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Current Conditions of Lake Broadwater Conservation Park in Respect to

Biodiversity Assets and The Status of Targeted Threatened Species
3606ENV Conservation Biology
Emma Murrell-Orgill








Date Due: 15
th
May 2014



Word Count: 2702
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ABSTRACT

Lake Broadwater Conservation Park is situated on the Darling Downs and plays host to a
large array of diverse species. In particular the conservation status of threatened species
within the park was assessed, along with the condition of current biodiversity assets
through the use of a variety of surveying techniques to directly observe these species.
Threatened species focused on included the Koala, with scats being found showing its
still abundant; the Pale-Headed Snake, found on a couple of sites also showing that it is
still abundant; and the same found for the Golden-Tailed Gecko. These positive results
confirm that their conservation status is not declining and possibly inclining. The
condition of the biodiversity assets was also shown to have positive results, with a large
variety of different species spotted and identified, even though not found in previous
years.

INTRODUCTION

The condition of Lake Broadwater needs to be consistently assessed in order to ensure the
biodiversity assets, and to monitor the change over the years in order to fully understand
its dynamics. This can also be used in order to prevent species from developing a
threatened conservation status, and possibly develop ways in which to increase numbers
and increase their status back to safe numbers (Nichols and Williams, 2006).
Surveys were conducted over a five-day period using Biodiversity and Integrated
Environmental Monitoring (Magnusson et al, 2013) as a key reference in order to
successfully gain an understanding on current conditions. At current there are 17
permanent long-term ecological research (LTER) plots present at Lake Broadwater, with
the targeted threatened species including the Pale-Headed Snake, Koala, and Golden-
Tailed Gecko. These species are threatened by a number of processes. Feral species are
present throughout the park and not only cause predation but also compete with
indigenous species for food and habitat. These species include Wild Pigs, Cats, Wild
Dogs, Foxes, and Rabbits. Another invasive species includes the Prickly Pear Cactus,
$
Opuntia inermis, which successfully colonised Australia due to it being a highly
successful reproducer by cloning when pads break away to form new plants (Hart and
Lyons, 2013). The plant itself holds a low nutrient content, with the protein levels falling
below what is needed to maintain rumen function and it contains a high amount of
indigestible fibre (Hart and Lyons, 2013). It also poses a threat to native plant species,
through competition and prevention of forage production (Hart and Lyons, 2013).
However biological control is currently implemented through the Cactus Moth larva
Cactoblastis cactorum, which eats the cacti and successfully kills it without threatening
other species (Solis et al, 2004). Another threat imposed on the park is the recent Coal
Seam Gas mine emplaced on the surrounding property. This has lead to mass clearings of
vegetation, not only destroying vital habitats but also causing isolation of small mammal
species. When a well is initially built, a 50 metre radius from the base must be cleared to
prevent tree roots from destroying pipes. Small mammals will not cross these mass
clearings, as the risk of predation is very high causing them to remain in small, isolated
populations and leading to inbreeding (therefore reducing reproductive success). The
introduction of mining also led to the creation of lakes which contain toxic substances
along with the ground water that is drawn up whilst coal seam extraction takes place.
These lakes have the potential to poison surrounding ground water and also seep into the
Gully, which leads straight to Lake Broadwater. This contamination of the Lake
possesses a greater threat to humans as it is consistently used for Ski-boats and Jet-skis.
This human recreational use also acts as a threat to the biodiversity assets, by disrupting
normal ecological processes and destroying habitats.
Although there is a large number of threatening processes throughout the park, conditions
are frequently assessed and management techniques are currently being implemented.
The condition of the park and its effectiveness correlates with management applied to it
such as enforcement, boundary highlighting, and direct care taken to local communities
like Prickly Pear control (Bruner et al, 2001). The aim of this report is to assess the
current conditions of Lake Broadwater and provide a conclusion as to the current wealth
of biodiversity assets and find the key threatened species present on the site.


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METHODS

Each of the 17 plots was visited with the following surveys conducted (Figure 1.).
A variety of variables were tested at each of these sites.
Bird Watching Survey
The dependent variable within this survey to be measured was the diversity of bird
species within each site. Following the transect line, the researchers walked slowly
pausing to search for birds, using binoculars and a bird guide to identify them. The zone
included anything within 40 metres either side of the transect line, with the exception of
birds which flew over the zone (recorded with side note flying). The common name,
distance along transect, distance to transect and height were all recorded (metres) on the
datasheets. All three transects were visited and measured three times (each morning),
within a 20 minute period.
Prickly Pear Survey
The abundance of prickly pear along the transect was the dependent variable within this
survey. Two team members stood alongside each other on either side of the transect line
at 5 and 15 metres. The zone included any found within 20 metres of the transect line.
Walking at the same speed, researchers proceeded forward and stopped whenever anyone
spotted an alive or dead prickly pear. The height (centimetres), distance along transect
and health status (alive or dead) was recorded for EACH individual specimen found.
Each site was surveyed once for abundance, covering the whole plot.
Reptile Spotting Survey
The diversity of different reptile species was tested within this survey. Two members
walked along the transect at 5 and 15 metres on either side, stopping whenever a reptile
was spotted. When a reptile was encountered it was captured in order to identify it.
However if the reptile got away and was unable to be identified, it was still recorded with
a side note stating any identifiable features. Trees, logs and rocks were looked at more
closely. Species name, distance along transect, distance from transect, and any notes were
recorded (in metres). Each site was surveyed once, with a duration of 30 minutes usually
in the late morning.
Spotlighting Survey
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Abundance and diversity of nocturnal species was investigated within this survey and
abundance of the Golden-Tailed Gecko and Pale-Headed Snake. Using head torches, two
members surveyed either side of the transect. The ground was searched, along with tree
trunks and tops, and logs. Tree trunks were searched as a pair, with a member on either
side in order to counteract the movement of lizards, which usually hide on the other side
of a tree when approached. The eye shine was usually sighted initially and then the
species was captured and identified. Each site was surveyed twice for 30 minutes.
Mammal Trapping
This survey aimed at determining the abundance and diversity of mammals. Elliot traps
were used with a peanut, oat and honey ball placed in each trap to attract the mammals.
They were set at every 20 metres along the transect starting at 10 metres along the
transect, and placed 10 metres out next to something to protect it. Once captured, they
were put in bag, measured, identified and then clipped. Measurements were made on tail
length, body length (excluding tail), and note on which side of hind had hair clipped.
They were also sexed. Once completed they were released where captured.
The pitfall trap was set at 125 metres along transect. A hole was dug to place a bucket
(ground level with fence placed directly above), extending 10 metres along (bucket in
middle). If a mammal was caught, the same process as above was used to record data. If
any other organism was caught like a frog, it is identified and released. Both types of
trapping methods were set on day one and packed up on day four.
Koala Scat Survey
The dependant variable used within this survey was the abundance of Koalas. Members
walked along transect and randomly chose 30 trees with a DBH >10. If there were less
than 30 trees with this DBH then trees were chosen off the plot. For two minutes the base
of the tree was searched in order to find scats from mammals. The radius included
anything found within a metre from the base. Those that were unidentifiable were kept
and keyed out using a scat field guide. It was performed at every site once.
Statistical Analyses
Statistical analysis was performed in order to observe any relationships found in the
prickly pear data through the use of a stacked column graph. The Koala scat records were
'
also placed in a column graph, to compare counts found at all the plots. All analysis was
performed using Microsoft Excel.

RESULTS

Both alive and dead Prickly Pear plants were found (figure 2.). There were a higher
number of alive plants around 0-50cm found, with a total of 1168 plants found, with the
greatest amount found at B1, a Piliga vegetated area (figure 2.). This was nearly ten times
greater the dead plants with 198 in total around 0-50cm (figure 3.). It was also observed
that more of the alive plants grew taller than any of the dead ones found, with 17 of the
alive plants recorded being >200cm and 4 of the dead plants >200cm (figure 2 and 3.).
There is a total of 48 mammal species present, with 12 of these found during the research
period (see appendix). Two of the species present are threatened and were not recorded as
being sighted apart from the Koala, which is listed as vulnerable Australia-wide.
Although no Koala species were physically observed a large number of scats were
encountered suggesting that there still is abundance present throughout the plots. Four out
of the 17 plots contained scats with the highest number being 19 counts, documented at
plot C4 being a Bull Oak and Cyprus Pine region (figure 4.).
Out of the total 252 bird species found at Lake Broadwater, there was only 79 sighted
(see appendix)(Queensland Government Wildlife Online, 2013). 10 birds are listed as
threatened, with one of these species sighted during surveillance (Turquoise Parrot,
Neophema pulchella)(Queensland Government Wildlife Online, 2013).
Both the Pale-headed Snake and Golden-tailed Gecko were spotted during research. The
Snake was found in the River Red Gum region, North of the Lake on plot A2. The Gecko
was sighted at plot D4, which is a mostly Grassland area, on an Acacia deanei tree. Its
snout to vent length was 34mm and total length 64mm, with the average length around
70mm (Queensland Government, 2013). There was also a large number of other reptiles
sighted, with 19 out of a total of 60 present sighted (Queensland Government Wildlife
Online, 2013).
DISCUSSION
Condition
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After assessing the results it was found that the condition of Lake Broadwater has not
declined, however further research needs to be conducted.
Although there was a large number of dead Prickly Pear plants observed and the Cactus
Moth larva Cactoblastis cactorum was found to be successful in culling the plant, there is
still a vast amount of alive cacti found throughout the Park. Plants are now isolated from
each other and it is possible that the larva is unable to reach other plants in time before
they regrow elsewhere (Scott, 1988). The dead plants were also found to being shorter
than the remaining alive ones, possibly suggesting the plants are getting stronger and
growing taller. There is still a great deal of disturbance occurring on the plots near the
boundary of the Park, due to intrusion of cattle from neighbouring properties. This
increase in disturbance has undoubtedly lead to the increase in cacti presence, with a
greater number observed on these plots (figure 2.), however further research needs to be
conducted. It was also found that there was human error during the recordings of data,
with a couple of the plots not properly surveyed (C4, C5, D4, D5), therefore making the
results unreliable and inaccurate.
Cattle intrusion also impacts local birds species like the Rufous Fantail, Rhipidura
rufifrons, through scaring off insects when passing though grassy areas, as they are sit
and wait type predators and rely on insects as their main food source. Through looking
back at the records in 1988, the Rufous Fantail was not present however it was previously
recorded in 1984-1987, suggesting that conditions have improved since disappearing in
1988 and they have been able to successfully recolonise the area.
Whilst visiting the plots, there was rubbish found at each of the sites and tyre tracks,
suggesting that humans still frequently visit the Park even though it is listed as a
Conservation Park. This could have future impact on the land through pollution.
Biodiversity Assets
When comparing the species observed in 2014 to those found in the Lake Broadwater:
The Natural History of an Inland Lake and its Environments, there was a number of
species found that have not been here since recorded in 1988. The Koala, Phascolarctos
cinereus, was also not previously recorded on the mammal species list, being a recent
inhabitant. Another example is the Delicate Mouse, Pseudomys delicatulus, a native to
Australia that is constantly threatened by a range of factors including predation and
)
competition. The risk of predation was observed to be particularly high, as all of the feral
observed species were observed, with cats and dogs being the highest threat for small
mammals, and could possibly lead to detrimental effects (i.e. disappear completely from
the park). Biodiversity is important in any environment, as it is essential for conservation
to occur and prevent species from becoming extinct, as a diverse environment is a healthy
environment (Lamoreux et al, 2005). From the appendix it can be observed that Lake
Broadwater plays host to a diverse array of different vertebrate groups and species
numbers could possibly be inclining.
Threatened Species
All three key threatened species were located on the plots doing survey time. This means
that there they are still abundant throughout the plots, however estimates of population
can not be made without further research. Although Koala scats were found, most of it
was old which does not provide an accurate estimate into the presence and abundance.
However Koalas are active movers and do not stay in the same area for an extended
period of time (Prevett, 1991) suggesting that the scats that were found could have been
from an individual that passed through the area but are still present in the Park. One other
major implication imposed on Koalas is that studies have shown that they will move long
distances in short periods of time due to stressful factors such as Wild Dogs, which could
eventually lead to the movement of Koalas away from the Park, with a massive reduction
in population numbers (Prevett, 1991). Although Koalas are only listed as threatened
throughout Australia in general and of least concern in Queensland (Queensland
Government Wildlife Online, 2013), management still needs to be enforced in order to
remove Wild Dogs from the Park to provide safety for the local species, both threatened
and common. There was error in the results however during surveying, as some groups
only searched for Koala scats and not others, and some groups recorded YES to finding
scats, without realising it meant ONLY Koalas. This also makes the scat data inaccurate
and unreliable.
Cattle scratch their body against the base of trees, which removes all of the bark. After a
period of time this can result in the ring barking of trees, which could result in the decline
in the species such as the Golden-tailed Gecko which have been found to prefer Brigalow
trees (Queensland Government, 2013) and the Pale-headed Snake which uses bark and
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tree hollows to hide beneath and locate prey also hidden (Gibbons and Lindenmayer,
2002). The shift of Golden-tailed Geckos has already been observed, as the one that was
found during the survey time was found on an Acacia deanei tree, however no conclusion
can be made without further research.
The Pale-headed Snakes found were juveniles, suggesting a positive outlook in regards to
conservation status. Their age suggests that successful reproduction is occurring and there
are no barriers preventing them from reproducing. However the biggest factors that cause
threat to them is clearing and fragmentation including activities which result in loss of old
or dead trees, as these also play a vital component in respect to habitat (Beatson, 2013),
so consistent monitoring needs to be ensured to prevent this from happening.
Overall it is looking positive for the key threatened species present at the park, as they
were all present and healthy, however further research needs to be conducted.

REFERENCES

Beatson, Cecilie. Pale-headed Snake. Australian Museum. Date created: 24
th
June 2013.
Last submitted: 10
th
May 2014. http://australianmuseum.net.au/Pale-headed-Snake

Bruner, A. G., Gullison, R. E., Rice, R. E., & Da Fonseca, G. A. (2001). Effectiveness of
parks in protecting tropical biodiversity. Science, 291(5501), 125-128.

Gibbons, P., & Lindenmayer, D. (2002). Tree hollows and wildlife conservation in
Australia. CSIRO publishing.

Hart, Charles R., Lyons, Robert K. (2013). Pricklypear Biology and Management. Texas
AgriLife Extension publication, 8(10), 1-8.

Lamoreux, J. F., Morrison, J. C., Ricketts, T. H., Olson, D. M., Dinerstein, E., McKnight,
M. W., & Shugart, H. H. (2006). Global tests of biodiversity concordance and the
importance of endemism. Nature, 440(7081), 212-214.

"+
Magnusson, W., Braga-Neto, R., Pezzini, F., Baccaro, F., Bergallo, H., Penha, J., Pontes,
A. R. M. (2013). Biodiversity and Integrated Environmental Monitoring.

Martin, T. G., Kuhnert, P. M., Mengersen, K., & Possingham, H. P. (2005). The power of
expert opinion in ecological models using Bayesian methods: impact of grazing on birds.
Ecological Applications, 15(1), 266-280.

Nichols, J. D., & Williams, B. K. (2006). Monitoring for conservation. Trends in Ecology
& Evolution, 21(12), 668-673.

Prevett, P. T. (1991). Movement paths of koalas in the urban-rural fringes of Ballarat,
Victoria: implications for management. Nature Conservation 2: The Role of Corridors,
Conference/Workshop, Busselton, Western Australia.

Queensland Government Wildlife Online. Species list generation. Last submitted: 13
th

December 2013. Date viewed: 10
th
May 2014.
https://www.ehp.qld.gov.au/wildlife/wildlife-online/

Queensland Government. Golden-tailed Gecko. Department of Environment and Heritage
Protection. Last submitted: 10
th
January 2013. Date viewed: 10
th
May 2014.
http://www.ehp.qld.gov.au/wildlife/threatened-species/near-
threatened/goldentailed_gecko.html

Scott, Gillian. (1988) Lake Broadwater, The Natural History Of An Inland Lake And Its
Environments. Darling Downs Institute Press. Toowoomba.

Solis, M. A., Hight, S. D., Gordon, D. R., & Florida, P. O. (2004). Tracking the cactus
moth, Cactoblastis cactorum Berg as it flies and eats its way westward in the US. News of
the Lepidopterists' Society, 46, 3-5.


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FIGURES


Figure 1. Map showing all of the LTER plots to be assessed.


Figure 2. Number of alive Prickly Pear observed at each plot and the size classing. N.B
not all plots were assessed and some data was unable to be interpreted correctly.
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Figure 3. Dead Prickly Pear numbers observed at each of the sites.
N.B not all plots were assessed and some data was unable to be interpreted correctly.

Figure 3. Total Koala scat counts present at each of the plots.








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APPENDICES

BIRDS OBSERVED IN LAKE BROADWATER COSERVATION PARK
PELICANS
Pelicanus conspicillatus Australian Pelican
DUCKS AND ALLIES
Cygnus atratus Black Swan
IBISES/SPOONBILLS
Platalea regia Royal Spoonbill
HAWKS/FALCONS/EAGLES
Haliaeetus leucogaster White-Bellied Sea Eagle
Milvus migrans Black Kite
Milvus sphenurus Whistling Kite
Elanus axillaris Black-shouldered Kite
Aquila audax Wedge-Tailed Eagle
Hamirostra melanosternon Black-breasted Buzzard
CRANES
Grus rubicunda Brogla
PLOVERS
Vanellus miles Masked Lapwing
PIGEONS/DOVES
Phaps chalcoptera Common Bronzewing
Ocyphaps lophotes Crested Pigeon
COCKATOOS/PARROTS
Cacatua galerita Sulfur Crested Cuckatoo
Aprosmictus erythropterus Red-Winged Parrot
Trichoglossus chlorolepidotus Scaly-breasted Lorikeet
Alisterus scapularis Australian King Parrot
Platycercus adscitus Pale-Headed Rosella
Trichoglossus haematodus moluccanus Rainbow Lorikeet
Eolophus roseicapillus Galah
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Cacatua sanguinea Little Corella
Nynohicus hollandicus Cockatiel
Neophema pulchella Turquoise Parrot (Threatened)
Glossopsitta pusilla Little Lorikeet
Psephotus haematonotus Red-Rumped Parrot
NIGHTBIRDS
Tyto alba Barn Owl
Podargus strigoides Tawny Frogmouth
Ninox noconvaeseelandiae Southern Boobook
KINGFISHERS AND ALLIES
Ducelo Novaeguineae Laughing Kookaburra
ROBINS/FLYCATCHERS/WHISTLERS
Rhipidura fuliginosa Grey Fantail
Rhipidura rufifrons Rufous Fantail
Microeca fascinans Jacky Winter
Pachycephala pectoralis Golden Whistler
Pachycephala rufiventris Rufous Whistler
Rhipidura leucophrys Willie Wagtail
Eopsaltria australis Eastern Yellow Robin
Petroica goodenovii Red-capped Robin
Colluricincla harmonica Grey Shrike-thrush
BABBLERS
Pomatostomus temporalis Grey-crowned Babbler
WRENS
Chthonicola sagittatus Speckled Warbler
Mulurus lamberti rogersi Variegated Fairywren
GERYGONES/THORNBILLS/WHITEFACES
Smicrornis brevirostris Weebill
Gerygone olivacea White-throated Gerygone
Acanthiza nana Yellow Thornbill
Gerygone fusca Western Gerygone
"&
Gerygone palpebrosa Fairy Gerygone
Acanthiza pusilla Brown Thornbill
Acanthiza lineata Striated Thornbill
Acanthiza apicalis Inland Thornbill
SITTELLAS/TREECREEPERS
Daphoenositta chrysoptera Varied Sittella
Climacteris picumnus Brown Treecreeper
HONEYEATERS AND ALLIES
Entomyzon cyanotis Blue-faced Honeyeater
Melithreptus brevirostris Brown-headed Honeyeater
Lichenostomus chrysops Yellow-faced Honeyeater
Lichenostomus leucotis White-eared Honeyeater
Manorina flavigula Yellow Throated Miner
Manorina melanocephala Noisy Miner
Acridotheres tristis Common Myna
Philemon corniculatus Noisy Friarbird
Plectorhyncha lanceolata Striped Honeyeater
Melithreptus galaris Black Chinned Honeyeater
Melithreptus lunatus White-naped Honeyeater
Lichmera indistincta Brown Honeyeater
Acanthagenys rufogularis Spiny-cheeked Honeyeater
Plectorhyncha lanceolata Striped Honeyeater
PARDALOTES AND ALLIES
Dicaeum hirundinaceum Mistletoe Bird
Pardalotus striatus Striated Pardalote
Pardalotus punctatus Spotted Pardalote
FIRETAILS/FINCHES
Taeniopygia bichenovii Double-barred Finch
Taeniopygia guttata Zebra Finch
MUDNESTERS
Grallina cyanoleuca Magpie Lark
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Corcorax melanorhamphos White-winged Chough
Struthidea cinerea Apostlebird
WOODSWALLOWS
Artamus superciliosus White-browed Woodswallow
BUTCHERBIRDS AND ALLIES
Strepera graculina Pied Currawong
Craticus tibicen Australian Magpie
Cracticus torquatus Grey Butcherbird
Cracticus nigrogularis Pied Butcherbird
CROWS
Corvus orru Torresian Crow

MAMMALS OBSERVED IN LAKE BROADWATER COSERVATION PARK
ORDER MONOTREMATA
SUBCLASS PROTOTHERIA
Family Phascolarctidae
Phascolarctos cinereus Koala
ORDER POLYPROTODONTA
Family Dasyuridae
Phascogale tapoatafa Brush-tailed Phascogale
Sminthopsis murina murina Common Dunnart
Antechinus flavipes Yellow-footed antechinus
ORDER DIPROTODONTA
Family Petauridae
Petaurus breviceps Sugar glider
Family Phalangeridae
Trichosurus vulpecula Common Brushtail possum
Family Macropodidae
Macropus giganteus Eastern Grey Kangaroo
Macropus rufogriseus Red-Necked Wallaby
Wallabia bicolor Swamp Wallaby
"(
SUBCLASS EUTHERIA
ORDER CHIROPTERA
Pteropus spp. Flying-fox
ORDER RODENTIA
Family Muridae
Mus musculus House Mouse
Pseudomys delicatulus Delicate Mouse
ORDER LAGOMORPHA
Family Leporidae
Oryctolagus cuniculus European Rabbit
ORDER CARNIVORA
Family Canidae
Vulpes vulpes Red Fox
Canis familiaris/Canis lupus dingo Dingo Hybird
Family Felidae
Felis catus Domestic Cat
ORDER ARTIODACTYLA
Family Suidae
Sus scrofa Wild Boar
ORDER CHIROPTERA
Family Molosidae
Austronomous australis White-striped Free-tailed Bat

REPTILES OBSERVED IN LAKE BROADWATER COSERVATION PARK
Chelidae TURTLES
Chelonidae spp.
Gekkonidae GECKOES
Gehyra dubia Dubious or Northern Dtella
Gehyra variegate Tree Dtella
Oedura robusta Robust Velvet Gecko
Heteronotia binoei Bynoe's Gecko
")
Strophurus taenicauda Golden-tailed Gecko
Diplodactylus vittatus Wood or Eastern Stone Gecko
Pygopodidae FLAP-FOOTED LIZARDS
Lialis burtonis Burtons Legless Lizard
Agamidae DRAGONS
Pogona barbata Eastern Bearded Dragon
Amphibolurus burnsi Burns Dragon
Scincidae SKINKS
Egernia striolate Tree Skink
Ctenotus robustus Eastern Striped Skink
Cryptoblepharus virgatus Snake-eyed or Fence Skink
Tiliqua rugosa aspera Shingleback
Varandiae MONITORS
Varanus gouldii Sand Goanna
Varanus varius Lace Monitor
Elapidae SNAKES
Pseudechis guttatus Spotted Black Snake
Pseudechis porphyriacus Red-bellied Black Snake
Hoplocephalus bitorquatus Pale-headed Snake
FROGS OBSERVED IN LAKE BROADWATER CONSERVATION PARK
Family Myobatrachidae
Limnodynastes terraerginae Northern Banjo Frog
Platyplectrum ornatum Ornate Burrowing Frog
Limnodynastes salmini Salmon-striped Frog
Limnodynastes peronii Striped-marsh Frog
Neobatrachus sudelli Painted Burrowing Frog
Limnodynastes tasmaniensis Spotted Marsh Frog
Limnodynastes fletcheri Barking Marsh Frog
Uperoleia rugosa Wrinkled Toadlet
Uperoleia lavigata Smooth Toadlet
Pelobates fuscus Common Spadefoot Toad
"*
Family Hylidae
Litoria nasuta Striped Rocket Frog
Litoria latopalmata Broad-palmed Frog
PLANT SPECIES OBSERVED IN LAKE BROADWATER COSERVATION PARK
Callitris glaucophyla White Cyprus Pine
Eucalyptus populnea Poplar Box
Allocasuarina luehmannii Bull-oak
Eucalyptus tereticornis Forest Red Gum
Eucalyptus Crebra Narrow-leaved Ironbark
Acacia melvillei Yarran
Cormbia tusselaris Moreton Bay Ash




















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