SharedLessonPlanBlumberg/diLiberti

SubjectArea:PhysicalEducation/Humanities

GradeLevel:HighSchool

LessonName:WeHearttheHeart.

StateCurriculumStandardsAddressed:23.A.3aExplainhow
bodysystemsinteractwitheachother(e.g.,bloodtransportingnutrientsfromthedigestive
systemandoxygenfromtherespiratorysystem,muscular/skeletalsystems[movement]and
structureofthebrain)

23.A.5aExplainhowthesystemsofthebodyareaffectedbyexerciseandthethatexercisehas
onlearning.

Readingcomprehension,writing,andjustifyingaresponseareallskillsthatwillalsobeused.

CourseDeliveryMode:Teacherleadactivity,studentgroupcoop

TimeAllocation:50minutes(ortwo50minuteperiods).Thereadingmaybedoneashomeworkif
preferredandthepairwork/justificationsmaybedoneinclass.

NumberofStudents:35

AbilityLevel:Introductorylevel:studentswillbeapproachingthismaterialforthefirsttime.

LearningObjectives:Whatwillthestudentbeabletodoafterthislessonbespecific.
Studentswillbeableto:
1) Locatepointsofheartrate
2) Explainthedifferencebetweenrestingandactiveheartrate
3) UnderstandtheFITTprincipleandhowitappliestoheartrateandworkingout
4) Tracethedevelopmentofthediscoveriesabouttheheart
5) Makeaconnectionbetweenthephysicalandtheartisticheart.

StepbyStepProcedure:
PartI
Studentswillbeaskedtodrawapictureoftheheartandtolabelitwithatleastthreefacts
abouttheheart.(Iftheydontknowanyatthestart,thatsfine).
Studentswillreadahandoutcalculatinghowmanytimestheirheartbeatsadaythentheywill
learnaboutsomeaboutsomediscoveriesoftheheart,andseetheartisticevolutionofthe
heardsymbolically.Studentswillbegivenquestionstoanswerabouttheinformationtheyhave
readtheywillalsobeaskedtoworkwithpartnersorindyadstoreinforceinformation.
PartsIIandIIIarereadingandrespondingtoquestionsbothinwritingandwithpartnersorally.

AttheendofPartIV,studentswillbeputintodyadsortriadstodiscusstheiranswersto
questions.
Studentswillreturnthedrawings.

PostTest:Havingreadthehandoutandhavingheardyourpartnerscomments,labeltheheart
again.Didyourfactschange?Whyorwhynot.Explainyouranswerinatleastfoursentences.

PartII
Teacherwilldemonstratehowtofindthemultiplepointsofheartpulse
StudentswillpracticefindingheartrateandcalculaingbeatsperminuteStudentswillalso
calculatethenumberoftimestheirheartbeatsinasingleday.
Studentswillworkwiththeirpartnerandfindeachothersheartrateontheneckandonthe
wrist,andcalculatetheirpartnersrestingheartrate.
Teacherwillgivethemahandoutontargetheartratezonesandasktheclasstofindwhat
theirzoneshouldbeaccordingtotheirage.

LearnerProducts:Whatwillthestudentproducebycompletingthislesson?
Adrawingoftheheartlabelledwithfactsaboutit.Latertheywillproduceajustificationforthechanges
inthefactstheynoteorifnochangesaremade,ajustificationforwhytheirfactsstayedthesame.
Studentswillalsofilloutaresting/activeheartratechartandcalculatethenumberorbeatsoftheirheart
perday.

AdaptationsforSpecialLearners:
Teacherwillpointoutpointsofheartrateandhaveprecalculatedheartratesforstudenttocircle.
Theteacherwilladaptasneeded.Allquestionsandvocabularyareinthehandout.

Resources:
PreandPostActivity:Studentswillneedtwodifferentcoloredpens/pencilswithwhichtowrite.Onecolor
willbeusedforthepretestandonefortheposttest.
PartsIIIIStudentswillalsoneedthehandoutsbelow.
PartI:Blankheartratechart,pencils,stopwatches.Calculatorsmayhelpunlessyouwantstudentsto
calculatebyhand.

StudentAssessment:Howwillyouknowthatthestudentshavemetthelearningobjectives?Youwill
needtocreatetheactualassessmenthereorprovidealinktoassessmenth

Bysuccessfullyfindingheartpulseareasofthebodyandcalculatingarestingandactiveheartrate.

Studentswillbeassessedonwhetherornottheyhaveincorparated23newpiecesofinformationabout
theheartwhentheylabelitasecondtime.Thereareminiassessmentsthroughouteachsectionofthe
lessonaswell.

*Noteforlearners:Thislessonplantemplateisadaptedfromthemodelthatisrecommendedin
thebookPreparingtoUseTechnology:APracticalGuideforTechnologyIntegration.

Blumberg/diLibertiSharedLessonontheHeart

InstructorsCopy:

Youwillneedthishandout.Studentswillneedtwodifferentcoloredpens/pencilswithwhichto
write.Onecolorwillbeusedforthepretestandonefortheposttest.Calculatorsmayhelp
unlessyouwantstudentstocalculatebyhand.

PreLessonActivity:Beforehandingoutthesheetbelow,firsthavestudentsdrawapictureofa
heart.Theonlyinstructionstogivethestudentsarethefollowing:Drawaheart.

Next,nexttotheheartstudentshavedrawn,havethemwritedownthreefactsabouttheheartor
asmanyfactsattheyknowaboutit.Afterafewmoments,tellstudentsiftheydontknowanyfor
nowthatsfine.Putthedrawingaside.

Givethestudentsthehandoutbelow:WeHearttheHeart.Therearethreepartstothehand
out.PartIIIisoptionalandjustanadditionalbitofinterest.

II:Followupwithinstructor.OnceyouhavefinishedwithpartII,thereisasectioncalled
Followupwiththeteacher.Atthispoint,afterstudentshaveengagedintheirpair/triadwork,
askeachindividualstudenttotakehis/heroriginaldrawingoutwiththefactsabouttheheartthey
originallywrote.Usingadifferentcolorpencil/penthenthefirsttime,havestudentsonceagain
writedownatleastthreefactsabouttheheart.Iforiginalfactswerewrong,havethemcross
thoseout.

III.Followupwithinstructor.(OptionalSection)Ifyouprefer,youcandotheentirefollowup
atthispointoncestudentshavedonethescienceandtheartpart.OR,youcandothissection
asyetanotherfollowup.OncestudentshavefinishedwithpartIII,havetheonceagaintake
thoseoriginaldrawingsandlabelitwiththetheorytheybestfeelinformedtheirchoiceof
drawing.Ie.Whydids/hedrawthehearttheways/hedidoriginallyandwhichtheorymost
showsthatchoice.Thisquestionworksevenifsomestudentsdrewamorescientificheart.
We the

PartI:GettingtoKnowYourPhysicalHeart.

TargetHeartRateWorksheet
AerobicExerciseGuidelines(F.I.T.T.Principle)

1.FREQUENCY(howoften?)atleast3daysperweek
2.INTENSITY(howhard?)inyourpersonaltargetheartraterange
3.TIME(howlong?)atleast20minutes
4.TYPE(what?)jogging,swimming,bicycling

Hereishowtocalculateyourtargetheartraterange

1)Firstofallyouneedthefollowingdata:
A)MaximumHeartRate(220yourage=MHR)

MyMHR=_________________

B)RestingHeartRate(countpulseatrestfor1minute)

MyRHR=_________________

2)Entertheabovedatainthefollowingtwoformulasandsolve.Theformulas
representthelower(60%)andupper(85%)limitsofyourtargetheartrate
range.

(60%)____________=______x.6=______+______=______
MHRRHRRHRLOWERLIMIT

(85%)____________=______x.85=______+______=______
MHRRHRRHRUPPERLIMIT

3)Enteryourtargetheartrate:
Mytargetheartrateis:

___________to___________
lowerlimitupperlimit

HeartRate:Reviewandpushingforward:

Reminder:Wherearethethreeplacesyoucantakeyourpulse?

Remember:Weavoidusingthethumbtotakethepulsebecauseitalsohasapulse.Were
goingtousethepulseinournecksforthisexercise.

A. Placeourrestingheartratehere.(Youfoundthisearlier):___________

B. Takeyourrestingheartrateandmultiplyitby60.Thiswillgiveyouthetotalnumberof
beatsinanhour.Writeryouranswerhere:_______

C. TakeyouranswerfromBandmultiplyitby24.Thiswillgiveyouthenumberofbeatsper
day.Writethenumberhere.____________.

D. LookattheanswertoCandbeimpressed.Beevenmoreimpressedafteryoumakea
fistandrealizethatistheapproximatesizeofyourownheart.Lookhowhardithasto
workEACHday.

PartII.GettingtoKnowtheAnatomistsWhoHelpedDiscovertheHeart.

TwoearlyGreekphysicians:HerophilusandErasistratus

EizabethRobertstellsusthat,Herophilusdissectedtheentirehumanbody,Erasistratus
explainedtheworkingsofhumanorgansinmechanicalterms.
Unfortunately,alloftheirworkwaslostwhenthelibraryatAlexandriaburned.Weknowabout
theirworkbecauseothersreferencedit,buttheiractualworkandthedetailedobservationsthey
madeaboutthehumanbodywerelost.
http://brainblogger.com/2011/08/20/humandissectionfromgalentothegreatrevelationsofandrea
svesalius/

Galen(130AD200AD)

GalenwasalsoaGreekphysicianbuthelivedintheRomanEmpire.Workingonthehuman
bodywasfrowneduponsoGalendidmuchofhisstudyofanatomyonpigsandapesand
assumedthattheirinternalstructurewasthesameasahumansbody.Galensideaswereso
popularandsobelieved,ittookmanycenturiesandmuchmoreresearchtooverturnhisviews.
YoumayalreadyknowoneofthegreaterfoundationsofGalensmedicalbeliefs:

TheFourHumors.Galenwouldlistentoapatientandnotehis/hersymptoms,butthebeliefat
thetimewastheunderlyingcauseofanyproblemwasanimbalanceinourfourhumors.The
goalofmedicaltreatmentwastorealignthefourhumorsanexcessinonecouldmakeyoutoo
happytothepointofbeingirresponsible,oranexcessinanothercouldmakeyou/yourbody
respondtotheworldwithanger.Belowyouwillfindthefourhumors.

Fourhumors.
Toomuchblackbilecausedapersontobemelancholy
Toomuchyellowbilecausedapersontobecholeric(angry).
Toomuchbloodcausedapersontobesanguine(optimistic/positive).
Toomuchphlegmcausedapersontobephlegmatic.
Thismayseemunrelatedtotheheart,butitsbecauseofGalenstheoriesthatworkontheheart
anddiscoveriesaboutitmaynothaveadvancedasquickly.Galenandthosebeforehimand
mayafterhimbelievedthatthehearthadonlytwochambers.

LeonardoDaVinci:(yesTHATLeonardo)(14521519)

DaVinciandMichelangelobothdissectedcorpsesinsecrettobetterunderstandthebodyandto
betterdisplayitintheirart.Thinkaboutthis:therewasnoformaldehyde,thebodieswouldhave
smelledterrible,andtheirdissectionshadtobedoneinsecretastheChurchsviewon
dissectionsstatedthatyouhadtobeadoctortodissectacorpse.
Thinkaboutthis:Ifthebodyisgoingtolastashorttime,workmustbedonequickly,someofit
willprobablyhavetobedoneatnightbycandlelight.Despitetheseconditions,DaVinciwasstill
abletoproducedetaileddrawingsofthebodyandoftheheart.Hereisoneexampleofhis
drawingsandoneofhisimportantpronouncementsontheheart.

[DaVinci]statedfirmlythattheheartwascomprisedoffourchambersatatimewhenitwas
generallyunderstoodtobemadeupoftwo.(Corbis).Thedrawingandinformationcomefrom
thiswebsite:http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20130828leonardodavincitheanatomist
Fromhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/science/leonardo/gallery/heart.shtmlwelearnthatLeonardomadea
numberofadvancesintheunderstandingofbloodflowdespitenotunderstandingthattheblood
wasinacirculationsystem.Hewentalongwiththebelief(commonlyheldatthetime)thatblood
wasmadeintheliver,cooledinthelungs,pumpedbytheheartandconsumedinthemuscles.
Still,hedidfindoutagooddealabouttheheart:He

showedtheheartisindeedamuscleandthatitdoesnotwarmtheblood
foundithasfourchambersandconnectedthepulseinthewristwithcontractionofthe
leftventricle.(Remember,upuntilDaVinci,evendoctorsthoughtthatthehearthadonlytwo
chambers.Thatsmyowncommentnotfromthewebsite).
deducedthateddycurrentsinthebloodflowcreatedbystructuresinthemainaorta
arteryhelpheartvalvestoclose
suggestedthatarteriesfurupoveralifetime,creatingahealthrisk.(Thinkaboutthis:
DaVinciobservedcholesterolasapossiblehealthproblemlongbeforewediagnosedthisinthe
20
th
century!Thatsmyowncommentnotfromthewebsite).

WilliamHarvey(15781657)

WilliamHarveydiscoveredcirculationandchangedourviewoftheheartanditsfunction.
HarveysfamousworkinwhichherevealshisresearchanddiscoveriesiscalledExercitatio
AnatomicadeMotuCordisetSanguinisinAnimalibus,butthisbookiscommonlyreferredtoas
DeMotuCordis.Itwaswrittenin1628.

LikeDaVinci,Harveystudiedthecirculationofbloodbydoinganimaldissectionsonlivingand
deadanimals.Fromthewebsite,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2776239/we
alsolearnthatpriortoHarvey,mostmedicalpractitionersbelievedthatbloodwasformedby
digestedfoodandthattheheartsfunctionwastogenerateheat.

InChapter8of"DeMotucordis",Harveywrotehowhehypothesizedthatthebloodcirculates:I
beganprivatelytothinkthatitmightratherhaveacertainmovement,asitwere,inacircle...
(emphasismine).

TheimplicationsofHarveysbreakthroughaboutthecirculatorysystemarehuge:firsthe
realizedthatbloodflowmustbecontinuous.Itcantstopandstartandrestinthelungstowarm
upaswasearlierbelieved.(Seeabove).Second,healsorealizedthatbloodmustflowinonly
onedirectionwhichmeantthattheheartsfourchambershaddifferentfunctionsandthatblood
flowedinandoutoftheheartsothattheremustbeaparticularpathwaytodothis.

HughAlderseyWilliams(AW)inhisbookAnatomiesbelievesHarveysdiscoverymayhave
beenhelpedbyscience.AWsuggeststhatadvancesinhydraulicengineering[includingthe]
inventionofthehydraulicpumpmighthavehelpedHarveyseetheheartdifferentlythanothers
(129).
AlderseyWilliamsalsonotesthatonceHarveyshowsthattheheartisapump,regally
importantinthehumanbody,butjustapumppeoplebegantobepersuadedthatthebrain
wasfarmoreimportant(130).

II.QuickReview:
1.Namethreepeopleimportanttodiscoveriesabouttheheart.
1)
2)
3)

2.IfyouwereGalenspatientandyoucametohimfeelingsadandirritable,whichofthefour
humorswouldhavefeelneededadjusting.
3.Whichofouranatomistsbelievedthebloodflowedlikeacircle.

4.WhatdidDaVincidiscoverabouttheheart?

5.Whosediscoveriesdoyouthinkaremoreinteresting?Why?

6.Whosediscoveriesdoyouthinkaremoreimportant?Why?

II.PAIR/TRIADWORK:Pleaseinterviewyourpartner(s).Compareandcontrastyourpartners
answerstoyourown.Wheredoyouagreeanddisagree?Explain,inwriting,eitherwhyyou
agreeorwhyyoudisagree.Ifyouboth/allagree,youmuststatewhynoneofyoufeelstheother
theoriesandideasontheheartwerewhatyouchoosetowriteabout.Ifyoualldisagree,explain
thosedisagreements.Thismeanswhetheryouagreeordisagreeyouwillneedtodiscussallof
theideas/theoristspresented.

II.Followupwithinstructor.

OPTIONAL
PartIII.TheArtisticHeart.
Lookattheimagesatthetopofthepage.Thefirstimageistheoneweusetorepresent
theheart,butthesecondoneisanimageoftheactualhumanheart.Howdidwegetfromthe
imageofhahumanhearttothis?
BelowareseveraltheoriesnotedbyHughAlderseyWilliamsinhisbookAnatomiesonpage132.
IexpandonAWsideas.

A. B. C. C1.

A.Egyptianvase:Egyptiansembalmedtheirdeadandsawtheorgansofthehumanbody.In
Egyptianhieroglyphicsavasestoodfortheheart,(AW132).Itispossiblethatbecauseorgans
wereputinstoragejars,thattheheartwasstoredinheartshapedjarandthusthatbecamethe
hieroglyph.Canyouseetheshapeoftheheartinthevase?Traceitontheimage.

B.Greeklyre:Somebelievethelyre,withismusicalandpossibleromanticassociations,
becameasymboloftheheart.Canyouseetheoutlineoftheheartinthelyre?Traceitonthe
image.

C.AnothertheorythatAWdoesntmentionisthesylphiumseed.KeelinMcDonellnotesthat
thesylphiumseedcomesforaNorthAfricanplant.Sheandothersnotethattheplantgivento
thosethatonewishedtocourt.Ifyoulookattheseeds,youcanseetheoutlineoftheheart.
Tracetheshapeontheimage.Ifyoulookatthecoinnexttoityoucanseehowtheseedwas
drawn.

D.Therearemanymoretheoriesbutthesethreewilldofornow.

III.Followupquestions.Youmayworkaloneorwithapartneronthese(dependingon
yourinstructorspreference).

1.Whichtheorydoyouthinkbestexplainstheshapeoftheheartweusewhenwedraw
hearts?
2.DoyouthinkWilliamHarveywouldapproveofanyoftheseimagesoftheheart?Why
wouldheorwhywouldhenot?

3.Doyouhaveatheoryforhowtheheartgotitsshape?Ifso,whatisyourtheory?Canyou
findanybackingforitthroughresearch?(Dontusewikipediaofcourseexceptforimages).

III.Followupwithinstructor.