M AU

Khong kh co ay xung quanh chung ta, nhng hau nh

khong ai nhan ra s ton tai cua no. Trong khong kh, oxi
chie !"# the$ tch, %"# the$ tch co&n 'ai 'a& nit(.
)it( 'a& nguyen to quan trong a& ong thc *at rat
can e$ +uy tr, s song. -rotein . c( s( cua s song . ngoa&i
/ yeu to cac0on, hiro, oxi, co&n cha !1,#2 nit(. Khong co
nit(, oi 3rotein eu khong the$ ton tai, co&n au co the$
noi t(i s song n4a5 )hng a6c +u& )it( co ay trong
khong kh, nhng thc *at 'ai khong the$ trc tie3 ha3 thu
nit( t& khong kh, chung ch7 co the$ 'ay nit( t& at +(i
+ang h(3 chat cua nit(, 'a& nh4ng uoi nitrat 8
2
3
NO
9
Khi a to sa +ay, ch(3 ien co the$ 'a& cho )
:
*a&
;
:
trong khong kh ket h(3 tao ra ot 'oat 3han ng<
)
:
= ;
:
> : );
:); = ;
:
> :);
:
%);
:
= ;
:
= :?
:
; > %?);
/
8axit nitric9
@xit nitric h,nh tha&nh, theo n(c a r(i xuong ong
ruong, ga63 khoang chat se4 3han ng tao ra uoi nitrat.
)h(& co ch(3 8tc As 3hong ienB ( cac c(n a giong9,
oCi naD trung 0,nh oCi aCu at (c 0on : kg nit( toa&n
3han. )hng, 3han chi th, nhieu a& 3han thu *a&o th, t nen
neu c keo +a&i nh *ay at ai se4 keo +a&i nit( i. -hai
'a& the na&o ay5 T& *iec nghien cu tha&nh cong hien
t(ng thien nhien tren a& cac nha& khoa hoc a4 a ra *a&
hoa&n thien +an nh4ng 3h(ng 3ha3 san xuat axit nitric nh
ot nguyen 'ieu chnh cua san xuat 3han 0on 83han
a9 3huc *u nhu cau ca3 0ach cua nong nghie3.
@xit nitric 'a& ot trong nh4ng hoa chat c( 0an quan
trong trong nen cong nghie3 hoa chat cua oi quoc gia,
*a& ay cu4ng 'a& ot trong nh4ng h(3 chat (c che tao
s( nhat, ai the$ ( quy o cong nghie3, a4 trai qua
cac 3h(ng 3ha3 san xuat nh sau<
= -h(ng 3ha3 axit hoa +ie tieu 8natri nitrat9 0aEng
axit sunFuric 8au the ky GHIII9
= !J:K, 3h(ng 3ha3 ho quang ien< trc tie3 san
xuat ); t& )
:
*a& ;
:
trong khong kh ( nhiet o cao.
= Luoi cu&ng 'a& 3h(ng 3ha3 oxi hoa aoniac 8)?
/
9
xuat hien ( Mc t& naD !JKN cho t(i nay, 3h(ng
3ha3 na&y tr( tha&nh 3h(ng 3ha3 chnh e$ che tao
?);
/
trong quy o cong nghie3
Trong th(&i '(ng 0a&i thuyet tr,nh na&y, chung e ch7
tr,nh 0a&y 3h(ng 3ha3 che tao ?);
/
t& )?
/
.
1
MUC LUC
I. GII THIEU CHUNG
1/ Tnh chat vat ly cua HNO
3
........................................3
2/ Tnh chat hoa hoc cua HNO
3
......................................3
3/ Phan loai.......................................................................4
4/ Nguyn liu !an "uat...............................................4
II. CONG NGHE SAN XUAT HNO
3
1/ ....................Cong nghe san xuat HNO
3
loang
#
$ % &ua t'(nh o"y hoa NH
3
tao !an )ha*+ NO ,o"it
nit-...................................................................................... #
/ % &ua t'(nh o"y hoa NO tha0nh NO
2
,1io"it nit-.........2
3 % Ha) thu NO
2
% )han 4ng v-i n4-c tao HNO
3
.....5
6 % 6ay chuy7n cong ngh va0 thit 89..................5
2/ Cong nghe san xuat HNO
3
ac.......................1#
$ % :an "uat HNO
3
1a;c 8a<ng cach co 1a;c HNO
3
loa=ng................................................................................ 1#
/ % :an "uat HNO
3
1a;c 8a<ng )h4-ng )ha) t'4c ti)
12
III. TNH HNH SAN XUAT VA NHU CAU S DUNG
1/ T(nh h(nh !an "uat....................................................22
2/ Nhu ca7u !4 >ung......................................................22
3/ Nh4=ng 1i7u ca7n l4u y t'ong cong ngh !an "uat
HNO
3
................................................................................. 22
2
I. GII THIEU CHUNG
! T"#$ %$&'( )&*( +,- %./& HNO
3
$"it nit'ic ,HNO
3
. la0 +ot chat long ?hong +a0u@ 8oc ?hoi
+anh t'ong ?hong ?h@ co ?hoi l4-ng 'ing 1@#2 g/c+
3
@ !oi -
2A
B
3 va0 1ong 1a;c - %41@A
B
3 tha0nh tinh th* t'ong !uot.
HNO
3
tan t'ong n4-c v-i 8at ?y0 ty l na0o.
HNO
3
?hong 87n@ 89 )han huy >4-i tac >ung cua anh
!ang va0 nhit 1o
4 HNO
3
C 2 H
2
O D 4 NO
2
D O
2
Eh NO
2
!inh 'a lai tan t'ong HNO
3
la0+ chat long t40 ?hong
+a0u chuy*n !ang va0ng.
0! T"#$ %$&'( $1-& $12% %./& HNO
3
- Tnh ax!t" HNO
3
la0 +ot a"it +anh
la0+ 1o giay )H
Tac >ung v-i 8aF-@ o"it 8aF-@ +uoi...
Tac >ung v-i ?i+ loai nh4ng ?hong giai )hong H
2
- Tnh ox! ho#a" HNO
3
co tnh o"i hoa +a=nh lit
G-i ?i+ loaiH HNO
3
tac >ung v-i ?i+ loai cho 'a +uoi
nit'at va0 ?h ,NO
2
@ NO@ N
2
@ N
2
O@ .... ?hong giai )hong H
2
D HNO
3
1a;c@ nguoiH thu 1ong $l@ I@ 3'...
D HNO
3
1a;c@ nongH tac >ung v-i ha7u ht ?i+ loai
,t'40 $u@ Pt. cho 'a +uoi nit'at va0 NO
2
3u D 4 HNO
3

1
C 3u,NO
3
.
2
D 2 NO
2
D 2 H
2
O
D HNO
3
loa=ngH tac >ung v-i ha7u ht ?i+ loai ,t'40 $u@
Pt. cho 'a NO@ N
2
@ N
2
O@ NH
4
NO
3

3 3u D 2 HNO
3 l
C 3 3u,NO
3
.
2
D 2 NO
2
D 2 H
2
O
4 Jg D 1B HNO
3 l
C 4 Jg,NO
3
.
2
D N
2
O D # H
2
O
4 Kn D 1B HNO
3 l
C 4 Kn,NO
3
.
2
D NH
4
NO
3
D H
2
O
G-i )hi ?i+H v >u tac >ung v-i 3@ P@ :@ L ... cho 'a !an
)ha*+ la7n l4-t la0 3O
2
@ H
3
PO
4
@ H
2
:O
4
@ HLNO
3
... co0n HNO
3
89 ?h4
1n NO
2
hoa;c NO
# HNO
3
D P C H
3
PO
4
D # NO
2
D H
2
O
1B HNO
3
D 3 L
2
C A HLO
3
D 1B NO D 2 H
2
O
3! 3$&4# +1&25
3
- Theo no$ng o" T'ong cong nghi) 14-c !an "uat -
nhi7u ?hoang no7ng 1o ?hac nhau
HNO
3
loa=ng co no7ng 1o t40 4B ABM
HNO
3
1a;c co no7ng 1o 52M
HNO
3
!iu 1a;c co ch4a t'n 2BM NO
2
t4 >o
- Theo o t!nh %h!et" Th4-0ng >u0ng t'ong cac )ho0ng th
nghi+
HNO
3
cong nghi)H co 1o tinh ?hit ?+ nhat va0
co no7ng 1o thong th4-0ng t40 #2 ABM va0 N2M
HNO
3
!ach ?y hiu P
3ac loai HNO
3
co 1o tinh ?hit caoH P.$ ,>u0ng cho
)han tch.@ P.3 ,>u0ng cho hoa hoc.@ P.: ,>u0ng t'ong
cac )h) 1o Ouang )ho*.
6! N7.,84# +58*.9
Nguyn liu 1* !an "uat HNO
3
la0 ?hong ?h va0 a+oniac
,NH
3
. ?hong co laPn nh4=ng ta) chat co hai 1oi v-i "uc
tac nh4H 8ui@ >a7u@ cac h-) chat cua $!@ P@ : ...
- &hong %h" Nguyn liu t4 nhin chQ loc !ach ta)
chat
- '(on!ac" 1i7u ch t40 N
2
va0 H
2
8a<ng )h4-ng )ha) to*ng
h-) t40 nguyn to nh-0 nhit 1o@ "uc tac va0 a) "uatH
N
2
D 3 H
2
2 NH
3
,
0
298
H
C %4A@15 ?R/+ol.
Nhit 1o ca7n thit cho )han 4ng na0y ?hoang t40 4BB
#BB
B
3S "uc tac th4-0ng >u0ng la0 8ach ?i+ ,Pt. nh4ng nay 14-c
thay 8a<ng 8ot !aTt ?h4 co t'on th+ $l
2
O
3
@ E
2
OS a) !uat
2BB 1BBB at+.
G7 nguyn liu N
2
@ ng4-0i ta !4 >ung nit- lay t40 ?hong
?h 8a<ng )h4-ng )ha) ch4ng )han 1oan@ co0n H
2
la0 !an
)ha*+ 1in )han n4-c hoa;c lay t40 ?h than 4-t.
4
t
B
@ )
"t
II. CONG NGHE SAN XUAT AXIT NIT:IC
! CONG NGHE SAN XUAT HNO
3
LOA;NG9
A < =.&- (>?#$ 1@, $1-& NH
3
($&A#$ NO
$+oniac co th* 14-c o"i hoa tho 8a )han 4ng !auH
4 NH
3
D # O
2
C 4 NO D A H
2
O D 5BN ER E
P
C 1B
#3
,a.
4 NH
3
D 4 O
2
C 4 N
2
O D A H
2
O D 11B# ER E
P
C 1B
A1
,8.
4 NH
3
D 3 O
2
C 4 N
2
D A H
2
O D 12NB ER E
P
C 1B
AN
,c.
% Nu ?hong co +a;t cua chat "uc tac@ )han 4ng !=
tao 'a N
2
la0 chu yu
% Nu co +a;t chat "uc tac@ )han 4ng chu yu !=
"ay 'a tho )h4-ng t'(nh ,a.S cac )han 4ng co0n lai ?hong tao
'a NO.
:4 h(nh tha0nh N
2
O va0 N
2
?hong co l-i cho vic !an "uat
NO
2
v( N
2
va0 N
2
O ?hong co ?ha naUng o"i hoa tha0nh NO
2
-
1i7u ?in th4-0ng 8a<ng o"y ?hong ?h. 6o 1o@ t'ong cong
nghi) Oua t'(nh o"y hoa NH
3
ca7n Ouan ta+ nh4=ng van 17
!auH
a) *u#c ta#c"
V* 1a+ 8ao thuc 1a*y )han 4ng +ot cach chon loc@
chuy*n chu yu NH
3
tha0nh NO tho )han 4ng ,a.@ 8in
)ha) !4 >ung >uy nhat la0 th4c hin o"y hoa NH
3
t'n "uc
tac. Hin Pt 14-c >u0ng 'ong 'a=i t'ong cong nghi).
Tha0nh )ha7n chnh cua "uc tac Pt la0 Pt@ ngoa0i 'a co0n )ha
th+ P> ,4M. va0 Wh ,3M. nha<+ nang cao th+ hoat tnh va0
c4-0ng 1o "uc tac.
Xuc tac >u0ng >4-i >ang l4-i >t 8a<ng cac !-i )latin
nho B@B4 % B@B5++S 1 c+
2
co 1B24 loP. 3h tao "uc tac nh4
vay != la0+ 87 +a;t taUng va0 >o 1o hoat 1ong 1o taUng.
Th-0i gian ti) "uc toi 4u la0 B@BBB1 % B@BBB2 giayS lau h-n
n4=a th( cac )han 4ng )hu taUng ln. G( th chi7u >a0y "uc
tac nhoH chQ >u0ng +ot !o l-) l4-i 1a;t ln nhau ,nu 1
at+ th( 3 % 4 l4-i@ nu N % 5 at+ th( 1A % 2B l4-i.
Y Xuc tac Pt 'at >P 89 ngo 1oc v-i cac ta) chat co
t'ong ?hong ?h hay t'ong a+oniac nh4 cac h-) chat cua :@ P@
$! ... nhat la0 1oi v-i PH
3
. T'ong ?h co 2.1B
%#
M PH
3
th( hoat tnh
1a= gia+ 1i 2BM ,ngo 1oc vZnh viPn.. 3ac h-) chat l4u
huy0nh va0 +ot !o chat ?hac cu=ng 1ocH t'ong ?h co 1M H
2
:
#
th( hoat tnh gia+ 1i va0i )ha7n t'aU+ ,ngo 1oc ta+ th-0i. . /ui
?hong ?h@ gQ ?i+ loai hay >a7u nh-0n t40 +ay nn cu=ng la0+
gia+ hoat tnh cua "uc tac. Juon lay ?hong ?h gia+ t
chat co hai@ ng4-0i ta lay ?hong ?h t40 ngoa0i " nghi)
8a<ng ong cao 1BB % 1#B +. Ja;c >a7u vay@ vaPn co +ot l4-ng
nho ta) chat anh h4-ng 1n "uc tac. G( th th4-0ng ?y0
)hai tai !inh "uc tac 8a<ng a"it clohy>'ic H3l 1B % 1#M - #B %
NB
B
3. Nu o"y hoa NH
3
- a) "uat th4-0ng th( A % 2 thang tai
!inh +ot la7nS nu a) !uat cao th( 1# % 2B nga0y +ot la7n.
+) Nh!et ,han -#ng"
Ja;t ?hac nhit 1o cu=ng anh h4-ng 'at l-n t-i ?t
Oua cua Oua t'(nh o"y hoa. Nghin c4u anh h4-ng t-i
nhit 1o@ ng4-0i ta thu 14-c gian 1o7 t'n h(nh 1.
Nh(n t'n gian 1o7 ta thay 'o= 'a0ng 'a<ng ?hi nhit 1o
t'ong tha) )han 4ng ln t-i t'n 3BB
B
3 th( )han 4ng "uc
tac tao 'a NO 8aTt 1a7u "ay 'a. Nhit 1o ca0ng taUng th( hiu
!uat cua )han 4ng ,a. ca0ng taUng va0 1at c4c 1ai - nhit
1o "ung Ouanh 2BB
B
3S nh4ng ?hi nhit 1o ln t'n 2BB
B
3 8aTt
1a7u "ay 'a )han 4ng )han huy NO tao N
2
. Vo7ng th-0i ta
cu=ng thay )han 4ng )han huy NH
3
tao tha0nh N
2
cu=ng 8aTt
1a7u "ay 'a ?hi nhit 1o ln t-i t'n NBB
B
3 va0 taUng 'at
nhanh ?hi nhit 1o tin t-i 1.BBB
B
3S tai 1ay hiu !uat cua
)han 4ng tao NO t40 NH
3
cu=ng gia+ "uong t-i ?hong. Hiu
!uat tao tha0nh NO cua ca Oua t'(nh 1at cao nhat t'ong
?hoang nhit 1o t40 NBB 1n 2BB
B
3.
2 NO C N
2
D O
2
2 NH
3
C N
2
D 3 H
2
A
c) '#, suat"
G( 1ay la0 )han 4ng gi4=a cac chat ?h cho nn ?hi a)
!uat taUng != co l-i cho !4 tao tha0nh NO. :ong th4c t cho
thay@ nu a) !uat ca0ng cao th( to*n hao "uc tac ca0ng l-nS
+a0 ty t'ong gia tha0nh cua !an )ha*+ '-i va0o "uc tac
?ha cao. 3hnh v( vay +a0 ng4-0i ta ?hong tin ha0nh )han
4ng - a) !uat Oua cao.
.) Tha/nh ,ha$n %h ngu0en l!eu"
Gic chuy*n hoa NH
3
tha0nh NO co0n )hu thuoc va0o ty
l +ol cua O
2
va0 NH
3
. Nu tho 1ung ty l O
2
H NH
3
C 1@2#S
th4c t cho thay hiu !uat chuy*n hoa chQ 1at A#M. Juon
1at hiu !uat chuyn hoa "a) "Q 1BBM th( ?inh nghi+ chQ
'a 'a<ng ty l o"y va0 a++oniac )hai 1at t40 1@N 1n 2@B ch4
?hong )hai la0 1@2# ,nh4 h(nh 2.. 3u=ng ca7n )hai l4u y 'a<ng
gi-i han no* cua hoPn h-) a++oniac t'ong ?hong ?h na<+
t'ong ?hoang t40 1#@# 1n 2N@#M th* tch va0 gi-i han na0y
14-c +- 'ong ?hi a) !uat taUng va0 thu h) lai ?hi co +a;t
N
cua h-i n4-c. T'ong Oua t'(nh chuy*n hoa NH
3
tha0nh NO
cu=ng nn l4u y la0 co0n co Oua t'(nh o"y hoa tha0nh NO
tha0nh NO
2
n4=a
B < =.&- (>?#$ 1@, $1-& 1@5( #5(C < NO
:au Oua t'(nh o"y hoa NH
3
t'n "uc tac@ ?h !an )ha*+
8ao go7+ h-i n4-c va0 NO@ ca7n o"y hoa NO h(nh tha0nh o"it nit-
co hoa t'9 cao h-n. Th4-0ng tin ha0nh cac )han 4ngH
2 NO D # O
2
2 NO
2
112@N ?R ,>.
NO D NO
2
N
2
O
3
4B@2 ?R ,.
2 NO
2
N
2
O
4
#A@5 ?R ,[.
N
2
O
4
D B
3
N
2
O
#
D B
2
,chQ tin ha0nh - a)
!uat cao.
T'ong nh4=ng )han 4ng t'n@ )han 4ng c- 8an t'ong
cong ngh ch tao HNO
3
la0 )han 4ngH
2NO D O
2
2 NO
2

2
Phan 4ng na0y la0 )han 4ng t'ong h 1o7ng nhat ?h@ hai
chi7u va0 toa nhit.
a) Nh!et ,han -#ng"
% :au o"y hoa NH
3
@ hoPn h-) ?h ,h-i n4-c va0 NO. 14-c la0+
lanh 1* tach H
2
O 'a ?hoi h.
% G( Oua t'(nh chuy*n hoa NO tha0nh NO
2
la0 +ot )han
4ng toa nhit 'at +anhS >o 1o +uon )han 4ng chuy*n
>9ch hoa0n toa0n v7 )ha tao tha0nh NO
2
th( NO t40 tha) to*ng
h-) 1i 'a )hai 14-c ha nhit 1o "uong ?hoang 1#B
B
3 va0
ca) o"i 1a7y 1u.
+) '1, suat"
TaUng a) !uat th( toc 1o taUng ln nhi7u va0 1o chuy*n
hoa cu=ng taUng ln. G( giai 1oan o"i hoa NO la0 giai 1oan
Ouyt 19nh nn taUng a) !uat co l-i cho ca Oua t'(nh.
c) Ox0 %hong %h"
TaUng tha0nh )ha7n o"y t'ong ?hong ?h th( l4-ng NO t'ong
hoPn h-) taUng ln@ va0 toc 1o o"y hoa cu=ng taUng.
Y Toc 1o o"y hoa NO nho nn th* tch thit 89 o"y hoa
NO - a) !uat th4-0ng ca7n )hai l-n. 3u=ng v( th nn -
a) !uat th4-0ng ng4-0i ta chQ o"y hoa 1n 52M NO@ co0n lai
th( >u0ng !o>a ha) thu cu0ng v-i NO
2
.
Y Nu la0+ lanh@ NO
2
co th* )oli+ hoa.
2 NO
2
N
2
O
4
,h.
hay tac >ung v-i NO
NO
2
D NO N
2
O
3
,i.
Toc 1o ca hai )han 4ng 'at l-n@ can 8a<ng tha0nh la)
ngay la) t4c@ nn ?hong anh h4-ng 1n giai 1oan !au cua
Oua t'(nh - tha) ha) thu. :au ?hi NO
2
t4 >o 89 ha) thu@
no7ng 1o cua no t'ong ?h gia+ 1i@ th( ngay la) t4c cac
)han 4ng ,h. va0 ,i. tin ha0nh tho chi7u ng4-c@ giai )hong
NO
2
.
C < H&'D ($.2 NO
0
E&F#7 H
0
O
N4-c )han 4ng v-i NO
2
2 NO
2
D H
2
O HNO
3
D HNO
2
D 11A ?R
HNO
2
?hong 87n 89 )han huy
3 HNO
2
C HNO
3
D 2 NO D H
2
O % N#@2 ?R
Phan 4ng to*ng OuatH
3 NO
2

D H
2
O C 2 HNO
3
D NO D 13A ?R
5
Nh4 th la0 )han 4ng ha) thu lai tai !inh +ot l4-ng NO
ca7n o"y hoa lai@ cho nn !ong !ong v-i ha) thu NO
2
co Oua
t'(nh o"y hoa NO.
&ua t'(nh ha) thu 1ay la0 Oua t'(nh ?h % long@ c- ch la0
NO
2
?huch tan Oua l-) ?h - gi-i han chia )ha 1n 87 +a;t
long@ 'o7i 14-c ha) thu.
D < D&4, %$.,8G# %14#7 #7$8* )&A ($58'( EH
$"it nit'ic ha7u nh4 14-c !an "uat t40 NO ,!an )ha*+ cua
Oua t'(nh o"y hoa a+oniac.. Tu0y thuoc va0o t'(nh 1o ?hoa hoc
?y= thuat va0 vic gi4= 8an Ouy7n cua cac n4-c +a0 Oua
t'(nh !an "uat a"it nit'ic co nh4=ng !4 ?hac nhau. Nh(n chung@
>4a va0o 1i7u ?in !an "uat ng4-0i ta co th* chia tha0nh 8a
nho+H
% :an "uat a"it nit'ic - a) !uat th4-0ng
% :an "uat a"it nit'ic - a) !uat cao
% :an "uat a"it nit'ic tho )h4-ng )ha) ?t h-) cua hai
)h4-ng )ha) t'n.
1B
a) 2an xuat ax!t n!t3!c 4 a#, suat th-4/ng"
11
Ehong ?h lay t40 ngoa0i " nghi) Oua +ot ong co chi7u
cao 1BB%1#B+@ cho Oua l4-i loc 8ot ,1. 1* tach ta) chat c-
hoc va0 hoa hoc !au 1o Oua loc 8a<ng cac ta+ nQ ,2. 17
tach 8ui.
$noniac cu=ng 14-c loc Oua than coc va0 cactong 1* tach
ta) chat c- hoc va0 >a7u.
$+oniac va0 ?hong ?h 14-c t'on laPn t'ong Ouat gio ,3. tao
'a hoPn h-) ?h ch4a 1B%12M a+oniac va0 14-c Ouat gio tho*i
va0o 8o )han loc 8a<ng cac l-) cactong ,4. 1a;t - )ha7n
t'n cua thit 89 o"y hoa NH
3
@ !au 1o hoPn h-) ?h 1i va0o
thit 89 o"y hoa ,#.. \] )ha7n gi4=a cua thit 89 o"y hoa@
ng4-0i ta caUng cac l4-i "uc tac Pt%Wh. &ua l4-i "uc tac@
+4c 1o o"i hoa NH
3
1at 5N%52M.
Nhit 1o cua hoPn h-) ?h nit'oFa ,hoPn h-) cac o"it nit-.
'a ?hoi vu0ng o"y hoa 1at t-i 2BB
B
3 14-c >aPn ngay va0o no7i
h-i ,A. 1a;t )ha >4-i thit 89 o"y hoa 1* tao 'a h-i n4-c Oua
nhit co a) !uat 4B at+ va0 nhit 1o 4#B
B
3.
HoPn h-) ?h nit'oFa 'a ?hoi no7i h-i co nhit 1o 1AB
B
3.
Gic la0+ lanh ti) tho hoPn h-) ?h 14-c th4c hin t'ong
cac thit 89 la0+ lanh ,N. va0 ,2.. Tai 1ay co !4 ng4ng tu
+ot )ha7n h-i n4-c va0 NO 89 o"y hoa tha0nh NO
2
. T'ong thit
89 ,N. no7ng 1o NO
2
1a= t4-ng 1oi ?ha >o 1o >iPn 'a !4 t4-ng
tac gi4=a NO
2
va0 H
2
O tao 'a >ung >9ch HNO
3
co no7ng 1o 3M.
T'ong thit 89 ,2. cu=ng t4-ng t4 nh4 vay@ nh4ng no7ng 1o NO
2
tai 1ay cao h-n nn cho >ung >9ch HNO
3
co no7ng 1o t-i
3BM.
HoPn h-) !au ?hi 14-c la0+ lanh 1n nhit 1o ?hoang
3B
B
3 14-c Ouat gio ,5. 14a va0o h thong ha) thu co t40 A%2
tha) 'oPng ,1B. 14-c t4-i >ung >9ch HNO
3
t40 t'n 1Qnh tha)
"uong@ co0n ?h 1i va0o tha) t40 >4-i ln.
T'ong ?hoang ?hong gian cua cac tha) ti) tuc >iPn 'a
Oua t'(nh o"y hoa NO tha0nh NO
2
@ 1o7ng th-0i NO
2
tac >ung
v-i H
2
O tao tha0nh HNO
3
. V* ha) thu hoa0n toa0n NO
2
va0 thu
14-c >ung >9ch HNO
3
nga0y ca0ng cao@ ng4-0i ta cho chat long
va0 ?h chuy*n van ng4-c chi7u nhau t'ong cac tha) ha)
thu va0 >u0ng >ung >9ch thu 14-c - tha) )ha !au t4-i cho
tha) )ha t'4-c nh-0 cac c- cau la0+ nguoi a"it ,13. va0 cac
8-+ ,14.. $"it tha0nh )ha*+ 14-c lay 'a - tha) th4 hai co
no7ng 1o 4#%#BM. J4c 1o ha) thu NO
2
1at 52%54M. Ng4-0i ta
)hai >u0ng nhi7u tha) ha) thu 8-i v( toc 1o o"y hoa NO
12
cha+ >o 1o la0+ cha+ ca Oua t'(nh. Ja;t ?hac@ cuoi giai
1oan no7ng 1o cac o"it nga0y ca0ng nho nn ca0ng la0+
gia+ toc 1o o"i hoa o"it NO. 6o vay )hai ?o >a0i th-0i gian
1* o"y hoa hoa0n toa0n NO h-n@ t'anh to*n that NO va0 chong
o nhiP+ +oi t'4-0ng.
:au ?hi Oua cac tha) ha) thu@ hoPn h-) ?h vaPn co0n +ot
ha0+ l4-ng nho NO@ ng4-0i ta )hai cho Oua tha) ,11. goi la0
tha) o"y hoa 1* o"y hoa ga7n nh4 hoa0n toa0n NO tha0nh NO
2
@
!au 1o ?h Oua tha) ha) thu ,12. t4-i 8a<ng >ung >9ch !o>a.
3ac o"it nit- ,NO va0 NO
2
. 89 ha) thu tao tha0nh +uoi.
NO D NO
2
D Na
2
3O
3
C 2 NaNO
2
D 3O
2
2 NO
2
D Na
2
3O
3
C NaNO
2
D NaNO
3
D 3O
2
3o th* thay !o>a 8a<ng n4-c voi.
:au ?hi Oua tha) ha) thu@ ?h 14-c thai va0o ?h Ouy*n
8a<ng cac ong ?hoi cao. 3o th* o"y hoa NH
3
8a<ng ?hong
?h gia0u o"y hoa;c o"y nguyn chat.
+) 2an xuat ax!t n!t3!c 4 a#, suat cao"
13
14
Ehong ?h ?h Ouy*n 14-c 1i Oua thit 89 loc ,1. !au 1o Oua
+ay nn tuoc%8in +ot ca) ,2. 89 nn 1n a) !uat t40 2
1n 3@# at. 6o 89 nn@ nhit 1o cua ?h ln t-i 1N#
B
3. :au
?hi 14-c la0+ lanh tai ,3.@ ?h co nhit 1o 3B%4#
B
3 1i va0o
+ay nn tuoc%8in ,4.@ tai 1ay ?h 14-c nn t-i a) !uat N@3
at va0 nong t-i 12#%13#
B
3. Ti) 1o ?h 14-c 1ot nong t-i
2NB
B
3 tai thit 89 ,2. nh-0 >o0ng ?h nit'oFa t40 tha) o"y hoa
NH
3
1i 'a. Ti) tho ?hong ?h nong 1i va0o thit 89 t'on ,5.
hoPn h-) v-i NH
3
.
$+oniac co a) !uat 1B%12 at 89 1ot nong 1n nhit 1o
1#B
B
3 t'ong thit 89 ,1B. 8a<ng h-i n4-c va0 cu=ng 1i va0o thit
89 hoPn h-) ,5. ?h ch4a 1B%12M NH
3
va0 ti) tuc 14-c loc
8a<ng c- ch loc ,11. !au 1o 1i va0o thit 89 o"y hoa ,12.. Tai
1ay@ t'n cac l4-i "uc tac Pt%Wh - nhit 1o 25B%5BB
B
3@
a+oniac 89 o"y hoa@ nhit toa 'a cua )han 4ng 14-c !4
>ung cho no7i h-i ,13. 1* !an "uat h-i n4-cS t'ong t'4-0ng h-)
na0y cac ?h 89 la0+ lanh "uong t-i nhit 1o 2AB
B
3.
Eh 'a ?hoi no7i h-i 14-c loc ti) 1* gi4= lai Pt t'ong thit
89 thu ho7i ,14. 'oPng. Tai thit 89 ,14. "ay 'a Oua t'(nh o"y
hoa NO tha0nh NO
2
,+4c 1o o"y hoa 1at 2BM.. 6o )han 4ng
na0y nhit 1o cua hoPn h-) ?h 89 1ot nong t-i 3BB%31B
B
3@
ng4-0i ta lai >aPn ?h Oua thit 89 ,2. 1* nh4-0ng nhit va0 ha
"uong 1N#
B
3. Ti) 1o ?h 14-c la0+ lanh 8a<ng n4-c t'ong
thit 89 ,1#. 1n #B%##
B
3. Tai thit 89 la0+ lanh >iPn 'a Oua
t'(nh NO
2
)han 4ng v-i n4-c tao tha0nh >ung >9ch HNO
3
co
no7ng 1o ?hong v4-t Oua #2M.
HoPn h-) ?h 'a ?hoi thit 89 ,1#. 1i va0o tha) ha) thu
,1A. t'ong 1o 1a;t cac 1Za ha) thu >ang l4-i. Tai 1ay@ NO
2
89
n4-c ha) thu tao tha0nh HNO
3
no7ng 1o ##M.
V* la0+ !ach ?h thai ch4a NO@ ng4-0i ta 1ot nong ?h
1n 3NB%42B
B
3 va0 cho th+ va0o ?h +ot t ?h t4 nhin va0
14a chung va0o thit 89 chuy*n hoa ,1N.. Tai 1ay "ay 'a
cac )han 4ng "uc tac 8a<ng )ala>i.
2 3H
4
D O
2
2 3O D 4 H
2
D &
2 NO
2
D 4 H
2
C N
2
D 4 H
2
O D &
2 NO D 2 H
2
C N
2
D 2 H
2
O D &
1#
c) 2an xuat ax!t n!t3!c theo .a0 chu0e$n l!en h45,"
1A
G7 )ha7n o"y hoa NH
3
cua >ay chuy7n na0y t4-ng t4 >ay
chuy7n !an "uat a"it nit'ic - a) !uat th4-0ng@ co0n )ha7n o"y
hoa NO va0 ha) thu != t4-ng t4 >ay chuy7n !an "uat HNO
3
- a) !uat cao@ cu=ng co !4 >ung +ay tuoc%8in thu ho7i
naUng l4-ng t40 ?h.
.) 6a0 chu0e$n san xuat HNO
3
4 a#, suat cao co#
nh-ng -u !e7( so 84#! .a0 chu0e$n san xuat HNO
3
4
a#, suat th-4/ng"
^4-ng o"it nit- chuy*n tha0nh a"it 1at 52%55M va0 no7ng 1o
a"it 1at AB%A2M. Ehong ca7n ha) thu ?i7+.
Th* tch cot ha) thu nho h-n ha0ng chuc la7n.
3hi )h c- 8an 1* ch tao thit 89 va0 l4-ng th) 1a;c
8it gia+ 1i.
Ehai thac gian 1-n h-n.
% Tuy nhin tiu hao "uc tac nhi7u h-n va0 ton nhi7u
naUng l4-ng 1* nn ?h h-n@ hiu "uat chuy*n hoa NH
3
tha)@ hiu !uat thu ho7i nhit tha).
% G( th ga7n 1ay ng4-0i ta 8aTt 1a7u !an "uat HNO
3
tho
>ay chuy7n lin h-).
2! CONG NGHE SAN XUAT HNO
3
AIC9
A < S&/# @.&'( &@5( #5(>5% J&K% E&F#7 %14 J&K% &@5( +1&L#7
$"it nit'ic co +ot 1i*+ 1a_ng )h - 121@5
B
3 t4-ng 4ng v-i
no7ng 1o A2@4M. Nh4 vay@ ?hi co 1a;c a"it 8a<ng )h4-ng )ha)
8oc h-i chQ 1at 1n no7ng 1o A2@4M. Juon 14-c no7ng 1o
cao h-n@ )hai >u0ng +ot chat co tnh hao n4-c@ lay n4-c
cua a"it nit'ic. 3hat 14-c >u0ng la0 a"it !un[u'ic. $"it !un[u'ic
?t h-) v-i n4-c t4 >o cua a"it a"it nit'ic loa=ng@ tao tha0nh
h 3 cau t4 HNO
3
% H
2
O % H
2
:O
4
co nhit 1o !oi cao h-n
nhit 1o !oi cua a"it nit'ic 1BBM.
G >u h HNO
3
% H
2
O % H
2
:O
4
H +ot h co 4BM H
2
:O
4
@ 34M
HNO
3
@ 2AM n4-c@ tha0nh )ha7n )ha h-i - nhit 1o !oi la0 5BM
HNO
3
@ t4-ng 4ng nhit 1o !oi ,h(nh A. 12B
B
3 - a) !uat
th4-0ng.
1N
`ian 1o7 t'ang thai h 3 cau t4 HNO
3
% H
2
O % H
2
:O
4
,h(nh
N. cho ta 8it tha0nh )ha7n t4-ng h-i t'ong hoPn h-) 1o. Nu
ta taUng ha0+ l4-ng H
2
:O
4
t'ong h 3 cau t4 v-i ha0+ l4-ng
HNO
3
t'ong )ha long "ac 19nh th( l4-ng HNO
3
t'ong h-i != taUng
ln@ co0n l4-ng H
2
O lai gia+ "uong.
12
Tin ha0nh ch4ng HNO
3
loa=ng co a"it H
2
:O
4
1a+ 1a;c t'ong
tha) 1Za hoa;c 1+ la0+ 8a<ng gang ch9u a"it co th+ 14%
12M !ilic. H
2
:O
4
14a va0o +ot 1Za )ha t'n tha) ch4ng ,2.@
HNO
3
loa=ng 14a va0o cac 1Za )ha >4-i tha) ch4ng ,2. !au ?hi
cho Oua thit 89 8oc h-i ,1.. Vun nong hoPn h-) 8a cau t4
8a<ng h-i Oua nhit 14a va0o 1ay tha). H-i HNO
3
co ch4a
+ot t h-i n4-c va0 nit- o"it thu 14-c t'ong Oua t'(nh )han
huy HNO
3
14-c 14a va0o tha) ng4ng tu ,3. 1* ng4ng tu HNO
3
@
co0n NO ti) tuc 1+ !4 >ung. Jot )ha7n NO ho0a tan t'ong
HNO
3
nn !au ?hi 'a ?hoi tha) ng4ng tu 14-c cho Ouay t'- lai
Oua t'(nh !an "uat. V+ la0+ lanh !an )ha*+ tai ,4. ta !=
14-c HNO
3
1a+ 1a;cS H
2
:O
4
loa=ng co no7ng 1o NBM lay 'a -
1ay tha) ch4ng ,2.@ 14a !ang la0+ lanh ,#. 1* thai 'a hoa;c
1+ co 1a;c va0 co th* >u0ng lai. \] 1ay@ l4-ng H
2
:O
4
ca7n
>u0ng la0 t40 3%4 tan 1* !an "uat 1 tan HNO
3
.
15
B < S&/# @.&'( &@5( #5(>5% J&K% E&F#7 D$MC#7 D$&-D (1N#7
$C2D (>M2% (58'D (MA NO
Vay la0 )h4-ng )ha) th4-0ng >u0ng 1* 1i7u ch HNO
3
1a;c va0 !iu 1a;c@ co no7ng 1o NO
2
t4 >o cao. Ph4-ng )ha)
na0y >4a t'n c- !- to*ng h-) HNO
3
1a+ 1a;c t40 N
2
O
4
long
v-i H
2
O va0 O
2
- a) !uat cao va0 nhit 1o cao@ tho )han
4ng to*ng Ouat !auH
2 N
2
O
4 ,long.
D 2 H
2
O
,long.
D O
2 ,?h.
4 HNO
3 ,long.
D N2@2 ?R
&ua t'(nh cong ngh 8ao go7+ 84-c o"y hoa NH
3
t'ong
?hong ?h 1* ch tao >o0ng nguyn liu o"it nit- % )ha7n na0y
t4-ng t4 nh4 Oua t'(nh o"y hoa NH
3
t'ong ch tao a"it nit'ic
loa=ng. :au 1o la7n l4-t 1i Oua cac 84-c H
1. ^a0+ lanh nhanh@ tach l4-ng n4-c h(nh tha0nh t40 )han
4ng o"y hoa NH
3
'a ?hoi h.
2. O"y hoa NO tha0nh NO
2
@ t'4-c ht 8a<ng o"y t'ong ?hong
?h >4@ !au 1o 8a<ng a"it nit'ic
3. Ha) thu NO
2
8a<ng a"it nit'ic 1a+ 1a;c
4. Phan huy a"it na0y@ tach 'a N
2
O
4
#. ^a0+ lanh va0 hoa long N
2
O
4
@ ng4ng tu tach N
2
O
4
'a
>ang long.
A. To*ng h-) N
2
O
4
v-i n4-c@ co 8o* !ung o"y.
\] 1ay chQ 17 ca) t-i nh4=ng 84-c co tnh chat 1a;c
thu0 cua cong ngh H
a) 9an e$ ox0 ho#a NO +a:ng ax!t n!t3!c
O"y hoa NO 8a<ng o"y t'ong ?hong ?h la0 )han 4ng 2
chi7u@ toc 1o )han 4ng cha+@ 1a;c 8it la0 t'4-0ng h-)
1o0i hoi )hai 1at t-i +ot hiu !uat o"y hoa cao ,t4-ng 4ng
v-i no7ng 1o NO t'ong >o0ng ?h nguyn liu 'at tha).. G(
vay tin ha0nh o"y hoa t'n a"it nit'ic co no7ng 1o cao %
th4c chat la0 )han 4ng ngh9ch t'ong ha) thu NO
2
. No7ng 1o
HNO
3
@ nhit 1o cao co l-i cho )han 4ng.
NO D 2 HNO
3
C 3 NO
2
D H
2
O % N3@A ?R
2B
T'ong !an "uat@ >u0ng HNO
3
52M@ hiu !uat o"y hoa co
th* ln t-i 52M 1n 55M HNO
3
chQ tach 'a t40 1ay tha) o"y
hoa no7ng 1o ha "uong NB a N#M HNO
3
.
+) 9an e$ ta#ch 8a/ ho#a long N
2
O
;
3o th* 1i tho hai h4-ng H
% Hoa;c la0+ lanh@ nha<+ >4a va0o !4 thay 1o*i a) !uat
8a=o ho0a cua h-i tho a) !uat va0 nhit 1o 1* chuy*n N
2
O
4
!ang >ang long.
Pha7n l-n nh4=ng >ay chuy7n cong ngh 1i tho )h4-ng
an na0y 17u tin ha0nh tho hai 8u-c. /4-c th4 nhat@ la0+
lanh 8a<ng n4-c 1n nhit 1o th4-0ng va0 84-c th4 hai@ ha
nhit 1o "uong %1B
B
3. Ehong ca7n ha tha) h-n n4=a v( 1B@2M
N
2
O
4
% !an )ha*+ Oua t'(nh t'u0ng h-) NO
2
!= chuy*n !ang
>ang tinh th*.
HoPn h-) ?h thu 14-c !au o"y hoa NH
3
- a) !uat th4-0ng
co ha0+ l4-ng NO toi 1a ?hoang 11M.
T4-ng 4ng v-i a) !uat 'ing )ha7n la0 23@# ++Hg@ t'ong
?hi a) !uat 8a=o ho0a h-i NO
2
D N
2
O
4
th* long - %1B
B
3 8a<ng
1#2 ++Hg. G( vay 8uoc )hai tin ha0nh hoa long h-i 8a=o
ho0a - a) !uat cao.
% Jot )h4-ng an th4 hai la0 t'4-c ht >u0ng a"it nit'ic
1a+ 1a;c 1* ha) thu NO
2
@ !au 1o nha 14-c NO
2
% N
2
O
nguyn chat@ la0+ lanh hoa long.
Vo ho0a tan cua NO
2
t'ong HNO
3
1a;c ?ha h-n.
G >u 1H v-i a"it nit'ic ?han@ 1o ho0a tan nh4 !auH
Nhit 1o@
B
3 N2@# NB AB #B 4B 33
Vo ho0a tan@ MB 3@1 N@2 14@2 21@# 2N@B
G >u 2H Vo ho0a tan cua NO
2
t'ong a"it nit'ic 5NM - %1B
B
3
nh4 !auH
Ha0+ l4-ng NO
2
t'ong ?h nguyn liu@ M 1B 1# 2B
2# 3B
Ha0+ l4-ng NO
2
t'ong >ung >9ch HNO
3
DNO
2
25@4 34
3N@2 41 4#
\] nhit 1o tha) h-n ,?hoang B
B
3. co th* 1at 1o ho0a
tan t-i 4BM.
21
Nh4 vay ?hi ha) thu NO
2
8a<ng a"it nit'ic 1a+ 1a;c@ ?hong
chQ co ho0a tan vat ly +a0 co0n h(nh tha0nh +ot h-) chat
tho )han 4ng H
HNO
3
D NO
2
C HNO
3
.NO
2

T'ong h-) chat na0y NO
2
chi+ 42M
c/ To7ng h45,< che ta5o ax!t n!t3!c
Phan 4ng to*ng Ouat nh4 !auH
2 N
2
O
4
D O
2
D 2 H
2
O C 4 HNO
3
T'ong cong nghi)@ tin ha0nh to*ng h-) t'ong thit 89
)han 4ng cao ca)H 4B at va0 nhit 1o t'ong +i7n NB a 2B
B
3S
ty l )han t4 N
2
O
4
H H
2
O C 1 H 1
TaUng ty l@ co th* taUng toc 1o )han 4ng@ !ong nh4
vay lai th+ +ot 84-c@ ch4ng tach N
2
O
4
>4 ?hoi a"it !an
)ha*+.
H(nh 5 gi-i thiu +ot >ay chuy7n !an "uat. 3ong 1oan
th4 nhat % o"y hoa NH
3
t40 thit 89 !o 1 1n !o 2 % hoa0n
toa0n t4-ng t4 nh4 >ay chuy7n o"y hoa - a) !uat th4-0ng.
22
23
HoPn h-) ?h o"it nit- Oua +ay Ouat !o ,N.S 1i va0o tha) o"y
hoa ,5. a) !uat c-= 14BB ++HgS - 1ay )hun a"it tua7n hoa0n
nha<+ +uc 1ch la0+ lanh % o"y hoa NO 8a<ng o"y t'ong ?hong
?h >4@ +ot )ha7n h-i n4-c ng4ng tu )ha loa=ng a"it tua7n hoa0n
% no7ng 1o a"it )hun va0o tha) th4 nhat la0 #B a ##M@ tha)
th4 hai H AB a A2MS nhit )han 4ng 14-c 14a 'a ngoa0i nh-0
a"it t4-i va0 !au 1o la0+ lanh t'n thit 89 t'uy7n nhit
ong chu0+ ,1B.. Ti) tuc Oua thit 89 o"y hoa o"it nit- 8a<ng
a"it nit'ic 52M@ !an )ha*+ a"it 1ay tha) ?hoang N#M. Eh N
2
O
4
Oua la0+ lanh ,13. ha nhit 1o "uong %1B
B
3 8a<ng h NH
3
!au
1o va0o tha) ha) thu ,14.@ th4c hin Oua t'(nh ha) thu N
2
O
4
8a<ng HNO
3
52M. 6ung >9ch a"it nit'ic 1a;c 8a=o ho0a N
2
O
4
)hun
va0o tha) ,14.@ ,12.S ?h thai Oua tha) '4a ,1N. thu ho7i o"it
nit- t'4-c ?hi )hong ?hong. T'ong tha) 12 gia nhit 8a<ng h-i
n4-c@ tach N
2
O
4
nguyn chat 'a ?hoi a"it@ a"it Ouay v7 la0+
lanh@ 14-c a"it nit'ic 1a;c th4-ng )ha*+ va0 !4 >ung tua7n
hoa0n t'ong chu t'(nh@ ?hi N
2
O
4
Oua h thong la0+ lanh 1n #B
a 4B
B
3 t'ong thit 89 la0+ lanh ,21.@ thit 89 la0+ lanh 8a<ng
n4-c ,22. va0 ha ti) "uong %2
B
3. N
2
O
4
long 1i va0o tha)
ch4a ,24.@ - 1ay t'on v-i a"it nit'ic 1a+ 1a;c@ 14a va0o thit
89 )han 4ng cao a) ,2#.S +ay nn ,22. nn o"y ln 4B a #B
at@ 14a va0o thit 89 )han 4ng. Phan 4ng ?t thuc@ !an
)ha*+ a"it nit'ic 1a;c co0n laPn 2# a #BM N
2
O
4
>4 Oua thu0ng
ch4a ,2N.@ v7 ,12.@ )ha7n co0n lai Ouay t'- v7 o"y hoa cu0ng
NO.
$"it tach 'a t40 thit 89 la0+ lanh ,12. co no7ng 1o N#M
14a v7 8o* !ung va0o a"it 52M 14a va0o thit 89 )han 4ng cao
a).
Jot va0i !o liu v7 19nh +4c tiu hao cho 1 tan HNO
3
nh4 !au H
NH
3
,tan. B@254
o"y ,+
3
. 14B
n4-c ,+
3
. 15B
Pt ,g. B@BA
h-i n4-c ,T. B@2
l4-ng lanh ,1B
3
?cal. 4BB
1in naUng ,?bh. 2NB
24
2#
III. TNH HNH SAN XUAT VA NHU CAU S
DUNG
! T?#$ $?#$ O&/# @.&'(
Hin nay cong ngh ch tao a"it nit'ic )hat t'i*n tho
nh4=ng ?huynh h4-ng !auH
1. G7 a) !uat co ?huynh h4-ng nang a) !uat t40 a)
!uat th4-0ng ln a) !uat cao.
2. G7 Ouy +o cua +ot >ay chuy7n taUng >a7n % Hin -
+4c 2BBB tan HNO
3
/nga0y
3. T(+ 8in )ha) thu ho7i nhit naUng +ot cach co hiu
Oua nhat.
4. T'ong ch tao a"it nit'ic 1a+ 1a;c % chuy*n >u0ng )h4-ng
)ha) ch tao t'4c ti) t40 to*ng h-) N
2
O
4
.
#. Vi7u ?hi*n t4 1ong hoa Oua t'(nh !an "uat.
A. Ngoa0i cong ngh )ho* 8in t'n@ cong ngh t'4c
ti) to*ng h-) nit- % o"y t'ong ?hong ?h vaPn 1ang 14-c
1a7u t4 nghin c4u % nhat la0 4ng >ung cong ngh
Pla!+a t'ong to*ng h-).
0! N$. %&G. OM/ P.2#7
% T40 lau@ ng4-0i ta 1a= ?ha_ng 19nh 'a<ng nu ?hong co
a"it nit'ic th( ?hong co cong nghi) Ouoc )ho0ng. Vi7u na0y
cho 1n nay vaPn hoa0n toa0n 1ung 1aTn@ v( ha7u ht cac
thuoc no* thong >ung va0 li7u )hong 17u la0 !an )ha*+ 1i
t40 a"it nit'ic. Va;c 8it loai !iu 1a;c@ co th* 8oc chay ?hi
ti) "uc v-i cac chat h4=u c- nn ng4-0i ta >u0ng loai na0y
1* la0+ li7u )hong cho cac tn l4a cu0ng v-i hoPn h-)
a+in.
Ngoa0i 'a@ N#M a"it nit'ic !an )ha*+ 14-c !4 >ung la0+
)han 8on@ >4-i >ang no7ng 1o #B a A#MS )ha7n l-n >u0ng
t'ong )han huy Oua;ng )hot)hat ch tao nit'o)hot)hat. Jot
)ha7n >u0ng 1* ch tao cac h-) chat nit'o cac8ua th-+ ,nit'o%
a'o+atic!. va0 nit'oal?anS ch tao a"it a>i)ic % +ot h-) chat
t'ung gian t'ong !an "uat nylon ,t'4-0ng h-) na0y >u0ng a"it
1a;c.
3! N$ML#7 J58G. %&G. +M. ,- (>1#7 %14#7 #7$8* O&/#
@.&'( HNO
3
A < N7., $58NQ (M-% ($CA5
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Nguy c- chay@ no* ?hi ti) "uc v-i nhi7u chat h4=u c-
thong th4-0ngS tuy ?hong chay nh4ng lai la0+ taUng c4-0ng
Oua t'(nh chayS ?hi chay thoat 'a ?h 1oc.
B < T&-% $&25 #7$8G #7$58*D
% Ht )hai h-i chat na0y v-i li7u cao gay nhiP+ 1oc ca).
/i*u hin H ho 'at hong@ th- na;ng nhoc@ co th* hon +
8at tQnh. 3hat na0y va0o >a gay 8ong >aS va0o +aTt la0+
8ong nghi+ t'ongS va0o 14-0ng tiu hoa gay 8ong na;ng@
8ung 1au 'at@ co th* !oc >aPn 1n t4 vong.
% Ti) "uc th-0i gian ngaTn co0n co nguy c- )hu0 )ho*i@
nh4ng th4-0ng 1n cha+.
G( vay t'ong cong ngh !an "uat a"it nit'ic@ +ot van 17
ca7n l4u y la0 o nhiP+ +oi t'4-0ng >o ?h thai co NO
"
.
Hin nay@ co +ay h4-ng 1* giai Ouyt van 17 na0y
nh4 !auH
1. Nang cao hiu !uat ha) thu NO
"
8a<ng )h4-ng an
nang cao a) !uat la0+ vic@ cai thin 1i7u ?in toi
4u cho ha) thu.
2. T(+ cac loai "uc tac co tnh chon loc cao@ )han huy
NO
"
tha0nh nit-.
3. 6u0ng "uc tac@ ?t h-) >u0ng nhin liu % nhat la0 ?h
thin nhin ,chu yu la0 3H
4
. 1ot )han huy o"it nit-.
3u=ng co +ot !o c- !- !an "uat % 1a;c 8it cac c- !-
Ouy +o !an "uat nho >u0ng chat ha) thu nh4 !ilicaglS cac
loai Folit hoa;c ha) thu 8a<ng >ung >9ch u'@ >ung >9ch !o>a.
C < B58*# D$&-D &# (1&A#
D Pho0ng chay@ no*H Ehong 1* ti) "uc v-i cac chat >P
chay hoa;c cac chat h4=u c-.
D 3h4=a chayH Phun n4-c@ >u0ng 8(nh 3O
2
1* >a) l4a
D Pho0ng hoH N-i la0+ vic thong thoang@ co h thong
Ouat gio@ hut cuc 8oS !4 >ung t'ang 89 )ho0ng ho 1a7y 1u
va0 thch h-)H +a;t na@ gaUng@ ung@ Oua7n ao chong a"it
D 3a) c4uH V4a nan nhan 'a n-i thoang ?h@ nghQ ng-iS ho
ha) nhan tao ?hi ca7n thitS va0o >a )hun n4-c@ c-i 8o
Oua7n aoS va0o 14-0ng tiu hoa ?hong 14-c gay non c4-=ng
84cS cho uong nhi7u n4-c@ 14a nan nhan va0o c- !- y t.

2N
TAI LIEU THAM RHAO
Hoa ?y= thuat 1ai c4-ng % Phu0ng Tin Vat@ NguyPn
Th9 /(nh
Ehao !at hoa chat nguy hai tai n-i la0+ vic % /:.
T'a7n V4c Va=n
3ong ngh hoa hoc vo c- % T'a7n Ho7ng 3on
Hoa ?y= thuat % Pha+ Nguyn 3h4-ng
3ong ngh cac hoa chat vo c- cua Nit- ,3ong
ngh 1a+.
NguyPn Hoa Toa0n@ ^ Th9 Jai H4-ng
Tu sa#ch Th- 8!en to7ng h45, T=. Ho$ Ch >!nh
22