chia s.
RED (Random Early-Detection): c th cu hnh xo hoc nh du gi.
CBQ (Class-Based Queueing): iu phi xoay vng theo tng gi cho cc lp c
cng mc u tin.
CBQAVRR (Weighted Round-Robin), iu phi xoay vng theo gi cho cc lp c
cng mc u tin
Khi dch v phn bit trong NS
Cc dch v khc bit hay DiffServ l mt kin trc QoS ca IP, da trn nh du
cc gi tin da theo yu cu ngi dng v p dng cc chnh sch x l khc nhau. Module
DiffServ ho tr bon loi lp lu lng, mi lp c ba mc u tin xo gi. Cc gi ca mL
lp lu lfng c xp hng trong mt hng i vt l RED tng ng, gm 3 hng i ao
tng ng vi ba mc u tin xo gi. Ta c th cu hnh cc tham s cho hng i 'j nay
Module DiffServ trong NS gm 3 thnh phn chnh sau:
Chnh sch: c t bi ngi qun tr mng v cc mc dch v m mt lp lu lng
nhn c.
Router bin: nh du gi bng im m, da theo chnh sch n
Router li: kim tra im m ca cc gi c nh du vo chuyn tip tng ng.
Hng i RED trong module DiffServ: lp dsREDQueue k tha t lp Queue gm
cc chc nng c bn ca router DiffServ:
Nhiu hng i RED cho mt lin kt on.
Nhiu hng i o trong mt hng i vt l.
Xc nh hng i vt l, hng i o v k hoch iu phi toTig ng cho cc gi
tin c im m ny.
Lp ny gm 4 hng i RED vt l, mi ci li gm 3 hng i o. Mi t hp gm
hng i vt l v hng i o c lin h vi mt im m c t cho mt mc dch v
no .
Lp dsREDQueue cha mt cu trc d liu c bit l bng PHB, router bin da vo
chnh sch c t nh du gi tin vi mt im m v route li p ng im m ny.
C hai u da vo bng PHB nh x t im m sang hng i vt l v hng i o.
sLxuct phbParam {
int codePt_; // corresponding code point
int queue_; // physical queue
int prec_; virtual queue {drop precedence)
};
Lp Policy
Lp ny nh ngha cc chnh sch dng cho router bin nh du gi tin n. Mt
chnh sch c thit lp gia nt ngun v ch. Tt c cc lung c cp ngun, ch nh
trn u c i x nh mt kt tp lu lng on, gm loi chnh sch, loi b o v
im m bt u. Loi b o xc nh phng php o cc bin trng thi. Khi mt gi tin
n router bin, n c xc nh l thuc v tp hp no v b o tong ng c triu gi
cp nht cc bin trng thi. Chnh sch (Policer) c triu gi xc nh cch nh
du gi da vo cc bin trng thi: im m khi u hay im m cp thp (downgraded
code point) v sau c xp hng toTig ng.
Hin c 6 loi chnh sch c nh ngha:
1. Time Sliding Window vi nh du 2 mu (TSW2CMPolicer): dng CIR v hai mc
u tin hu gi. Mc u tin thp hn c dng khi gi vt qu tc CIR.
2. Time Sliding Window vi nh du 3 mu (TSW3CMPolicer); dng CIR, PIR, v ba
mc u tin hu gi. Mc u tin trung bnh c dng khi gi vt qu tc CIR
v mc u tin thp nht khi vt qu tc PIR.
3. Token Bucket (tokenBucketPolicer): dng CER, CBS v hai mc u tin xo. Gi tin
n b nh du vi mc u tin thp ch khi n ln hn token bucket.
4. Single Rate Three Color Marker (srTCMPolicer): dng CIR, CBS, v EBS vi ba
mc u tin khc nhau.
5. Two Rate Three Color Marker (trTCMPolicer): dng CIR, CBS, PIR, v PBS chn
ra 3 mc u tin xo gi.
Cc chnh sch ngi dng nh ngha c th c b sung bng cch thay i v
bin dch li m ngun cho ph hp.
Tt c chnh sch c gi trong bng chnh sch ca lp PolicyClassifier, l mt
mng vi cc thnh phn nh sau: nt ngun v nt ch, loi chnh sch, loi b o, im
m khi u v cc thng tin trng thi khc nhau:
Tc cam kt CIR (committed information rate).
Tc nh PIR (peak information rate).
CBS, EBS, v PBS (s byte).
Kch thc chm tha thun CBS (Committed burst size).
Kch thc chm vt ngng EBS (Excess burst size).
Kch thc chm cc i PBS (Peak burst size).
c bucket: kch thc hin ti ca committed bucket.
E bucket: kch thc hin ti ca excess bucket.
p bucket: kch thc hin ti ca peak bucket.
Thi gian n ca gi tin cui.
Tc gi i trung bnh.
Chiu di ca s TSW.
Lp PolicyClassifier cn cha mt bng Policer nh x t loi cMnh sch v im m
khi u sang im m mc thp lin quan (downgraded code point).
Cc loi policier v cc tham s cn thit:
TSW2CM Initial code point CIR
TSW3CM Initial code point CR PIR
TokenBucket Initial code point CIR CBS
srTCM Initial code point CIR CBS EBS
trTCM Initial code point CIR CBS PIR PBS
Xy ng mt mng DiffServ v PHB
$ns simplex-link $edge $core 10Mb 5ms dsRED/edge
$ns simplex-link $core $edge 10Mb 5n\s dsRED/core
set qEC [[$ns link $edge $core] queue]
# thit lp cc thng s cho hng i DS RED t ra n li:
$qEC meanPktSize $packetsize
$qEC set niamQueues_ 1
$qEC setNuiiPrec 2
$qEC addPolicyEntry [$sl id] [$dest id] TokenBucket 10 $cirO $cbsO
$qEC addPolicyEntry [$s2 id] [$dest id] TokenBucket 10 $cirl $cbsl
$qEC addPolicerEntry TokenBucket 10 11
//Policer nh x t loi chnh sch, im m khi u sang im m mc thp
$qEC addPHBEntry 10 0 0
//nh x im m 10 sang hng i vt l 0 v hng i o 0
$qEC addPHBEntry 11 0 1
$qEC configQ 0 0 20 40 0.02
//hng i, ngng ti thiu, ngng ti a, xc sut xo gi cc i
$qEC configQ 0 1 10 20 0.10
set qCE [[$ns link $core $el] queue]
# Set DS RED parameters from Core to Edge:
$qCE meanPktSize $packetsize
$qCE set numQueues_ 1
$qCE setNumPrec 2
$qCE addPHBEntry 10 0 0
$qCE addPHBEntry 11 0 1
$qCE configQ 0 0 20 40 0.02
$qCE configQ 0 1 10 20 0.10
$qElC printPolicyTable
$qCE2 printCoreStats
on lnh trn thit lp v cu hnh cc thng s hng i DiffServ t router ra n
router li, nh x mi im m vo cc t hp hng i tht v hng i o, cc tham s
RED nh hng i o, ngng di, ngng trn v xc sut xo gi cc i.
Ket qu thng k gi sau 40 giy
CP TotPkts TxPkts Idrops erops
All 249126 249090 21 15
10 150305 150300 0 5
20 S.8821 98790 21 10
vi CP l im m, TotPkts tng s gi nhn c, TxPkts: s gi gi i, Idrops: s
gi b xa do trn ngp lin kt (link overflow), edrops: s gi b xo sm do RED.
9.3. CHNG TRNH M PHNG HOT NG MNG MPLS: MNS
9.3.1. Gii thiu
MNS l chng trnh m phng mng MPLS c m rng t NS. MNS-2.1 chy
ttn nn ca NS phin bn ns-2.1b6a tr ln. MNS l tht s l mt cng c hu ch tm
hiu, nghin CIU v m phng cc ng dng MPLS khc nhau m khng phi xy dng mt
mng MPLS tht s.
9.3.2. MNS h t r cc chc nng sau cho MPLS
Chuyn mch nhn - gm chuyn i/xp chng nhn, gim TTL, b nhn ti chng
p cui (penultimate hop popping), kt hp cc lung nh thnh mt lung ln, pht
sinh v x l cc thng ip LDP (yu cu nhn, nh x nhn, rt li nhn, gii phng
nhn v thng bo), h tr m hnh kch hot hng iu khin v hTig d liu, cp
pht v phn phi nhn theo yu cu ngc dng v xui dng, ch iu khin c
lp hoc tun t (trong m hnh hng d liu), lu gi nhn.
Giao thc CR-LDP x l cc thng ip CR-LDP, thit lp ER-LSP bng CR-LDP
da vo thng tin ca cc con ng c nh ngha ttc bi cc thng s ngi
dng nh tc lung, kch thc b m...
MTnS cn h tr vic ti nh tuyn (path restoration) theo m hnh thng lng
trc (nh Haskin, Makam) hoc m hnh ng (dng n gin v dng da trn
ng i ngn nht). MNS cng h tr vic chim gi ti nguyn, mt con ng
mi c yu cu c th chim gi ti nguyn ca mt con ng ang tn ti da
vo mc u tin thit lp v mc u tin nm gi.
MNS gm cc thnh phn sau:
LDP/CR-LDP: pht sinh v x l cc thng ip LDP/CR-LDP.
B phn loi MPLS: thc thi cc hot ng push, pop v chuyn i nhn.
B phn loi dch v bng nhn hoc trng CoS trong tiu MPLS chn thm
(shim header) v lin h gi tin vi dch v thch hfp.
B iu khin cho php: xem xt thng s lu lng ca CR-LDP xc nh xem
nt MPLS c ti nguyn p ng cho cht lng dch v khng.
Qun l ti nguyn: qun l thng tin ti nguyn, to v xa cc hng i theo yu cu.
B iu phi qun l gi tin trong hng i.
Hnh 9.12: M hnh ca MNS
Cu trc MNS da trn NS, nn nt MPLS cng da trn nt IP v thm vo MPLS
Classifier v LDP agent. Trong m hnh ny, b phn loi MPLS xc nh gi tin nhn
c l c nhn hay 'khng nhn. Nu c nhn, n s thc hin chuyn mch nhn. Nu
khng nhn nhung tn ti mt LSP, n s c x l nh mt gi tin c nhn. Neu khng,
b phn loi MPLS s gi n n b phn loi a ch. B phn loi a ch s thc hin
chuyn tip lp 3 cho gi tin.
Hnh 9,13: Kin trc nt MPLS trong chuyn mch nhn
B phn loi
MPLS
Tra cu
--------1
B l ich gi 1
Bng LIB
(nhn ra v
giao tip ra)
B phn loi
dch v
.........
Tra cu
Bng ERB
(ServicelD)
Lin kt 1
n n D - - o - ! z n ] ] ] i - o
CBQ
M
...................................................
(
B l lch gi 2 I CBQ I Lin kt 2 -
...... ................................................J
Nt MPLS
.......... ....................................
I
B l lch gi n I CBQ | | Lin kt n -
.......................................................................... j
Trong chuyn mch nhn ca MPLS, ta nh ngha thm hai bng sau:
Bng chuyn tip mt phn: l tp con ca bng chuyn tip, dng nh x gi tin
IP vo mt LSP ti LSR ng vo. Bng ny gm lp chuyn tip tng oTig FEC,
FlowE) v con tr n LIB.
C s thng tin nhn LIB: cha thng tin cho cc LSP thit lp v dng n
chuyn mch nhn cho cc gi c nhn. N bao gm nhn vo/ra v giao tip vo/ra.
Ngoi ra, MNS cn cung cp cc hm API h tr cho vic ti nh tuyn nhanh; tnh
ton ra con ng nh tuyn rng buc tho mn cc tham s ngi dng yu cu nh bng
thng, tr, loi dch v u tin ...
9.3.3. Minh ho mt s hot ng c bn trong mng MPLS
Ta s minh ho cc hot ng c bn ca giao thc LDP v CR-LDP nh trao i cc
bn tin phn phi nhn, bng c s d liu nhn ti mi nt, thit lp v gii phng ng
hm, cc thng ip gii phng con Tig, thng ip thu hi nhn, mc u tin khc nhau
cho cc loi lu lng khc nhau (Best-effort, lu lng bo hiu, lu Ing thi gian thc),
ti u ti nguyn mng vi nh tuyn rng buc v tng tnh tin cy ca mng khi li xy
ra vi cc c ch ti nh tuyn khc nhau.
Hnh 9.15: Hat ng chuyn mch
iQMrn; teW-bp.f|^^4am Contole
% mine
0:40AM
thc hin ng nh m hnh, u tin ta s to topo mng cn thit nh nt (gm
cc nt bnh thng v cc LSR MPLS), cc lin kt, cc hng i ti mi nt. K n ta s
to cc thc th lfp chuyn vn (c th l TCP hay'UDP), gn chng vo nt tng ng v
kt ni chng vi nhau. K n ta phi to cc thc th ng dng c th (nh FTP, CBR,
Expoo .. .) Sau cng l lp kch bn hot ng cho cc s kin. V d ta xt mt kch bn
n gin sau:
$ns at 1.2 "$LSRmpls4 setup-erlsp 8 4_5_6_8 3500"
$ns at 1.4 "$LSRmpls2 setup-erlsp 7 2_3_4_L3500_7 3600"
$ns at 1.6 "$LSRmpls2 bind-flow-erlsp 9 -1 3600"
$ns at 1.7 "$LSRmpls2 erb-duinp"
$ns at 1.7 "$LSRmpls3 erb-dump"
$ns at 1.7 $LSRmpls5 erb-dump"
$ns at 1.7 "$LSRmpls4 erb-dump"
$ns at 1.7 "$LSRmpls2 lib-dmnp"
$ns at 1.7 "$LSRmpls3 lib-dump"
$ns at 1.7 "$LSRinpls4 lib-dump
$ns at 2.0 "$LSRitipls7 send-crldp-withdraw-msg 3600"
$ns at 2.0 "$LSRmpls8 send-crldp-withdraw-msg 3500"
Ti 1.2 giy, mt ER-LSP c LSPID l 3500 c thit lp gia LSR4 v LSR8
thng qua LSR 4-5-6-S. Ti 1.4 giy, ER-LSP c LSPDD 3600 c thit lp gia LSR2 v
LSR7 thng qua LSR 3-4-3500. 3500 chnh l LSPID dng nh danh cho im vo
ng hm va to nh l mt chng k. iu ny cho php xp chng mt ER-LSP mi
(LSPID 3600) ttong mt ng hm LSP va mi thit lp (LSPID 3500). Ti 1.6 giy,
lung ca FEC 9 c lin kt vi ER-LSP thit lp.
Ti 1.7 giy, bng con ng ERB v c s thng tin nhn LIB v ti cc nt 2, 3, 4
nh sau:
) ERB diomp [node: 2] (-
FEC
7
LSPid
3600
LIBptr
8
SLIBptr QoSid
-1 -1
aPATHptr
-X
iLabel ilface FailNext
-1 -1
,
ERB dump [node: 3] (-
FEC
7
LSPid
3600
LIBptr
10
SLIBptr QoSid
-1 -1
aPATHptr
-1
iLabel ilface
-1 -1
FailNext
*
)
ERB dump [node: 5] (- "3
FEC
8
LSPid
3500
LIBptr ;
10
SLIBptr QoSid
-1 -1
aPATHptr
-
iLabel ilface
-1 -1
FailNext
*
) ,
ERB dump [node: 43 (---
FEC
8
7
LSPd
3500
3600
LIBptr i
10
11
SLIBptr QoSid
-1 -1
-1 -1
aPATHptr
. -1
-1
iLabel ilface
-1
-1
FailNext
-1 *
-1 *
LIB dump [node: 2]
ilface iLabel olface oLabel LIBptr Linkerror?
0: -1 1 3 0 -1 -1
1: -1 2 5 0 -1 -1
2: -1 3 3 2 -1 -1
3: -1 4 5 3 -1 -1
4: -1 5 5 7 -1 -1
5: -1 6 3 6 -1 -1
6: -1 7 3 7 -1 1
7 : -1 8 5 10 -1 -1
8: -1 -1 3 11
_
-1
LIB duinD [node: 3]
# ilface iLabel oIface Label LIBptr Lnkerror?
0 -1 1 2 0 -1 -1
1 -1 2 4 -1 -1
2 - 3 2 0 -1 -1
3 4 2 0 -1 1
4 -1 5 2 2 -1 -1
5 -1 6 4 3 -1 -1
6 -1 7 4 4 -1 -1
7 -1 8 2 4 -1
8 -1 9 4 8 -1 -1
9 -1 10 4 10 -1 1
10 : 2
LIB diiinp
11
[node: 4]
4 12
# ilface iLabel oIface oLabel LIBptr Linkerror?
0 1 3 0 -1 1
1 -1 2 5 0 -1 -
2 -1 3 8 0 -1 -1
3 4 8 0 -1 -1
4 -1 5 3 1 -1 -1
5 -1 6 3 3 -1 -1
6 -1 7 5 3 -1 -1
7 -1 8 8 3 -1 -1
8 -1 9 3 4 -1 -1
9 -1 10 8 4 -1 -1
10: -1 -1 5 12 -1
11: 3 .12 8 11 10
Hnh 9.16: Ti 1,49 giy, lu lng c truyn theo ng hm LSP to
Ti 1.7 giy, LSR7 gi cc thng ip thu hi nhn cho con aig 3600, LSR8 gi
cc thng ip thu hi nhn cho con Tig 3500.
Ngoi ra, MPLS cn cung cp cc mc u tin khc nhau cho cc loi lu lng khc
nhau (Best-effort, cao hn Best-effort, lu lng bo hiu, lu lng thi gian thc) vi cc
yu cu khc nhau v chiu di gii hn ca hng i CBQ, loi hng i, bng thng, cho
php mn bng thng hay khng, ri cc i, tr ...
Hnh 9.17: Biu chuyn mch
V
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flOU
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r m H - r o o t 0 | % m l i > e | Q U n t R | [ J l n a i n ; | r ^ - -
____________J H
K n ta minh ha vi cc giao thc nh tuyn thun ty nh da trn s chng t
nht, ti nguyn mng khng c tn dng tt, mt s lin kt b qu ti trong khi mt s
lin kt khc li khng c dng, mng b nghn dn n mt gi (nh n lin kt LSR5-
LSR6).
Hnh 9.18: Qu ti lin kt trn :SR5-LSR6
S.^s J. .t... ..i,
p Mvt tMytt r L* ^ AwwMtowusM***
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MPLS h tr nh tuyn rng buc tm ra con ng ti u nht qua mng tha
mn yu cu v tn dng tt ti nguyn mng. $MPLSnode c o n s t r a n t - b a s e d -
r o u t i n g $ d s t i d $bw tnh ton v tr v con ng r rng n nt $dstid vi bng
thng $bw (nu c).
Hnh 9.19: Cc con ng tho mn rng buc v tn dng tt ti nguyn.
pHtysit rZ~E
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I f l r o o i ^ % mine C;UnDled
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Hnh 9,20: Bng thng c tha mn cho cc lung trong nh tuyn rng buc.
Iioot^loi k mtn
: .(nam: le .jNam a 9aph
;S0 AM
Ngoi ra, vi cc c ch ti nh tuyn khc nhau, MPLS gip tng tnh tin cy ca
mng khi li xy ra.Vi MNS, ta c th m phng cc hnh thc ti dnh tuyn khc nhau
nh Layer3Control-driven, Haskin, Makam, dynamic-shortest, simple-dynamic ... v theo
di qu nh nhn cc gi tin pha u cui nh tng s gi nhn c, s gi tin nhn
khng ng th t . ..
Hnh 9.21: Ti nh tuyn theo m hnh Makam
Myste
Mi.
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(NamCc i,_![Kgraph]
01:47 AM
PH LC A: RG DNG CIA MPLS

A.l. CC NG DNG CA MPLS
A.1.1. K thut lu lng
Mng IP truyn thng xy ra tnh trng mt phn mng b nghn trong khi cc phn
cn li khng c tn dng. MPLS vi kh nng ch nh con ng tha mn rng buc ''
v d phng ti nguyn c th gii quyt c vn ny, gi l k thut lu lng, gip s
dng ti u ti nguyn mng.
A.1.2. Mng ring o VPN
C th ni, VPN l mt ong nhng ng dng quan trng nht ca MPLS. Vi
MPLS, tr trong mng c gi mc thp nht do cc gi tin lu chuyn ong mng
khng phi thng qua cc hot ng ng gi v m ha. MPLS-VPN m bo tnh ring
bit v bo mt, n gi cc thng tin nh tuyn ring bit cho mi VPN, ch cho ngi
dng lin lc vi cc a ch c lp sn cho VPN ca mnh.
MPLS-VPN c cch nh a ch linh hot, c th s dng bt c di a ch no v
cc a ch IP khch hng c th ging nhau. im ni bt khc l mng ngi dng khng
yu cu cc thit b t tin h tr MPLS nh cc VPN Router vi IPSec hoc cc yu cu
c bit khc. C ch x l thng tin ca MPLS-VPN nm hon ton trong phn li ca
mng nn c lp vi khch hng. Ngoi ra, MPLS-VPN cn rt d m rng v pht ttin:
vi cc dch v VPN da trn IP, s lng router trn mng tng nhanh theo s lng VPN
v VPN phi cha bng nh tuyn ngy mt ln, MPLS-VPN s dng mt tp cc BGP
ngang hng gia cc LSR bin cho php s lng VPN khng hn ch, d dng to thm
cc VPN hay cc site mi v chi cn cu hnh li ti router bin,
Hnh AA: M hnh mng MPLS-VPN
Khng gian a
ch nhn thy
\
nh tuyn tnh, RIP,
OSPF hay eBGP
z ^
Phin MP-iBGP
Router PE
Mng nh cung cp dch v
Router PE
Mt mng VPN bao gm mt nhm cc CE router kt ni vi cc PE router ca nh
cung cp dch v. Chi nhng PE router mi c khi nim v VPN, cn cc CE router khng
nhn thy nhng g ang din ra bn trong mng ca nh cung cp dch v, v s xem nh
chng ang c kt ni vi nhau thng qua mt mng ring.
Mi VPN kt hp vi mt bng nh tuyn chuyn tip VRF ring bit. Bng VRF bao
gm thng tin bng nh tuyn IP, bng CEF, cc giao tip, cc quy tc v tham s ca giao
ic nh tuyn. Mi site chi c th kt hp vi mt v ch mt VRF. Cc VRF ca site khch
hng mang ton b cc thng tin v cc tuyn c sn t site ti VPN m n l thnh vin.
i vi mi VRF, thng tin s dng chuyn tip cc gi tin c lu trong bng
nh tuyn IP v bng CEF. Cc bng ny c duy tr ring r cho tng VRF nn n ngn
chn c hin tfng thng tin b chyn tip ra ngoi qua mng VPN cng nh ngn chn
cc gi tin bn ngoi mng VPN chuyn tip vo cc router bn ong mng. y chnh l
c ch bo mt ca MPLS-VPN.
Hnh A.2: Hot ng trong mng VPN.
VRF site 4
VRF site 3
VRF site 2
VRF site 1
Dest prefix a Next-node MPLS
. %
1 VRF site 9
1 VRF site 8
1 VRF site 7
1 VRF site 6
VRF site 5
IB
Tham s phn bit tuyn RD (Route Distinguisher) gip nhn bit a ch IP thuc
VPN ring bit no. Ti cc PE router, mt cp VRF v RD s tng ng vi mt lin kt
n site ca khch hng. Lin kt ny c th l mt lin kt Frame Relay, ATM hay DSL...
Gi tr RD s hon ton n v khng c cu hnh ti cc thit b khch hng.
Ta ni thm v tnh bo mt trong MPLS. Do n da trn c cu chuyn mch lp
hai nn ta khng th can thip trc tip vo cc gi tin ti cc chuyn mch v mt nguyn
nhn quan ng khc ta che du c cu trc li MPLS cng nh thng tin v mng ni
b r a bn ngoi. Nh trong hnh A.2, mi site c khng gian a ch ring v khng nhn
thy a ch ca cc b nh tuyn PE khc (k c a ch loopback), cng nh ca cc VPN
khc nn khng th xm nhp vo cc VPN ny do khng bit c a ch thit b. MPLS
khng a cc thng tin khng cn thit ra bn ngoi, cho d l khch hng VPN. V ta
c th hn ch truy nhp n b nh tuyn PE thng qua giao tip CE/PE bng cch thit
lp mt danh mc qun l truy nhp (Access Control List). Mt cch tn cng khc l gi
nhn. Theo l thuyt, c th lm gi nhn ca mt gi d liu vo mng MPLS t bn ngoi
nh mt VPN hay t internet. Nhng theo nguyn tc giao tip gia bt k b nh tuyn PE
v CE l CE khng bit n li MPLS v PE s khng chp nhn mt gi d liu c nhn t
CE v n s hu gi. Kh nng cui cng lm gi a ch BP ca mt gi d liu l gi
n li ca MPLS tuy nhin iu ny rt kh thc hin c s phn chia nghim ngt gia
cc b nh tuyn PE v mi VPN c bng nh tuyn chuyn tip VRF ring. Ni tm li,
khng cn s dng cc hot ng ng gi v .m ho gi tin, MPLS-VPN vn t c
mc bo mt cao.
Trong hnh A.2, lu rng cc nhn ngi dng 51, 52, 53 khng cn kim tra trong
mng trc VPN. Thay v phi h tr mt li iBGP y gia cc PE router, ta c th
dng b phn x router BGP ci thin tnh kh m ca mng.
Tm li, vi MPLS-VPN, hot ng khai thc v bo dng on gin ch cn thc
hin ti cc thit b trong mng li m khng cn phi tip xc n CPE. Khi mt site cu
hnh xong, ta khng cn ng chm n n na cho d phi thm site mi vo th ta ch vic
thay i cu hnh ti cc PE m n ni ti.
Cc ch v phn bit DiffServe
tTtig chnh ca cc ch v phn bit l phn loi v iu chnh lu lng ti bin
mng. Vic phn loi ny da vo tiu gi tin v ta ch phn thnh t nhm n gin
ho qu ttnh cp pht ti nguyn cho cc loi lu lng khc nhau. Sau khi gi tin c
phn loi cng vi DSCP ti bin mng, chng s c chuyn tip qua mng. Vic chuyn
tip c thc hin ti mi chng, nt DS s quyt nh vic chuyn tip bng cch chn mt
PHB xc nh cch thc phc v gi v xc sut rt gi c th xy ra. V mi vng DS s
c trch nhim p ng cc tha thun LSA gia ngi dng v nh cung cp dch v.
A.2. MPLS V ATM
A.2.1. Tng quan ATM
ATM l cng ngh chuyn ti dng k thut ghp knh phn thd gian khng ng b
trn gi d liu c di c nh, c s dng lm c s cho mng ISDN bng rng. Khi
nim bt ng b ong ATM c ngha rng cc gi d liu c a ln mng m khng
cn mt tho mn cc yu cu v nh thi mt cch chnh xc nh trong ghp knh phn
thi gian ng b. Phng php ny c u im l ti u ho vic s dng knh truyn dn,
cho php ghp nhiu knh c tc khc nhau theo nguyn l thng k, h te cc dch v
c tc bit thay i VBR (Variable Bit Rate), khng lin tc (bursty) mt cch hiu qxi.
Cc tin ch ca ATM:
Ph lc A: ng dng ca MPLS 241
Cung cp cc kt ni tc cao: ATM c pht in h cc dch v thng tin
tc cao vi cc c tnh v d liu, tc bit v cht lTig dch v c ic hin
n nn cc h thng truyn dn cht lng cao, c bit l si quang v cng ngh
SDH. T bo ATM c kch thc nh v c nh, lm gim kch thc b m
(buffer) ti cc nt chuyn mch v gim tr hon.
Lin kt mng thng sut: Cng ngh ATM c th c a vo LAN di dng
ATM LAN. Khi vic kt ni gia ATM LAN v mng din rng da ttn ATM s
rt tng thch v khng cn bt k s chuyn i nghi thc no, trnh c hin
tng nghn c chai ti cc kt ni.
Tch hp mng; ATM gip xy dng mt mng chung cho tt c cc loi dch v (d
liu, thoi, video) tit kim hoTi so vi xy dng tng mng ring cho mi loi dch
v. Do ATM c th p ng cc c tnh khc nhau v lu lng v cht lng dch
v da vo yu cu v ti l mt thng tin, v bin ng tr.
tin cy cao: ATM cung cp chc nng vn hnh, qun l v bo dng rt hiu
qu trn c s cc t bo OAM.
Bi v ATM c s dng rng ri trong mng WAN vi chc nng chuyn tip lu
lng nn mt iu quan trng i vi MPLS l kh nng vn hnh qua cc mng ATM
(dng xp chng). Tch hfp MPLS v ATM vo trong mt chuyn mch s tt hn so vi
vic chy MPLS trn router v ATM trn b chuyn mch t bo ng trc. Ta s kho st
lm cch no m MPLS v ATM c th tch hp vi nhau ong mt nt hoc gia cc nt.
Nhng nt ny c gi l ATM-LSR.
A.2.2. Cc dng pht trin v tch hp ca IP trn ATM
S phc tp trong lin tc IP, ATM l do chng khc nhau bi hai im c bn sau:
ATM hot ng ch c kt ni v vic nh tuyn thc hin da trn cc yu cu v
cht lng dch v. Trong khi DP hot ng theo kiu khng kt ni v nh tuyn da vo
a ch ch. C hai m hnh chnh trong vic phi hp gia IP v ATM l m hnh ngang
cp v m hnh xp chng.
Trong m hnh ngang cp, ATM c xem nh ngang cp vi tng mng v dng
cch nh a ch nh IP cho nhng h thng u cui ca ATM. Cc yu cu bo hiu
ATM cha a ch IP v cc chuyn mch xing gian s nh tuyn cho cc yu cu ny
bng cc giao thc nh tuyn sn c nh OSPF. M hnh ny c u im l om gin ho
vic nh a ch cho cc h thng cui. Tuy nhin, cc chuyn mch ATM phi c gn
thm chc nng ca b nh tuyn IP.
M hnh th hai l m hnh xp chng, xem ATM l lp lin kt d liu ca IP. Lc
ny, mng ATM vn dng cch nh a ch ring v dng cc giao thc ii tuyn ring.
Khng gian a ch ATM khng th ho hp vi khng gian a ch IP v khng c cch nh
x gia chng. Mi h thng cui phi duy tr c a ch ATM v a chi IP.
M hnh xp chng c hai dng l dng truyn thng v dng LANE. Trong m hnh
xp chng truyn thng, cc h thng cui ong cng mt mng con lun l s truyn thng
vi nhau thng qua mt kt ni ATM t u cui n u cui. Mt server ARP s chuyn
i a ch IP thnh a ch ATM. Tuy nhin, cc h thng khng cng mng con lun l
phi i qua router mc d chng cng mng ATM. Khi ta s dng giao thc phn gii a
ch chng k NHRP phn gii a ch ca mng con klic ny v thit lp mt kt ni
ATM t u cui n u cui gi l ng tt. Trong LANE, mng ATM c dng
m phng cc giao thc LAN ph bin nh Ethernet. Do , cc ng dng IP hin ti c th
chy trn mng ATM m khng phi sa i li.
Vi cc cch tip cn trn, ATM vn dng giao thc nh tuyn PNNI v IP vn dng
giao thc nh tuyn IP bnh thTig, tc hot ng chung vi nhau m khng cn thay i
giao thc. Ta s xt vic m rng theo m hnh xp chng. iu quan trng l phi lm ATM
trong sut i vi IP v cc router. Xt mng trc ATM nh hnh A.3. Cc chuyn mch
ATM s khi to cc knh o gia chng v cc router to thnh mt mng router dng
mt li y (fully meshed) tuy nhin mt li ny l lun l. V cc chuyn mch ATM
trong ng trc (backbone) s lm nhim v chuyn tip lu lng. tng trn c
minh ho trong hnh A.4. Tuy nhin, vi n router, ta c nx (n-l)/2 cp ngang cp trong vic
nh tuyn v qung b nh tuyn. V d trong hnh ta c 6 router nn c 15 mi lin h
ngang hng c th. Khi nim ngang cp (peer) dng ch cc router lng ging v cc
router k cn ln nhau. Trong nh tuyn internet, cc router lng ging trao i thng tin vi
nhau v cc a chi m chng bit. Nu thng tin nh tuyn c gi gia cc router thng
qua cc knh o th vic cp nht cc thng tin nh tuyn s tn rt nhiu bng thng mng.
Hnh A.3: Cc b nh tuyn IP v ATM.
Hnh A.4: Dng mt li y .
Trong hnh A.5, bn chuyn mch ATM c ni ln nhau v ni vi mt vi router.
Chuyn mch ATM A c ni ti router 1, 2. Chuyn mch ATM B c ni ti router 4,
6. Chuyn mch ATM c c ni ti router 3. Chuyn mch ATM D c ni ti router 5.
Cc tip cn ny c th m rng quy m d dng do cc chuyn mch ATM hin gi ang
244
dng cc giao thc nh tuyn IP. nh tuyn k by gi ch l vn ca chuyn mch
ATM v router m n kt ni trc tip.
Hnh A.5; Thc hin IP trong cc chuyn mch ATM.
A.2.3. c dicin thch hp ca ATM cho MPLS
Cc knh o
Mt nhim v ca ATM l thit lp knh o ngang qua mng gia cc my ngi
dng, ATM ni cc mch vt l eia cc ngi dng vo mt knh o. Mi knh vt l l
mt phn ca knh o th c gi l on knh o.
Hnh A.6: Cc knh o ATM.
Knh o
Knh vt l
VPl v VCI
Mt kt ni ATM c xc nh qua 2 nhn, gi l nhn dng ng o VPI (Virtual
Path Identifier) v nhn dng knh o VCI (Virtual Channel Identifier), mt giao din cho
trc, cc ng o khc nhau c ATM ghp li thnh mt knh vt l. VPI v VCI xc
nh cc kt ni c ghp ny. Vic nh tuyn trong mng ATM c thc hin bi cc
chuyn mch ATM kim tra c hai ng VCI v VPI trong t bo hoc ch kim tra trng
VPI. iu ny ty thuc vo mag chuyn mch c thit k nh th no v liu rng cc
VPI c kt thc trong mng hay khng. Cc trTig VPWCI c th c s dng cho kt
ni im-im hoc im-a im, c thit lp trc (PVC) hoc theo yu cu (SVC) ph
hp vi th tuc bo hiu, nii giao thc lp mng B-ISDN (khuyn ngh Q.2931). Gi tr
c n nh cho VCI ti giao din ngi dng-mng (UNI) c th c gn bi mng,
ngi dng hoc s thng thuyt gia ngi dng v mng.
Mt cch ngn gn, lp ATM c hai cp ghp: knh o v Tig o. Xt hnh A.6,
knh vt l l mt b cc ng o VPI, VPI l mt b cc knh o VCI. Mi b c cng
cc im cui. Mc ch ca VPI l xc nh mt nhm cc kt ni knh o. Cch tip cn
ny cho php cc VCI c gi sut (nailed-up) u cui n u cui h tr cc kt ni
bn thTig trc, h tr mt lng ln cc phin ngi dng.
Hnh A.7: Nhn dng kt ni ATM.
Tiu t bo ATM
HnhA.8: T bo ATM.
UNI
GFC VPI
VPI VCI
VCI
VCI 1 PTI | c
HEC
NNl
1 bit 1 bit
VP I
VPI VCI
VCI
VCI PTI c
HEC
n vi d liu giao thc ATM l t bo, di 53 byte, trong 5 byte l tiu ATM
v 48 byte l AAL (ATM Adapted Layer) v ti ngi dng. Nh trn linh A.8, t bo
ATM c cu trc hoi khc cho giao din ngi dng-mng UNI (giao din gia ngi dng
v chuyn mch ATM) so vi giao din mng-nt NNI (giao din gia cc chuyn mch
ATM). V iu khin lung, cc hot ng, qun tr v bo dTig thc hin ti giao din
ngi dng-mng, ch khng phi ti giao din mng-nt. Trng iu khin dng c
246 Chyn mch nhn a giao thc MPLS
gi l Tig iu khin lung chung GFC (Generic Flow Control). Nu trng ny khng
dng, 4 bit ca n t v 0.
Ta cn ch rng c s khc bit gia VPWCI ca ATM v cc nhn ca MPLS l
ATM khng h tx ngn xp nhn vi s phn cp nhn. Trng PTI xc nh loi lu
lng trong t bo. T bo c th cha lu lng ngi dng hoc lu lng qun l/iu
khin. Cc trTig iu khin dng cng c cha trong trTig PTI. TrTig u tin
tn tht t bo c gi tr 1 bit. Nu c lp ln 1, t bo d b loi b hn. Vic loi b ny
ty thuc vo iu kin ca mng v chnh sch ca nh qun tr mng, c bng 0 chi rng t
bo c u tin cao hn.
Trng iu khin li ti (HEC) kim tra li v c kh nng sa c mt li. N ch
c tnh da n 5 byte tiu ATM. ATM c c ch pht hin/sa li thch ng vi HEC.
Nhng trng quan trng khc trong t bo ATM
ATM cung cp mt s c tnh hp dn c dng cho bn tin yu cu kt ni. Nh
trong hnh A.9, ta thy c a ch ni gi v ni nhn, loi lu lng l A (nu kt ni cho
php) c tc bit khng i nh cc ng dng v thoi hay video. Loi AAL5 thng bo
cho mng bit ngi dng s bc gi v nh dng 48 byte ti trong 53 byte t bo. Hai
trng k m t cht lng dch v cn thit cho kt ni ny gm thng lng t bo truig
bnh l 5207 t bo trong mt giy v bin ng tr rt b l 0,000192 giy.
Hnh A.9: Cung cp thng tin cho kt ni.
Khi mi nt tham gia thit lp kt ni, s gi li gi tr VCWPI cho mi kt ni. Vi
mt gi tr VP17VCI xc nh, mt nt s chn ra mt gi tr VPWCI cha dng cho cng
xut. Nt k tip s nhn gi tr ny, xc nh con ng v chn gi tr VPWCI cho cng
xut, c th tip tc cho n khi kt thc ti pha ngi dng cui. Cng vic ca mng -l
chn ra gi tr VPWCI cn ng trn mt giao tip vt l v do cc gi tr VPWCI ny
c th c dng li.
Hot ng
Nhng im ging v khc nhau gia ATM v MPLS
Hnh A.IO cho thy rng vi khi nim ca ATM va khc va tong t vi MPLS.
Cc mi tn t 1 cii 4 m t yu cu thit lp knh o, v t 5 n 8 m t s xc nhn thit
lp. S kin 1 xy ra khi mt ngi dng yu cu kt ni. Trong MPLS, ngi dng khng
yu cu thit lp con ng chuyn mch nhn. Mt LSP c to thnh nu bng nh
tuyn DP thy rng mt FEC c bc nhy k l a ch IP ch.
Hnh A.IO: n nh VCI.
Cc ht ng u cui n u cui ca MPLS v ATM.
Nt MPLS xc nh mi quan h ca n vi cc nt ln cn. Gi s ti mt nt MPLS
nh tuyn da trn IP, nu LSP khng c thit lp v bt c l do no, nt MPLS s s
dng vic nh tuyn IP uyn thng.
Cc nt ATM cng lin quan vi cc nt ln cn, trong VPWCI c lp gia cc
nt ny. Tuy nhin, tun t cc s kin ttong hnh A.IO cho thy s ph thuc gia cc nt.
V d s kin 1 v 8 c ngha cc b gia hai nt ATM, nhng chng khng th xy ra tr
khi cc s kin 2-7 cng xy ra gia cc nt.
S ph thuc bn trong cc nt trong mng MPLS khng xy ra nu mng s dng s
gn nhn c lp. Nu mt LSR trong vng MPLS pht mt bn tin qung co, bn tin ny
c chp nhn hay khng l ty vo mi quan h ca LSR nh l chng k tip trn ng
n a chi ch. Mt mng ATM c t chc tt c kh nng co dn nh mng MPLS.
Cc knh o d phng c th c cu hnh trc hoc thit lp lc cn, nh trong MPLS.
Tuy nhin, cc c tnh tng th ca MPLS l cao cp hn ATM.
Cp pht VPWCI ngc dng.
Khc vi s cp pht xui dng, c lp ca MPLS, ATM dng s cp pht iu
khin theo yu cu, ngc dng. Cc s kin t 1 n 8 trong hnh A.IO c ngha nt ATM
ngc dng ang gn mt nhn hoc yu cu gn nhn t nt xui dng. Th tc ny l ci
MPLS gi l xui dng theo yu cu (downstream on demand): mt nhn c gn t nt
ngc dng n nt xui dng.
Sau khi kt ni c thit lp, khng cn a ch ch trong mng m ch cn gi tr
VPWCI. iu ny cng tng t nh MPLS (hnh A.ll). Cc chuyn mch ATM dng
cng vo v gi tr VPFVCI n nh l mt ch mc (index) vo bng kt ni cho, t
truy ra ng ra v gi tr VPWCI ra. V vy, nu mt hoc nhiu nhn e m ha trc tip
trong cc ng m c truy cp bi cc chuyn mch k tha, cc chuyn mch ny c
th dng nh LSR bng cch nng cp mt s phn mm ph hp. Ta gi nhng thit b ny
l ATM-LSR.
Hnh A A l : To bng kt ni cho.
ABC
ABC->XYZ:
VCID=21.A
XYZ
D
Mng
T a K
VCID=45.D
l\
ABC->XYZ:
Mt bng nh tuyn, cn gi l bng chuyn mch, bng kt ni cho c luxi tr
ti mi nt v phn nh trng thi ca kt ni, kh nng cung cp bng thng hin c ca
mi nt. N c cp nht chu k khi iu kin mng thay i. V vy khi mt nt ATM
nhn c bn tin Q.2931, n bit c tuyn tt nht cho lin kt. Cc quyt nh ny ty
thuc vo cch nh u t chn tm tuyn.
Chuyn mch ATM v MPLS c mt s im ging v khc nhau. Nhng im khc
bit ch yu l:
C php (v kch thc trTig) ca ATM VPFVCI v nhn MPLS.
ATM khng h tr xp chng nhiu lp VPFVCI.
T bo ATM c kch thc c nh v nh ong khi cc gi MPLS c chiu di thay i.
ATM ch c cp pht nhn ngc dng so vi MPLS c c chiu ngc dng v
xui dng.
MPLS khng c cc tham s cht lng dch v nh nh danh loi lu lng,
bin ng tr...
A.2.4. Lin mng gia MPLS v ATM
Nhng khc bit ny phi c tnh n khi ATM v MPLS lin mng vi nhau.
Ngoi ra, d s bit cho ATM VPFVCI l kh ln (24 bit), trong thc t, cc nh u t
khng thc hin cc chuyn mch h tr hn 1000-4000 VPWCI trn mi giao tip. Ngc
li, MPLS cung cp 20 bit cho nhn, cho php nhiu nhn hn so vi ATM VPWCI.
Kh khn ca vic chn lung AAL5
AAL5 l mt s la chn ph bin ca AAL bi v n hiu qu v tiu tn rt t cc
thng tin phi chn thm. Tuy nhin AAL5 khng c trng s tun t phn bit cc
SDU vi nhau. Do khng i chn cc SDU AAL5 khc nhau vo cng mt vpiyvci
cho cc ng dng ngi dng u cui do cc ng dng khng bit lm cch no tch
cc lung ny n ngi dng ca n, Do cc lung AAL5 thuc mt VPWCI phi
c gi mt cch tun t trc khi mt SDU khc c gi. Mt bit trong t bo ATM s
thng bo n ngi nhn rng y l t bo cui cng ca mt SDU v t bo tip theo s
thuc mt SDU mi.
Hnh A.12: c tnh mt lu lng.
tng ca hnh A.12 nh sau: cc t bo vi cc gia tr 12 v 14 c gi n
nt c t nt A v B. K hiu V n cc t bo 12 v 14 ni ln l nhng t bo xut pht
t A, cn nhng t bo khc n t B. Bng ni cho t bo ca nt c c thit lp nh
x cc VPWCI 12 v 14 sang VPWCI 40. Nhng D khng c cch thc no phn bit
t bo no ca A hoc B.
vc v hp n h vc
MPLS gii quyt tnh hung trng lp SDU vi hai tu chn, hp nht VP v hp
nht vc. Ta s ni v hp nht v c nh c hin thc trong Cisco LSR. ATM-LSR
c iu chnh mt cht chc chn rng cc t bo s i cng trong mt mch o m
khng ln vo nhau. Nhng nt ny chi n gin l m cc t bo n cho n khi n gp
bit thng bo cui SDU, sau n s gi cc t bo ny cho cc nt k. Qu trnh ny c
gi l hp nht v c v c minh ho trong hnh A. 13.
Cc lung n cha cc nhn MPLS, v c hp nht vo cc VCI ca ATM.
tng ca v c hp nht l cho nt D x l tt c cc SDU cho 12, sau l tt c cc SDU
cho 13 v sau l tt c cc gi SDU cho 14, khng cc SDU ny trn ln nhau.
Qu trnh hp nht
Hnh A.13 trnh by cc nhn MPLS c ghp vo t ATM VPIs hn t bo v t
hn rt nhiu. Cch tip cn ny gii quyt c tnh ng thiu cc nhn ATM (ATM
label). Nh trong hnh A.13, bt u t pha bn tri qua. Cc nt A, B n X chuyn cc
gi MPLS n nt c (l mt ATM-LSR). Bng ni cho ATM-LSR MPLS/ATM s lin h
nhn 12, 13, 14 ttn cc giao tip a, b, c vi knh o 40 trn giao tip d. Nt c thc hin cc
thao tc ca AAL5 trn cc gi tin MPLS, chia cc gi ny thnh cc AAL SDU 48 byte.
Nhn MPLS (a) c th c gi ton vn trong phn ti ca SDU hoc (b) b tc b v t
vo trong trng VCI ca t bo ATM hoc c (a) v (b). Hot ng ny hon tt chc nng
nh x MPLS sang ATM ti nt c. Cc t bo ATM c vn chuyn qua mng trc ATM
m ong cc gi MPLS khng cn kim tra (tu thuc vo nt ATM). VPWCI trong
tiu t bo ATM quyt nh chuyn tip n nt k tip trong mng. Cc t bo ATM n
ATM-LSR D. Nt ny c cu hnh hiu rng VPWCI 40 vo giao tip e l im kt
thc ca knh o ATM. Do n tch b 5 byte tiu v chuyn 48 byte SDU ny n
AAL5. AAL5 ti nt D s ti hp cc SDU vo trong mt gi MPLS y . Trng bc
gi (encapsulation) ttong tiu SDU cho thy phn ti l lu lng MPLS. Do h thng
vn hnh ca nt D s truyn nhng gi ny cho MPLS. Vic lm ny hon tt chc nng
nh x ATM sang MPLS. MPLS ti nt D s kim tra nhn trong mi gi v dng MPLS
LFIB ca n gi n nt k tip thng qua giao tip f, g v h. Hot ng ny kt thc
chc nng MPLS nt D.
Hnh A.13: V d v v c hp nht, ng trc ATM v v c gii hp nht.
Cc t bo ATM
MPLS nh x
sang ATM
------ [ 12 I 40
l T i 3 I 40
Vo Ra
a.12 d.40
b.13 d.40
C.14 d.40
Vo
e.40: Cui ng hm vc.
thao tc AAL5, SDU l
MPLS, c chuyn qua
module MPLS
ATM nh x
sang MPLS
Tin hnh MPLS
theo quy c
Ra
12.f
13.g
14.h
E
'
z
Mt s im lu ong hnh A.13: u tin chi c mt ATM VPWCI c m rng
h tr ba con ng chuyn mch nhn MPLS LSP. Th hai l mt mng trc ATM
c dng chuyn cc gi MPLS t mng MPLS nm bn tri sang mng MPLS nm
bn phi. Cng ngh mng trc ATM hin ang ph bin c th c dng v ch thay i
ti cc nt ATM vo v ra mng. Cc nt ATM trong li khng cn thc hin cc chc nng
MPLS (v AAL). Th ba, cc nhn MPLS 12, 13, 14 khng cn phi chuyn i bi v
mng trc ATM (nt c v D) hot ng nh mt lin kt im-im gia cc nt ca ngi
dng MPLS. Do , nt A/E, B/F, X/Z hot ng nh cc nt MPLS ngang cp v kt hp
cc nhn 12, 13, 14 gia chng. Nt c v D hot ng nh cc nt chuyn tip cho ba con
ng LSP.
D nhin l cc nt ATM phi c cu hnh hiu cch bc gi v tch gi MPLS
ti cc nt c v D. Hot ng ca ATM v MPLS ti nt D phi m bo yu cu cc t bo
ATM vo giao tip e phi c nh x sang giao tip f, g v h. Hot ng ny c th c
thc hin bi bng ni cho ATM/LSR v phn mm ci t tch cc tiu ATM, kim
tra nhn MPLS v gi cc gi n giao tip thch hp.
o ngc qu trnh vi mng trc MPLS
Qu trnh nh trong hnh A.13 c th c o li, MPLS nh l mng trc i vi
cc mng ATM xa. i vi kiu topo ny, cc t bo ATM c xuyn hm qua cc nt
MPLS. Nt c tr thnh nt MPLS u vo v bc cc t bo ATM vo trong cc gi MPLS.
Nt D l MPLS u ra s tch d liu thnh cc t bo ATM nh nguyn thu.
nh x nhn MPLS sang VPI/VCI ATM
Hnh A.14 ch ra ba cch nh x nhn MPLS thnh cc trng VPWCI ca ATM.
Phng php A gi l m ho svc, nhn trn cng ca ngn xp c m ho thnh
VPWCI. Phng php B gi l m ho SVP. Phng php c gi l m ho SVP a im,
nhn trn cng ca ngn xp (stack) c nh x sang vng VPI v nhn th hai c nh
x sang mt phn ca vng VCI, phn cn li ca VCI c dng nh danh LSR li vo
LSP, cho php t bo t cc gi tin khc nhau mang gi tr VCI khc nhau.
Hnh A.14: Ba phng php nh x nhn MPLS sang VP/VCl ATM.
Cc gi tr VPI/VCI
Khi 2 router chuyn mch nhn ni trc tip vi nhau thng qua mt giao tip ATM,
n cng nhau iu khin vic cp pht cc VPWCI trn giao tip ny. N c th ng
dng trng VPWCI m ho mt nhn n. Gi tr mc nh ca VPWCI cho cc kt
ni phi MPLS l VPI 0, VCI 32. Cc gi tr khc cng c th c cu hnh v c hai pha
u bit gi tr ny. Cc gi tr VPWCI c v c t 0 n 32 khng c dng m ho
nhn. Tr ngoi l i vi cc gi tr dnh sn ny, cc gi tr VPFVCI c dng trong hai
chiu ca kt ni nm trong cc khng gian c lp nhau. Nhng vng cho php ca VCI
c truyn thng qua LDP.
Cc hot ng bc gi v TTL
Theo mc 5.1 trong RFC 1483, cc gi tin nh nhn c truyn theo c ch
khng bc gi (null encapsulation). Ngoi tr mt s tnh hung c th di y, khi m gi
tin nh nhn c truyn trn mt giao tip LC-ATM, ti VPWCI (hoc VCID)
c bin dch nh l nhn trn cng trong mt ngn xp nhn th gi tin phi cha mt tiu
chn thm (shim header).
Nu gi tin c mt ngn xp nhn vi n thc th, n phi mang mt tiu chn thm
vi n thc th. Gi tr tht s ca nhn trn cng c m ho trong trung VPFVCI. Thi
gian sng v loi dch v c th hin trong trng TTL v CoS trong thc th rn cng
trong mt tiu chn thm.
A.3. MPLS V FRAME RELAY
c im thch hp ca Frame Relay cho MPLS
Knh o v DLCI
Cc mch o Frame-Relay cng tong t nh knh o ATM, nhng c mt im
khc l Frame-Relay chi dng mt gi tr, gi l nhn dng kt ni lin kt d liu DLCI
(Data Link Connection Identifier) xc nh mt vc. N c m t trong hnh A. 15.Vic
nh tuyn trong Frame-Relay hon ton toig t nh ong mng ATM. Chuyn mch
Frame Relay s kim tra trng DLCI trong khung Frame-Relay quyt nh chuyn tip.
Hnh A.15: Knh o v DLCI trong Frame-Relay.
Khung Prame-Relay s dng nh dng khung HDLC, c m t trong hnh A.16.
N c c m u dng phn nh xc nh khung trong lin kt thng tin. C pha cui
bo hiu s bt u khung k tip. Prame-Relay khng cha cc trng a ch ring bit,
a ch cha ong trng iu khin. Trng thng tin cha d liu ngi dng, nh lu
lng TCP/IP. Trng kim tra khung (FCS) c s dng kim tra khung c b li hay
khng trong qu trnh truyn.
Tiu Frame-Relay: c 6 trng, bao gm:
DLCI: nhn dng kt ni lin kt d liu xc nh knh o ngi dng.
Ph lc A; ng dng ca MPLS 253
C/R: bit p ng lnh (Frame-Relay khng dng).
EA: bit m rng a ch, dng m rng chiu di ca DLCI.
FECN: bit thng bo nghn hng ti r rng (Forward Explicit Congestion
Notification).
BECN: bit thng bo nghn hng lui r rng (Backward Explicit Congestion
Notiffication).
DE: bit ch th loi b thch hp.
Hnh A.16: PDU Frame-Relay.
1 byte 2 byte di thay i 2 byte 1 byte
Knh o c nh v cc cuc gi chuyn mch o
Mt knh o c th c cung cp trc nh l mt knh o thng trc (PVC) hoc
mt cuc gi o c chuyn mch (SVC) tng t nh trong ATM. im khc bit l
Frame Relay dng DLCI xc nh knh o. Mt s c tnh ca chuyn mch Frame-
Relay m router chuyn mch nhn quan tm:
DLCI dng mang nhn. Chc nng ny tng t nh trong ATM, ngoi tr
Frame-Relay chi c mt gi tr cho nhn.
Khng c kh nng thc hin cha nng gim TTL nh c thc hin trn tiu IP
trong cc router.
Kim sot nghn c thc hin bi mi nt ty theo cc tham s c thng qua ti
lc to knh. Cc bit BECN v FECN trong tiu khung c th c bt ln khi
mng b nghn hoc cc thng s tho thun ca knh b vt qu.
ATM v Frame Relay l nhng mng din rng hin rt ph bin. Chng c th hot
ng lin mng vi MPLS mt cch thun tin hay ta c th tn dng li c s h tng mng
v nng cp chng h tr mt s hot ng ca MPLS. Tuy nhin c mt s c im
ca MPLS m ATM vPrame Relay khng h tr c nh vic xp chng nhiu nhn v
khng c cc bit x l cc hot ng TTL.
PH LIC B: CC BI LAB CI HNH OSPF
V BGP
L a b l :
Cu hnh cho a vng OSPF, tm lc tuyn lin vng, tm lc tuyn ngoi vng v
nh tuyn mc nh.
Bc 1: Xy dng v cu hnh mng nh trong s hnh 5.6 (cha ci t cc giao
thc nh tuyn), cu hnh mi router vi cc a ch loopback nh trong hnh. Cc giao tip
loopback ca San Josel cn dng gi lp cc lin kt serial n cc site ni b ca n nh
Westasman, Baypointe, Vista, v Eastasman. Kim tra li cc kt ni gia tt c cc giao tip.
Bc 2: cu hnh OSPF a vng. Vi router San Josel, cu hnh giao tip
FastEthemet 0/0 l thnh vin ca Area 0 v tt c cc giao tip cn i l thnh vin ca
Area 1.
SanJosel (config)#router osp 1
SanJosel {config-router)#network X92.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 area
S'anJosel (config-router) #network 192.168.64.0 0.0.63.255 area 1
Vi router SanJose3, cu hnh EO v LoO l thnh vin ca Area 0, cn Serial 0/0 l
thnh vin ca Area 51.
SanJose3 (config)#router osp 1
SanJose3 (config-router)#network 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
Vi router Singapore, cu hnh Serial 0/0 thuc v Area 51:
Singapore (config)#router osp 1
Singapore (config-router)#network 192.168.224.0 0.0.0.3 area 51
Kim a ba router bng lnh show ip ospf, show p ospf neighbor detail
SanJose3#show ip ospf neighbor detail
Neighbor 192.168.112.1, interface address 192.168.1.1
In the area 0 via interface FastEthernetO/0
Neighbor priority is 1, state is FULL, 6 state changes
S 1 9 2 ; 6 8 . 1 . 3
Options 2
Dead timer due in 00:00:33 .
Index 1/1, retransmission queue length 0, number of
retransmission 2
First 0x0 (0)/0x0 (0) Next 0x0 (0)/0x0 (0)
Last retransmission scan length is 1, maximum is 1
Last retransmission scan time is 0 msec, maximum is 0 msec
Neighbor 192.168.252.1, interface address 192.168.224.2
In the area 51 via interface SerialO/0
Neighbor priority is , state is FULL, 6 state changes
Ph lc B: Cc bi Lab 255
Options 2
Dead timer due in 00:00:32
Index 1/2, retransmission queue length 0, number of retransmission 1
First 0x0 (0)/0x0 (0) Next 0x0 (0)/0x0 (0)
Last retransmission scan length is 1, maximum is 1
Last retransmission scan time is 0 msec, maximum is 0 msec
Bc 3: Kim tra bng nh tuyn ca mi router. Cc tuyn OSPF ni vng s c
biu hin bng o. 0-IA l Intra-Area OSPF.
Singapore#show ip route
Codes: c - connected, s - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, 0 - OSPF, lA - OSPF inter area
NI - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
El - OSPF external type 1, E2 OSPF external type 2, E -,EGP
i - IS-IS, LI IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, u - per-user static route, o - ODR
p - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
192.168.224.0/30 is subnetted, 1 subnets
c 192.168.224.0 is directly connected, SerialO/0
o lA 192.168.64.1 [110/783] via 192.168.224.1, 00:00:28, SerialO/0
0 lA 192.168.80.1 [110/783] via 192.168.224.1, 00:00:28; SerialO/0
o lA 192.168.96.1 [110/783] via 192.168.224.1, 00:00:28, SerialO/0
0 lA 192.168.112.1 [110/783] via 192.168.224.1, 00:00:28, SerialO/0
0 lA 192.168.1.0/24 [110/782] via 192.168.224.1, 00:01:31, SerialO/0
0 l A 192.168.3.1 [110/782] via 192.168.224.1, 00:01:31, SerialO/0
Bc 4: gim s mc trong bng nh tuyn, ta thc hin tm lc tuyn ni
vng. Trc ht ta cu hnh SanJosel tm lc tuyn ca cc mng trong Area 1 v qung
co tuyn tm lc ny n Area 0.
SanJosel (config)#router osp 1
SanJosel (config-router)#area 1 range 192.168.64.0 255.255.192.0
Bc 5: cu hnh router Singapore phn phi cc tuyn ngoi t Auckland sang h
t tr OSPF. y, ta gi lp kt ni Auckland bng cch cu hnh mt tuyn tnh t
Singapore n Auckland (192.168.248.0/24). NullO c dng nh mt giao tip ng tho
(exit interface). Lnh redistribute c dng du nhp cc tuyn tnh sang OSPF. Cc
tuyn c ngun gc khc tr OSPF c xem l external i vi c s d liu OSPF. Theo
mc nh, khi router Singapore phn phi tuyn sang Area 51, n to ra v qung co tuyn
ngoi loi 2 (E2) dng LSA kiu 5.
Singapore (config)#ip route 192.168.248.0 255.255.255.0 nulio
Singapore (config)trouter ospf 1
Singapore (config-router)#redistribute static
Birc 6: Gi s cc vn phng Auckland pht trin, cc mng sau c thm vo:
Singapore {config)#ip route 192.168.244.0 255.255.255.0 nulio
Ta mun ti u lin mng bng cch gim kch thc bng nh tuyn. Ta thc hin
CBDR (Classless Interdomain Routing) qung b tt c cc mng Auckland vi mt tuyn
tm lc:
singapore (config)#router osp 1
Singapore {config-router)#suimnary-address 192.168.240.0 255.255.240.0
Sau khi cu hnh tm lc tuyn, kim tra li bng nh tuyn SanJosel v
SanJose3. C hai router u phi nhn c v ci t tuyn siu mng 192.168.240/20.
SanJose3#show ip route
c 192.168.224.0 is directly connected, Seria/i
c 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernetO/0
c 192.168.3.0/24 is directly connected, LoopbackO
0 El 192.168.240.0/20 [110/801] via 192.168.224.2, 00:00:05, SerialO/1
0 lA 192.168.64.0/18 [110/2] via 192.168.1.1, 00:05:36, FastEthernetO/0
Lab 2
Bc 1: Xy dng v cu'hnh mng tng t nh bc 1 Labl, khoan cu hnh
Lo5 Sanlosel.
B c 2: cu hnh SanJosel phn phi cc tuyn external vo min OSPR
SanJosel (config)#ip route 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 nulio
SanJosel (config)#router ospf 1
SanJosel (config-router)#redistribute static
Cu hnh giao tip loopback gi lp giao tip serial kt ni n ISPl.
SanJosel (confg)#interface lo5
SanJosel (config-if)#ip address 10.0.0.6 255.255.255.252
Ph lc B: Cc bi Lab_________________________________________________________^
Kim tra bng nh tuyn ca cc router. SanJose3 v Capetown cng s c tuyn
ngoi loi 2 n 10.0.0.0/8.
Buc 3: Capetown c nhiu tuyn ni vng (lA) v mt tuyn ngoi E2. Trong cc
mng OSPF phc tp, mt lng ln cc tuyn ni v ngoi c th lm gim hiu sut ca
cc router. Bi v Capetown nm trong mt stub area, ch c mt im ng ra, n khng cn
cc thng tin nh tuyn ca bn ngoi, thm ch c cc tm lc tuyn ni vng. Capetown
ch cn tuyn mc nh n router bin vng l SanJose3. Bng cch cu hnh area 2 l stub
area, router SanJose3 s t ng phn phi mt tuyn mc rth n vng 2. Ta dng cc
lnh sau cu hnh stub area:
SanJoseS (config)#router ospf 1
SanJose3 (config-router)#area 2 stub
V ta cng phi cu hnh Capetown:
Capetown (config)#router osp 1
Capetovm (config-router)#area 2 stub
Kim tra li xem area 2 c phi l stub area khng?
CapeTown#show ip ospf
Routing Process "ospf 1" with ID 192.168.220.1
Supports only single TOS (TOSO) routes
SPF schedule delay 5 secs, Hold time between two SPFs 10 secs
Minimum LSA interval 5 secs. Minimum LSA arrival 1 secs
Niamber of external LSA 0. Checksum Sum 0x0
Niomber of DCbitless external LSA 0
Number of DoNotAge external LSA 0
Number of areas in this router is 1. 0 normal 1 stub 0 nssa
External flood list length 0
Area 2
Number of interfaces in this area is 2
It is a stub area
Area has no authentication
SPF algorithm executed 6 times
Area ranges are
Number of LSA 9. Checksum Sum 0x428E6
Nurober of DCbitless LSA 0.
Number of indication LSA 0
Number of DoNotAge LSA 0
Flood list length 0
Birc 4: T thy rng cu hnh stub area khng nh hng ng k n Area 2. Bi v
Capatown c th dng tuyn mc nh n ABR ca n cho tt c cc luii lng n vng
phi cc b, ta quyt nh lc cc tuyn ni vng loi 3 v 4 t Area 2. thc hin iu
ny, ta cn cu hnh Area 2 nh mt totally stubby area.
SanJoseS (config)#router ospf 1
SanJoseS (config-router)#no area 2 stub
SanJose3 (config-roter)#aree 2 stub no-suiranary
T kho no-summary ti ABR gi cc tuyn ni vng khng vo stub Area 2 v to
thnh totally stubby area. Chi c ABR cn cu hnh thm. Vai tr ca cc router ni trong
vng 2 khng thay i. Quay v Capetown v kim tra bng nh tuyn...
Lab3
Cu hnh OSPF NSSA nhp thng tin nh tuyn ngoi trong khi vn gi c cc
tnh cht ca stub area. Area 51 khng th cu hnh thnh stub or totally stubby bi v router
Singapore ong area 51 c nhim v phi phn phi li cc tuyn t Auckland dng LSA
loi 5. e p ng tt c yu cu ny, ta cu hnh area 51 thnh NSSA (Not So Stubby
Area)
Bc I: Xy dng v cu hnh mng nh s hnh 5.8, v cu hnh OSPF a vng.
Bc 2: cu hnh router Singapore phn phi cc tuyn c kt ni cho min
OSPF.
singapore (confg)#router ospf 1
Singapore (config-router)redistribute connected subnets
Kim tra bng nh tuyn ca cc router SanJosel v SanJose3 s c tuyn ngoi loi
2 n mng Auckland.
SanJosel#show ip routt
192.168.224.0/30 is subnetLed, 1 subnets
o lA 192.168.224.0 [110/782] via 192.168.1.3, 00:11:16, FastEthernet0/0
0 E2 192.168.240.0 [110/20] via 192.ICS.1.3, 00:04:54, FastEthernetO/0
0 E2 192.168.244.0/24 [110/20] via 192..68.1.3, 00:09:34, FastEthernetO/0
c 1 92. 16 8 . 64 . 0 is directly connected, LoopbackO
c 192.168.80.0 is directly connected, Loopbackl
c 192.168.96.0 is directly connected, Loopback2
0 E2 192.168.248.0/24 [110/20] via 192.168.1.3, 00:09:35, FastEthernetO/0
c 192.168.112.0 is directly connected, Loopbacks
c 1^2.168.1.0/24 is directly connected; FastEthernetO/0
0 E2 192.168.252.0/24 [110/20] via 192.168.1.3, 00:09:38, FastEthernetO/0
0 192.168.3.1 [110/2] via 192.168.1.3, 00:11:19, FastEthernetO/0
Bc 3: Router Singapore C nhiu tuyn ni vng (lA). Nh trong Lab 2, ti
thiu ho bng nh tuyn ca router Singapore bng cch cu hnh area 51 l stub area,
singapore (config-router)#area 51 stub
Bi v router Singapore du nhp cc tuyn ngoi vo OSPF, n c xem nh mt
ASBR. ASBR khng th l thnh vin ca mt stub area; stub area khng cho php LSA
loi 5. Kim tra c s d liu ca router Singapore:
show p osp database
Mt cch khc l cu hnh area 51 nh mt NSSA:
Singapore (config-router)#area 51 nssa
SanJose3 {config)#router osp 1
SanJose3 (config-router)#area 51 nssa
By gi kim tra c s d liu OSPF. V stub area khng h tr LSA loi cc tuyn
ngoi c phn phi li v qung b theo LSA loi 7. Trong kt qu xut ca lnh ny,
c thay th bng LSA loi 7.
Singapore#show ip ospf database
OSPF Router with ID (192.168.252.1) (Process ID 1)
Router Link States (Area 51)
Link ID ADV Router Age Seq# Checksum
Link count
192.168.3.1 192.168.3.1 10 0x80000006 0x9A87 2
192.168.252.1 192.168.252.1 10 0x80000004 0x5B6E 2
Summary Net Link States (Area 51)
192.168.1.0 192.168.3.1 137 0x80000004 0x4F0C
192.168.3.1 192.168.3.1 137 0x80000002 0x3327
192.168.64.1 192.168.3.1 138 0x80000002 0x9B80
192.168.80.1 192.168.3.1 138 0x80000002 0xEA21
192.168.96.1 192.168.3.1 138 0x80000002 0x3ACl
192.68.112.1 192.168.3.1 138 0x80000002 0x8962
Type-7 AS External Link States (Area 51)
Link ID ADV Router Age Seq# Checksum Tag
192.168.224.0 192.168.252.1 19 0x80000001 OxAOFA 0
192.168.240.0 192.168.252.1 20 0x80000001 0xEF9B 0
192.168.244.0 192.168.252.1 21 0x80000001 OxDSAE 0
192.168.248.0 192.168.252.1 21 0x80000001 0xA9D6 0
192.168.252.0 192.168.252.1 21 0x80000001 0x7DFE 0
NSSA nhn cc bn cp nht t ABR tng t nh cch stub area router nhn.
SanJoseS tip tc gi n Area 51 cc tm lc lin kt LSAs (loi 3 v loi 4). V mc tiu
ca ta l gim gnh nng ca router Area 51, ta s cu hnh li router SanJose3 lc cc
LSA tm lc tuyn ni vng:
SanJose3 (config)#router ospf 1
SanJose3 (config-roater)#area 51 nssa no-summary
By gi kim tra li bng nh tuyn ca router Singapore
Singapore#show p route
Gateway of last resort is 192.168.224.1 to network 0.0.0.0
c 192.168.240.0 is directly connected; LoopbackO
c 192.168.244.0/24 is directly connected, Loopbackl
c 192.168.248.0/24 is directly connected, Loopback2
c 192.168.252.0/24 is directly connected. Loopbacks
0*IA 0.0.0.-/0 [110/65] via 192.168.224.1, 00:00:04, SerialO/0
5 - 8 Semester 5: Advanced Routing v 2 .0 - Lab 5.8.3 Copyright. 2001, Cisco
Systems, Inc.
Tt c cc tuyn ni vng (lA) c thay th bng tuyn mc nh o.o.o.o/o. Area 51
by gi ging nh Area 2 khi c cu hnh l totally stubby area. S tc bit ch yu l
mt NSSA c th phn phi li cc tuyn ngoi. NSSA cho php ti thiu ho c s d liu
trng thi lin kt OSPF m vn- du nhp c cc tuyn ngoi nh LSA loi 7. Router
NSSA (SanJose3) phi chuyn i cc LSA loi 7 sang LSA loi 5, v trn ngp sang Area 0.
Singapore#show p ospf database
OSPF Router with ID (192.168,3.1) (Process ID 1)
Router Link States (Area 0)
Link ID ADV Router Age Seq# Checksum Link count
192.168.3.1 192.168.3.1 170 0x80000007 0x45B3 2
192.168.112.1 192.168.112.1 1711 0x80000008 0xl48A 1
Net Link States (Area 0)
192.168.1.1 192.168.112.1 1712 0x80000001 OxAlOA
Link ID ADV. Router Age Seq# Checksxjm
192.168.64.1 192.168.112.1 1238 0x80000005 OxEVCA
192.168.80.1 192.168.112.1 1238 0x80000005 0x376B
192.168.96.1 192.168.112.1 1238 0x80000005 0x860C
192.168.112.1 192.168.112.1 1238 0x80000005 OxDSAC
192.168.224.0 192.168.3.1 1748 0x80000001 0x92E5
"Router Link States (Area 51)
Link ID ADV Router Age Seq# Checksum Link count
192.168.3.1 192.168.3.1 165 OxSOOOOOOB 0x908C 2
192.168.252.1 192.168.252.1 278 0x80000004 0x5B6E 2
0.0.0.0 192.168.3.1 172 0x80000001 0xl2B6
Type-7 AS External Link States (Area 51)
Link ID ADV Router Age Seq# Checksum Tag
192.168.224.0 192.168.252.1 287 0x80000001 OxAOFA 0
192.168.240.0 192.168.252.1 287 0x80000001 0xEF9B 0
192.168.244.0 .168 . 252 .1 287 0x80000001 OxDSAE 0
192.168.248.0 192 .168 . P52 .1 287 0x80000001 03A9D6 0
192.168.252.0 192.168.252.1 287 0x80000001 Ox7DFE 0
Type.-5 AS External Link States
Link D ADV Router Age Seq# Checksum Tag
192.168.240.0 192.168.3.1 161 0x80000001 0x5A35 0
192.168.244.0 192.168.3.1 163 0x80000001 0x4048 0
192.168.248.0 192.168.3.1 163 0x80000001 0x1470 0
192.168.252.0 192.168.3.1 63 0x80000001 0-XE798 0
Router SanJose3 chuyn cc LSA li 7 t router Singapore v ph bin chng thnh
loi 5.
SanJose3#show ip route
192.168.224.0/30 is subnetted; 1 subnets
0 N2 192.168.240.0 [110/20] via 192.168.224.2, 00:03:23, SerialO/0
0 N2 192.168.244.0/24 [110/20] via 192.168.224.2, 00:03:23, SerialO/0
0 lA 192.168.64.1 [110/2] via 192.168.1.1, 00:03:23, FastEthernetO/0
o l A 1 9 2 . 1 6 8 . 8 0 . 1 [ 110/ 2] via 1 9 2. 16 8. 1 . 1, 00: 03: 23, FastEthernetO/0
1 9 2 . 1 6 8 . 9 6 , 0 / 3 2 is subnetted, 1 subnets
0 Ia '192.168.96.1 [110/23 via 192.168.1.1, 00:03:24, FastEthernetO/0
0 N2 192.168.248.0/24 [110/20] via 192.168.224.2, 00:03:24, SerialO/0
l A 192.168.112.1 [110/2] via 192.168.1.1, 00:03:30, FastEthernetO/0
c 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernetO/O
0 N2 192.168.252.0/24 [110/20] via 192.168.224.2, 00:03:30, SerialO/0
Ph lc B: Cc bi Lab_____________________________________________________ 261
Lab 4
Cu hnh BGP trao i thng tin nh tuyn vi hai ISP (hnh 5.9). Ta c hai kt
ni n hai ISP khc nhau c c kt ni Internet chu ng li. Ta cu hnh BGP cho
router bin ca cng ty v router ca ISP.
Bc I: Xy dng v cu hnh mng theo s hnh 5.9 (cha cu hnh cc giao thc
nh tuyn), cu hnh giao tip loopback vi a chi IP cho mi router ISP nh s . Dng
lnh ping kim tra kt ni gia cc router ni trc tip.
Btc 2: Cu hnh cho cc t b ca nh cung cp dch v cng nh router bin ca
khch hng.
ISPIA (config)#router bgp 200
ISPIA (config-router)#neighbor 10.0.0.2 reznote-as 100
ISPIA (config-router)#network 12.0,1.0 mask 255-255.255.0
ISP2 (config)#router bgp 300
ISP2 (config-router)#neighbor 172.16.0.2 remote-as 100
ISP2 (config-router)#network 172.16.1.0 mask 255.255.255.0
Bc 3: cu hnh router SanJose3 chy BGP vi c hai ISP.
SanJose3 (config)#router bgp 100
SanJose3 (confg-router)#neghbor 10.0.0.1 reinote-as 200
SanJose3 (config-router)#neghbor 172.16.0.1 remte-as 300
SanJose3 (config-router)#notwork 192.168.0.0
SanJose3 (config-router)#network 192.168.1.0
SanJose3#how p route
172.16.0.0/16 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks
B 172.16.0.0/16 [20/0] via 172.16.0.1, 00:01:24
c 172.16.0.0/30 is directly connected, Seralo
10.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks
B 10.0.0.0/8 [20/0] via 10.0.0.1, 00:01:47
c 10.0.0.0/30 is directly connected, Seriall
c 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, Loopbackl
Router SanJoseS C cc tuyn n cc mng hi tip ti mi router ISP. Router
SanJose3 n c mng ny.
Bc 4\ Kim tra hot ng ca router SanJoseS.
SanJose3#show ip bgp
BGP table version is 5, local router ID is 192.168.1.3
Status codes; s suppressed, d damped, h history, * valid,>best, I-internal
Origin codes: i - IGP, e - EGP, ? - incomplete
Network Next Hop Metric LocPrf Weight Path
*> 10.0.0.0 10.0.0.1 0 0 200 i
*> 172.16.0.0 172.16.0.1 0 0 300 i
*> 192.168.0.0 0.0.0.0 0 32768 i
*> 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.0 0 32768 I
Bc 5: Kim tra bng nh tuyn ca ISP2, ISP2 s c mt tuyn thuc v ISPIA
(12.0.1.0). Nu router SanJose3 qung b mt tuyn thuc v ISPIA, ISP2 s ci t tuyn
vo bng nh tuyn ca n v ISP2 c th s nh tuyn lu lng qu giang qua mng
ca khch hng (SanJose3). Do ta cn cu hnh cho router SanJose3 n ch qung co
mng ca n (192.168.0.0 v 192.168.1.0) n hai ISP. router SanJose3, ta cu hnh danh
sch truy cp nhu sau v p dng n nh mt b lc tuyn cho cc hng xm BGP.
SanJos23 (config)#accsss-list 1 permit 192.168.0.0 0.0.255.255
SanJose3 (config)#router bgp 100
SanJose3 (config-router)ineighbor 10.0.0.1 distribute-list 1 out
SanJose3 (config-router) #neisfhbor 172.16.0.1 distribute-list 1 out
Sau khi cu hnh b lc tuyn, dng lnh clear ip bgp * xo cc tuyn c v sau
kim tra bng nh tuyn ca ISP2, tuyn n 12.0.1.0 (ISPl) s khng cn trong bng nh
tuyn ca ISP2 cng nh tuyn 172.16.1.0 (ISP2) cng khng cn trong bng nh tuyn
ca ISPIA.
Labs
Ta dng cc lnh BGP ngn chn vic qung co s hiu AS ring ra mng bn
ngoi. V dng thuc tnh AS PATH lc cc tuyn BGP da vo ch s AS ngun.
Bc I: Xy dng mng v cu hnh nh s hnh 5.10.
Bc 2: cu hnh BGP cho mi router.
SanJose2 (config)troutar bgp 100
SanJose2 (config-router)#no synchronization
SanJose2 (config-router)#nalghbor 192.168.1.6 remote-aa 300
SanJose2 (config-router)#n*twork 201.1.1.0
ISP2 (config) #routr bsrp 300
ISP2 (config-router)#no .synchronization
ISP2 (config-router)#nlghbor 192.168.1.5 remote-aa 100
ISP2 (conig-router)#nalghbor 172.24.1.18 renote-as 65000
ISP2 (config-router)#network 202.2.2.0
CustRtr (config)#router bop 65000
CustRtr (config-router)#no yiichronization
CustRtr (config-router)#neighbor 172.24.1.17 remote-as 300
CustRtr (config-router)#network 203.3.3.0
Kim tfa bng nh tuyn ca router SanJose2 s thy tuyn n mng 202.2.2.0 v
203.3.3.0. Kim tra bng BGP ca router SanJose2, ta thy s hiu AS 6500 c lit k
ong con ng n mng 203.3.3.0. Ta cn cu hnh ISP2 tc b s hiu AS ring ny
t cc tuyn BGP trao i vi router SanJose2.
ISP2 (config)#routor bgp 30
ISP2 (conf ig-router) #naighbor 192.168.1.5 remove-private-as
Sau dng lnh clear Lp bgp * router SanJose2 thit lp li mi quan h BGP
gia 3 router, i mt thi gian v kim tra bng nh tuyn ca router SanJose2. Router
SanJose2 vn c tuyn n mng 203.3.3.0. Nhng trong bng BGP ca router SanJose2
con ng AS PATH n mng 203.3.3.0 by gi l 300.
Bc 4: Da vo thuc tnh AS PATH lc cc tuyn da trn ngun gc ca n,
thuc tnh ny dng cng bc chnh sch nh tuyn, y, ta cu hnh ISP2 router
khng phn phi cc tuyn xut pht t AS 100 n router ca khch hng (CustRtr). u
tin ta cu hnh mt danh sch truy cp lc ra cc tuyn BGP c thuc tnh AS PATH bt
u v kt thc bng s hiu 100 ('^100$) v p dng cho hng xm thch hp (CustR). T
kho out ch ra rng danh sch ny c p dng cho cc thng tin nh tuyn c gi n
hng xm ny.
ISP2 (config)#ip as-path access-lst 1 deny M 0 0 $
ISP2 (config)#ip as-path access-list 1 permit.*
ISP2 (config)trouter bgp 300
ISP2 (config-router)#neighbor 172.24.1.18 filter-l8t 1 out
Dng lnh clear ip bgp * reset li cc thng tin nh tuyn. Sau kim tra bng
nh tuyn v vn thy tuyn n mng ,201.1.1.0 vn c trong bng nh tuyn ca ISP2
nhng khng c trong bng nh tuyn ca ISPl. Ta c th dung lnh show ip bgp regexp
'^100$ kim tra cc tuyn tha biu thc chnh quy ny, trong trng hp ny l con
ng n mng 201.1.1.0.
PHJ LJC C: K:MI thu rin g o LP 3
V LP 3
Mt ng dng ca MPLS v DiffServ cho dch v bng thng m bo l knh thu
ring o (Virtual Leased-line) lp 2 v lp 3. u tin ta phi cu hnh cho mng li v sau
cu hnh ti cc thit b.
Cu hnh cho mng li
Cu hnh cho mng li cho cc' dch v m bo bng thng, y, kiich hng c
hai vng bng thng k thut lu lng. Tp bng thng phc v cho hai hng i theo lp
dch v l lp 4 v lp 5.
Bc 1: Cu hnh bng thng c m bo cc vng bng thng dch v. Trong v
d ny, dung lng ca cc lin kt trong li c cp pht cho tp chnh (main pool) l
lOOMbps v 20Mbps ca tp chnh c cp pht cho tp con.
Interface POSl/0
description 0C3 link
mpls traffic-eng tunnels
p rsvp bandwidth 100000 10000 sub-pool 20000
Bc 2: cu hnh cc lp dch v. Vi Cisco 12000, cp pht bng thng trn cc
lin kt phc v cc dch v bng thng m bo, ta phi cu hnh MDRR nhm hng
i lp dch v (cos-queue-group) trn cc giao tip nh di y.
cos-queue-group oc3-link
precedence 4 queue 4
precedence 5 queue low-latency
queue 4 500 ! (Queue 4 has weight value of 500)
queue low-latency strict-priority ! (low-latency queue is in strict-
priority mode)
Cu hnh cc thng s WRED xc nh mc xo gi cho cc lp dch v:
cos-queue-group oc3-link
random-detect-label 4 500 1250 1
precedence 4 randcun-detct-label 4
exit
nh x cos-queue-group trn giao tip:
interface POSl/0
tx-cos oc3-link
Nh vy ta cu hnh bng thng m bo v mc un tin hy gi cho cc lp dch
v 4 v 5 trn lin kt o c - 3.
Bc 3: Kim tra li cu hnh ca MDRRAVRED
ios-gsr8b#show Interfaces pos 1/0 random-detect
POSl/0
cos-queue-group: oc3-link
RED Drop Counts
Tx Link To Fabric
RED Label Random Threshold Random Threshold
0 0 0 00
1 0 0 00
2 0 0 00
3 0 0 0 0
4 72327 322476 0 0
5 0 0 0 0
6 0 0 00
Tx-queue-limit drops: 0
Queue Lengths
Tx Queue (DRR configured) oc3-link
Queue Average High Water Mark Weight
0 0. 000 O.OOO' IO
1 0.000 0.000 10
2 0.000 0.000 10
3 0. 000 0. 000 10
4 846.000 956.000 500
5 0, 000 0. 000 10
6 0.000 0.000 10
Low latency 128.000 214.000 100
Tx RED config
Precedence 0: not configured for drop
Precedence 4: 500 min threshold, 1250 max threshold, 1/1 mark weight
Precedence 5: 500 mill threshold, 1250 max threshold, 1/X mark weight
Precedence 7; not configured for drop
weight 1/2
Kim tra li cu ilnh cho IP RSVP.
os-gsr8b#show ip rsvp interface
interface allocated i/f max flow max sub max
POl/O OG 420M 50M 20M
Fa6/0 25M 50M 35M 20M
Knh thu ring o IP
Ta bit IP knh thu ring o vn chuyn DP theo kiu im-im. Kt ni gia thit
b ra v router ra nh cung cp lun l kt ni IP.
Bc 1. Cho php VLL vo vng bng thng (bandwidth pool) k thut lu lng.
Ta cu hnh d tt 10 Mbps trong bng thng vng ph (subpool).
interface tunnel 10
tunnel mpls traffic-eng bandwidth sub-pool 10000
Bc 2. Cu hnh cho cc chnh sch v nh du lu lng IP VLL ti ng vo ca
nh cung cp dch v.
interface Ethernet5/0
rate-limit input 10000000 10000000 10000000 conform-action set-prec-
transmit 5 exceed-action drop
Cc lnh trn nh du lu lng vo vi mc uu tin IP sang cc lp cht lfng
dch v c gn cho IP VLL trong mng v kim sot tc lu lng l lOMbps bng
cch xo cc gi khi chng vt qu tc cho php.
Bc 3: Chuyn tip lu lng cho cc ng hm. Ta dng nh tuyn tnh ti
router pha u cui Tig hm chuyn tip lu lng IP VLL n cc Tig hm k
thut lu lng c chun b.
ip route 172.120.35.0 255.255.255.0 tunnelio
Bc 4: Kim tra cu hnh.
Kim tra lu lng c c chuyn tip trn mg hm.
os-gsr8b#show interface tunnel 0
Kim tra vic thit lp mg hm
ios-gsr8b#sh mpls traffic-eng tunnels tunnel 10
Knh thu ring o lp 2
Bc 1. To cc mch o lp 2 ti ng vo ca nh cung cp dch v.
mpls label protocol Idp

\
interface loopbackO
ip add 10.1.1.2 255.255.255.255
interface Vlan25
no ip address
mpls 12transport route 10.1.1.3 2000
Ph lc C: Knh thu ring o lp 2 v lp 3 267
Bc 2. Cu hnh cht lng dch v cho cc mch o lp 2, dng MQC nh du
lu lng c nhn t giao tip VLAN.
class-map blue
match any
policy-map badger
class blue
set mpls experimental 5
shape average 2000000 8000 8000
interface vlan25
no ip address
service-policy input badger
Cc lnh ny nh du lu lng nhn c t VIan25 sang Class 5, lp subpool. V

lu lng c nhn trn giao tip ny cng c chnh dng vi tc trung bnh l 2
Mbps.
Bc 3. Cho php bng thng ca mch o lp 2 trong tp bng thng k thut lu
lng, y ta d phng 2 Mbps trong trong tp con, iu ny ph hp vi chinh dng lu
lng 2 Mbps trn gia tip Vlan.
Interface tunnel 10
Tunnel mpls traffic-eng bandwidth sub-pool 2000
Bc 4. Chuyn tip lu lng lp 2 cho cc ng hm k thut lu lng c
d phng bng cch dng nh tuyn tnh,
ip route 10.1.1.3 255.255.255.255 tunnelio
a chi ch c dng y l im cui ng ra lp 2. Lnh ny c cu inh trn
router u cui.
Bc 5. Kim tra li cu hnh.
Kim tra nhn ong bng chuyn MPLS:
Router# show w p l a forwardlng-tabXe
Local Outgoing Prefix Bytes tag Outgoing Next Hop
tag tag or VC or Tunnel Id switched interface
16 Untagged 10.255.254.254/32 0 Vl2 192.168.0.1
17 Pop tag 172.30.0.0/16 0 G6/3 172.16.0.1
18 Pop tag 172.20.0.0/16 0 G6/3 172.16.0.1
19 148 172.29.0.0/16 0 G6/3 172.16.0.1
20 77 172.20.0.1/32 6308338115 G6/3 172.16.0.1
23 Untagged EoMPLS (4) 94538 V14 point2point
24 Untagged EoMPLS ClOl) 847 VllOl point2point
Xem trng thi hin ti ca cc mch o trong bng kt ni.
Router# show mpls 12transport vc
Transport Client vc Local Remote Tunnel
VC ID Intf State VC Label -VC Label Label
4 V14 UP 23 21 77
101 VllOl UP 24 22 77
Ph lc C: Knh thu ring o lp 2 v lp 3 269
PHI LC D: mN THC MPIS TBM LINUX

Gii thiu
Linux c coi l mt trong nhng h iu hnh tt nht cho mi trTig mng v ta
hon ton c th s dng mt server Linux nh mt router. Gii php m ngun m ny
khng nhng gip gim chi ph u t v phn cng, phn mm cho router m cn tng tc
ca mng cc b v bo m mt mi trng mng chy n nh.
Router Linux cng nh x cc a chi mng ch n cc giao tip bng cch xy
dng, cp nht v tm kim trong bng nh tuyn. C sn rt nhiu phn mm m ngun
m nh tuyn trn Linux nh Zebra, Linux router project ... h tr nhiu giao thc ph
bin nhRIP, OSPF, BGP ...
Mt router mun h tr MPLS phi l cc router chuyn dng cho mng trc, t
platform 3500 tr ln v ci h iu hnh lOS 12.3 tr ln, y tht s l mt yu cu ng
k khi xy dng mt mng MPLS. Vi router Linux, ta ch cn bin dch v ci t cc
chng trnh m ngun m h tr nh MPLS Linux Project hay RSVP-TE ... h tr cc
tnh nng MPLS m vn tng hch hon ton vi cc chng trnh nh tuyn ni ting
c nh Zebra, Ipsuite ... N tht s l mt cng c hu ch gip sinh vin tip cn v
nghin cu v MPLS ttong hon cnh thit b v h thng mng cn nhiu hn ch.
MPLS trn Linux
y l cc ng dng m ngun m, min ph, cng nh c th c sa i li theo
nhu cu ngi dng bng cch thay i m ngun, chy trn nn h iu hnh Linux, c
s dng v h tr bi mt cng ng rng ln ngi s dng, c phn phi rng ri ti
site http://mpls-linux.sourceforge.ne. N hin thc MPLS bng cch to mt tp cc giao
thc bo hiu v mt phng chuyn tip MPLS cho h iu hnh Linux kernel 2.4.X theo
RFC 3036. MPLS trn Linux gm hai gi chnh l:
mpls-linux - chuyn tip MPLS cho nhn Linux, gm giao tip Ethernet, ppp,
ng hm MPLS o, ngn xp nhn, tm nhn quy, tch hp vi m hnh Linux QoS, h
DiffServ, Ethernet trn MPLS.
Idp-portable - hin thc LDP theo RFC3036, tch hp vi cu c nh tuyn ca
Zebra.
tng c bn ca MPLS Linux Project
Chng trnh nh ngha cu trc d liu dng din dch cc nhn MPLS n l
n^M (Incoming Lable Map). Bng ILM cha tt c cc nhn n m LSR ng vo v ng ra
s nhn ra, bao gm ni dung nhn, m hot ng (opcode), FEC ... Th t x l cc nhn
Ph lc D: Hin thc MPLS trn Linux 271
n nh sau: u tin, n trch nhn t tiu chn thm trn cng, tm nhn trong bng
ILM, da vo opcode trong nhn m thc hin cc x l khc nhau.
struct mps label {
u32 label res:l,
label value:28,
label type:3:
#define MPLS_LABELVPI
#define MPLS_LABEL_VCI
tdefine MPLS_LABEL_GEN
#define MPLS_LABEL_DLCI 10
};
#define MPLS_GEN_LABEL
tdefine MPLS_VPIVCI_LABEL
#define MPLS_VPI_LABEL
#define MPLS_VCI_LABEL
#define MPLS_FR10_LABEL
((label_value>>16)&0xFFF)
(label_value&OxFFFF)
{label_value&OxFFFFF)
{label_value&0x3FF)
(label_value&OxlFFFF)
(label_value&0x7FFFFF)
0x01
0x02
0x03
0x04
0x05
0x06
0x07
cu trc ILM, vi opcode l cc hnh vi tng ng: POP_AND_LOOKUP,
POP_AND_FORWARD, NO_POP_AND_FORWARD, SE^_TO_RP
struct ilm ent {
struct mpls_label label;
struct route_ent* outgoing_rt;
ul6 protocol;
u8 opcode;
};
CI T
Download cc gi kemel2.4.x.tar.gz, mpls-lnux-l.lyy.tgz, gii nn v cp nht bn
MPLS patch cho kernel h tr tnh nng MPLS, bin dch li kernel mi vi cc tu chn
nh bn di, cui cng l ci t kernel mi c h tr MPLS
Code maturity level options -- ->
[*] Prompt for development and/or incomplete code/drivers
Networking options ->
[*] Multi Protocol Label Switching - MPLS
[*] Network packet filtering (replaces ipchains)
IP: Netfilter Configuration -- ->
<*> IP tables support (required for filtering/masq/NAT)
<*> Packet mangling
<*> MPLS target support
/usr/src/linux-2.4.19>xnake dep && make clean && make bzlmage ScSc make
modules ScSc make modules install
Chuyn bzlmage and System.map trong th mc /boot v to mt symbolic link mi
n System.map (tu chn).
Thay i file /etc/lilo.conf b sung Image mi. Np lilo v khi ng li.
v D
Sau y l mt v d n gin v thit lp mt LSP v nh x lun lng n I, sau
kim tra li lu lng c gn nhn.
Hnh CJ: S
Tiumll:
[rootumll root]# cat /proc/net/mpls version
01010702
[rootumll root]# mplsadm2 -A -0 0
Key; 0x00000002
Out Segment add: Success
[root@umll root]# mplsadm2 -0 0x2 -o
push:gen:10000:set:ethl:ipv4:11.0.1.20ut
+Instr: Success
[rootOumll root]# ip route add 11.0.1.2/32 via 11.0.1.2 Isp 0x2
[root@ximll root]# cat /proc/net/mpls out
0x00000002 0/0/0 1 PUSH (gen 10000) SET (ethl.11.0.1.2)
[rootQumll root]# ip route show
11.0.1.2 via 11.0.1.2 dev ethl Isp 0x2
192.168.2.0/24 dev etho scope link
11.0.1.0/24 dev ethl proto kernel scope link src 11.0.1.
127.0.0.0/8 dev lo scope link
[rootOumll root]#
Ti uml2
[root@uml2 root]# cat /proc/net/mpls version
01010702
[root@uml2 root] # .mplsac3m2 -L ethl:0
Label Space: Success
[root@uml2 root]# mplsac3m2 -A -I gen: 10000:0
In Label add: Success
[root@uml2 root]# cat /proc/net/mpls in
0x02710001 0/0/0 gen 10000 0 1 POP PEEK
[root@iam2 root]# cat /proc/net/mpls labelspace
ethl O 5
Ta kim tra bng cch ping th uml 1.
[root@umll root]# ping 11.0.1.2
PING 11.0.1.2 (11.0.1.2) from 11.0.1.1: 56 (84) bytes of-data.
64 bytes from 11.0.1.2: icmp seq=l ttl=64 tixne=1.12 ms
64 bytes from 11.0.1.2; icmp seq=2 ttl=64 time=0,420 ms
Kim tra tin trnh MPLS uml2 c nhn c cc gi tin ny khng:
[root@ui\12 root]# cat /proc/net/mpls in
0x02710001 55/4840/0 gen 10000 0 1 POP PEEK
[root@uml2 root]#
Hoc dng tcpdump kim tra.
[root@uml2 root]# tcpdump -xvp -i ethl
tcpdump: listening on ethl
07:23:40.325^485 fe: fd: 1: 0 :1:1 fe: fd: 11: : 2 :1 8847 102:
0271 0140 4500 0054 0000 4000 4001 22a7
ObOO 0101 ObOO 0102 0800 9154 3202 8400
cc70 e83e 0cf6 0400 0809 OaOb OcOd OeOf
1011 1213 1415 1617 1819 lalb Icld lelf
2021 2223 2425 2627 2829 2a2b 2c2d 2e2f
3031
07:23:40.325614 11.0.1.2 > 11.0.1.1: icmp: echo reply (tt 64, id 3923, en
84)
4500 0054 0f53 0000 4001 5354 ObOO 0102
ObOO 0101 0000 9954 3202 8400 cc70 e83e
0cf6 0400 0809 OaOb OcOd OeOf Oll 1213
1415 1617 1819 lalb Icld lelf 2021 2223
2425 2627 2829 2a2b 2c2d 2e2f 3031 3233
3435
Gi tin u tin l gi ping i n. 8847 cho bit y l gi MPLS. Bn byte u l
tiu shim (0271 0140), theo sau l tiu IP (4500 0054 0000 4000 4001 22a7 ObOO
0101 ObOO 0102). Gi th hai l gi ping hi p v ch l gi IP bnh thng bi v ta
khng thit lp LSP theo hng ngc li.
RSVP-TE
Daemon RSVP-TE cho DiffServ trn MPLS h tr cc c tnh nh thit lp LSP
nh tuyn rng buc, E-LSP v L-LSP, LSP d phng kiu IntServ, nh x lu lng sang
LSP da vo giao thc, cng, tin t ch n, DSCP. Cc thnh phn ca RSVP-TE c th
c download ti site http://ds mpls.atlantis.rug.ac.be. bao gm KERNEL2.4.19-
^PLS172.patch; iptables-1.2.4-0.2-dscp.tgz, DSMPLS+IP.patch, iproute2-cuent.tar.gz
and rsvpd.0.70-rc2.tgz.
Linux h tr DS/MPLS, ta phi ci t nhiu bn v cho: iptables (ph hp vi
DSCP), ip (giao thc MPLS), mplsadm (multiple table, h EXP and mt n EXP), Linux
kernel (h tr lc DSCP, MPLS patch) v khi bin dch li nhn, cn chn cc c tnh sau
[*] Network packet filtering
[*] TCP/IP networking
1.advanced router
l.IP: policy routing
l.IP: use netfilter MARK value as routing Jcey
[*] MPLS support
[*] IP: Netfilter Configuration
1.P tables support (enable all suboptions unless you Icnow what you are
doing, make sure "DSCP match" and "MPLS target" support is available.
[*] QoS and/or fair queuing (enable all suboptions unless you know what you
are doing)
[*] Network device options
Bin dch v ci t nhn mi h RSVP-TE. Thay i file /etc/]ilo.conf b sung
Image mi. Np li lilo v khi ng li. Daemon RSVP-TE s c cha ong th mc
/home/rsvp/rsvpd/rsvpd. Cc cng c khc c cha trong th mc
/home/rsvp/rsvpd/labeltest. Ta cn phi cu hnh li file label.conf trc khi chy cu
hnh li tp nhn, cc giao tip tng ng vi thit b v thay i nu cn thit.
Ta s thit lp mt LSP v nh x cc gi ICMP cho LSP ny. Ta kim a xem cc
gi c c gi qua LSP khng bng cch kim cc cc bin n LSP. Xt mt mng nh
trong hnh C.2.
Hnh C.2: S
1.1 1.2 2.1 2.2
Li
1eth1 eth1 eth2 eth1 1
Khi ng daemons trn tt c cc my t ng vo n ng ra:
./rsvpd -D
Cho router ng vo g thng ip n ch Ingress (trong rsvpd console):
Tl> dest Isp tcp XO.0.2.2/12
Tl> sender 10.0.1.1/12
Router ng ra hi p thng ip Egress reply with RESV messages (type on rsvpd
console):
Tl> dest Isp tcp 10.0.2.2/12
Tl> reserve 10.0.2.2 ff 10.0.1.1/12
router ng vo, kim tra:
./tuzmel -L -c
LSPID Destinatio^ (type label/exp/iface) viface Packets Bytes
12 10.0.2.2 (gen 21650/ 0/ ethl) T21650 0
./tunnel -m -p icmp -d 10.0.2.2/32 - 12
nh x cc gi ICPM n 10.0.2.2 vo LSP c LSPID l 12.
png 10.0.2.2
PIIvlG 10.0.2.2 (10.0.2.2): 56 data bytes
icmp seq=0 ttl=2 54 time=0.3 ms
icmp seq=l ttl=254 time=0.2 ms
icmp seq=2 ttl=254 time=0.2 ms
icmp seq=3 ttl=254 time=0.2 ms
64 bytes from 10.0.2.2
./tunnel -L -c
LSPID Destination (type label/exp/iface) viface Packets Bytes
12 10.0.2.2 (gen 21650/ 0/ ethl) T216S0 4 336
I Destination DSCP Proto Packets Bytes Packets Bytes
\ -> 10.0.0.0/12 BE icmp 4 336 4 336
Ta thy c bn gi c gi qua LSP ny.
./ttmnal -u -p 1 12
Lnh n khng nh x cc gi ICMP na.
./tunnl -m -a - 10.0.2.2/32 -112/3
Lnh ny nh x tt c cc gi n a ch 10.0.2.2 n LSP c LSP l 12 s c
ng EXP trong tiu chn l 3. Vi thng s -a, cc thng ip bo hiu RSVP s
khng c gi trn cc ng hm LSP.
./tunnel -u -a -d 10.0.2.2/32 -112/3
Lnh di y thi khng nh x cc gi n a ch 10.0.2.2 na.
./tunnel -m - X 0x2 -d 10.0.2.2/32 -112/1
nh x cc lu lng i n 1.0.2.2 v c nh du DSCP l 0x2 vo LSP c
LSPID l 12. Nhng gi ny s c bit EXP bng 1.
Ta c th theo di v g ri bng cc lnh sau, hoc dng cc chng trnh bt gi
nh Ethereal hay tcpdump (u c h tr MPLS) theo di cc gi thng ip v phn
tch hot ng ca mng MPLS.
#less /var/log/rsvpd.log
#tunnel -L -c
#tunnel -t -1 I s p d
#cat /proc/net/mpls*
#iptables -L -t mangle
#ip rule show
#ip route' show table t a b l e d ( t a b l e i d value obtained from ip r u l e show)
#tc -s qdisc Is devx
PH LC E: DERrVElT - CHNIG TRNH
GI LP CHO MI\G GMPLS/MPLS
MC CH V I TNG s DNG
Phn mm ny c dng cho mc ch nghin cu v ch c phn phi cho cc
n v nghin cu v gio dc ti site www.deriveit.com. Chng trnh gi lp mng
GMPLS gi lp cc phn t mng trong mi trng GMPLS trong cc con ng
GMPLS c th c thit lp v kim tra. Chcmg trnh cho php ngi dng thm cc
phn t mng v thay i cc con ng GMPLS, cung cp mt giao din ha tng tc
ng hin th cc lin kt, knh iu khin v topo ca cc con ng, thun tin cho vic
nghin cu v ln k hoch cho mt mng GMPLS m khng phi tn rt nhiu chi ph
xy dng mt mng tht s. Vi phin bn dnh cho mc ch thng mi, n cung cp
nhiu thun li nh h tr cc min a hng (Multi-Vendor), cc mng a tng, nhiu phn
(Multi-Layered, Multi-Partitioned), qun l v tnh ton con ng, bo v v phc hi con
ng, tnh cc cho cc LSP, xc minh cc cc lin kt t ng, h tr m hnh xp chng
v ngang hng cng vi cc giao thc qun l.
YU CU H THNG
Hnh E I : Ci t Microsoft Loopback Adapter.
Add/Remove Hardware Wizard
Netvroik Adapter
Which nctwoKJp<ei doyoo wfHto nsiB?
! B ^ i M n cik for this component ddc Have
Marufacturer
Micro4^
Micfooale
Mic0ntS
Mion
r a A
MibiofoltLoapba^ AdipM
<Bock I N8Kt> I Cancel I
H iu hnh Windows XP/2000/NT (cho php gn nhiu a ch IP cho mi card
mng) v ci t Microsoft Loopback Adapter gi lp cc router GMPLS/MPLS,
(Control Panel - > Add/Remove Hardware -> Microsoft -> Loopback Adapter). Loopback
Adapter c php gn nhiu a ch IP.
C IM CHNH
Cc chun v giao thc: GMPLS/MPLS Simulator cung cp y chc nng cho
mt phng iu khin ASON/GMPLS/MPLS v cc chun mi nht t
lETF/OIF/rrU, cc RFC v cc khuyn ngh ang c d tho.
Cc giao thc bo hiu: GMPLS/MPLS Simulator m phng cc thng ip RSVP v
CR-LDP lin quan n vic bo hiu ng i gia cc nt. Tt c thng ip RSVP
v CR-LDP c hin thc trong mt phng iu khin ca Derivelt vi cc m rng
GMPLS SONET/SDH v c hin th trong Network Simulator. N hin thc
RSVP-TE theo RFC 2015, 2205, 2208, 2209, 2210, 2961, 3209, draft-ietf-mpis-
generalized-rsvp-te-*, draft-ietf-mpls-rsvp-unnum-*, hin thc CR-LDP theo RFC
3035, 3036, draft-ietf-mpls-ldp-state-*, draft-itf-mpls-cr-ldp-*, draft-ietf-mpls-crlsp-
modify-*, draft-ietf-mpls-generalized-cr-ldp-*, draft-ietf-mpls-crldp-unnum-*.
Cc giao thc khm ph: GMPLS/MPLS Simulator gi lp tt c cc thng ip LMP
lin quan n vic pht hin nt. Tt c cc thng ip c hin thc trong mt
phng iu khin ca Derivelt v c hin th trong Network Simulator. LMP c
hin thc theo RFC draft-ietf-mpls-lmp-*.
Cc giao thc nh tuyn: GMPLS/MPLS Simulator gi lp tt c cc ing ip
DDRP v OSPF nh tuyn gia cc nt. Tt c cc thng ip c hin thc
trong mt phng iu khin ca Derivelt vi cc m rng GMPLS SONET/SDH v
c hin th trong Network Simulatr.
Hnh E.2: V d mng GMPLS vi cc b lin kt.
Ph lc E: Derivelt - Chong trnh gi lp cho GMPLS/MPLS 277
HOT NG
Router chuyn mch nhn (LSR)
Mt LSR c th l gi lp hay tht s v c nhiu giao tip IF thuc v nhiu min
iu khin khc nhau. Mt LSR phi c gn mt a ch IP duy nht v c dng nh
mt LSR/Router ID. LSR c th c ch nh l nt pht ngn (speaker node) hay mt nt
bin (border node) cho mt min iu khin (inter-domain).
Hnh E.3: Thit p LSR.
LSt Setup
____________________ ___ ^
LSBOl>eto<S r A d J p Maly ~ Reirova
--------- ^
ASu- Nve.l
IPAdie; t M
SID: S r ASE<*jtaijiLSR
cil OoiMr* ------ ---------- ----
CcytteoDnom li^-derMn
fcT r
ICBIDQ : p
--------------------- --- r
----------------------------- ^
r
r
p
Qt
] .1
r
r
r
Con ng chuyn mch nhn (LSP)
Hnh E: Thit lp LSP.
LSPCb>#o l Md r MO r f t w y *
Sgning r cnp * B$\*>.TC
......... ...
m-^' 2
PMtctiotidl TAiBftdkuptSP
3 itspi.
0 * r EtrM: [5
piolMtrt [ 0 5 0 5 5 5 3 AdmkSUur | n5 3 UptiwLahel: "
Bftfv4ftQn; [Oisljrcl 3 p H<**nfipiiq: r
rEKPfeFtoii ----------- ---- .
vrpu
cuomcSHki,
c4ipom2kx>tc
Ewwiplr
LSIik
At
pii^leoie.
pio
tSi
Cotmei
(0^)
roMitfnm
ihmLS^
FEC-
AubfiMieal^conpubFSCbAttd.
lOira
EkwtoH.
loai.o/^, :
iaiW ;
rmmstiqmt
LSPgrtWi4y
WMTT
UutCip
LSPm^ .
OK CmmI
LSP c thit lp bi giao thc bo hiu GMPLS/MPLS, tc bng RSVP-TE hay
CR-LDP. LSP c th l mt LSP d phng, FA LSP, UNI LSP. LSP c nh ngha vi
a ch IP ng vo v LSP ID cc b ca ng ra. Ta c th dng b danh (alias) d dng
xc nh LSP. Ta c th xc nh cc thng s lu lng, ti nguyn hoc rng buc cho
LSP v cc m rng ca SONET/SDH v UNI.
Kin trc phn tng LSP
CcLSP phn cp cho php m rng quy m ca mng GMPLS/MPLS. N cho php
xp chng nhn trong mng MPLS network, phc hi mng bng cc LSP phn cp (LSP
thay th hoc d phng). Vi Simulator, ta dng FA thit lp outer LSP trong kin trc
phn cp v dng FA mt ln na thit lp mt LSP bn trong (inner outer LSP LSP pha
ngoi to.
Gmo thc nh thi (Protocol Timers)
C nhiu b nh thi v gi tr timeout c dng trong cc giao thc
GMPLS/MPLS. Ta c th dng chng gi lp tc nghn mng.
Hnh E.5: Thit lp cc b nh thi v cc gi tr timeout.
Ph lc E: Derivelt - Chng trnh gi lp cho GMPLS/MPLS 279
Cqmrur^l UI Prtoc4>] htrC
............ ...... .. ................
HcA j500 KMye |5C0
rfiSVPvIE - ----------------^
rrthNVt 1 Rmem Mk SRsftwh|5p Mn
pOSPF?1C^--------------------------------------------------------------------- -----
Wvrf;Hrt. |555 RoMlead
' ------ --- -----------
l v t ; H t o |5 HMMtia | r CitHiDMms9 I? OitMNmagK .
riM----------------------------- --------------- ---------------- -----
; Irtovit HatoT"' ConTig ^ UkSnmy s r
: TMMtr Kltoj9r* Ccnr LUSunna! ^ OUiNuwm
Of Cmtn
Min iu khin (Control Domain)
Mt phng iu khin (control plane) ca Derivelts GMPLS/MPLS cho php ta thit
lp cc min iu khin khc nhau da trn cc hng cung cp khc nhau, cc cng ngh
khc nhau, cc tng a hp v cc dch v khc nhau. Min iu khin c th c thit lp
theo cu trc phn cp. C hai loi min iu khin c bn l min iu khin ni vng
(inter-domain control domain) dng E-NNI theo chun trong rru ASON, th hai l min
iu khin intra-domain, dng I-NNL Derivelt s dng nh tuyn theo I-NNI nh giao thc
nh tuyn OSPF-TE v nh tuyn E-NNI nh DDRP da trn OSPP-TE. Mt min iu
khin inter-domain c th qung b: 1) tt c lin kt TE inter-domain, 2) lin kt TE intra-
domain, 3) tt c cc nt ni trong min iu khin. Min iu khin c xc nh bng
mt gi tr nguyn 32 bit v bng b danh.
Hnh E.6: Thit lp min iu khin.
Control Domain êtup
Control Domain Operation /*' .Add Modify Remove
' Adveflisennent---------------------------------------------- --------- ------------- ^-------------
p Irkra Border TE Links r Inlra Oihsr I E Link r Internal No(fe%'
Parent IMetro Domri2
Alias: IService Provider
^1 17 Inler CortolDcinan
~3 'D:p
.Child Dorr^n
OK Cancel
Cc lin kt TE
Cc giao tip (IF)
Hnh E.7: Thit lp IF.
iOcMAliti; c tl
, tSR'* |uln2
\PAMm:\---------------
*6thty f7
iunidK
-laiioiM
mdiailluriwiteMidfr^
F:| 3
tSR: fSwHisT"
PJ/i!d|>i4pi04i?e? R.fc;îclh!rrtC&^'
(rts.Ctt- Woc 1 SRtG |
MwSwM cri 3 3
----
Ii * HmCv V
jptc.1 jJ|50MET 3I5S
^.1
3jc3
r 3 f ..... ...31^ m
i ...... " 3
.-4......:.
' zl'
iir-^
*^" ' ' s A 4 ' >
UIIBHn!!!!Ui|IIIillIi
sn!!!! ni ii!! l [!!! i H
yCiMn(P*
Cc IF c th l lin kt d liu hoc knh iu khin hoc c hai. IF mang d liu
c qung b trong giao thc nh tuyn. Cn IF knh iu khin c xem nh mt knh
iu khin ngoi bng (out-of-banJ, out-of-fiber). Cc thng s ca IF phi c xc nh
lc thit lp, bao gi dung lng a hp lin kt (Link Mux Capability descriptors),
metric/cost, color, SRLG, cc k cn v lin kt d liu / knh iu khin. Bi v khng tn
li cc lin kt vt l tht s trong Simulator, thng tin k cn phi c cu hnh mt cch
th cng.
Cc lin kt FA
Cc lin kt k cn chuyn tip cho php LSP c thit lp nh mt FA-LSP. Cc
lin kt FA c th c qung co nh mt lin kt TE. Lin kt FA l mt khi nim c s
trong kin trc LSP. Cho php cc mng GMPLS/MPLS m rng d dng. Cc lin kt FA
cn c dng nh mt ng hm thay th trong ti nh tuyn nhanh.
Hnh E,8: Thit lp cc lin kt FA.
Ingifl^.fcuu
[cuiuBrvv
AdtthSWue (S5 3 5
Hi<^:E Cotor| sm: V
- - '
3Uf9K^ ln.
4 t i n
UvrMllCI tKt
^Jtoct
eiTMtds: bt
mtt
Mfr50aiMrOM
tftoodw
f w 3 . N
'Ciiiato
%*im
^Hd, d^n^rn
mnrn
mofim : iSH
/4tw
Ssihm.
^l6iu
IDL171W
3 F
dmsvu $T$lSfC'vva
te LSPI i^'l
Kt 3 31
m .
- V 4^ ^
Gmcd
Cc lin k theo b
Lin kt theo b (Bundled Link) cho php gp cc lin kt TE gia hai nt k cn,
bao gm c cc lin kt IF v FA c cc c im chung (v d nh c cng dung lng
chuyn mch) v qung co chng nh l mt lin kt m thi. Vi lin kt b, ta d dng
qun l cc mng c quy m ln.
Hnh E,9: Thit lp b cc lin kt c c im chung.
Bundled lnkSeup
Bunded l-irkOpwaliire ( A d d r Modilit r Rstovi
' ' ' ------------- ---------------3 -
{DurKflfdthk
lnas: ]k
Ej>eK i"
3
IPIPAdetc
lFiPAde:
rLirk Sdsclon Ctilss'
[0
| t5m 3
'lkProectDnTM:
Juwdected
Mabchrg
r^
I OK I Cye<
IFD
, 2
IFIK C001
Hnh E.IO: Qun l cc mng c quy m ln vi cc lin kt theo b.
Bo v v phc hi con ng
Theo mc nh, mt phng iu khin Derivelts GMPLS/MPLS cung cp nm mc
bo v v phc hi. Ta c th chn dng cch no v mc u tin ca chng trong hp
Ph lc E: Derivelt - ChoTig trnh gi lp cho GMPLS/MPLS 283
thoi Preferences ca Simulator. Khi gi lp mt lin kt hay mt nt b hng, ta s thy
irc cch m mng GMPLS,^4PLS t phc hi li bng cc phong php khc nhau.
Hnh EJ1: C/ic hinh thc bo v cho mg i.
:c\zzi'.nn arid re-bration-
Swiichirg and Repair Procedonce:
S/iLccal Lir-KProtecton - dependina on link piotecticn lype, e.g. ^ ^1. rna etc
v j L c c o l F o i t Reroute Usng FA. repair ok Updrcom LSR of liH^/hcdc failure
Si'iEnd-T0-End Paih Protection switchna to a backup LSRa! Inaiess
^Global Rcraulc sgnalng o LSP s i Ingress
Hop-Bii-Hop Reroute UdngFA - repair hop-bi^-hop at other ijpstrscfnLSRs
Move Up Move Dowri SeiecUII Un-BdectAii
Hnh E,12: Phc hi v sa cha li con ng.
eTv
/

QC
y
Curt0r
K \
7 ^
o
(?>>LSSifm49ter
AmcnQlotdi L5P<iddrtlK
01S(*( mit rirdby\ocdlrkProtiMticr'
0 Mt re{M#d b Voel f t Rerou^ sHg FA'
0 iM#re ralred ^ Vtoo4V'44oc Rw xA Us>O0 PA'
0 ' f w rc(>Md by T n d ^ E n d pth Protctlon*
v*ere f etK by
0 LSP vei< not repaired
AvtttAje 341 KlC0f:te Ir LSP.
<ifmr*asC^
OK"
iii
cif>c*2
Bo v lin kt cc b T- Mt phng chuyn vn (transport plane) s thc hin sa
cha. Mt phang iu khin khng bit. N ch nhn c thng ip v khng thc
hin bt c bo hiu g.
Ti nh tuyn nhanh cc b - nt ngc dng v xui dng trung gian s sa cha
li con ng, nt ngc dng v lin kt b hng.
Bo v con ng t u cui n u cui: khng thc hin li vic nh tuyn v
mt con ng khc c thit lp trc v dng nh mt con ng d phng.
Ti nh tuyn ton cc - nt ng vo bo hiu con Tig v thit lp li ton b
tuyn mt ln na.
LSDB /Bng nh tuyn /CSPF /SPF
Ta c th xem c s d liu trng thi lin kt LSDB (Link State Database) sau khi
cc giao thc nh tuyn (OSPF hoc DDRP) hi t. Bng nh tuyn c to t LSDB
trong mi LSR .bng gii thut SPF. Bng nh tuyn ny rt quan trng v n cung cp
thng tin nh tuyn chuyn tip mt gi IP trong mt phng iu khin. y l mt v d
ca LSDB v bng nh tuyn.
Hnh E.I3: Bng nh tuyn.
^Deslination N Destination IF' 1NeHtHop 1Va local IF ID 1^Tlel MBtfici^Disisnce ' j
cteriycitOS 1QQ.9.1 10..3.1 2 2
cu5fcomcr4 1Q0.1.3.4 10.0.4.1 1 5
cxtomer5 10.13.5 10.0.3.1 2 5
custmer 1Q.11 1.Q2.1 2 5
ctefiveitio 10.1.1 10.0.4.1 1 2
cferiveitll 1Q0.11.1 10.0.4.1 1 3
c^riveQI 1Q0.1.1 10.0.3.1 2 5
cferiveit12 IQO.12.1 10.A1 1
cteriveit2 10.0.2.1 10.0.3.1 2 4
cteriveit3 10.3.1 10.0^3.1 2 1
cteriveit4 10.0.4.1 10.0.4.1 1 1
cfriveit5 1Q0.5.1 10.0.4.1 1 4
srivcilB 1QD..1 10..4.1 1 5
dcrivcitQ? 1Q0.7.1 10.0.3.1 2 4
cutomer2 1Q0.13.2 10.0.4.1 1 5
ckrîts 1Q.8.1 1.Q.3.1 2 3
customers 1.13.3 10.0,3.1 2 2 .
Kt hp vi cc phn t mng tht s (real NE)
Thc hin cc bc sau chng trnh gi lp mng (network simulator) ca ta c
th giao tip vi cc LSR tht s hay cc chng trnh gi lp mng khc.
Bc 1: Trong choTig trnh gi lp mng hin ti, ta thm mt phn t mng gi lp
(simulated NE) (chn trong Simulated LSR) vi a chi IP ca card mng tht s
(card ethemet, v tuyn 7 wireless, hay quay s - dialup). Theo mc nh, cc phn t
mng gi lp dng b tng thch mng (network adapter) l b tcmg thch hi tip
(loop back adapter). Ta c th gn li a chi IP tht s ca card mng.
Bc 2: vn trong chng trnh gi lp hin ti, thm mt phn t mng tht s
(khng chn trong Simulated LSR) c a ch IP l a ch IP ca LSR tht s hay
mt chng trnh gi lp khc.
Bc 3: vn trong chng trnh gi lp ny, ta thm mt giao tip IF gia phn t
mng gi lp va to v phn t mng tht s. ID ca giao tip k cn (Adjacency's
EF DD) rt quan trng trong hp thoi DF Setup bi v chng trnh gi lp xem lin
kt ny l im-im (point-to-point) v khng nh s (unnumbered). Min iu
khin cng rt quan trng v ID ca n phi ging nh ID vng ca LSR tht s
trao i thng tin nh tuyn cho ng gia hai phn t mng ny.
Bc 4; Vi phn t mng tht s (hay cc chomg trnh gi lp khc), ta phi cu
hnh chng li phn nh s thay i lin kt gia NE c gi lp v NE tht s.
Cch thc cu hnh ph thuc vo thit b v nh cung cp thit b quy nh. Tuy
nhin, nu NE trong tnrqfng hp ny cng l gi lp, ta cn thc hin nh cc bc 1
v 2 trn.
Bc 5: chc chn mi th c thit lp ng n, vo tab LSDB v kim tra
cc thng tin trng thi t NE tht s c c qung b n chng trnh gi lp hay
khng,
Derivelt cung cp nhiu giao din qun l mng mt cch thun tin, bao gm qun
l cc phn t mng, topo mng, cc giao tip, cc LSP v phn cp ca LSP, cc LMP k
cn, cc min iu khin phn cp, c s d liu trng thi lin kt, bng nh tuyn, cy
MIB qun tr mng, ch cu hnh chuyn nghip... v mt s cu hnh mng mu.
Hnh E.14: Mt m hnh mng mu ca mt ISP
m tmA. ntmtkt
Sr
KT LU]\
Quyn sch ny tp trung cp n nhng khi nim c bn ca k thut chuyn
mch nhn ni chung cng vi kin trc, cc giao thc chnh v nhng ng dng quan trng
trong thc tin ca MPLS ni ring. MPLS l mt cng ngh bng rng hin i, gii
quyt c nhng vn v mng ang c quan tm hin nay, l tch hp nhng giao
thc khc nhau, nng cao v m rng cht lng dch v IP, gim chi ph u t. Bc pht
trin tip theo ca MPLS s l GMPLS (Generalized MPLS). GMPLS tp trung vo giao
din gia mng v cc mng truyn dn quang.
MPLS kt hp nhng c im tt nht ca ATM v IP. N l mt cng ngh lai c
kh nng chuyn cc gi rt nhanh trong mng li v nh tuyn nh bnh thng cc
mng bin. MPLS n gin ha qu trnh nh tuyn, tng tnh linh ng vi cc tng trung
gian, h tr tt cc m hnh cht lng dch v.
Ta tm hiu v cng ngh chuyn mch nhn a giao thc cng nh nghin cu
cch thc m rng cc giao thc bo hiu r rng v nh tuyn rng buc tm ra con
ng tha mn rng buc v d phng ti nguyn, ng thi s dng ti nguyn mng mt
cch ti u. Ngoi ra, ta cn gii quyt cc vn khc nh nh nh tuyn tin cy, nh
tuyn tng thch ng v h tr multicast trong min MPLS ... thng qua cc gii thut
tm ng tha mn rng buc khng trng nhau hoc trng nhau mt phn, tng thch
ng v m bo cho cc yu cu pht trin mng trong tng lai. Ngoi ra, ta cng nghin
cu cch thc MPLS dng khung v dng t bo c th lin mng v tch hp vi ATM,
Frame Relay lin mng thng sut hay tn dng li cc c s h tng mng c sn ny.
Ta cng nghin cu cch thc MPLS tch hp vi cc m hnh cht lng dch ca internet,
c bit l m hnh cht lng dch v phn bit DiffServ, cung cp cc dch v m bo
bng thng, v bin ng tr nh cc ng leased line o lp 2, lp 3.
Cn i vi mng tch hp quang - IP th h sau, GMPLS cung cp mt tp cc giao
thc ton din v tng thch IP, cho php thit lp cc lung quang nhanh chng v kh
nng khi phc khi c s c, thng qua cc chng trnh m phng (NS), gi lp (Derivelt)
v ci t mt router chuyn mch nhn tht s t cc chng trnh m ngun m trn
Linux (MPLS Linux Project).
THUT IVG VIT TT
ABR
ADM........
AF.............
AN............
ARIS
AS ........
ASBR
ASN..........
ATMARP
Area Border Router - B nh tuyn bin.
Add Drop Mutiplexer - B ghp xen r.
Assured forwarding - Chuyn tip m bo.
Assigment Number - s n nh.
Aggregate Route-based IP Switching - Chuyn mch IP da trn nh
tuyn tng h ^ . .................... ..... . ...................... .................
Autonomous System - H t tr.
Autonomous System Boundary Router - B nh tuyn bin ca h
thng t tr.
Autonomous System Number - s h thng t tr.
Asynchronuous Transfer Mode Address Resolution Protocol - Giao
thc phn gii a chi ca kiu truyn bt ng b.
BA
BDB
BGP
CBR
CBS
Behavior Aggregate - Kt tp hnh vi.
Bind DataBase - C s d liu kt hp.
Border Gateway Protocol - Giao thc cng bin.
CDR.........
CE router
CIDR __
CIR
COS
Consained Based Routing - nh tuyn rng buc.
Committed Burst Size - Kch thc chm tha thun.
Committed Data Rate - Tc d liu tha thun.
Customer Edge router - B nh tuyn khch hng ra.
CR_LDP
CSR
D
Classless Interdomain Routing - nh tuyn lin min khng phn lp.
Committed Information Rate - Tc cam kt.
Class of Service - Lp dch v. ........ ............... ...............................
Constrained Label Distribution Protocol - Giao thc phn b nhn rng
buc.
Cell Switching Router - B nh tuyn chuyn mch t bo
Destination - ch.
DBR Designated backup router - B nh tuyn ch nh d phng.
Diff_Serv
DR
DRR
Differentiated Services - Dch v phn bit.
Designated Router - B nh tuyn chi nh.
Deficit Round-Robin - Vng kh hi thiu.
DSCP Differentiated Service Code Point - im m dch v phn bit.
DUAL Diffusing Update Algorithm - Gii thut cp nht khuch tn.
EBS Excess Burst Size - Kch thc chm vt ngng.
Edge LSR Edge Label Switching Router - B nh tuyn chuyn mch nhn ra.
EF Expedited Forwarding - Chuyn tip xc tin.
EGP Exterior Gateway Protcx:ol - Giao thc nh tuyn ngoi.
EIGRP Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol - Giao thc nh tuyn.ni
cao cp.
EPD Early Packet Discard - Hy gi sm.
ER Explicit Route - nh tuyn xc nh.
ERO Explicit -Route object - i tng nh tuyn xc nh.
FE Fast Ethernet - Ethernet nhanh.
FECs Forwarding Equivalence Classes - Nhng lp chuyn tip tng ng.
FQ Fair Queueing - Hng i cng bng.
FSC Fiber Switch Capable - Kh nng chuyn mch theo si quang.
GBLSP Guaranteed Bandwith LSPs - Cc LSP bng thng m bo.
GE Gigabit Ethernet - Mng gigabt.
GS Guardrantee Service - Dch v m bo.
GSMP General Switch Management Protocol - Giao thc qun l chuyn mch
chung.
IETF Internet Engineering Task Force - Khuyn ngh Internet.
IFMP Ipsilon Flow Management Protocol - Giao tc qun l lung Ipsilon.
IGP Interior Gateway Protocol - Giao thc cng ni.
IGRP Interior Gateway Routing Protocol - Giao thc nh tuyn cng ni.
Int_Serv Intergrated Services - Dch v tch hp.
IPATM The IP over ATM - Giao thc internet n ATM.
IPLPDN IP over Large Public Data Networks - IP n mng d liu cng cng
ln.
IS Intergrated Service - Dch v tch hp.
Thut ng vit tt 289
ISP Internet Service Provider - Nh cung cp dch v Internet.
ISR Integrated Switch Router - B nh tuyn chuyn mch tch hp.
L3PID Layer 3 Protocol Identifier - Nhn dng giao thc lp 3.
LANE The LAN Emulation - M phng LAN.
LDP Label Distribution Protocol - Giao thc phn b nhn.
LFIB Label Forwarding Information Base - C s thng tin cliuyn tip nhn.
LIB Label Information Based - C s thng tin nhn.
LLQ Low-Latency Queuing - Hng i tr thp.
L-LSP Label LSP - LSP nhn.
LRO Label Request Object - i tfng yu cu nhn.
LSA Link State Advertise - Qung co trng thi licn kt.
LSAck Link State Advertise Acknowledge - Chp nhn qung co trng thi
lin kt.
LSC Label Switch Controller - Phn iu khin chuyn mch nhn.
LSC Lambda Switch Capable - Kh nng chuyn mch theo bc sng.
LSDB Link State Database - C s d liu trng thi lin kt.
LSP Label Switching Path - ng chuyn mch nhn.
LSR Label Switching Router - B nh tuyn chuyn mch nhn.
LSR Link State Router - B nh tuyn trng thi lin kt.
LSU Link State Unit - Khi trng thi lin kt.
MDRR Modified Deficit Round Robin - Vng kh hi thiu b chnh.
MED attribute MULTI_EXrr_DISC attribute - Thuc tnh MED.
MNS MPLS Network Simulation - M phng mng MPLS.
MPLS Multiprotocol Label Switching - Chuyn mch nhn a giao thc.
MPOA Multiprotocol over ATM - a giao thc trn ATM.
MTU Maximum Transmission Unit - n v truyn cc i.
NAP Internet Network Access Point - im truy cp mng Internet.
NBMA NonBroadcast MultiAccess - a truy cp bng rng ph nh.
NHRP Next Hop Revolution Protocol - Giao thc phn gii hop k tip.
NTC Network Control Traffic - iu khin lu lng mng.
0 / 0 / 0 Optical / Optical / Optical - Chuyn mch Quang / Quang / Quang.
OA Order Aggregate - Kt tp th t.
O/E/O Optical / Electrical / Optical - Quang / in / Quang.
Opaque LSA Opaque Link_State Advertisement - Qung co trng thi lin kt
khng trong sut.
OSPF Open Shortest Path First - M ra ng i ngn nht u tin.
OSP Optical Switch Path - ng chuyn mch quang.
OT Optical Trail - vt quang.
P router Provider router - B nh tuyn nh cung cp.
PBS Peak burst size - Kch thc chm nh.
PDR Peak Data Rate - Tc d liu nh.
PE router Provider Edge router - B nh tuyn nh cung cp ra.
PHB PerHop Behavior - Hnh vi mi chng.
PIM ProtCKol Independent Multicast - Giao thc c lp a im.
PIR Peak Information Rate - Tc nh.
PoP Point of Presence - im truy cp.
PPD Partial Packet Discard - Hy gi mt phn.
PPP Point to Point Protocol - Giao thc im - im.
PSC Packet Switch Capable - Kh nng chuyn mch gi.
PVP Permanent Virtual Path - cmg o c nh.
PVX Permanent Virtual Chanel - Knh o c nh.
PXC Packet exchange Capable - Kh nng chuyn mch gi.
Receiver_Tspec Receiver Traffic Specification - c t lu lng nhn.
RIP Routing Information Protocol - Giao thc thng tin nh tuyn.
ROLC Routing Over Large Clouds - nh tuyn ttn m my ln.
RRO Record_Route Object - i tng nh tuyn mu tin.
RSpec Request Specification - o t yu cu.
RSVP Resource Reservation Protocol - Giao thc dnh trc ti nguyn.
S Sender - B pht.
Sender_Tspec Sender Traffic Specification - c t lu liig pht.
SFQ Stochastic Fa Queueing - Hng i cng bng xc sut.
SONET Synchronous Optical Network - Mng quang ng b.
Thut ng vit tt 291
SPF Shortest Path First - ung ngn nht u tin.
TDM Time Division Multiplexer - Ghp knh phn thi gian.
TDP Tag Distribution Protocol - Giao thc phn phi th.
TE/RRR Traffic Engineering/Routing with Resource Reservation K thut lu
lng/ nh tuyn dnh trc ti nguyn.
TER Tag Edge Routers - Cc b nh tuyn th ra.
TFIB Tag Forwarding Information Based - C s thng tin chuyn tip th.
TLV Type Label Value - Kiu - nhn - gi tr.
TP Traffic Profile - Thuc tnh lu lng.
TSpcc Traffic Specification - c t lu lng;
TSR Router- B dnh huyn tK.
TTL........ .............* Time to Live - Thi gian sng.
v c Virtual Circuit - Knh o.
VCC Virtual Channel Connection - Cuc kt ni knh o.
VLL Virtual Lease-Line - Knh thu ring o.
VLSM Variable Length Subnet Mask - Mt n mng con c chiu di thay i.
VPC Virtual Path Connection Cuc kt ni OTg o.
VPN Virtual Wvate Networks - Cc mng ring o.
VPNIP VPN_IP addresses - a ch VPN IP.
WFQ Weight Fair Queue - Hng i cn bng trng s.
WRED Weighted Random Early Detection - Pht hin sm ngu nhin trng s.
TI LIU THAM KHO
1. Uyless Black, MPLS Label Switching Network, Prentice Hall, 2002.
2. Vivek Alwayn, Advanced MPLS Design and Implementation, Cisco Press, 2002.
3. Sean Hamedy, MPLS Primer, Prentice Hall, 2002.
4. Bruce Davie, Yakov Rekhter, MPLS Technology and Application, Academic Press,
2000.
5. James Reagan, CCIP MPLS Study Guide, CIBEX, 2002.
6. Cc chun RFC 2702, 3031, 3035, 3036, 3209.
7. Stephen Thomas, IP Routing Essential and Architecture, Wiley, 2002.
8. Bassam Halabi, Internet Routing Architecture, Cisco Press, 1997.
9. Robert N. Myhre, CCNP 2.0 routing, Prentice Hall, 2001.
10. Jeff Doyle, TCP/IP Routing Vol I, Cisco Press, 1998.
11. Cisco Network Acedemy Program, Cisco Press, 2001.
12. Christopher Y.Metz, IP Switching, McGraw-Hill, 1999.
13. Peter Tomsu, MPLS-based VPNi Prentice Hall, 2002,
14. Andrew s. Tanenmaum, Computer Networks, Prentice Hall, 1996.
15. Douglas E. Comer, Internetworking with TCP/IP: Principles, Protocols and
Architecture, Prentice Hall, 2000.
16. Thomas M. Thomas II, Cisco Internetwork Design, MacGraw-Hill, Technical Expert,
2001.
17. KS. Nguyn Trng Hip, KS. Lm Vn , ThS. Nguyn Hong Hi, Bo mt trong
cu trc MPLS, Tp ch Bu chnh Vin thng, thng 6 nm 2003.
18. Phm Anh Tun, Cng ngh MPLS v dch v MPLS VPN y tim nng, Tp ch
Th gii Vi tnh, thng 5 nm 2003.
19. TS. V Tun Lm, Xu hng tch hp IP/Quang trong mng th h sau, Tp ch Bu
chnh Vin thng, thng 5 nm 2003.
20. "Multiprotocol Label Switching Architecture, RFC 3031.
21. "Requirements for Traffic Engineering Over MPLS, RFC 2702,
22. "Constraint-based LSP setup using LDP, RFC 3212.
23. MPLS Label Stack Encoding", RPC 3032.
24. MPLSLoop Prevention Mechanism, RFC 3063.
25. Carrying Label Information in BGP-4, RFC 3107.
26. RSVP-TE: Extensions to RSVP for LSP Tunnels", RFC 3209.
27. ''Constraint-BasedLSP Setup using LDF\ Rf c 3212.
28. "A Framework for QoS-based Routing in the Internet", RFC 2386.
29. "Integrated Services in the Internet Architecture: an Overview", RFC 1633.
30. "'An Architecture for Differentiated Services", RPC 2475.
31. ''MPLS Support o f Differentiated Services, RFC 3270.
32. A Provider Architecture f o r Differentiated Services and Traffic Engineering",
RFC2430.
33. http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/
34. http://perform.wpi.edu/NS/
35. http://flower.ce.cnu.ac.kr/~fogl/mns/mns2.0/source/mns_v2.0.tar
36. http://www.deriveit.com
37. http://mpls-linux.sourceforge.ne
3 8. http://WWW. lathspell.de/linux/uml/'
39. http://user-mode-linux.sourceforge.ne^networking.httnl
40. http://www.omnetpp.org/extemal/doc/html/usman.php
41. http://charlie.it.uts.edu.au/~tkaphan/xtn/capstone/
42. http://www.mplsrc.com
43. http://www.cisco.com/warp/public/104/
44. http://www.convergedigest.com/tutorials/
45. http;//cell-relay.indiana.edu/mhonarc/mpls/
46. http://ants.mju.ac.kr/talks/
47. http://www.juniper.net/techpubs/
48. http://ww.ietf.org
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HC VIN CNG NGH Bu CHNH VlN THNG

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mpls label protocol Idp

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