Raju Sharma

Assistant Professor
Chandigarh University
Mohali, Chandigarh

Lacings

Perforated cover plates are also used for this purpose.
However IS 800 do not give any specification for the
design of such plates.
Lacings
Rolled steel flats and angles are used for lacing. One can
use single lacing or double lacing system.
The object of providing lateral system is to keep the
main members of the column away from principal ones.
In doing so, the lacings are subjected to shear forces due
to horizontal forces on columns.

Instead of lacing one can use battens to keep members
of columns at required distances
Design
As far as possible ,the latticing system shall be uniform throughout
In single laced system the direction of lattices or opposite faces should be shadow of the
other. It should not be mutually opposite
Of
laced
In bolted/riveted construction, the minimum width of lacing bars shall be three times the
nominal diameter of the bolts/rivets
The thickness of flat lacing bars shall not be less than 1/40
th
of its effective length for single
lacing and 1/16
th
of the effective length for double lacings
Lacing bars shall be inclined at 40 to 70 to the axis of built up member
The distance b/w the two main members should be kept so as to get ryy > rzz where ryy is the
R.o.G about weaker axis and rzz is the R.o.G of stronger axis of individual member
Maximum spacing of lacing bars shall be such that the maximum slenderness of the main
member b/w consecutive lacing connection is not greater than 50 or 0.7 times the most
unfourable selenderness ratio of the member as a whoel.
Column
The lacing shall be designed to resist transverse shear vt = 2.5% of axial force in column.if there
are two transverse parallel system then each system has to resist vt/2 shear force
If the column is subjected to bending also, vt = bending shear + 2.5% cokumn force
Effective length of single laced system is equal to the length between the inner end fastener. For
weded joints and double laced, effectively connected t intersection effective length may be
taken as 0.7 times the actual length

Batten plates should be provided symmetrically
At both ends batten plates should be provided. They
should be provided at point where the member is stayed
in its length.
The number of battens should be such that the member
is divided into not less than three bays as far as they
should be spaced and proportioned uniformly
throughout.
Battens shall be of plates, angles, channels, or I-sections
and at their ends shall be riveted, bolted or welded
By providing battens distance between the member of
columns is co maintained that ryy >rxx
The effective slenderness ratio of battened columns
shall be taken as 1.1 times the maximum actual
slenderness ratio of the column, to account for shear
deformation.
The vertical spacing of battens, measured as centre to
centre of its end fastening, shall be such that the
slenderness ratio of any component of column over
that distance shall be neither greater than 50 nor
greater than 0.7 times the slenderness ratio of the
member as a whole above its z-z axis.
Battens shall be designed to carry the bending
moments and shear force arising from transverse shear
force vt equal to 2.5% of the total axial load.

In case columns are subjected to moments also , the
resulting shear force should be found and then the
design shear is sum of this shear and 2.5% of axial load
The design sher and moments for battens plates is
given by.
Vb = Vt x C/NS and M = Vt x C/ 2N at each
connection.
Vt = transverse shear force
C = distance b/w Centre to Centre of battens longitudinally
N= number of parallel planes
S = minimum transverse distance b/w the centroid of the
fasteners connecting batten to the main member.
The effective depth of end battens (longitudinally), shall
not be less than the distance b/w the centroids of main
members.
Effective depth of intermediate battens shall not be less
than th of the above distance.
In no case the width of battens shall be less than twice
the width of one member in the plane of the batten. It
is to be noted that the effective depth of the batten shall
be taken as the longitudinal distance b/w the outermost
fasteners.
The thickness of battens shall be not less than 1/50
th
of
the distance between the innermost connecting lines of
rivets, bolts or welds
The length of the weld connecting batten plate to the
member shall not be less than half the depth of batten
plate. At least one third of the weld shall be placed at
each end of this edge.

Connecting two pieces of sections to get the required
length of column is called column splicing. In
multistory building, the section of the column may be
changed from storey to storey for economy. This also
creates the need for splicing. In such cases column is
preferably spliced at the point of inflection, which is
usually 150 to 300 mm above the floor line. There are
two distinct types of compression splices:
Those having ends cut by ordinary method
Those having the ends cut and milled.
If the ends are not milled, the splice plates and their
connections to the column are designed to transmit all
forces. The column having milled ends, the ends are
Placed firmly in contact with each other and hence
considerable load is transferred by bearing. The
connections and splice plates are designed for only 50%
of axial load.
The situation in which various types of column splices are
used.
(a) When the columns are of the same size, milled ends
are provided.
(b) When columns are of slightly different sizes, filler
plates are used. Load is transferred partially by bearing.
(c) When the columns are of considerably different sizes,
bearing plates are used.
The following procedure may be used in the design of
column splices.
(1) Column splice plates may be assumed to act as short
columns of zero slenderness ratio i.e. assume fcd = fy/1.1
and calculate required area.
(2)Width of splice Plate is taken equal tot hat of flange of
column and the required thickness calculated.
(3)For the selected diameter of the bolts, the bolt is
computed and the number required is found.
(4) If the moment and shear force are also acting in
addition to axial load splice plates are provided to flange
as well as to web.Splice plate attached to flange are
designed to resist additional axial load equal to M/a,


Where a is the distance between centre to centre of
flange splice plates. The web splice plates are designed
to resist maximum shear force.
When bearing plates are to be provided to join two
columns of unequal sizes the following steps are to be
used for the design of bearing plates.
(i) bearing plates may be assumed as short beam to
transmit the axial load to the lower column.
(ii) Axial load of the column is assumed to be taken by
flanges only. Thus the load transfer is shown in fig
below.
Hence maximum moment in bearing plate =(p/2)xa
The thickness of bearing plate required t is given by
(1/6)bt fbs =M
Fbs = design bending stress = (fy/mo) = 250/1.1 = 227.27
N/mm
p/2 p/2
a a
P