Botkin&Keller8thEditionChapter8BiologicalDiversityandBiological

Invasions
Name:GalileaPatricio
1:Whatisbiologicaldiversity?
Biologicaldiversityisthevarietyoflivingorganismsorspecieswithinanarea.
2:Whatisapopulation?
A population is a group of individuals within the same species who interbreed or share
geneticinformationandliveinthesamearea.
3:Whatisaspecies?
A species consists of all individuals that are able to interbreed or share genetic
information.
4:Whatarethe9reasonswhypeoplevaluebiodiversity?
The 9 reasons why people value biodiversity are utilitarian, publicservice, ecological,
moral,theological,aesthetic,recreational,spiritual,andcreative.
Definethefollowing:
* Genetic Diversity: the total amount of genetic characteristics within a species,
subspecies,orgroupofspecies.
*HabitatDiversity:thedifferenthabitatsinaunitarea.
* Species Diversity: consists of three qualities, species richness, species evenness,
speciesdominance.
*SpeciesRichness:totalnumberofspecies.
*SpeciesEvenness:therelativeabundanceofspecies
*DominantSpecies:themostabundantspecies
5:Whatarethe3maindomainsoflife?
The3maindomainsoflife
6:Whatisbiologicalevolution?
Biological evolution is the change in inherited characteristics from generation to the next
generation.
7:Whatcausesmutations?Explainhowthisaffectsbiologicaldiversity.
Mutations are random changes in genes which increases the variety of genes and
biologicaldiversity.
8:Whatisnaturalselection?Whatarethe4primaryfactorsinvolvedinnaturalselection?
Natural selection is the process through which animals with advantageous genes and are
able to adapt to the environment are favored and will pass those genes to their offspring.
The 4 primary factors involved in natural selection are mutation, genetic drift, gene flow,
and
ACloserLook8.1NaturalSelection:MosquitosandtheMalariaParasite
1:DiscusstheissuewithMalaria,MosquitosandDDTresistanceandhowthis
demonstratesnaturalselection.
Malaria is a parasite which is able to go undetected by the immune system, thus often
killing its host. The parasite is carried from one host to another and delivered by
mosquitos. In order to get rid of the mosquitos and reduce the spread of malaria, the
chemical pesticide DDT is used. DDt has effectively worked in the past, however, some
mosquitos were able to resist the pesticide and pass on the resistance gene onto their
offspring.
MigrationandGeographicIsolation
1:HowdoesDarwinsFinchesdemonstratetheideaofAdaptiveRadiation?
Darwins finches demonstrates the idea of adaptive radiation as he believed that when one
population became separated into different areas, ch group evolved and changed into
morespecializedrole.
2:Define:GeneticDrift
3:WhatistheFounderEffectandhowdoesitdemonstrateGeneticDrift?
The Founder Effect occurs when a small group from a population separates from the rest of
the population and becomes isolated. This demonstrates genetic drift because of the small
group that became isolated and therefore have different characteristics due to the low
amountofvariationwithinthegroupcomparedtothelargerpopulation.
BiologicalEvolutionasaStrangeKindofGame
Insummary,thetheoryofbiologicalevolutiontellsusthefollowingaboutbiodiversity:
1: Species have evolved and continue to evolve which constantly changes the biological
diversityofspeciesandtheirlocation.
2: There are no set rules for adaptation, all animals adapt based on the environmental
conditionstheyarein.Allthingsinnaturearecomplex.
3: Over time species become geographically isolated and undergo the founder effect and
geneticdrift.
4:Speciesbecomeendangeredwhentheyareunabletoadaptfastenoughandkeepup
withtheirenvironment.
TheCompetitiveExclusionPrinciple
1:ExplainhowtheintroductionoftheAmericanGraySquirrelintoGreatBritain
demonstratestheCompetitiveExclusionPrinciple.
The Competitive Exclusion Principle states that two species with the same resource
requirements can not and are not able to coexist within the same area.The introduction of
the American Gray Squirrel into Great Britain demonstrates the Competitive Exclusion
Principle because of its competition with the British red squirrel. The American Gray
Squirrel population density greatly increases as it overpowered the resources that both the
grayandredsquirrelconsumed.
MeasuringNiches
1:Whatisanecologicalniche?
Anecologicalnicheistheconceptinwhichmanyspeciesareabletocoexistinthesame
areaatthesametime.
2:Whatisthedifferencebetweenafundamentalandrealizedniche?
A fundamental niche is an individual organisms ability to fulfill its needs by consuming all
the resources. A realized niche is the actual amount of resources that an individual
organismisabletoconsume.
Symbiosis
1:Inecology,symbiosisdescribesarelationshipbetweentwoorganismsthatisbeneficial
tobotheachpartnerinsymbiosisiscalleda:mutualism
2:Whatisanobligatesymbiont?
Anobligatesymbiontistheindividualpartnertakingpartinthesymbioticrelationship.
3:Explainthesymbioticrelationshipbetweenpeopleanddogs
The symbiotic relationship between humans and dogs consists of both social and
behavioral benefits for both symbionts. Dogs benefit humans through companionship, aid,
and their overall friendly attitude. Humans in turn help the abundance or density of the dog
populationunlikewolveswhoareoftenfeared.
PredationandParasitism
1:Explainhowpredationandparasitismactuallyhelpsincreasespeciesdiversityinan
ecosystem
Predation and parasitism helps increase species diversity by controlling the numbers of
overwhelming species. The overwhelming species will be controlled and will not overpower
theotherspeciescompetingforthesameresources.
HowGeographyandGeologyAffectBiologicalDiversity
1:Ingeneral,greaterdiversityoccurs:fromplacetoplace.
2:Whatgeographicfactorsaffectspeciesbiodiversity?
The geographic factors that affect species biodiversity are the physically diverse habitat,
variation in environmental conditions, evolution, environmental stress, amounts of
resources,andtheamountofdisturbancetotheareaamongmore.
3:Howcanmoderateenvironmentaldisturbancesincreasediversity?
Moderate environmental disturbances increase biodiversity, for example, fires create
patchesofburnedandunburnedareaswhichfavorcertainspeciestogrowandthrive.
4:Howdopeopleaffectdiversity?Explain.
People affect biodiversity through urbanization, industrialization, and agriculture. All of
these factors decrease biodiversity because they remove habitats and also simplifying
habitats.
FactorsThatTendtoIncrease
Diversity
FactorsThatTendtoDecrease
Diversity
1:Aphysicallydiversehabitat 1:Environmentalstress
2:Moderateamountsofdisturbance 2:Extremeenvironments
3:Asmallvariationinenvironmental
conditions
3:Aseverelimitationinthesupplyofan
essentialresource.
4:Highdiversityatonetrophiclevel
increasesthediversityatanothertrophic
level.
4:Extremeamountsofdisturbance.
5:Anenvironmenthighlymodifiedbylife. 5:Recentintroductionofexoticspecies.
6:Middlestagesofsuccession 6:Geographicisolation.
7:Evolution

ConvergentandDivergentEvolution
1:Defineandgiveanexampleofeachofthefollowing:
*ConvergentEvolution:organismsthegrowindifferentplacesandtimesandhave
differentgenesyettheyhavethesameexternalshapeorform.
EX.TheJoshuatreeofNorthAmericaandthegiantEuphorbiaofAfrica.
*DivergentEvolution:apopulationwiththesamestructure,formandgenesyetbecome
differentwhenthegroupisdividedbygeographicbarriers.
EX.theostrich,therhea,andtheemu.
Invasions,InvasiveSpeciesandIslandBiogeography
1:Whatarethe4mainprinciplesinthetheoryofislandbiogeography?
The4mainprinciplesinthetheoryofislandbiogeographyarethat:
islandshavefewerspeciesthancontinents.
migrationfromthemainlandandevolutionarethetwosourcesofnewspecies.
Thesmallertheislandis,thenthefewerspeciesthatislandwillhave.
Thefartherawayanislandisfromthemainland,thefewertheamountofspecies.
2:Whatisanecologicalisland?
Anecologicalislandisahabitatthatissmallerthanthesamekindofmajorhabitat.
StudyQuestions
1:Whydointroducedspeciesoftenbecomepests?
Introduced species often become pests because they often do not have any natural
predators in the area and are therefore uncontrolled. They are also able to take and
consume as much resources as it needs and wants, thus other organisms in the area are
overwhelmed by the introduced species because they struggle to acquire the same
resources.