Presentation Plus!

The American Republic To 1877

Copyright by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Developed by FSCreations, Inc., Cincinnati, Ohio 45202
Send all inquiries to:
GLENCOE DIVISION
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
8787 Orion Place
Columbus, Ohio 43240
Chapter Introduction
Section 1 The Articles of Confederation
Section 2 Forging a New Constitution
Section 3 A New Plan of Government
Chapter Summary
Chapter Assessment
Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slides.
Click the Speaker button
to replay the audio.
Chapter Objectives
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the information.
Examine how the weaknesses of the Articles led
to instability.
Explain how the Confederation Congress dealt with
the western lands.
Section 1: The Articles of Confederation
Chapter Objectives
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the information.
Describe how the Constitutional Convention
broke the deadlock over the form the new
government would take.
Understand how the delegates answered the
question of representation.
Section 2: Convention and Compromise
Chapter Objectives
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the information.
Understand the roots of the Constitution.
Explain how the Constitution limits the power
of government.
Section 3: A New Plan of Government
Why It Matters
When the American colonies broke their ties
with Great Britain, they faced the task of
forming independent governments at both the
state and national levels. In 1788 the
Constitution became the official plan of
American government.
The Impact Today
Created to meet the needs of a changing nation,
the Constitution has been the fundamental law
of the United States for more than 200 years. It
has served as a model for many constitutions all
over the world.
Guide to Reading
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the information.
The leaders of the new United States worked to
define the powers of government.
Main Idea
Key Terms
bicameral
republic
ordinance
depreciate
Click the Speaker button
to replay the audio.
Phillis Wheatley
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the information.
The Making of a Republic
1. Americans needed to establish their own
government and gain Britains respect. This
brought new challenges.
(pages 192193)
2. States organized their governments and
adopted their own state constitutions.
(POWER=PEOPLE)
3. Limited power for state governors.
4. State functions divided between governors
and legislatures:
A. Legislatures= most bicameral
B. Popular vote elected legislatures (Republic)
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the answer.
The Making of a Republic
5. White male property owners over 21 were
the majority of legal voters ( some free
African-American males were allowed to
vote in some states. )
(pages 193195)
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the information.
Forming a Republic
1. Americans agreed that the country should be a
republic, which is a government with elected
representatives.
(pages 193195)
2. Most Americans favored a weak central
government with stronger state governments.
3. The Articles of Confederation were adopted
in 1777 and had the authority to:
A. Conduct foreign affairs
B. Maintain armed forces
C. Borrow $
D. Issue currency
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the information.
4. The Articles of Confederation didnt
have the authority to:
A. Regulate trade
B. Force citizens to join the military
C. Impose taxes
5. There was no chief executive.
6. 1 state = 1 Vote
7. Became formal govt. on March 1
st
,
1781
Forming a Republic (cont.)
(pages 193195)
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the information.
8. Confederation Government weaknesses:
A. Limited authority
B. Needed the approval of 9 states to pass laws
C. 13 states approval needed to change the
articles
Forming a Republic (cont.)
(pages 193195)
New Land Policies
1. Land Ordinance of 1785 divided western
territories into large townships and smaller
sections. ( allowing for statehood )
2. Northwest Ordinance of 1787
A. Created the Northwest Territory
B. Divided into 3-5 smaller territories
C. 60,000 people were needed for statehood
( equal status with the original 13 states )
D. Bill of Rights instituted ( freedom of religion,
trial by jury and no slavery allowed )
(pages 195197)
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the information.
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the information.
Trouble on Two Fronts
1.The Confederate government had trouble
with finances, and with Britain and
Spain over landholdings and trade.
(pages 197198)
2. The government had a large debt from
fighting the war, but couldnt tax.
3. $ was worthless
4. Robert Morris had a plan to make $
( 5% tax on imports ), but was voted
down=Rhode Island.
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the information.
Trouble on Two Fronts (cont.)
A. British troops remained in several
strategic forts in the Great Lakes region
even though Britain had promised to
withdraw all troops under the Treaty of
Paris.
B. British merchants closed Americans out
of the West Indies and other profitable
British markets.
C. Britain was upset because Loyalists
werent being paid back.
(pages 197198)
5. The problems with Britain concerned
landholdings and trade.
Trouble on Two Fronts (cont.)
(pages 197198)
6. The problems with Spain were worse
than those with England:
A. Spain closed the lower Mississippi
River to American shipping in 1784
stopping American expansion.
B. An agreement was reached so that the
U.S. could use part of the Mississippi
River in 1786. Rejected by the
southern states.
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the information.
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the answers.
Checking for Understanding
__ 1. a government in which citizens
rule through elected
representatives
__ 2. a law or regulation
__ 3. consisting of two houses, or
chambers, especially in a
legislature
__ 4. a formal request
__ 5. a formal plan of government
A. constitution
B. bicameral
C. republic
D. petition
E. ordinance
Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the
left.
C
E
B
D
A
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the answer.
Checking for Understanding
Reviewing Facts Describe the countrys
financial problems after the Revolutionary War.
Currency had depreciated; the government could
not tax to pay its war debt.
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the answer.
Reviewing Themes
Government and Democracy Why did most
states limit the power of their governors and
divide the legislature into two bodies?
British rule made them cautious about giving too
much power to single rulers or political bodies.
Critical Thinking
Predicting Consequences What effect do you
think the Northwest Ordinance had on Native
Americas?
Native Americans were forced to fight or give up
their lands and move.
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the answer.
Analyzing Visuals
Geography Skills Study the material on pages
194 and 195 of your textbook about the
Ordinance of 1785. Then answer these
questions. What present-day states were created
from the Northwest Territory? How many
sections are in a township?
Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin
were created. A township has
36 sections.
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the answer.
Citizenship Imagine you are an American citizen in
the 1780s. Create a poster that defends the Articles of
Confederation. Be sure to include reasons the
Confederation Congress is needed.
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the information.
Guide to Reading
The new Constitution corrected the weaknesses of
government under the Articles of Confederation.
depression
Main Idea
Key Terms
manumission
proportional
compromise
Click the Speaker button
to replay the audio.
George Washington
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the information.
The Need for Change
1. The United States went through a depression,
or a time when economic activity slowed and
unemployment increased, after the
Revolutionary War.
2. Shays Rebellion was an attempt to stop
foreclosures on Massachusetts farms. (failed)
3. Opposition to slavery developed and many
Northern states eliminated it.
4. Southern states clung to slavery ( excuse=part
of their economy was based on this. )
5. Slavery issue would divide the nation and
wouldnt be resolved until the Civil War.
(pages 199201)
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the information.
The Constitutional Convention
1. Political leaders were divided on the issue of
the type of government the country should
have.
(page 201)
A. One group wanted to remain with a system
of independent state governments.
B. The other group wanted to create a strong
national government. This group called for
reform of the Articles of Confederation.
C. James Madison and Alexander Hamilton
were proponents of a strong central
government.
D. A convention was called to fix the Articles
of Confederation.
The Constitutional Convention (cont.)
2. Met in Philadelphia in May1787 (55
delegates/12 states)
3. Many outstanding leaders were present:
G. Washington, B. Franklin, J. Madison
(Father of the Constitution) and others.
4. Basic rules included:
A. One state=one vote
B. Majority vote needed to finalize
decisions
C. 7 out of 13 states needed to be
represented to conduct business.
D. Absolute secrecy
(pages 202203)
Click the mouse button or. press the
Space Bar to display the information.
5. The Virginia Plan (Edmund Randolph)
A. Two house legislature= lower house
elected by the people and the upper house
elected by the lower house.
B. Chief executive chosen by the legislature
C. A court system would be developed
D. The House of Representatives would be
based on population.
The Constitutional Convention (cont.)
(pages 202203)
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the information.
6. The New Jersey Plan (William Patterson)
A. One house legislature
B. 1 state=1 vote
C. Congress could now set taxes and
regulate trade
D. Weaker executive branch was
proposed (more than one person needed
to run this branch )
The Constitutional Convention (cont.)
(pages 202203)
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the information.
Agreeing to Compromise
1. Roger Sherman proposes the The Great
Compromise:
A. Two house legislature:
1.) Upper house =Senate---Two members from
each state.
2.) Lower house=House of Representatives---
based on states population.
B. 3/5 compromise used to count enslaved persons
for both taxation and representation.
C. Slave trade would be eliminated in 1808.
(pages 203205)
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the information.
Agreeing to Compromise (cont.)
D. Bill of Rights proposed by George
Mason of Virginia , but rejected
until 1791.
E. September 17
th
, 1787 all but three
of the delegates signed the new
drafted constitution. Nine out of
thirteen states will have to ratify
the new constitution before it will
go into effect.
(pages 203205)
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the answers.
Checking for Understanding
__ 1. the freeing of some enslaved
persons
__ 2. agreement between two or
more sides in which each side
gives up some of what it wants
__ 3. to be the same as or
corresponding to
__ 4. a period of low economic
activity and widespread
unemployment
A. depression
B. manumission
C. proportional
D. compromise
Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the
left.
B
D
C
A
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the answer.
Checking for Understanding
Reviewing Facts Explain what caused Shayss
Rebellion. What was one effect?
Farmers wanted the government to help them.
Possible effects: some farmers were killed;
support grew for government; support for
revision of Articles was increased.
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the answer.
Reviewing Themes
Groups and Institutions How did the Great
Compromise satisfy both the small and the
large states on the question of representation?
In the House of Representatives, seats are based
on a states population; in the Senate, each state
has two seats.
Critical Thinking
Summarizing Information You are asked to
write a 30-second news broadcast to announce
the agreement made in the Great Compromise.
What would you include in the broadcast?
Information about the role of Roger Sherman, the
two-house legislature, and the Three-Fifths
Compromise would be included.
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the answer.
Analyzing Visuals
Picturing History Examine the images that
appear on pages 202 and 204 of your textbook.
What do they show? Where are they located?
Why are these places important in the nations
history?
Independence Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
is shown. The Declaration of Independence and
the Constitution were signed here.
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the answer.
Government Create a political cartoon that
illustrates the view of either the Northern states or
the Southern states on how enslaved people should
be counted for representation.
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the information.
Guide to Reading
The United States system of government rests on the
Constitution.
Main Idea
Key Terms
federalism amendment
legislative branch
executive branch
Electoral College
judicial branch
checks and balances
Click the Speaker button
to replay the audio.
Rising Sun chair, Constitutional
Convention
The Constitutions Sources
1. The new constitution was a mixture of
many different ideals:
A. John Locke=all people have natural
rights.
B. Baron de Montesquieu=powers of the
govt. should be separate.
C. English Bill of Rights=individual rights
should be guaranteed.
D. The Enlightenment promoted
knowledge, reason and science as ways to
improve society.
(pages 207208)
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the information.
The Constitutions Sources (cont)
2. Federalism divided powers between the
national and state governments. (Shared)
A. Fed. Govt.= could tax, regulate interstate trade,
make $, raise an army and declare war.
B. State Govt.=pass and enforce laws and trade
within their borders. ( local government, schools,
etc. )
C. Share=taxation and building roads/etc.
3. Constitution=is the supreme law of the land.
4. Federal Courts would resolve disputes
betweenthe Federal Govt. and the states.
(pages 208209)
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the information.
Government Structure
1. 3 Branches=Legislative, Executive and the
Judicial:
A. Legislative ( House and the Senate ) = make the
laws.
B. Executive ( President ) = carries out the laws. (
elected by the electoral college and aided by the Vice-
President and the Cabinet )
C. Judicial ( Supreme and lower Federal Courts ) =
interprets the constitutionality of the laws.
D. Checks and Balances=no one branch
becomes more powerful than the other two.
(pages 209211)
The Constitutional Debate
1. 9 0f 13 states needed to ratify the new
government, before it could go into
effect.
2. Federalists ( fore ) versus anti-federalists
( against )
(pages 211212)
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the information.
Adopting the Constitution
1. Delaware was the 1
st
-December 1787
2. New Hampshire was the 9
th
-June 1788
3. Rhode Island was the 13
th
-May 1790
4. Bill of Rights was added in 1791 = 1
st
Ten Amendments
(page 213)
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the information.
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the answers.
Checking for Understanding
__ 1. an addition to a formal
document such as the
Constitution
__ 2. the sharing of power between
federal and state governments
__ 3. a special group of voters
selected by their state
legislatures to vote for the
president and vice president
__ 4. a part of a document, such as
the Constitution, that deals with
a single subject
A. Enlightenment
B. federalism
C. article
D. Electoral College
E. amendment
Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the
left.
E
B
D
C
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the answer.
Checking for Understanding
__ 5. movement during the 1700s that
spread the idea that knowledge,
reason, and science could
improve society
A. Enlightenment
B. federalism
C. article
D. Electoral College
E. amendment
Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the
left.
A
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the answer.
Checking for Understanding
Reviewing Facts What influence did John
Locke have on American government?
Locke wrote that government is based on a
contract between the people and the ruler. The
Framers viewed the Constitution as a contract
protecting the peoples natural rights by
limiting the governments power.
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the answer.
Reviewing Themes
Civic Rights and Responsibilities Why did the
Framers of the Constitution believe that a
division of powers and a system of checks and
balances were necessary in a government?
The division of powers and a system of checks
and balances were necessary to keep any one
branch from gaining too much power.
Critical Thinking
Finding the Main Idea What do you think
was the most important reason for establishing
a strong central government under the
Constitution?
Possible answer: A strong central government
could address issues that affected the nation as a
whole.
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the answer.
Analyzing Visuals
Political Cartoons Study the political cartoon
on page 213 of your textbook. Then answer the
questions that follow. What do the pillars
represent? How do the last two pillars appear?
The pillars represent the states that ratified the
Constitution. They are rising to join the other
states.
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the answer.
Citizenship Refer to the Bill of Rights on pages 244
245 of your textbook. Collect photographs from
newspapers or magazines that illustrate the freedoms
guaranteed in the Bill of Rights.
Put your photos on a poster titled Pictures of
Liberty.
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the answers.
Checking for Understanding
__ 1. to give official approval to
__ 2. a special group of voters
selected by their state
legislatures to vote for the
president and vice president
__ 3. the branch of government that
makes the nations laws
__ 4. consisting of two houses, or
chambers, especially in a
legislature
__ 5. a formal plan of government
A. constitution
B. ratify
C. bicameral
D. legislative branch
E. executive branch
F. Electoral College
Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the
left.
B
F
D
C
A
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the answer.
Checking for Understanding
Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the
left.
__ 6. the branch of government,
headed by the president, that
carries out the nations laws
and policies
E
A. constitution
B. ratify
C. bicameral
D. legislative branch
E. executive branch
F. Electoral College
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the answer.
Reviewing Key Facts
Summarize the strengths and weaknesses of the
Articles of Confederation.
The strengths of the Articles of Confederation
were that it could conduct foreign affairs, issue
currency, borrow money, and maintain armed
forces. The weaknesses were that it could not
regulate trade, make soldiers join the army, or
impose taxes.
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the answer.
Reviewing Key Facts
What was the Three-Fifths Compromise?
A slave counted as three-fifths of a person for
purposes of taxation and representation.
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the answer.
Reviewing Key Facts
What powers did the Constitution leave in the
hands of the state governments?
State governments had all powers not specifically
granted to the Federal government.
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the answer.
Reviewing Key Facts
Why did some states want a bill of rights added
to the Constitution?
They did not think that the Constitution, as
written, protected individual rights.
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the answer.
Reviewing Key Facts
How does the system of checks and balances
work?
Each branch has a role that limits other
branches.
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the answer.
Critical Thinking
Analyzing Themes: Groups and Institutions
Were the people who attended the Constitutional
Convention representative of the American
public? Explain.
No; women, African Americans, and Native
Americans were not included.
Critical Thinking
Drawing Conclusions Why was a system of
checks and balances built into the Constitution?
It was included to keep any one branch from
dominating the government.
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the answer.
Geography and History Activity
Study the map below and answer the questions on the following
slides.
Geography and History Activity
A township was
six miles long and
wide.
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the answer.
How many miles
long and wide was
a township?
Geography and History Activity
A section was one
mile long and
wide.
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the answer.
How many miles
long and wide was
a section?
Geography and History Activity
A section was 640
acres.
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the answer.
How many acres
were in a section?
Directions: Choose the best answer to the following multiple choice
question.
Test-Taking Tip Eliminate answers that dont make sense. For
example, equal rights for all (choice A) is a fairly new concept.
During the 1700s, women and enslaved people had few rights.
Each of the states enacted constitutions in the late 1700s. All state
constitutions
A established equal rights for all persons living in the state.
B set up legislative and executive branches of state government.
C granted women the right to vote.
D agreed that states would be supervised by the federal government.
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the answer.
Standardized Test Practice
How many total essays were included in The
Federalist Papers?
85 essays were included in The Federalist
Papers.
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the answer.
Explore online information about the topics introduced
in this chapter.
Click on the Connect button to launch your
browser and go to The American Republic to
1877 Web site. At this site, you will find
interactive activities, current events
information, and Web sites correlated with the
chapters and units in the textbook. When you
finish exploring, exit the browser program to
return to this presentation. If you experience
difficulty connecting to the Web site, manually
launch your Web browser and go to
http://tarvol1.glencoe.com
Science As the Constitutional Convention drew to a
close, delegates saw the demonstration of a possible
new form of transportation. Meeting at the Delaware
River on August 11, they boarded a steam-powered boat
built by John Fitch and rode along at 3 mph (4.8 kph).
Science Modern technology has helped preserve the
Constitution document. It is scanned by electronic
scanners frequently to detect any minor changes in the
ink or parchment. These periodic measurements enable
curators to detect if any deterioration has taken place
that is invisible to the human eye.
Voting in New Jersey under that states constitution, any
person who met certain property qualifications could
vote. Many women used that provision to vote until the
state legislature took away that right in 1807.
Signing the Constitution
Philadelphia
Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slide.
The oldest person to sign the Constitution was Benjamin
Franklin (81). The youngest person was Jonathan Dayton
(26).
Philadelphia took great efforts to give the delegates a
quiet atmosphere during the convention. The city went so
far as to cover the paved road around the hall with dirt to
reduce noise.
Presidential Term
The Constitution
Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slide.
One of the delegates at the Constitutional Convention
suggested that a presidential term last 15 years. In 1945
President Franklin D. Roosevelt came the closest to
fulfilling this idea. Roosevelt took office in 1933 and died
in office 12 years later.
The Constitution is stored at the National Archives
Building in Washington, D.C. During the daytime, pages
one and four of the document are displayed in a bullet-
proof case. At night the pages are lowered into a vault
behind five-ton doors that can withstand a nuclear
explosion. The entire Constitution is displayed for only
one day a year, September 17, which is the anniversary of
its signing.
The Bald Eagle The bald eagle became Americas
national symbol in 1872. Benjamin Franklin suggested
the turkey as the national bird. The American bald
eagle, Franklin claimed, was a bird of bad moral
characterand often [full of lice]. Franklin stated,
The turkey isa much more respectable bird, withal a
true original native of America.
Senatorial Terms The people now elect senators, but
unlike the president, senators have no limit on the number
of terms they can serve. In recent years citizens have
debated setting term limits for senators. Some people feel
that having a limited term of activity would encourage
senators to work harder for the people they represent.
Land Speculator The Latin specula, which means
watchtower, is part of the etymology of speculator. It
could be said that a speculators attempts to second-guess
the future are like trying to see far away from the top of a
watchtower.
Making Comparisons
Why Learn This Skill?
Suppose you want to buy a portable compact disc (CD)
player, and you must choose among three models. You
would probably compare characteristics of the three
models, such as price, sound quality, and size, to figure
out which model is best for you. When you study
American history, you often compare people or events
from one time period with those from a different time
period.
This feature can be found on page 206 of your textbook.
Click the Speaker button to replay the audio.
Learning the Skill
When making comparisons, you examine two or more groups,
situations, events, or documents. Then you identify similarities and
differences. For example, the chart on this page compares two
documents, specifically the powers each gave the federal
government. The Articles of Confederation were implemented
before the United States Constitution, which replaced the Articles.
Making Comparisons
This feature can be found on page 206 of your textbook.
Learning the Skill
When making comparisons, you first decide what items will be
compared and determine which characteristics you will use to
compare them. Then you identify similarities and differences in
these characteristics.
Making Comparisons
This feature can be found on page 206 of your textbook.
Practicing the Skill
Analyze the information on the
chart on the right. Then answer the
following questions.
This feature can be found on page 206 of your textbook.
Making Comparisons
Practicing the Skill
This feature can be found on page 206 of your textbook. Click the
mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.
1. What items are being compared?
The powers of the federal government as identified in the
Articles of Confederation and the United States Constitution
are being compared.
2. Which document allowed the government to organize state
militias?
The United States Constitution allowed for the organization
of militias.
Making Comparisons
Practicing the Skill
This feature can be found on page 206 of your textbook. Click the
mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.
3. Which document allowed the government to coin money?
Regulate trade?
Both documents allowed the government to coin money. The
United States Constitution regulated trade.
4. In what ways are the two documents different?
The Constitution specifies powers that are not named in the
Articles.
Making Comparisons
Practicing the Skill
This feature can be found on page 206 of your textbook. Click the
mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
5. In what ways are the two documents similar?
Both documents give the federal government the power to
declare war and make peace, coin money, manage foreign
affairs, and establish a postal system.
Making Comparisons
The Power of the
Constitution
After viewing The Power of the Constitution, you should:
Understand that Benjamin Franklin had reservations about the
Constitution.
Recognize that peoples biases
and opinions can affect their
decisions.
Recognize that creating and
signing the Constitution, despite
its perceived flaws, was a critical
step in the birth of this new country.
Objectives
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Click in the window
above to view a preview of The American Republic to 1877 video.
Discussion Question
What problems did Franklin see with gathering a group
of men together in order to achieve the object of
having joint wisdom?
Men bring with them their prejudices, passions,
errors in judgment, and self-interests.
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the answer.
The Power of the
Constitution
Discussion Question
Did Franklin consider the Constitution to be a
perfect document?
No, but he thought it was as good as it could be
under the circumstances.
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the answer.
The Power of the
Constitution
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the answer.
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the answer.
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the answer.
End of Custom Shows
WARNING! Do Not Remove
This slide is intentionally blank and is set to auto-advance to end custom shows and
return to the main presentation.