The sum of any number and
Additive Identity
zero is the number.
A number and its opposite are
Additive Inverse additive inverses of each
other and their sum is zero.
Changing the way three or
more numbers are grouped
Associative Property when adding or multiplying
does not change the sum or
product.
The sum or product of two
Closure Property numbers belongs to the same
set as the addends or factors.
a+0=a 9+0=9
a + (-a) = 0 8 + (-8) = 0
(a + b) + c = a + (b + c) (1+ 2) + 3 = 1 + (2 + 3)
(a • b) • c = a • (b • c) (4 • 5) • 6 = 4 • (5 • 6)
For a + b = c, a, b, and c are all
members of the same set of 2 + 5 = 7 (all whole numbers)
numbers.
4 • (-5) = -20 (all integers)
For a • b = c, a, b, and c are all
members of the same set of
numbers.
 The order in which numbers
are added or multiplied does a+b=b+a 5+4=4+5
Commutative Property
not change the sum or ab = ba 2•6=6•2
product.

The product of a factor and

an expression is equal to the
Distributive Property a(b + c) = ab + ac 3(6 + 7) = 3 • 6 + 3 • 7
sum of the factor times each
term in the expression.

The product of any number

Multiplicative Identity a•1=a 5•1=5
and one is the number.

The product of a non-zero

If a ≠ 0 and b ≠ 0, then a/b •
Multiplicative Inverse fraction and its non-zero 4/7 • 7/4 = 1
b/a = 1
reciprocal is one.

Multiplicative Property of The product of any number

a•0=0 3•0=0
Zero and zero is zero.
 3=3
Reflexive Property Any quantity is equal to itself. a =a
2+8=2+8

If a = b, then a may be
A quantity may be substituted
Substitution Property replaced by b in any If n = 7, then 8 + n = 8 + 7.
for its equal in any expression.
expression.

If one quantity equals a If n = 4, then 4 = n.

second quantity, then the
Symmetric Property If a = b, then b = a
second quantity equals the
first. If 5 = 1 + 4, then 1 + 4 = 5.

If one quantity equals a

second quantity, and the
second quantity equals a third If 4 + 2 = 3 + 3 and 3 + 3 = 6,
Transitive Property If a = b and b = c, then a = c.
quantity, then the first then 4 + 2 = 6.
quantity equals the third
quantity.