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BEYR TH

ANNUAL ADDR,ESS"

DE·LIVER.Iill BEFOREl

PIONEERS"

ASSOCIATION,

(H!'

OENTRAL .NEW Y'ORK,

BY

Hon, WILLIAM ~,","'-It'NES" SEPTEMBEH, 16, 1875 ..

ALB.ANY:

WEED .• 'P,A:R:130NS AND (101l1PANl" ,t'1UNTERB. 1:675.

.Mr, Pre8id(!/r~-t, (vJMi .Ladie'$ (JJ1UI,· GentZfNtt()'rl< <r!' fJlA Psoneer« A"s,ocia. mmt .qt' G~xn:(tNit New York ..

Two prior gBne.i'at]ons of my blood. and name ar-e $looping in the eonsecl'1lltsd soil ()f OIilondaga ootUQty. Born in the town of Pompey, IMHl

. than half a eennnyago, and, J!'eared aiidmu'tucd ami)llig those whose fa-milia .. !!' f~1>OO6 T seeabeut U1S to-day" it ;,6, fittillg' that in l"i3,;;punS!J to YOUl" kind invitation I sheuld come back to y.m again, sud on this bri:ght ant(l,r:rmall fuftiemooD rekindle tb;e~plra;tion$ and renew the <ls!loeiat.iO'UB of my yon th,

" P ioneer :," - a word derived fl'OID the Lstin Pes" the foot,- UoallS· formed Into the Fr'ene-h" Pionni~1', and the Spanit:l~h Peon.., !lnd meaning origil::l.'l,Uy ,!Ii ,;, foot,soldiel'/' whose duty it. was to go before RU army, 'c.leal-ing away obstructions, and pr~padng a· l"ond r':l'l',tho'Se who were to fbHow ; - yon have chosen the Ilptas,f, word in the htlngillage to designrute yOUr' Asooci.atioml 'l'neeal.·ly settlers of Centra] New York~ emigr,a:tiug into the wilderneas geuraUy (Hi fo·ot,. removing obstrnetiene, worklng on entrenehments, sinking minesand fOdi.fying homes: w tHl.t j ndeed were they but Pioneers, pl'e'pa[·ing the w~~.Y for those who w~e to' oomEl&fter them ~

What was the rsee, the blood and! Hn~.ge of t.he early Pioneera of Central r. ,e\1l York1 Th.eh." 3ncasto~ were rmri:1'11y!Jf English origin, and their' 'd:tfl.ra.cteif's were :inte!r'-penetJ.7~te.d. '"'ith aU the Influences aDd a;rnbiti,QIl5 of the eivil and. l'eligioUis eonfliets of a thoussnd ye4~-s, on British 6011. Tl':tey had left the mother (!:{l'llntl'y.mail]]Y to sesure civil and l'eUgiO'us liberty" ,emigrating toa New England, that the.J might create tb.erein a. new-govern rn'cnt sui'~cOO. to their OWIli notions of dght and Wl'Dl1g.

. Austere, intelleotualconeeptione oil' God and RlL; gosernment oi the Universe, na,tllranIy enterod into snd centrolledthe (Jorgani.zstiol:l of that ea.tthJy gOYSI·11J.lne:nt; which t:hey hoped mi.ght find fb'lvor in His sight, ,l!l:fu:.l a certain he .. rdueoo of" disposition and uneharitableaess ,of jlldig'melll~ necessarily became the c11a-raetel'istics of the it, Jives \Vith them then:: was 1]0 middle! gronnd ; Rigbt was I~ight and W lOllg was Wrong, and illS theft" own peculisr tends W91'e the ordy Oi~~es i~p~a.bh', to G'od, they wet'a tl11!)1'cfor'!3 the only ones to 'betoleeeted hereon earth,

A severe elimate, a ~nty suhsietenee w:!:f:llibed from ~m in]w1',pit. able i$()il~andtbe:iii' many a[lrlbloody oonfije:l[ll wittl the neigh b')l"iug Indians, did not tend to soften the acerbities of their disposition, and 1'i,h~n. eaUl.e om the wal' of the Revoll:ltiou a.ndtnf.! internecine 6t.[':i'~es bittel' and. -fnriQus,. with Tory neighbor'S ,f;!ud their ssvageallles, In this school of hardslrlp were the, N ew EDgl1ind.e1r~ nurtured, who, IOl'J[led the mass .o:f early seUle1'9, 0·£ Oel1lb.aI and Weste.N! New YOI'k.

The wide and varied field of Lite}'~thlrej considered so Indispeesable to the broader culture o.f OUI" day" was pracdcaTIIy lQeked and bu.rred! to th(:l -e~FlyPi()ri,eeU'," Tbeh intellectual food was giLtherod mainly frem th'G Ssersd Seripmres, Doddrid,i~"'eh. Devotions, the formal pages of the Spe(ltator~, and th.e eamsst ]eU,91'S of J unius, A ,stl~ong religious 1:(:]1''o'Or. naturally pe.i·vadIDithoe oolnnn:mUy, sud those of us who. can go baek to th~ early lel~l's of our fOl'ef.-lthel'8, Wl·~.tt.e11 and sent by private hand to trJ'lelr- Eastern I'eia-tive:!l and. friends (fOl' no postal Sel'V]ee existed), mnst ha,ve beer! impreseed, a'S I IIn.Vie been, by,the tone of int,eJ.lse solicitude which pervades tbelIl;l"egm-d·ln.g the a~lv~~i(_m of souls a;nd the building up of tb,{\ Lord's Zion in the new cornmli.:uit-y.

Notwithstanding their faults, sueha valuable and solid. emigr.~Lti:on never ibefore went onj;, to eolonjze any state of 01;11' republic, ~nd lot ean n9,Ve!' gu out .!tcg,IiI.In~ either ftQm this cou(lh~v 01' from Imy CIOunt.ry in Eurepe, 'ibs tables in the Appendix show tbataftera few yem9, enr townships d.em.'eoocd or ·l'emained almost .sta.'tiOIUli'y in pcpulasion; but this depopultltion. Vias onlythe result of the emigration of tl[(:~il' sons and. daughters to the west, for the Jll,rr·pose of founding new (lolo· nies and cities, eV6U to the 5hl)tes of tile Paeifle ocesa, iHld the .. m is probably nota Statie in the Union, west of Eiyr.lICllse, but pl"ominent.]y Oil its roll of horml'Bdia .. nd valued citizens crun be fOll1.llld. the nsme of some sOP er clangh tel' of' Centf.'91J New Y!;Irk.

I know that I :;,1.1aU be, sustained by this. andlenoe, composed .as it Is of :repreoolJibd;'v£\ men and women of N e·w Y{)rltl, when I claim that the citisen of tb:l~ Sta.te is the. truestand bed type of an AmCI'Tcan.

The Eastei'u man, a.lthougb lOY''Il in em ei'geneies" never ]mrgct::5 UI0 rook-bound coasts of :N,ew England; 1l.8Y~;r takes his foot from tb,e well-worn bould,el' in the little harbor at Plymouth, and. even its 'east. Whld.$ that ,'),re popllbb:ly supposed to sharpen h~1l' vi8~e and put an cc.lge npoll hi$ ."rits, lueto him l1101'e balmy than t..lle airs that blow ,II f rom Anlby the blest,"

The S.ontheI11ei' has .slww.[I. on many a battle fie-hI E10W weak to him are national ohligaJions when opposed to the sovel'e.ignty vI' his Statu; and the\V estaru man, separated by immense distancee fl'OIll the central g.ov~mmellt, and absorbed in the nemEl stnlgg1e for the development

of fhe material 'i!i'"e~~WI of his ()·wn 'sectim1, is often tempted! by the dev:iJ {Jf' sootioll!!J.l interests to fl)l'g;~t the obHgru~:ions of Federal jurisdiction, andthe common and be$t interests oJ ehe whole nation.

But the .1'f13\'V Yorbr is ,~Iwap and everywhere an .A'lfUJ1·it,>{f/f~· dtii.~en. fILS State, "is swsllowed up by his Ntlti.onaJ, pl'ide. ]?['(Hi.d of his Nat.i-cmal histOl~y, proud of hit'. National houor, proud of the hri1l:i.ant rectll'li or 31t.ie end dletlagnlshed lJl'en,who baNe BIl[i.t.;airmecithe g1<nIi'Y of~~ I,e .Amel'loon name hofh In Peaee 9.ndW al'~ end e!rpeclial1,l proud of the d]~l:;in.t"l~iveglorJ of ea.cha.nd~ e'l'e,I'Y ,9isoo]~ Stale vf. the whole Repsblic,

GeogrlilpMc!Jllly and. poHtica'l1y all ".Empirc/' of magtllfioo[lt proportion s and strength., the State of N e \!j' Y ork, through herchildren, has slways been as true in her aHegiallLe to Federal anthOl'ity, as when, "in 17S9', she welcomed with enthusiastic I.oyalty, the lll.'et Ameri~!m Oougress uudi.ei' the Constitution, and in her Me·tl·opolis,. and through hat' dlstlnguished Ohsneellor (Liviugsten), in.~ugllr,~.te<l. the first Presi-

dent of the United States. .

Events ·ha.ve so' erowded upon the Am(}l'j(.Jf'ln 'p()(I!ple dm.·:lugthe fint een tul'y of thei r ex L~~ence as a. nation, tb.~t it is al most :hnp{)~i b Ie fbr us to recall thegcnerel [::.li tua tion o.f itff:ail's existi ng in 0 Ul" (I WIl! 8~ts at the, close of' fhe Revoh;lti'()llary war .. How can we prapel';]y appreciate the llli..hcws of our Pioneer f~t.hel'l!>l unless wa turn back the h:mds uponthe v.~.lll:.em.Mfl.z;oned di~tl of Hie Empil'e 8t2l:tc, and while they point to those eventful epochs tb.!Jl,t 'illuminate her history, rend there the record of tllei:~' ] i yes.

T'b,e A merlcan aolonies arcer theil' seven years ilb"uggl ewith thG mother eonntry; had, ii, is true, ;tcM!eved ~~ nominal !.nid t:1~e-aty independence, (J 3IJilUU"j' 21st, 118(1~} but their resources were exhausted aud the peeple almost perrnriless. throughont the COllrltl·Y. The smm:f.llee of human life had been gl'e~~~, the siek, the wounded, the disa~led hlUlg like an incubus lllpon UUJir weakened enel'gies, and all tlw various induael"lCS of a young and vigorous nation, fooling the clIcpress,i:ng influences of i~ 5tJilgn~l.nl:. market and 8 depreci.ated currency, sank into: ~ deeiine whidl lm~r;aged death,

Gn~a.'~ Britain, evenafter tllt~ tl'eaty~ held the rod of' Empire oven' us, Several northern frontier t:ol·t,~·e8se8 stillrsnmined in her ha.llids.;and a~ 'the flrst t~tvol"ab]e moment she 'W!lfl prepared tOf!J?illi$Sert her dominion, Upon our western h[)'l'rj,el',s" tens of t]10I[JJ!4mds of uufriendly s$vages stood ready not only to beat book the ~~dv;iL;n(ti]lg tide ,of 'e1Thigmtioll, but to a.ttook and def:;b"<,l,Y settlements alrcsdy formed, liVe ware a. nation, but 8 m~tk![l only in name, and. from thi.!) f~ebLe and d1sol'gall. ised elementary national existenee, we wereto.create El; RepulJHc whose

government ~'qf the People - OZI the People, fop the People t) - should he it beacon ligh.t to th.eoppn:s!Wldl or all the f;3r"Wl.

The State of New Y Ol;k had been >51:recialily impoveriehed by the w~rj H'Gr tert:iwry had. been burned over b:y the (lamp nrea. of beth arm les, .her resident lndiallpopu]ution with - eharaeteri~tic f.ru;oclty had laid Wtlete her towns and viU~g'@s, .her beautiful bay no longer ]lefieeted. the whot,e sails of her eommerea, and Ln(lUSfbn!]s of he!' bI'aV,eB'~ SOBS "'''ere sleepingin soldiel,£ilgraves

P(wer'by, therefore, slterll arld n,mrdenting, wa'S the ]eg~'y left to the eiiLtly PiQnOO1' when he s.ettled in this region ,of: CQuntry.

Let uspaaae for ou 9; moment and! considerhle eenditionwhen, alter ll:l~tuy difflenlties and trials, he .a.~ last finds himself in lris new 110me",

No western prairie, with i lis teeming soil pl'egnan t with futme hali" veslls,. glleets his eyes. All is pl'ir.lle'i'3l1 forest, oyer wh~id) broods a atiHuess that is terrible i.II its Intensityand gIOOlTf.l. He comes witb his axe npon his sh{j'll]der JiL]~tI ]1]$ l'i:fl~ in M~ h~nds, to encounter tJle stubborn foreee Q.f NfIltlll·C) the attack of wild besets, snd tbe $~Hl more dreaded en mityo{ t·ne III diana, w ho, oflilf cl vi llzed and thoroughly demoralized by t,helr pflIl,tii3lpa,tion in the recent W81'; still hllg npon the flanks of' the white men,

The Ilhreat bees fun befo]\9 thebrl)1i,"iS of his aJ::e~ and in a: e.hmt time the log house, that fiI'st outpost of th,e n\l'my of eiviliz;atiou" 5tantisglu!Ll'd over a. 1,itOe" clearing ~"with ibltOlJ_ghly cultivated l)a.t.ch of potatoes, wheatend eoOI'1'I, we;~ged.jn between stumps and ta;ngled I'QQts of trees ..

lbnYi~ millionaire; however, might 'envy the deUght with whlehthe Pioneer enters his rude home, and witb hiswHe and litUe oues s]eep.s for the -nrat time beneath the roof-tree reared by his own honest and Fe.l'seve.,[~Jl:g labor.

To enlal'ge the borders of hii!!~ch~ai'itlgt the husband and f!~ther ]lOW toilB WWI renewed enel'gyiilxid 'with the thews and sinews of a Hereules, disphly]ng the same indomitahle oolGll"age whleh he sbtnv'e(l at Herkimer and! Or]skany, act, 81l,ratQga. sud at Yorktown, arid every week. sessthe mEghty monarehs of thee '\"oods lying' prosbtlloobefbro hls advancing fo!)tsLepsja confused! mass, of birch, maple, hemlock, ehestnm and pine.

T1HlB9 mnl:!lc be ag.l:in eut into log's,. which {!3noe handled with hand-spike, log. cht~i[l and oxen, and the Iog.1Hl~p piled es high aE! hIg l'OOOlH'OOS will permit, a.waUe Ule "ppmsnb of the: dry season, when the 't{l~i'ch is applied to the immense ma'S$ of timber, ~~Il!d for wee ks t()'g>(l'~ber' the heavens al'e Iighted illy ~" pmar'S of' fire a:t nfgM.'~

But for these p/3fU)o/~J victories IH'tll,· Nature, no wldow mourned l~ husband fOr·ever lost, or lonely psreuts a SOIil.~, st1"l~ek down i 11. ~he n10[·1lin,g ofhis days..

I need not l"eCOI:l:I'lt. thea!~'y6 when. food was scarce in those rude homes of the Pion em'; when .S·tckUMS. we~kcned the arm and pslsled tho hGfu't of'the father 01' IlU)UleD.', and pl'ivat.t(lll and ffixpolUlFe sent to an earlygl'3Ve the t'iM'ling child. of the hOllseh(lld!wh{l~epl"attUng voice had cheered fmd comforted :ma.rq a WCfi,l'y h.QQ;I.l'. Are not all these 'things .farniIii,am." to us in the ~"oft told tl:~le5" of those who have gone before I~e., !lind written in the flll!'["(j,'wed cheekseud whitened hairs and fa:Ite..r·rng steps of thooe who are .sti]l with US; and some of whom. Lsee befOl'e me to-day~'

Let us hold in grateful remelllbl'3ncc the labnrsand the s.acri1il(le~ of those early Pioneers, snd in h(HW rfIngitheh' memories ret US hem 01' also the tr:iemQl"[~ of the! wOl,thyWi"es ll!.lJid. Mo~l:tel'B of Ul~~day, Oompelled 3$ I lll·nl to aeknow 1ed,ge the j ustlea of the r.r;ll:;e;11 t ijr,J;C!JI.' of the' Roman Ca.thoHe bishop of TQtQIlW', that, !.! In the New E.l1.g1a.nd Sta"too an ,~, tmw:~dJy people a.l~e ,e,xite.rmi]H~t.i[lg tbelnselves frem the faee of U1.~ "Cf!.lih, and! a, chaste and God-feMing people are sueeeeding to their ", inheritance, as tbe statistics of bhtbs show," I am prcud to exonerate these noble women from the br,rrribJ.e charge brough.t agllin:Gt the present genesatiou, 'l'be families of stnhvar~ chnd[e~l1, often number:ing ten or even mere, tha't grew up under the same roof sud wen.tout fj'O,rn, itst-rong armedaad ~kQng bea.rted,w ()lu"Ji5ti[mJ~e and ei vHize the wildernesses of the w~t atl d north-west, testify to the com'age, the ·padence; tile deep religions principle 'that; formed the substratllrt:ll of th.ei_I' e.hoo~ootel·., 'l'Q the few of these blessed Women who still remain to us, we s3,'y-AItlu}ugh. 110 ru]stm1sll' r:eool'r]~ the pr:iOO)A'lSS benefits y(lu ·h~ve (,-.(Infer:r·ed upon this gene1'3tion, ~nd n-o poet sings the Il>l:.olt'yof your h~r()ie. saeriflccs for those JOu ]()ved~ yet the reeordiug angel ]~ij, written yQ!ltr T~arne.8, high--

U On. fUe' 111>1 lilt t1l.ose wlwm Gl!K'I. lfIa~·h blest;"

and no fleligiQue warty-I' or: victoru)tI$ general call outrank j'@'u there ~

8

THE }T.U;[TARY TRACT.

By an act of tne.]eglsl8,tu'l'e of the province of New Y ()I_·k,p.'iLssedl ~lt~ the fo·urth gOS!i1(}1l held at A]bany on the 90th cJay of MAl'tJ]~ 17811 it was provided that two regiments of StffW troop!! should be raiS{ld espeeiaUy forthe defen>le of't.l'1e f['Ontiers of Now York againa,e I(~dial) incur:I:llons. The act was enl;.iilert ,,' An act for rttisi.ng two r{~gi.mcnt8 for the defeuse of the Sjya~ on bounties of unappropeiated lends," (Cha.p.

32.) ~'

A land bOll'L1tY.~ U'al1b>1.[Ig' from 500 acres for ~\ priva.te, lip to 5,500. ~eB for !'Ii mAjoI' gellepal~ was pl'Oviflsd fOl·by the ~nJd f~t~ on eon .. " ditiOil t1'Q.a~t ~l~na()!~nal settlement shonld be made uponbhe land within three years !,fterr the chills, of the war. The CQ'lltlnenml Congress also gl."allood addltionaJly 10Cl~l;m~ea. for each w.Jdliel.') taOgi.ilg up to [,()OO a(}I'65 f01'··a major general. 'I'hese lands. were loeated in the St.'ltie of Ohio" blJ!t it. was eo. arranged that Ute whole bounty could be drawn in the ~Hate of New York; making 600 ·[1.e11es, to eaeh private soldier. Slaves i$et.illg three years W~l"e entitled to ·theil, freedom ..

. h. 1782 (see ehap, ll)! being ,n:nl act ~'It~iHed ~'AIl act to Pl'Dvcmt g.t'.flllltB or IQcati.oIU of the 'hmds UHll"ein .. [r.1oeIlti(Hleclt the so-ealled '~MUitm.ry ta.'OOt/' eontsining :l,680,OOO !'!;cr~) wtl$ set apartas boiJruty lands to the eoldiers saabove men tloncd , and! by the treaty with the Indians at Fort St::uliwix (Sept. 12, H8:8); the I11di1ll1J1 title, to tbcse lands '~T~lS extin guished ..

By ~bli act of the ]egi~htlH'e. passed Feb.ruil.ry 28th, 1789 (see chap. 44),. the tt~'~ wss ordsrsdto be surveyed into 26 townships containing 100 Iota of 600 acres each, to be laid Ont in squ.u:I'CS and. numbered and named by th~ Oommlesioners of th,f,j l[and om/ee,. '~by sueh nsmes

as the''y sheuld deem proper," .

Thl5 act w~s entitled "An. set to 3ppI'Q'pdato the lends Het a[J3.l·~ to the 'LlS@ of' the troops of the li ne, of the State lately iWl'V'ing in the tl.:rf.I'1Y of the United States, snd fo), other pnr:poses therein mentioned.

A~tli1jd se.ttll;lments wero required til) be madewithin: S9Y,en yearfl. aftel' t~heklIid:s were surveyed,

The MiHtar;y h'net was carved out. 0.£ the Iands of the Six N ati.!)l'j~,

excluding thO&l of the O,I~eida8, and TUS6ar.O:a:'a!!t who had either sl,ded wit.h tihe 00looLsta. or remained neutii"lll during the War:.

'Tbe. goldeu urn ,O'f bfE!ltor:y was l'tivngedaud compelled to yisld up its wf;lifl,\lth of celebrated names t\:l.r tbe baptie;m of the: 8eweral miHta,ry townships, Gir.eeee and Roma cont:dblllMng [oost largely to the ]ie~.

1. Ly8aude'i:".

2. lIallo.ibaL

3. Ca~o,

4. Brutu!>.

5. C&m.nlm •.

6. Cicero.

'7. 'Man Iius, S. Atue1i.us. 9·. MaroeUu$,

10. Pompey, 11., :ROnllllu6.

12. Sci:pi,'Q,

13. Sempronius,

14., TuU.Y. rs. F~bil!lB. Hi. Ovidi" 17', ,Mil'W,n.

18. Locl~e. 19 .. Bonier. 20" Solon. 2l. Il~c"tor. '

22. U]yf'Se8..

23. [h';r-delt. :24. VirgiL'

2$. Oluelnnetus, 26. Junius.

Snhse.quendy; two other towns were ol'g':aulz;ed and added, know,n na (talen and Stel'lh~,g.

What seeret pm'poBe had ,the Com,missloners of U~e Lsnd Office, VI.' bose duty it was to layout and name these wwn$1l!il~$J In t11€: seleerlon oi these historic names ~

Did, t,hey int!El'l1d tha~ the Spa;rta,n V']rltu€:ll, of IiY]J,il.JlmER~ his 'l'empel'" anoo.,his Poverty"~ hls [ntegrity should inscpire the hea.rts of the: settlers ,in township No. 1 ~

W,sJile the SOIlS (If the second 'l.QWUSMpl' IU:e Hannibal, to, be ~w6rn ~1l.U]ILB years of age, U nevel' to be :rric.ndJi' with the enemi:es of ~]~eil' oo,untry~' ,,' Or was it intElnded torenew the Panic '1~.lri;i by organb,illig a"tOWll {If H~mnibM agai.nsta t()wnelbip or Sdp].o 1

W il$ it hoped, tlmt the :F1Qllieers, of township No. 3 would he endowed wl:t"h. the wlsdom ~"lld the eloquence ·of n';;:ft~ one of' 'Wll,ose Bli,yings W,B.~ that -" Wise: men learn more fI"om fools than foo]~ from ,vise men, for dU;l W1Ele a.void the error.'! ,of fo(i]s,} while foo,]~ CJM1:!]ot Fl'Ontby the example of the wise/'

W'~ township No.4, to- be, c,uUhratied only by the ,r pale. sud lesn " BR1J'J'ua;E~inll.teM oftbe " sleek sod. fat" A~lt;(!HllYS, whom COOi$M did. IiQ'tf~r; and we,lle the wives of this town to be Iike the noMe Porti""" the worthy par~ll~ll';$ of .'lfll t.he $C(lret anxieties and C31."eS ,or their hnsbanW!~

10

,:Vas the' filth township to be eomposed ,o'llly of men whose onatom I~ was ~, To deltver their country w'lth ~~l,'j and not wi.th gdlcZ/, &'8 ]D tihe days of {JuHLurs, when Brermus and his Gauls laid siege to Rome ~ 1V:!ls.the 3ixth township to be settled ollly by orators of the Ciceronian sehool'~

Wa.B it expected tha.t ill (lase of !Il night atta,ck :fl'~)I'f~ Indiana 01' TOl'ieB, the sacred geese vi" tDle township of MilNLllJS should sound anelarm ~ W at!! there any "l'a,x-pe&n rock Il-t'Jl0Ilg its J'\lgg'!;)d hilts, for him who aspiredto RO'y,J.l power' ~

Were the wisdom and -virtue of the glr'(llllt Ermpel"or M.A1WUS AUR.ELIUS to be the inalicn.!'l.ble 1,il'thrigM of' the inhabitants of township IN~). 8~ W&s it designed to lnfase also his kincUy nature into their hearts ~

W!~S it intended that the ninth township should, under some futnre MARCI!;"r.,J .• ns, l'e:new the. sttaek upon some modern Syr.llIcus© ~

Was it d.eBigillad. that the Idghcst point of ltJ,e Military Tract, the tenth towrJi!hip, should hnrmonjze with the exalted chamet~jr and virt~ue of itseitizei:lE1i, and that in future yea.rs ~he I1ame o1E[mpel"fltor (n:

President should be deserved and worn by any of the sons of POl;IPEms M GNUS?- Were her settlers dei$t'ined to be honored with Triumphs~ [01' their suoeeeses in W:::I:1' andpeace ;irl the puJplt and !'Lt the bar.; ira the werk-shopandin the field ; on the Innd and on the sea ;1I! seienee, art and Iiteramre ~ WeI',e tl'ley destined to serve their cam.pEl:igns I]Hde.r themselves RS genm'a.b ~ '"'Vben ueeessery to incur daugel'irD the performsnee of public alLlty,w'el"ebe-r sons. ]'€iil:dy to !'i£ly with the G~~e<at Pompey; OIl eml)tl>ddng at sea in a- gllh:-"I ~i.It 1'8 neeessarg to GO; ·it i8 'not n6C686wr1} to LIVE."

W~towDllildp No" 11 to be peopled! hy the fo~mdeii:'S of citi08, states and empires in the new world.as RoM"ULU8 founded ancient Rome, W®:r,(5. its children to be nurtured hy the wild bensts 01' tile forests

.... an d to grow u P lli:'odigies of' at rength and valoJi'~'

Was ths helledital'Y In'8very of the SeipIos to be given with their name to the twelfth township ~ \V ore all He sons to take the' oafh of Publlus ()"j.j'neElls 8cipioJ,-"I sW6;!iu' 'fi.l'Olt, 'I:.hat I vdH not abandon '~he Republie, and. 'hat I will not l$ufi'e1" otl181'S to sbaedcn it ~ ~"

In iHlondng tOW11lOMp number liS" was it hoped tha~' the principle of

'the Agral'lsm 01' Sempeonien law might 'oemQI'e successful in a ,eouneT.}f, the corner-stone of whose. eonstltutien declared 1lI11 men. ;,~ free and equal, " Was the first Pioneer ill the' town of SEMPRONHll') - to oocome the Fath er of an A merican ramil y of Hr~e..hi ~

Were the inhabitau. ts of T Q.)'Ll'..'1" to receive the h~flefi Ii: aJoo.o·rded. to the

..1.1

'anc,ient "Romans under its sixth Kiingj and suffer their goods, and :not their persone, to be Iiable t~ their eredltors i

W~re the inhabIto'lnts of the trH:oonthtowno;hip to possess the rare (Usc:rei~iQnl' ripe judgment .. md able genet'alflhip of FA-BIllS M:AJ(I)Ur8~ the " Shield of I-tome ~ "

Was the sixteenth townshipw be trans,£t)l'med. £1.'011'1 n, state O'f :n~tm'e ',tIS readily as t~he ehanges ill. Ovm's metsmorphoees Q Were her naltii.ve forests to ehaat odes to. 'the new-ccmers as de.ligh~·£ul ~[Id charming MIl th.e sOongs of their uamesalre, warbled ][1 the B"rti!:ici;:,l metres of Latin VOl"Be, ~

Was the Lost Pal'aduse to be Regained, either 10 DIe gardens of nsture or inthe eultirated fields. of the town (If MWOON ~

. "Tere the settlers of the town of Lo010!: (Ko. 18), to ibe end()we-O. with the keen insight and oonrpl'ehe;ns:ive l"ange or thongb~ (lf~heh" namesake, ,the gl:l(ls'.t English philosopher ~~

W!lSllie nineteenth t(mrll£:li:lip to produee a seeond l]on"IEm., whose illiB])oh'ed pen should ltllIHgf,t(d.iz.e the l:11l;ttJml of those e8.ily ssttJm's with Poverty, Si.ikl]ess and JIJ';(I.nlri,IH}; f{loo M deadly as ;truy thatever gath.m'ed betore 'the gates o.i Tl"{')),?:

\V:i!.i! the t;w'entieth township to re-enact the laws of SOLOiIf, under whieh the n'HI!;[b\\~b() stood n9lJ1tl'al in t.lle ti.me of Sedition WM declared to be n i-r:ifam.()'ll0!,u a.l~d whiehalso decla.red thd city to be ~he best go\'el'J'!ed~ !,£ where those who are not injured are no l066& ready to prose~ntli;ltL·n:d ]Jllll!.!> h ofl:~Dlders than those who sre ~ " ·W·el"e the wi ves and C1:aughter,sof dll:t;(J~\trlship wilLing to be govl;i:rned by the laws of tbie, .Atl:H~Jli!ln law-giver, requiring that; allwoUl,su goh\g out of' jown a.]10uM he limited to three dresses, and one basket (t.."l1tl k), not over ODe foot anda half in il'eight i

Patriotism in the person of !flee'fOR) and Wi.sdom in thnt of UL'YSSES stood sponsorsfoe N'os. 21 and 22"

Does, the dramatie fen'OT of DRY[)EN l·ea~ppea;r. ill tho H ve~ sud characters of the e"}~[Ziflntl (lfthe tWoBllty-ddrd township ~

The great Roman poet was UQt fOl'goWm in rU;Ll'Il.iug the twentyfourth tOW'In ship, all eli Us husbandmen might find. t(}.fl~y inthe study of the EdlofJU<3$, and the G.am·g-i.'08; 1IJ keener zest to l' the pm'suit which YIRGIL loved, and which hiB honored in immortalversa,

Are the dtJiz;en~ of the tW€;Dty.flfth townshjp so thoroughly imbued with the peineiples of Eepablfcaniem that they 1l1''C pl"epal"ed like Cn rillN.NATUB .v:itb e<tIJlJ~I resdmess to ~ake till 01" lay Q.."iide exeentive 1)Owed Does the E!pirit .of J UNHJi3, the sturdy opponent 01' tp1.mi1,y and political oppressi ()n~ ] Ive aga.i n i nbhe breasts of ~he inha b itantaof township twenty-six. ~

12

TIlE NA.T.iV.& AM~CJi.l( P~O:NlmRij (FIvE NATIO'NIi!) OF CElNTRAL NEW YORK.

Itwoeld not L.e fitting to elose my re:l:iu1;:I'!t:S, on tMs ocession, with(lut SOUle aUusion to those e~J'He[' P.l'l)n,eer$:, wb{l prececlled O'lllf fathel'~ In Central New Y ork ml\Jly bl]J)(lr.ed;!l"I>erbap,lj thonsands of ye.ars ago.

On: tJl(l disoov'e1'Y of A.mHl1.ca by Oolumbl1s (OIll the lltch day ,of Octolu.~".r!, 1492)~ !lill in tense in terest WM Immed iatoely exeited tbro~lghl)1ilt the pr[r1eillaJi marIti.m.e'iluL;tJOli1S of' Enmpe.. Deubts, 8pe~11 i~l,t]nns, hope~ o.f the diiSc:overy 0'[ inexhaustsble mines OI silver and goldsud precioue stones, iind or a, new route toIndls, the at:traetc].(iJ.fis of the mysterious nnkn O'WD; the ownership and dominion over new (i(lunl;ries of nn explored extent, incited Spain, Engl~.nd, Ftl;tc'llce, Bolland and Portugal to fi.t (lut nemerous expeditious of e.xplomtion a.nd 'l>ooupu>tiO[l.

In .A..1lglltlt, 153.5.1 Jacque;; Oa;rti:er! n.n al)Je pilot .giSt" 14tLl()) Fr.rllnee, voyaging under the .&luspi<::es of FmDI}is I~ente.red the Gl1l1f of St. La"wrnncEl: and iir.st. exploredthe Can.ada o.r S,~,. La.wlIl;l]1!Ce River, going .as fur up a'S the 8ag~].'C;l]ay and. theiar,g:e, ]'[Idiau vm['J"g® (If HocJu;~laga, OIl! an lshn.d at the fO(l~ of MOl!n'~ H:oyal (now Mmtt.J:€al).

On the 3d day of July, 1608; Sanine.l d.e Ohmrnpl!llll founded the city ·of Qllcoee1 wbic1'taftef'\!i·a.r-Js became t.h~~ ~pit!;i,l] of New France. TMs wa~ a year after t:h.e settlement of' the English atJ ameseewn, .in Vil"ginn (lOO7), but one year beJQ1>(J Hendrick Hudson, under the .Dutch, explQred. the Hud501 .• ·dyor (1.609), It was also [$]]( yeR,fa before the Dutch erected the fir'5tfort a.,t Alhany (1614:); seven yen:r.t1 befere Mauhatta.n Island was eceupied by them (116Hi), and tweh!e yea:);.:; before the, Pilgrims had. (;OIllS{l:c:rn.tGd~ by their tl'eaclJ)~he Ro~k a.t Pljmouth (:ll620).

The Port:~,gl1e_6e na,vigll'W:rI, G£t."pal' d.e OortHl'®ul, had diaeovered New Feundland in ehe year :H'j.')O, und Ponce de L.eo,n,sooking the f(llllntMu of perpetl1alY~llt.ll, had accidently 6ai:Ioo near thecoasts of }'lorida in the yelit 1512, .Il-ltbougb it is claimed by the E(igU~b to have beendlseovered by Sebastian Cabot as eArly as 14'96.

In 1519 F,eroundo OoTte.!Z attacked and eoaqnered Mexico.

The ~·J'ellch.,·u Qdel' LeU1(}t1iEl d' Iberville, s9~ded on the hanks of tbe:Mississippi .in the ye!~r 16{H)~ tl11iL8 ·c1a,]min_g to axtead New France from th(l St';. Lswreaee to New Orlealls, and rea(mllg fro.m 'thenoo ~o F·lgrida.

,A. single glance nt the m~p will show the magr.iiflioof'!t dea:iglls of Louis XIV in dle, new world. In the.eK\ee1!ldt)]1 ot~ his pla.as be was a,ided by man of genil1s, bravery and ent.el'pdse.

Oardinal Richelieu was at one time; the he~ (1,£ the 107' aBs;ociates

to wnolD (lanada was granted, and the t~Il}nt of the great Min.iste.r Oolberr wee also enlissed, Tbe French. Governors of Canada were (lft.eu accompliehed gent,]emen endowed with great natural a.biUtie9.,

It is GIlly bY'llndenltandiog the broad and comp1"~lDMI.8i\!'e. plans (If Grea<t lIrH:ilin and FIi',':m@e~!m.d of 8}lain and UoU!l!.nd l in this new W'Qdd~ that we cam thm'ougl'l'ly ap))l'e(llate ,the meaniog and importance (If the stmggJe which took place for the pose.eSS;i{l'll Qi' Oentra] New York and Ca.li1,00a.

In an evn~:lay f.oI' FI"anoe ami her g.r,il[I~l schemes 10,r a" eontln(l'[Itai empire in .Ame:riea (July 3, 16(9), the adventuroas founder (If Quehej), (Oha.mplain), with two other Fr'encbmell, was perslI:ade-d to accompany 1\ war pany OIf Hurona and Algonquins against 'the Imquols Indi€t1J!8, by waif' of the ~{II'e1 li'i vel' and .Lake fJha.£n pli\l 11. The oollflLil(lttook place on the borders of tMB ibeantir~l sheetof\V'at!Jl·~[I>em:"Tleollde~"Qg.m., and tlleopposlllgcMef,IJI,. deekedin all t,I~e proud hablllmeata of Indian Wlll:'farc, were soon destroyed by the French bullets; fired by Ohamplein aI~d his companions. The brave Iroqnols fled before thi.il,n~w weapOll, as if ,sb'uek by the Hgl:rt;[l~ngs of tho Great Spir:it. This was tbe fhwt oeeasion on whieh tl:i~ Five Nations bad eval' seen the ii!as,b of the :l'i:fIIe 01' witnessed i'tr>. :btllJ e:11'etotg. Is it to 00 'wondered at tlJnt the~ fh:ld awe-struek and bewildered, and became from thenee,f'(Jol"th the hitter and unrelenting enemies 00 the F'r~i'lJeh ~

Wlu:lca the, French from New Frni:l(~ (CtI)nOOla) and the Duoohl j~rm Fo['~ Oril>n~ (Albany) :Ii.m~ pem,ett,ll'a,too the unbroken .fore$~ of OentraJ New York, tbe,y found lU existence thCl"C what was, unknown with re·fel'tmceto an~y o,tner tribe of Indians within the borders of the TI nitsd States ~ ~u u nl ted C(mfed.eraey of iSe'7~1'lir rI.!LItiOblS>, h~v.in,g a eommon eouneil fi.I'e, and eOll1tooel'atecil 3,iC'tion on . aU pl1 bl ie aUI;a,ir,$, a~ffecting tbe.ir general hlteI'ests. i·Ii~Ii(H·'y n:mypl'obably he s'Elsrohed invfliin 'or ~ny SiIni1ll.r oonfederncy, similar, Lmean under allY analog'" 01]5 elrcnmstaneee,

li~1·8t. Tbel'ewas no 'irrlUel1 language, only the rude!lt p]:e&ogr-~pb8, snd shn])hl devieM for recording Ot (lo[ntruudcaHng idea.!!!.

&eonil. Tl'!!.ere wei'tl no lnetruments ot; agr[m.dture of mannfaetures or or wa.r, beyond the rnl(}st pdr.n:it]Y0 eontrlvanees of s,-,vnges.

Tlti'1lu. There were no domsstle animals tr:il!.inOO to' servitl1de f'Ol: lruman use.

SUB H~ec(mfoo~,rl"aJt~ Fiv'G N~tim1l3 ,e,xisted, and h~l exi:sted f()l.r a. peri,o(] so long that neither memory nor any ['e~b~ble tl,ooit.ion ev'Cr 1'aJ"~~i)the oolJ!tmry. It would he useless to :atteiupt to Uft the veil of file past, but thesoul of the true blstorisnaad archeologist pants fo:r the UIiL 'li'iTitte,]"[ cbron.imei'l, ,oft-helle abOi'gioee.':l. 1: trust. thateveirY fse t

from alDY and all 8(IHn~91' Rnd 6vel''y t~oo.ltltitil,h();wev(lr :ID9Idowy, will be cal'sfull,j' gaI'n€ll'edi and rI't~seD·V'l.'ld in thea.r(l~lives· of your soeiety, for some future historieal AgP1l!sl:i:; to l'eeDllS[:'I.;U.ct a fshrio of veritable Mstol'Y·

From whence did they (lome ~ Fol' how U1UllY hundreds 01' thousands of years had their population remained :oti<l.tiomliI'Y; the. pat.b of progress bel Ilg Mocked byperpetual hu rigel', .pri vrut:i.on and \II £ll' ~ How many hundreds perished as witches, often self-eonvieted 1

Wh!l>t are SOlrle of the llnd16pnted faetswhtch have COtlle down to. us ~

That there w.:\$ il eonfederaey of'fi VI} Ind.l~m nstione - the :M:{lIh~wks, Onondagss, SeTIlooa'-5i Oneidae sud C,tYUgM - united tog-ethel' for geD131'al porpoo;es as 01113 oont'eClel.-aey, but haYing dlstinet existence ,f-HId govs'rnmen.t, fl.S separate .State:s, fbr tribal and local objects. They wore eslled "Aqninoshiolflit' Ilnited People 01' the Peop]~ of ths Long Honse or Council H(il~el,the eastern door of w·hich extended up the Mohawk river to Scl1eneetaci;1", and W!1l$ held by the ]!,,{ohawks, and the ,';'estel"Jll gate extended to the G encsse 1,1 ~'era,:nd dle Fans of Nis.giiLh·,Ii and ,\villE;. held by the Senecas.. TlliB' gen.e.lI'al eouaeilflre w~ .81w~y16 lighted in fhe centre at OnQ[ld~g'~' The OrlOudng,[!'s were entitled to the head r;ivi] chief (Atotalr./w),U:!:ld were the nstion whieh gsnerally f~lrr.lished the loodI[lg arator, dIe ]IIfo·bawks 0]' Senecas being entitled to have the head WiU' chieftain (Ttik:£woge,(J;) selooood from their nation.

Tile 1'J{)wel; of the Five Nations extended from the i1lollfh of the St.

Lawrence Oil the CIlst to the M.i.si'lis..~ippi on the west, and from Hu~:lsO"n baytJo the Appslachi9ffi bihee. (III the Hulf of }{e.xico" No single tribe. wIthin this vast extent vf country could cope SUC(\l;);i5SIlllUy with them, and most 0.f thee other tdbl'ls were tl'nmta.ry',~ e~HiIlg tlfi'e FiY.e, rations their uncles, and payillg them aa- annual tribute.of beads of wa,mpmn. 'l'bel~~ were only two. tt'ib~ whic·bwcl"o not under their II['imaD'Y 0.1' secondary inflnenoe. T:heh',jm;if!.dit~ti{ln reached fl., thousand miles to the SQtilth and the sabne distance to the northwest,

Tlle OO1llnby hehl by the six Hat]~}n~ h~d ~mvant.a,ges fob' the 'ptUp08es of this people; beyond auy other JU'Lrt of! tho United States,

Glar.H}e for. ,;1 moment H,t tlU31 river. and lake coannnnieations whi(l.h werese necessary fOI; off-el'ls;]ve Indian warfare, They com:rnAtu].Bd (1) UH~ gtea~ la.k~ J!i..nd (2) tho river St. Lawrence (formal'].)' c:dled the river of the IrQ9!.i1oLs); (3) th'e Mehawk J!i..nd Hudson l'ive:rEl.; (4) the De.tiawaJ.\!3 l'iVei'; (5) the i8usqneha,nn;L river;' (6) the Ohio river, and

'th.eil' branches, eounectlons and hi.b(italf']iCil. .

In 171~· they were jvillcd by the 'I'uscarores {if North, Carolina, thi~ hi.be having been defeated in fliOO.WlI.tct w1L~h. tJlewMt.es In tluJ:;~ vicinity.

15

. II":ILhe yeilr 1708, the ']'11f!ear(ll',1Hlfl.ad 15 !;'mages on the T~r and other' lj'jvcl'e, and i\b(mt~ ].,'2100\!,i'tU'.l'jOJ's. Land was ns.."figned. to them as the $!xth D<Jltioll l}etwee;n the Ouolld,a.gasMld Oneidas.

It is said that in t'1~.3, ~t AlbauYI' they adopted the "N oo:uiag'B5 ,'I , of, :MichilljmaMn~c, Il,c;';ar lake: Huron, t~S the seventh nation, and the n Mississaqu(31:'/' an !~JgOTillnin tI:ibe 'M! the ·eighth nation.

The eelobratsd Indian seholar, Lewis H. MOI'<l?:a'~I, recordaa tcJ.'adiriou of the hotnnois th3;~ the. O()~nf1.edet3C.r (Ho-di-ne- S~~W "nee) of the Five N ations W~f.! formed hundreds o.f yea,l'\!! ago at the S~]~"BB"~:i{)n 0'£ tile 011 ondagas, :!ilt ;)_, Hl"fUld 'C«I.i:11cil Fil'e, asscm hted on ther"1(Jrth·t:i!I.!:lt ib('!;nk of LMe U G~n"IIe[l~lllJ .. D (Onondffib"3}.

The worst phase in th~ '[nd.i.ttll character WaB tbeir cruelty and their torture of helpless pI1.S0flC,I;';S OfWlU', Put iii> there no' barberlssn in civilization; are Ul!:~l'e no refined eruclties perpetrated under the forms OI law 01' even of f\sligion itEleH"~

Their gl'ea.test '''''e'..\k"(I(~aB W~ U':te:l.l' snseeptiblli ty to the use of !l\rdent ~,pl.l'it.s" The Indial1! had the CQilIi-age to be burned at i~e a,take in stoical si]ence"i1e could h~"ye lriij tongne or eyes, torn Olllt, hfs nips or tlngel'G ClU~ Qff~ and his body sliced iniA)i'l"agl'nenta, wlthont the q_r[hrer of a. muscle 01' a single. groa.n of agony; but he MuM not surnmen sufflcient moral courage to reeist the ,I' J[l~'eWllikl'" of the trader, and his Jwobnhle sxtermineticn from the f<IICc of 1t..nee:!bl:th iii mainly due W'

its deadly influenee, .

-MaDY were the bloody oonftictswhieh occurred between the Five:

N ntio!l:6 and theF'l'e nch,beiol'>El the l'cgldiLl' F~rem~.hfmd I ndia:ll war ag.aimt the }I.:!n~!.J~h and Iroquois in 1105-1760,

In 1665 tmd . .16(6) "[1.1. de Ooureelles and M. de Trooy, the {:;fove~IH.H'!S of Cfl..mJ.Gru; attacked the Moh,f,I,wks and burned an Ind.ian tow'n 011. the S,llhoharie cree k,

In 1684, De la B;J1.1'1''e led an expedition. of 1,,800 men. into the OOllDhy of Ute Onondagas. It; Wils ()nthis oeeasicn that the celebrated Onondaga ehisf Gsrangule, ~iA:l(l-re..~~ed the }'I'encli commander tllat ~~I"l;:,i$t;ic speeeh, which -1;13 still preserved £1.$ ,1fI, speeimen of I ndian irony.

In 1687 Dc .onv:iHe was more successful ltVith 2WOO Fi'endl and 600 Indlaas he attacked the oonntry of the Senecas from II·llnd.e1lullit E:a:y~ on Lake Ontll.l"i(l. AfI;e:-r a. feeb]!El reslstance, heillva.ded and d~tJ'QJed rom' 8enec%l, villages,

In Hl9e:'i the CnU!it die Fi"{)nte:nac, with 1,OQO Ftenen ~UJ.d,' 1jOOO Indians, ~ttil.cke(] the Onondagas, who deserted and burned their vil,lagee, thus. anttdpat.ing theexample of the Rnssians in the burning of' Mosl3ow ,,,~bellbltt~LCkf),d by the French, Theil' only trophy, hQW'!3V01',

was an old Ollond,aga [sachem, whor,efllsed to retre~t~ and 'Who was ba,Fbaro:ulsly tortured to. death. by the Freneha.nd li:ldliilns, but not:

More. ha\~ii1g' uttered a speech lvMc1 reminds Que of the ~E!}yil'lg'$ of P] nt:llll'eih\l ]:Ii;~:rQt'$:

U Tholl ought not co abridge my life, that thou mtgbt have t~iml;) to' ~elun how to die Ub a. man, F?r my ownp.art I die contented, because 1 know of no meaaness with which tQreptO~h myse]f."

F,o!" over- a. blIU'Hb'edyears (]650-17 50) the F'i.v'l'l N alioltli!l. w~,r~ a]most.eoll:stantly engaged in war~e1·thel' a,gshT!st. o~hell' 't~ibes O:l" against the French In Oanada.

The .Iroquois Temple of J anus aot Onondaga. w-as .rarely closed, the ini;el'l1ati(luiiJ .law g,f the iS~vage5 being t.hat they were at war WiUI tl-U bibea not t.dbum~J' oI']n3Uiane:e Witil tt.eitrl, It. "i!lrumost inooDcciv!~b]e how this confedol'aClY, which, 'frorn the most authentie ~unta, never uurnbered o'Ver 3,600 w3rrIor$~l)ould carry on a .sUQeessful wari'!lfre in CanEldaL, NOl·th 031'(llina,. Kentueky, Illinois, DeJawa~"e, Ohio and at other pbeesJ ahn.ol!!!.at tJ'Ie same time,

N e-itlli@'I' MID'9 :I1O"l' ~pa'G0 will DOW jp€iI'm]t ~ de-tined mentionof t~Fl®ec sud :many 9tbm: expeditions of· the, .!F'iv'e NatlOD5, both :in defeill~ive and oWeu[ili!.Yc w~r.

Brethren of Central New Y oli'k:t let a tender' pity in YOom hearts when you see iin yO'il.:r streets the :feeble snd oft:en degraded l'smru:.nte of the 0p(l1,ndllga8'; rernembering tll!1lt but ftlr d~e baW~ . .of Ms f1lotheirs in. the se ... entsenth eentury, there would have been no Eug1ieh Un 1 ted S·ta.t,es, or it would ha:v,ebee]l c..o·nnnoo to the .AUi!llIHc ooast eaLlJt of the .A:ppalachiarj (il~ain (If' m(:Hl!nt.~ini5. 'TheFi'i'e N ations ab~olnte]y pre~ vented by rniUta ..... y f(ll"¢e the exteusion of' Ne'w]F'trui·t;e to,OelITltral;!l>ud We5ter.ll New York, ~Qd to an tlla ,oount..ncs w;ilteo.roo by the Mississi ppl and Us branches,

SOME OlEIABA..Q'l'E~1e,·~~CiS:I, (IF THIC SIX NA:m>~~.

Scboolcraft :say.!! dUlt the M'e:rage i i'.Ilenl~1 ea p:!'Ic~ty of" the ~r,ffi..t1~!iI:1I.I of t.he Iroquola, is ~ eubie inches lil:rg¢r than the avel~rre Ind:ian MuU. (Sehoo,]era:il, part I, p. 382 .• )

. T.Ms o]d;lt,nd hlt.eHigent a.ut.hoI"~ oofu.tnmar with the 'Am~riclJjll Iadlen, say~fl:uth,eli'::

u "rbis ii'e$U It is strUd ugly in keeping' witb the' f.acHI:u~t thev W€lI1e so eompletel y th;6 master spirits ot' the land, tlUlt. at the time of the tir,st . ~ttlCitllie-nt of the country by the wbite raee, they war's so rapidly subdning the ethertribes andria,ti.OllS around them, that ]ftbeit· ea~~r!.d' . oOl1q~est hM.d not been cut sh,ort b:,V ilia Anglo Saxon pi-ed{lll!!in4nee~

they bid fair to have conquered all.withjn thch·!·et\-!ili.~"~ (Sclwo16raft., 'part II, p. 3.32).

, ~'or the severa] gO'i'e;rnmcl1ts existlng tn Amerlcs, 'When it '\"&$ dis," covered fund settled, none had 3 ayste'ffi whieb is al:: ~U 'ClClmrlu'a~'le, for its e;';CtlU®lR':B sud ,stability with the eoufedsraev of t.he Iroquo:ia/}-

(8cbooIClmt,. p[l[·tl, p. 1S.~).. •

('!t.uJ,1Jxtlaikl' Oold4Jn, !i~y5in lU7: .1 'rhei,r great roen, both sachems Rod, captains are gen.eraUy pOQrer {hal] the common people; for they affe(l!t to give a,W':ii::'Y and dietribute .~H the pI'es-ente, 0[' plnridee they get i~ the;!r' 6:~alt.ies~ 01', in war, 130 "s.~oo l~a.ve l~otMllg.tO t{.iernt. sel ves., Thc~'o l'i3 ~ll)t II .. !mL.n ~n the magiB,t;rac)' ot the t1~v!!J; nations, who has gamed Ius effloe ot.he:wIIle than by merit ;__th'el'e IS not the least ~lary 01' any st'wt ,of proht annexed to any office, to te.mpt t,he covet(IllS ,\ud, sordid, but on the oontl'1t!'Yever'Y lliItwol'thy setion is unavoidahly attended wlth the, fo!t'feitm-e of their eommission, FO], their:1utlh..or., i ty is ~nty.,the ~. '~~em ;of ."the people, H nd cease.· ... [1, .' dle!nom·eu t that esteem ts lwt.'~-{nlt.ed in I;3dlO!)lul~dt, P!u"~ III, p, 185).

,( The Fin: Nations think themselves by nature superlorto the rest; .o.f maulcind, and call tl:uaInsBlvB£!,-'~ Ongwe-IwrvUN,," -that is mel) Blll"paSIl--' ,1 tlg'aJ ~ others, ~l ra.:

The Onoudsgaa, WOl'e ealled the "h(llIl.d:;;omm;t" wises,~ and hn~voot of the six. naUOJlB."

It is sald the people of the fhe nations, wore fr111Ch gi\1'cn to speech.

I1f1.a.kiI!lg;a.ndrno distiMticm was ISO- much appreciated :i1JJ the Indian soeiety as being a good orator,

1'lfr. Schoolcraft MYS:

~i The Indian i~: OJ) man whO,Wt.~ltl3yel· way be hilS hl105Jncr~6.~, is prompt to nckn?\vlooJ"Ye his ohE!J:f~~iorts to disdi.al'ge Id.8, debts, tribal and l?el1>on;fJIl~~'ll~ who is e'V'~l' ~e1~di'. wliH;)[I, his means w~l pepin,it it to ea.ll~~'] them; tillS lEI eharaeteristio of the Nl()l"Id :SSt1l.3-e ot the tl'lbes,. no msn \Ii lu) has had opportunities of frequent obsei-vation oftlH31r cluU'actel' and customs will, it. is apprehended d!~ny this noble trait {J,f tribn.! honesty and fmi.r dealing. The hiBtOl"'y of OUI" Indian 'I'reaties 1s& 8:t~~1~.in~ [~(~rnm~nt~r! up:.(ln~ its h'nt~, in €VI.'lI."'y ~ .... e~f the Ilepl1b~l~c~" rI:bs~ClI.y &c. of bcba·fl TrIbes of the cr, S, II, H,.. SBhoolera.ft. .l.ar~ I,. p.4,3,5.

NOh.itbshiuld.ing the 'lIJomen· of the six nations I!:lIl1tivOl,te(1 the 'Ct"OPS sod perfonned most of the manual Iabor, sWI in many l'es:pee;tE!, the gentle,]:, sex were ~ ronorsd to Sj,iileh sn exoont that we may g.1iI...]U in

hnmen Pl'O_gt'f'lS.fl by foUawing their example. -

Says .scho(l~(maf);" (pare III, p. 1(6): . ," The history of the world ahows that it is one or th€l tBndencies of bra."el·y to ca.l]~e woman to be rC$pe<~ted, a:lld to !151>t1.mS' herp)"()'pru' rank fund influence in socl@ty. 'I'hds Wi.6 the telldf3;IlI(l'Y m~~:dte!lit.ed in t.he MstOl'Y ot the hoquohi

3

18

They rure tile only tribes ]]11. AIflel'~t'a) nm:t~~ 01' south, so far as we have all ... -~oomlnt~ who gave to W~m·Ulm;. a {!!()ne;c~l·!i'f.~t-]ve puwle.r in th.elr cpolit:ll" ear de]lbel"at.io!'L;s. 'l'he Iroquois matrons hlH:l! tbeil.·repl"ese;flGatives :ir[ the public eotUl~-j161 ~md th®"Y Bx,(3l"cis@d 3 n~at-ive or wbt we l2laU <ffi vdo power in t~le important 9Uo~stiQn of the Daelaration of'irV'ar. Tiley had the right to Interpose in h~.'fnging about a ll)eaoo."

S!Lid 0000 Peter to Goven]or Clinton, in 1788;

~.( ?l!-1'[U1ce-etO]"$ C:(!I~l~idenil it ru .~J"cllt offense to r(lj0~t t"hc ~tmJlse15 of tll~n· WQmelJl, particularly ('if female g>l)V'Ome6ses. They W(3,rE'; Gstcei'De~ the mistsesses . of the, :!loU. Who said om f~)l'efath&I'a, tl'hng us into bei [Ig' 1 who NIl r,t vate OtUI" lauds, kin d ~ e, OR[' fi res and hom QUI' pots, but the W{:Il1Hm 1~)

; "Usn JPC1'elB ,de notre t!{)i:lII:!fl.gHue. qmi .I.]e ~l~uittent po~.nt ]£t .. J!tf.i.~&._.i(j!] d: Ouolll:.aght .. on .1 a furear UUl t:hl"1stHlnlSlD.e est plu8 grsnda, rseennaisS-Mt dans les Onontasherrons nne aOtM.!C'M'l' de ·OOr//iJl3'l'8(1,tWnet nne mvi,J.:iU f{ni n~ a. presque ~'ien de Barbsee, Les enfa;nts':f son~ aodks, les femmes portees .00Ia. dl3'lJoti()'f~ let pltMi tenrl4"8, ]es anciens ~ffable et J'~Sl)eGtl1emr; Ies glJle~'l'i,el's rnoins superbe qn' ils ne le p~lJ·nissent)~~ (J esnit Relati.on HI5·7!.'i't~1. In)]). as, oO;,~Hada ~LQ:uebc(l) 1858.)

Benjamlu Franklln 63yS.~ ,,: To tnterrupt anothe.I.·, even in. eommon cenversetion, j sl'eckonecli hIghly indeeeat, The, T-Io]:iteneSB of the savages dooo not l)el']l'llt themto deny err r.;mnh'adud tlH~ truth ()£ wh~t" ever ]8 as&erted. in. their p:re[U~n(*".l')

I'lw ,early J":M#.1,it J[i.w{Ji()n(; in Oe-~tnJ1.: .New Yo:rk~

The f'oUoct!fing are the dates giver~ by Sclloolc~·~ft; ()f~lme$b.~Hshmentand clo&~ng of fhe French Jesult mlssiona to the 1h'~ natim~s;

IDo.ote wLiI!!ll ~~~~U~h~d,.

A. D. 164:2 A" D. :1.681 M.olD.1~wl'iis.
N 1.654 u 1109 Onond flgflB,
,~ :1656 ,U 17011 Sen¢ea::}.
,,: 1656 'I( :1.694 Oneidas,
," 1656 ~I~ 16:84 Cn,yugas. Thtl.$e missions were nut however coutinueus during the wboole of thew periods"

A.'fierr t1H~ ve.r._V ah]e and jn~®11es:tillg diss(~t'b"tion (ll!Lt.ld~ subject gi"''€:i1 to .r(~n~as~ yefLt;' byill-lll honored 00"11 @f Ououdaga (.Hf)B.. Af.ldrew D. ",Vhi te), I do [~QtPl"QPO,6eto milk.e H a stibj8C~ :COl; <Illy lelil.gt:hy

19

l'(!-{)nns:ide~Li()n. The £J's~ Roman Ct'l.thoUc (llml·"h evererected wH.hin the limits ot't-11c State of N,I,'l\v York, was, cOIb~trlict~d (N (IV. 18, 1653), of Lark, by the Onondaga. Indians, undsethe direction of' Fathm' Pierre J oeeph Ma~::[(~ CI1,;;\l,lmQnot." and Claudie Dablon, on the northeast side of Onond<'llgf~ b.ke, nClH' ,fl. spring of wat;(:fl' onthe high p;rol::l. nd,

At the eonsearatien of this ehspel, tile chiefs shonted : H Happy land l h:lppy land inwhleh the French f.U'tl to dwell. G]adH(linge! glf.i..d tidlngs 1 I sing from the hea;rt; NlL" friend],. words are fi'OU} the heart, H~~i]! brothee l llappy be thy r.uming l glad thy voice t farew'ell w.H,l·l f'a~"ew"Cl~ hatchet! 'Til] 1I(IW we h!il¥e been mad, uow we ~h.!l]] be brothers, ",

Th~ Jesuit Fathers sent as missionatiee to the Il'Oquoi.8 were able, brave and! devout men, In the year 164:2 Ff[.~b{~l" J;8~e JOg[l[BS W~ torhued Rln'lI)st; to, d'[;l~th in several Indian villages, He, fit;).al!yesoo.ped through Ule agency of the Duteh .a:~ Fort Of'tlnge) and returned to FI,~"nee, only however, for 9. brief.p(~riQd, when he again' sailed f!Yf ·Carllli(la~ fund an ~Kige[lcy soon !!Wising fm'sending a miesionery to the Fiv'G N at1QlUs; Ff,~th!B'r J O;gt]OO waa R.8,]kec] flgf'L'in to visit the "::Mfss](}[1 'Of Mal:tJr5;~' lore imraedlately vespouded In a i'Cply which ·typifle.s the wholll; of the self-soodfieing devotion of the members of tile Soniety of J e611~j' "Ino ET .N'ON T{,lWIBO!," The predietlon OfriliB brave and devoted miS9,iO]H'f,-ry was v~itied)ilnd the Indian tomahawk soon ended

his davs, .

..

,:' P'o.P7J.la,Uon qf ,the Fl'lNJ .Lyatlons ,at »oriou« dates.

A~ D. 1£50.~)1r, Lewia H. MOI':g'.an ItIStimat€S their nnmbers,

1]] IG5Qj at abont., ,' , ....•....

1677.-00t COnl'E!ifli~ estimate at this clute is. . , " ..

TI:u,:~ hostOl·ia.n Jbneroft'8 e-stom,~'te is about " , " .

La. Hcutan's figures. (cvldcntly an B:mggel'a.tion) are, •••.. " n12.~ Da .... d CI~sDck~ ~ n<Jlto,'i.'C Tm;c'~rora Indian, esrimated

the IIUrnOOl' of the Jip;he:i[lg' men of the FIve, Nati:otls, at tile date the 'T~li5c~r~l"m; joined the confederaey, as fellows :

b~o11lJ~wl~s •....•...... " ••......... , '" "'" , " " " . " , .

Oaondsgas ." " . , , " " , • "

8en{lCaS - .• ,. ,." . . . . " . , • , " " . . . . . • " ..••.•. " . . . . . , • , , .•.••.

0'11 eldas, " " , , • , " " . . . . . " , " ." . .. . . . . . . , , .. ,. , .

en yu~gns. ;, " .. " ........• , , , .

Total fightiing men. . •• . ... " ..... ,' .. - .... ' " ." . , .. " •• ,

25~ 000 15,000 17~OOO 70,l}OO

.5,0(.0 4,0000 6,000' :l~500 4,500

23,,00.(1

!,"""l"j'47.,-Conrad Wiser toekaeensus of the OMo Indians, and foand lnth,I!i.1; 1'egi,()'!l44/r. Iroq UOi,E' ,val'riQ1-$! representing a total popu lation o,f 2",23~.

In 1163 Sir "William J On]1ii1Oi] BstIm~too them as foHOWI\!,:

Moh.[il/'Il,.b, •• ' .. , , , .• " . . .. 160 Oa'y~lgm;" " " .. , . .. . .. 2DO

Oneidas ... , .. " " . . . . . .. .•. 250 Senecas , ... , .... " ". 1" 0050

T'l1SCallof8;S .•••.• " , •••••• 140 Outside . , . , " . " .. ,,,... . . . .880

O,nou(l.ag-ag ".............. 150 Othe:re hl t1:l!IaiF territory , . 200

'TotIlLJ~ 2~5~!Q fighting men! m!l.king' flO total populatlon ill ;)I)bont 12~650 souls,

In:l.756) the historian Smith I'eckonB only 1, 200 ilghtingmen among the bOq~M:iS,

Yea:rB, 1 tl jJ:,... 1783; almnt 1,5800 Indian warriors ·of the four nations were employed by the British llul'hlg the revolutionary war, The Ofueid,::ts arid! 'I'useeroras remain eel ))ell!t.1·~bl.

In lRil:r; the total number of I'ndl8.Tl.S In this State was reckoned ~ 7,(1100.'

In 182'9', Hell. Peter It Porter, seel'ota:ryof w?;u", estimated the Iroquois (rIOt tnclnding theMQh~wke settled on the Gca.l!lddver in Upper Osnads), :in the Uuit~d Sta~es, ,tl,t f,,800.

1845. - Jl.{I'. 'S(lb.ool(ll·d~t in H report to the I~egi$htt.t1re of {n~ l' Stf'l.te, cstbna.ted their number as follows:

Onondngss, 4'07; Oneidas, 1,22,1; TIlSCfU'Dl'OO, 285;, Senecas,

2,Mg; makin g a total of , , " ", , ' . . 3} 753

184'1.-The offieial report of W. P. AIlgel stSlOOB tile num-

bel' at . . . . . . . . . .. . .... . ...•...• , ." '" .. . . . . • . . . • .. .. • • " •. '. .. .. . 4, 212

In 1M7" 1\o!r. Henry R. S.chool('fartennmel'atedthe number of II.'Oquols in the Unltoo Statics (not inelading t]lOSC in eanadlne), at 1,165 i'ami1.i(ls, and 5,912 pe1'80[l,6, which ,oon.Sl;i!S was mken according [00 the p.rovlsiQofl5 ,O'f the ac'~ of M,l;'!rch 30, 1847.

JU11y 22, 18!')Q, __ ' A!h, Sehooleraffestimated the whole Indisn population within the bordere of the United States at , .. ,. 4]8,2,2,9'

] 851. ~ Mr. Co p" W as1.bul.':tl'a :l'el)Ol'~ entnn~T~t.ed .. " .. .. . . . .. ,3, ns.

1:::152 .. - Eeport of Mr, OSDQme. " ,. " •.••..•.... '. ' .. " . . . . . . 3" 683

It will be recollected that in 1177, the ,Mohawks fled to- U\Ilad2ll wi'th Sh .. J ohn J 011n80D, and t}),at otherportlena of the Six: N atiens emi gr.fI,ted west at various dates,

21

Il'OffUoWEloquenos.

If! cons~Jedng th;is subjeet we ml1i$~ n{l'~forgl;lt tbru~ ~ll, their speeches, which have COJJIXlS down to us, are b'a[l(:!;l8;tuQrlS, and ti'an!ll£Ltions from fi\ verbal and not fl. written laIlg~!1cg~. ]IQiW much of fer .. ~.n·, ~p't.ne~ sndpassion i1.5 thus lost, eM only 00 known to 'hlm who WM a. pl'{l1':i,~ den t ill both la.ngmages.

The Orators of tiJ,e Five NatiQl1lE!, usnrull.y closed the]!' Bpoeehes with the INdian \,~~.lil~~ .J1i~'()t' whIch 'is e.quiv&lent to th,et{ltin Dixi (1 lUl,t'8 fJttid it), 11'r'OII! th:is WCtl..q,) IJ.h'u, the Fl'e1lch) by adding tbeir termjustlon quoi€l" d,l3l"tvec1 the name Hiroq:uois 01' Iroqu()'w.

How 'can I bette!' indicate to YOlLl the, eloquence of lilds people wilh [10 writteu ]angnage~ than by giving a few Q:i:ce:I,'pffi fwm the tranelaterl speeehes of the r]j{fel'eH~ rH~tl(ms C(lf[(lposing' the Teague.

On 81Ullday, Ble 10th day of Decomber,:t758,. thorearrlved in tho eouneil roosn .~t Johnson Hall, thirty Oflcidru and. 'I'usearorn s~,c.ih~r[jJ,8~, t o-condcle with Sir Wi~li8:m J obnson on the massacre, by the Fl'Bne,h aud Indians, (If th:ii·tJ~'I~e if'!lmiE~ atBm'neur1idd~on the I\{OhlliWk ~l-]vel·. J scobue Olemen It acted es ]nte:rprewl'. Oa;w~h.gIli8'y~O!1l was the IncUal1 orator on~is oecaslon, and among other things made the ]0·]]OWlrlg remarks in reference to the sale of flrOient apiritato the Fivel Nation!:! :

~( * "" * Jlll'othel' W~rJ'iOl"S! .By tlds stdng .we i]ot ol!lI In belwlf (!If ourselvss, but also in the name of the Onondagas snd Cay .. ~I gas,. app1y to you for havIng 3 ~ltop pl]~ . !to .~he IU tnre sa] Hug o:£ru~.r

, stn\mglH~1J1ol" to ()1I11' people; fot' lt 1);01; only dlS~il.li'hs our. _IiI1c1.}t;ingsand eo,usu] tah(Hii!l w here .the, d.l·tlnl~enL'H:;loF~e ~ome, (Pl n:rl"~li r_g, 'and 'V'el'Y (Itterl b!oivC We.ap<l~lS rn the~]'r bar~df:~ but It N~ew!s(3, carrtes off ma:ny af our people, old and young. Whs]1e[,on3 we eameatlyentreat you ito

11J1"ve. nQ ,m.o. I'~. H.qnm. t. ).l"Ongbt <ilXQ.HIIl. go lIS to. b ... e sold. . .t.!\ 11 .. we '.dGS. b-e to be$o!dl1.8, rs d,y goods i\lStl8~]al, for :n®eGllSai·,Y cl~the&,.a.nd am.IlHlnltion to lUlIJJ~ with}'

Did. Father Ma.;tt"iIlewJ John R Gough. 01' .E;cJ!w~I.'d 0. De]a,\fafl(}Vel' IJJtrel' a more pointed, COrllpl'e}leusivem." ea;l!'.i.lest~teln'pm·ance a.(ldl.'I;':~~ tb,a,n these :few words Q'f' the OIl,el('lfbvl'fLttoil' to Sil' Willl.:..m Johnson:~

175,8) Mmy 5.. Sir 1#1]1] ii!:fl1 J obn~(m~, hfLt'i'lngn{!l ftut!ICl' ~l!U~ ts of the eJjemy'~ ~'PFrOflchl sent 11 ;scant of two Mohawks) two Uanajohal'iea:l!lna a wh i te Ins,I1, to go ~liS fOO" R'S ltV cod 01'900r and the Oneida I,~rke~ in order to obtaiu the cNta1nty of the t~al'm.

A.bout nOO]1 .iU the women of' the chief men or this. ,(lfLSUe metfli'~ She W illiem's loo.gll1g.j and bronghrwith them some or the ssehems, who acquainted Bir w]m~mrJ1ru~ the.y had :l\ometbilig to, deliver in the nsme of tJleh' (lbie:f women. O]d N 19lklul~ being :iI'I)'ro~nted ~pei!l,cl\;e!·,.

2,:2

opened the discourse by condoling w]~h 8]1' William. 011 the lOiS9, his people IlM1 eaetained, snd then proceeded :

(, ER:OT.F1En :We . understnnd yOii inlenll to go t:o a 'me'eting to OllOn?~O'lli, we can't .help ,speaki.ng wi~h this bel~ of" 'vMnpmen to Y?t1, and gl'inng OtlfSentlinents on your Tntended JOUl'uey. In the :fi.rfH~ Jlh~ _we t-hI,nk i~ quIte ?[)nIT~ry to euatom of 1I.[IIJ governors 01', sl~'pe~Intendant of Ind,f1,~' ,f.l;ffall·sl~,e.m~ called U) Onond~a npon publie .b~151' ness, M the council fire winch bm'us there serves onl for the pnvste f;.oIl$Lr,[l~ltiol[ls of the oo,nrede4'li!.('yj and when matters arc eonelndad and resolved npou shere, the t:onfederooy flJl'e '00 seti"(}[' tJle graat ftrce·pla~e which il3 ['I,t YOLoI" house !HId there deljver their conelu sious, In the next plaee we arealmost COil Ineed t.hat the invitatlon is illeg;-tl, and not agreed upon 01' desired by the c()nfaclef111!(.:y~, bn t only th~ Oneidas, whleh ghes"us the mere l"CEtSOn to be ulleas.! a\b(!l~l't yom' going:. £IS it looks V'el'y t:HI.$.pi(tious,.

Did not t]ley tell ycm when they in vl ted you" tile road, 01 {,rien d 5 hi p ~r~~ dear, sod eVfW,V obsl:ich; removed that woo in hel\xre ~ They scarce uttered it and. the ernelties WErre committed at dw Geu"mau FII'!I~8~ where the l',emfl,lUdel' of OUI' poor brethren were. butchered by the euelILy's Indians, Is this a. clesr road of pe;lc;e M]d fdenclsbip ~ WO~11d not you 'be ObUigootowade all t.h.e way in blood of tho P>O{)f' hm'o{~ent men, . ~.r(Jmen and children, whowere murdered after heing take'n ?:

BRO'FHlKR - By th.iiS 1)c1t 'of Wal11pnm, wei, the women, 81UI10llU10 and hang ;flIbolut you like ]ittlc children who are (~l"'y]ng at their parents going fl\()mthem~ for f®(I)I.' of theil' uever rehu'lDlng ~gain to gl'let..hem to stick, and we o.arnest.lybeg- you will gi"Vtl; eaJ' to our i-eqnest" and desi~t. :from 'you!' jOiiuney. 'VrIf.e flM-tlIir ourselves YOlll will look upon this ourspeech, and take the some notice nf it as all onr men do, who when they arre, adidl"e$!l~d by tile women, and d.e~ll'ed to desist flWH. any l'il~h efl'l:el'pi'i~~, 'th.ey ]!~medna.teiy gi~e WaYl' when evel',ybt~d:~~ before else hud tried to dlssnade them fromIt and enuld not pr'ev~ut)'

COlIM S:irWHlia,mgo to the proposed Connell !tt, Onond.n.gru af~e!l' sueh un ~~TglUiIlemtati .. e, tender and p~~t-h(lt,ie appeal from the women ~ He did 1Ul't go.

Jll]Y 7th" ]742'~ in lit, ecuncil Rt Ph lladelphia, Oli!m18~teego~ an O[!Qn~ daga (jhiet~ in beh~~l f ot' the Six Nations) spoke 00 follows :

H, If yon have not done anything we IH)WI'Un,ew Olll.l' ]jIequcst, snd deslre vou wm inform the personswhose people are seated 011 O~l? bndls, £h,El.t thateoontry be]nng~ to 1.I!5 in fight or conql.1e!>~ we. baYing bought "it with O1U bI()c)d~ and taken it fr-om our 'enemies ill fair ';V'l.r, and we expect as owners 01 that lsnd te receive sucba sonsideration for it .8.8 the l",nd is worth .. , \Ve desire you to pb~e;s8. him to sonda VO'.sit:ive H;nBwSI!'. Let hun say yes oe no; It' he .flays J~, w'e will treat with him; ifno, 'we jill'C able to do ourselves jnstiee, and we will do It' hy gofngto take payment ourselves."

Ohitt,v's l::<~eooil1gs, the Equity Dl'8,-rlsffi",''t..ll and W !\lite! SPI111CtiM may he searched in ~"~~i.11 fll!' a mora comprehensive ," cQ'~plnlllt)j 01' i,' d,ee-

.23

#ual:.:iI)Il" t1!.f\.[1 thhs one, drawn fi'OlU the unwritten precedents at OIH.).I:b~ d&g~~ C!l&tIe,~'ecord(l!d in the boob of wampli'un held by the (lffi0iaJ euatodisn, TlH~ iutruders on the lands did not wait :for the Six N ations to g'o illnd " take payment j'~ themsel ves,

In the ye':il" 1656 a deputation of Moha;'f'\lks I>IH)li:e in a eouneil with the J!'rei:ld:l and HUl'OllS at Mont.L·eal~ as foU()ws: !

To ~be HUl"(H1;'l :

'4 J3roQ~le1') nt If! r~Qw, some time sinee you. stretched 01l1~ ymu·ba.uds to beg me to lead JOU to my couutrj', but, a~ (l,ft-en as I got ready to do $1) you drew bsek and. it, is to pL1I1i~h you for you inconstancy tl.I,a.t I have struck yon with my hatchet, Believe me, Give me no mom WOl1ind to treat yon thus, Ari.se and follow rne,"

'1(1 the French ;

n Ononthio 1 Uft up your arms :\l.Id let vourchildren go whom yon hold clasped to yonl' l)(J$om, for should tII'a:y commit a.ny fully :it is to be feared t.bat while intendingto chastise thorn my blows may reseh you. This i~ to opsn 'yom" .a,rms."

'l.'iIle 'CiJlI]~~~; of this speech was the i:k~,hwe of a numhsr of Humns to go totbe eountry of the 11'i\re ;N"a.ln.QIlf:l <lndl become adopted by tb€iitu~ secordlng to an understanding had en a· prevloua o1:c~ioll. T'he, l)el"~ emptorj ~ty]e of the address EO boththe HlU"OIllS and Franeh was not exceeded by Louis Nspoleon when he addressed the G'Ell'man MDl1ister at his. eourt, just PllElV]OUfi '00 '~he lste w~~r.

The Iroquois 'taunt-ed Father Brebenf when 'lrndergoing t>lJI'tUM lilt, the stake in t,he ye.u :i.650;

~'Y(H~' ~uroo H!3, but a moment, IH;UIlOO tha.t the more we euffer on C4u'th the more ha,ppywe sball be in heaven, Olr~ {lof fr:ieuclsbip 1.01' you we study toincrosse yom' st~ff'E1:l'i:tlgii!! and you will be indebted to us f(lI' it."

,"Yas hu m an fem.'oejty ever elothed in more, sl)e!;i ous rang~Ulge than this.'~

LOGA.N'S SPE~rJH: I appcel to a,lbj' white man to' SfLy if ever be entered Logan's cabin!nmgry; and I gaN(:J him no~ lIl~at; if ever he came eold 01' naked, and I ~ve him not elething,

:1 ]}luing the course of the last long snd bloody war Logan remained tIl. }~]S ten~a:1l ~L-dv.O(!;IiLte for peace; . naX' 5n.eJ~was m~ Jove: for the whitee that th050 ot my own com:~tI'j' pointed at me as the,ypasood. by" and said' Logau is the fl'iend of white men,"

!,' I IHLd even thoueht to live with yon, but for the injnldc!l of one man.

ColQn~·l Oresap the tlSt spring; In cold Mood and unprovoked, cut oft' all the reRations of Logan; not even spal.'iIlg my women and! children. Thm'tl l'lm~ not, ru ~hop of my bleod in the veiue of ,ally human e.i.;e:itUI:e,

.2!

'I'his called ou me f~ll" re:v,e:tlge. I have souglatit. I hal,s l ... iUetl mruliJ'y. I have glutted my vsngenee,

_ uFo}' . my MUD tl'Y I r:13j oi~~ a~ tl~e beams of bor the thollight. that films ia the JOY of f'(lfLr. FIe will not tllJ'1:t un his heelfo SIH'e his life. "lbr Logan~' N at one."

,~reffe.r.soll called this $:peeeh one of the TIlOO~ eloquent 0Vel' delivered, A t.'l:itical aDal}':sis cnn flnd in it all of Cice:D'o\; six l'eg~liW sllbdhrision.s .. of ~n Qratioa" Ex,01''c1iRJm, .N.t\;ll'l'? ... t~.o, Prepositlo, Oonfi.l'matJo, ReflltfL,~io, and. ·'Per.'{II:rat].o.

peace. 1311 t do not barLogan never feltfi;}ar.

Who is there to mourn

C!AIIusstego" all Onondaga dbief~tn the Delawares, in the yeal' 174'2 ; ,. Let thie.belt of wampn m. serve to ehastdse you t~ ~c How came yon to ta,h upon yO'\'lW sell land at all ~ \Ve conquered you; We luu.de \\'o~men of you; :rOll knc;n ... yon ~U\(" women, and call no more sen laud than women ; nor is it tit- that. you should have the pow'Sl' of sellInglsud, since you would abuse it. * +1 We therefore assign 'yOU t~heplac<es to go -,~itlH~;I' i!iO'¥Y yoming o. ShD.-l:lJlokin;. ,Yo(m may gow ei~hel' Qr tJIfJOO pllatl9S, ,a-l1d tben we ~J~an ha-ve you more under om' eye, an,} shiill ree :[I,oW you behave, Don't deliberate, but Il1lIDOY'e and w.-ke .thls belt of wampmn.~~

Theil ta~d.ug auqthel' belt; os eontluued : H Afi.:el· om' Just reproot and absolute (lrdel"to depaJ't from the lund, yom al'e now UI take notlee ,of what we have ,flll'~ber' to. sa~y to you. This. ~tl~ing' of wampum BelOVeS to forbid ,.YOI[l,. yom" elrildren, and. y~:lu' grand-cfiildren, to the la.testpo$e~I'il:.y, forever meddling: in landarlalrs ; neither YOu:; nor any who shall descend from YOU; m',o llere<~f1t.er' to pl'eSume to sell aoy land. For which purpose yon ii,r·e to Pl"ElBel'llliJ this sh'itlg in m,euwry of what yom.' tmcl es ha va th is day gi ven yon i u charge. ~j [Colden's Tllst, of

I) .Natious, 80 ~81. ]

GflJ'(Umgn]:ilI, the head. 8aeJ~em ~)f the Onona,ag,!,ls} to De la B::wre, ou t! is invasion of O~oada.ga in 1683;

I,~ We were horn. freemen, and hsve 110 dependence eithel~1Jpon' Ounontio or the Oorlear, We have a power to go where wepIefl'set tv eonduet, who we. wish to thopleees we 1'IflBOrt to, and to buy and

sell when we think fit.'l -

Speech of one of the M.oll,a:wks at Albany ~fWl' the bumlug of Icl.thenootady 1¥lt~rch 25" 1689-'90 :

~,I v,r e will neverdesert so long as a man of us rerasins, "fake hea-rt, do not p!liek up &:tId go a,~'Ii'a:y; tMs will give heill.l.'~ to a, d.ssta.:I'CUy ,(;lnemy, We aI'B· of the !'.!1C}e 0.11' the: OOflJ',. and II hear, you know, neV,Bli' yie]dii; while one drop of blood If!, left. We must an be bea.rs, giving .Iit, sixth

J3cl.t,'~ -

'l'liefoU(;Jowfng beautiful extract is fl'0111 one of tue speecbes of Red' Jacket., a f?eueca cl.l.iet~ at H~I.tfbrd, in 189'1:

:25

,,' We" standi !l. sin all island. Dn the bosom of ~he ~~ea,t. W'3~rs. We al'e tlllcucIoo- W{~ areeneompassed. 'rh.~ {fin I spmt rides upon tllel blast, ami the w,a.tGi-l"'S R,fle disl;m'hed. TJ~e'y rise, thBJ press q]pon ns!, and the waves 01]00 settled over' us, we dlsRP1,,[~ar £Dl'eV911". Who then lives to mourn 116~ .N(m,r~ t Wh;at marks 0111' extertrsinatlon ~ N oth]J]g! 1V (l Bre lningled with ·the eomrnon elements."

Re.d:-Jacke.t'a. l'8ply to the white pl-eael~er, in. 1805 :

"BIlIOTHElt: If yon white, men ml'U~dei"ed the Son of the Great Spi~it! we> Indlans .hf.l>d notl'ling to do with. it, am~ it ~~, [lime. of OIi.H' :!Ifia;u'.. It he had come ~.uUOIlg iWS, we would not have killed 111m; W~ would have ~ri~(tted h~t'tl we~l; ~Ild .the white people who 11f]]'~d him ought to be damned for doing it, Yon I1U]st; ma..!{e amends 1m' tha.t crime yOUl'ael VC8/"

Red .r fiLaket's reply to the eommlssioners for plUClhasing the lands of the 8eneI}R~~ in ls'22, at Seneca village :

"You tell us,:' s~id he, ~".of your cbilnt.o (HU' ]!lld"a:rH1 tll,f,lt ~'ou ha;v{l. purel'la.(;;e~l ~ t from yonr state, lVe kn ow ncthing of YOUl'ct'u m~ snd we care no:fill:ing full' it. Even the whites have a law by \'fhid-I the-,r cannot sell \~'h,a.t they do not OW!1. HQ\v, then, hal! yom' State, which never owned! (mr laud, sold it to yOI:~ ~ 'Va have :~ tHle,to i.tl and we know that Om' title is, good ; for it eame direct fmrn the Great Spirit, who gave it to us, his red children, Wllell YOlU can ascend. W whe]~e he is l" (pointing tow:n-cl. the skies), ,'~ and '117111 get his deed, and show it to US,. then, 8.1I! never till then, will we aeknow].edige ymu' title. Y mil S,\ty yon. came tNt to chelftt us of. 0111' ]and'sj but. to buy them. Who told YOll tha,t we have lands li() sel] ~~ You never be31l'd it from us.. _

"Dkll I J"HJt tell. you the Jsat t.ime we m . et tlla.t w.hilst Red!. ,~ra{~ket Uved yon would ge.t J'1{)I 111001'8 lends ohhe IrJ.di8118~ H{)wl, then, whil~ you se'e him alive anil strong ~:~(~b:U~i"l),g his hand violently on. hiQ; breast), ~i d CI you t hink to ma,l~e hi m ,~. Har ~ ;,

Grotlue, \latta]; Blatik:stoue, Whea.ton and 8to,ry leach other dOBtrines of IHlrturd law, frnd. as to tn,{l rights (Df discoveryend preemption j but theh' ~"Caoonj3, are not more lo.g.ical tha-n the bw of nabH~e M expounded . by Xed-J acket,

Ned .Jacket's speech Whf:fl au Indian was indicted at Bufihlo, and tried in 18~1; jo)' JdIUllg lB., wireh ot soreeress, who hadbeen duly eon-

demned by an I'udhmb:'Ibu:nru. : .

~, What 1 Do YO[l deneunoe Us as fuo]s and higots because we still 'believe tha::1t which you yom.8€Jh\e."i believed two e.er:I~lJdes ago 1 Y onr b1!llcl{'ooa:,ts thundered thiEl, doctrine !l'?ffi tJl~ pl'l.lplf., JOI,n'" j~~d:Il'?~ pl'LI-~ nouneed i~ from ,the' bench, and sanctioned. It wIth the fOl"m~htles ot law; and you w'ollId 1.1i(i'i~'PtlIli3h our 11nl(Il'tur.t'lte bl'Qt,hel' fOl" aJheJ'irlg_ to the f'lith of l'tu father'S and! o:f yours! Go to Salem I Look ~-t- the

4

records!)! yOUI" owng'Oy,ermn,eIlt" ~!ld yon will fil.ldt.hat hundreds have been exeeuted for thO\H;Iry @lJ<].me whieh has taU©-d f01·H.Ii thl!t &)[1. tenoo of .coLldmnnatiOll :lfIgfI,i.nstith.is woman, and drawn down upon her the arm of 'Venge.a]](;e.\Vb:at have our brothers done more dlau the rulers (If Y()!]i' people h1~ve done ~ And what crime bas this man eommiued by el!e{~ntin,g, in ~ ~!Jnur.iary 'way, the laws of his country .and the eommsnd of tlie Gmat Spi:r~t ~~)

'O(luld the O'Conors the Porters. and t'h.e Eyarts or om' d.lly,. in t'bfl.h' :IiIUe ,tllc1 labored. speeehes, better advocate n, priaoner's ease ~' ThQ aceused India;!) WIllS finally discharged.

GmtlWltm if tAe Pione&lw A<l'80ciamm1,..-

My task lfl, done. TEle obligation which yOUl'OOUrt/esy imposed tlpOI) me ]s fnlfiHBd, and nothing flO .... i' rumains £'01' UlO but to epeak n few words of ~riendly eounsel snd b) say farewell ! 'I'he oetasionwMeh. brhlgs U r> to'f,retbel' here, althongh it m ruy be OIl e af :!3(!ichll an d. personal int;En~est~ will n'e'l.'(~i·t,beJess bebarren of all valuable re~nh.s to us, unless it ean lle made tributary to OHr high,estncedll as citizen.s of U~is Republic. It is weUfor us tomeet tQgeth~ .alL d exehange firi!mdly greetings on th:iE'.o anniversaey, toreeall the lU:lfoio deed:i:l O,T our f~~,l'Ie['S, and d:NlJI a, syrnp3lthetic tear upon their lowly gf'aves; hut what are tbe 1eS801]8 taught. us by thehistory (if theh' eventful Ilves ~

The '1iuttet'ial re~ll]t.B of theli' labors a~ everywhere about na, 1;$00 them ii~. your woU·stoeikeJ all d thoronghl J·(l1llJ 1 t"i ". at ed fru'1'lUl" dIe bualness aetivities of your $lio-eetS:t the tiNl-1es:S mer,manltaI iiidu8t.de$ of yOll!" mills and w',QI;kshop's; but louklngat ths,~bge.d mIJI1 whosre here to-day, and who form the sacred nnclons of YOUI' S{);B~etYl I ].eiliJr.ll the deeper signHi(l.af.DJ!~@ ofthose :Pioueer llvss. In theee wrinkled :md f~ll'1'.(pwecl faces I aae I'c,!Ji'OdU09d w'ith aU tile fidelity of a photograph, the eourage, ill!;!: psrienee, the strong l!'elig]ollS faith oV those who laid the. corner-stone 1Ii.nd helped t-o l'e!ll.f the superstrueture of the ('\na:HlJionwealth.

,"Ve are the inh-Ell-il01'S of theil" .mat:eri!11 wealth, and WepOfl6AlSS, the Slime couiageand earnestness will(,;h. marked t1l!eir Iives; but are we as teuacious a.'S they were of the rig'hts, (If others ~ Hnve we the sarue respect foI' the authorityand obligations ot'l~w f Do we, ]11 the daily eV'ellts of Iife look for .a, H.igh@f Gnidauce than am' ()Wlil 'w~k and selfish wisheS! and desi 1'1;.'!S ~In short, are we as hon~t, as virtuous, acs lfl;W' abid.i:n g, 3S G,oo-feu,-inga people &'l tl1e,y ~

Snpsl"th:ifll observers of the signs of the tlmes, w"ill make :IJ~te to anawer' No! but, I do- not so read human natura, I admit that ollici,al corruption, the l~ith't"'il-te cllild of politi(la:!. dege:nelllcy and

27

fully., infe.a.ts nearl,1 e'io'ery department of the public servfee ; I admit tha.t ]egt51~t.ive enrruption boo beeome ~~. nn o:llsm;e :80 rank, it smells to heaven ;')' I admit that the public JI[.'ess" 'wh]eh in a free country lU~{I. ours l.$ ~t1ways a· mirror to refl.ect t.be pnblie sentiment, reflecte. only too f&ith£u Hy the demol'aHzsti on ofthe people j, I admit t;l1at whatev~r oth,e,l" results mi~y have been achieved hy 0l1l' republican illatit"u.'~i(ln~we ha.ve nc)l:ol·joll~lyfailed in orgamiz:ing a jlldieifii mechanlam adequstato the pl]n]~hm,cnt Qf gl'oot and inil.:l1eniial c:rimlnaJs. guilty ,of flag-m.nt crimes agab~,st the S tate, An these thillAA like the weather g!mge of tl:ll} ha>rometer, show how low the moral temperature has fallen since lhe mwdy days of the Bepnblio; tm~ th~'y do not pl'Ove Uua,~ because weare de:gElnel':lIJte sons, we b~nre lost 0111' hold UPOIl theeb~;md LfI,wflt;ha t govern human action. This univeesal de-she for a. beU:~r state of things in the Ohm'ell, in th,e State, irl the F·~~mH,y, in the Market- ls it notan eVlden~e QfLif~ a,qd not Qt' D,ell-tll ~

The e.y,dmle of Politi.cal Reform 181l0W LIp(m us. .h is Indeed, time I andl it. 15 eertsiuly efficae10ns in its WUI.'k of destmotlon, M~my mea,' h!tv~ gonG down before! itt, and l:il::llly da.rkplll.oo8 of inklnity have been unroofsd, letting in t;he Ught of day;, bnt t.he Divlne G-ovenl'tne,nt l'a'rely provides specific remedies fm> humanevlls ; ~hey Me general in t.helli' olita1'3..et.e['; and althoflligh the work which is ]1~JW heillg c,1,flrlOO on with such. VigOI' ]15 vaJual,l~, it e~1l moly be va.lu[i.ble 3.-9 ill 1Plu;titl~'e po-we,r.. It can dea;t.roy; it f;fmnot recreate,

Th.a;t ie, thework ofefudl i.I1(lividullJ in his OWl] persuual l"elutions with his, neilghh(ill', all.dUrufi.tis the spee:ial d~lt.1/' wl.li(.lh ig lllasig'iHl.d to us; The 'Nal work of' l'ef'o.rm must he begun wbeu the f:\yclolle has spent its EO'l'ee.. We must ]llal1gu!'$W a, new era of J)t!"}'JjiJ'}MlintegritYj and PQli tiea] 8.(JoOol1.nt311Iiliity ~nd j udielal ]:'08sponsahi I i t.y v .. ·ru Stlll"C]y fol1oO 'IV.

I l~now it 15 the fa'8hloi[! to att.rlbut.e sll HIC$f,', evils froi'u which we aee 181.11Iel"ing, to the Civil WIlr of 1861; but 1,10 WiU' i.r'lrohrtTig such tremendous I1wrai issues as "the one which .rflst]h.e(l in the destruction of human slavel'Y on this oonUneni!., san hewholl,r cieinol'alizin_g ill its results, and I elalm thmt the .Amol.i~ll na.:tiou has been lifted bigllct· thr.ough its agency. than it eould h.we been lifted by fi.fty yeal.'s of' iglDoMe .Peac6.\;V e ,m'e. a. wiser" a boUet\ a JHH"Cl' peop]eUum wewore before the bll of FOI.,t StIl.lnptet, f(u·l hold thatth~ I.ong euntmned existence among us of SG il:lfiniL~ f!;11J e\Tul a~, chattel Sh~:VO(lIi'Y~ Wf'6- the .rl1os~ool·ribh, strlli.n upon our uu;~.l'"Hl energ.loo - tha.t wehffbv'e, BVe:r experlcneed,

Thfmk. God l it is goue ; and now, residents of Central New York, Political C()il"nlp~]()n~ mw Sla,VOl'Y, exists ~bl110Ug us oul,}' Ol'l, svJremncs; aad it is for us to deeree that ·this last and most ill idi(m,sif'oc to Republi

c~n n.Ths.titnti.o!)l::ItS ~J:l(l.n foUuwin the w<lke O'fi~s eWer 'brother. W,e w'ere ~mollg the Hrstto enroll ourselves undee the barme:r of Hlllrna.n Highbl. W ~h~Y!B baptized that banner wUh 0~!" bl(H)d OIJl eVC1"y p"QIuineutb.,"Lt· uendd of the RebGn~oJ:l. It is for 1I!>, ~t~nding to-day beside tJ1egr<lves of tJho~e ll':i~Jn£W~:["G wlHJ!5e inheriUJ:lce we onioy~ b) d-edi.ea;l:.e: ourselves rcve;t'enUyto the w()I'l!;: whieh is !iJ$ rii'lJre1y om: divin.e, tnio,\lliioIl~JiL$ .th.e work wmah they wel"e ealled 1!:!.pon to perform, Mal;lyfthull.j~'i~£1 yelarl5 !!go.

APPENDIX.

81_-'.ATIsr:erCALT A_BLEB

PClPu.1.A'rlOM ACOORIDlMG TO TlI]5 Qili'.WICIAL DENS[TSES {IF '['HE; SIX COUNTIES

T,BE PIONEER'S .ASS'OCIATION

01'

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