Minerals

Unit 2 Geology
What do you think minerals are?
Everyday minerals
Rock and Mineral Identification
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Rocks and Minerals
Mica
Galena
Shale/slate
Pumice
Fluorite
Halite
Calcite
Gypsum

Obsidian
Graphite
Quartz
Quartz crystal
Hematite
Limestone/marble
Grey granite/pink granite
Talc

Rock and Mineral Identification
Answers
1.Talc
2.Gypsum
3.Calcite
4.Fluorite
5.Halite
6.Quartz
7. Quartz crystal
8.Mica
9.Galena
10.Hematite
11.Graphite
12.Pumice
13.Obsidian
14.Granite
15.Limestone/marble
16.Shale/slate
How do you tell a rock from a mineral?
Using your textbook starting on page 111 take notes on
how you identify a mineral.
anything that has volume and mass.

Everything in the universe is made up of
matter.
Matter
solids - rocks
and minerals
liquids - ocean
and lakes
gas -
atmosphere
Building blocks of minerals are
elements
a substance that cannot be broken down into
simpler substances by chemical or physical
means.

elements combine with
other elements.
Elements
Salt
Some common compounds on Earth have both
a chemical name and a mineral name.
table salt = sodium chloride, halite
These items have one thing in
common
They are minerals.
a natural, usually inorganic solid that has a
unique chemical composition and structure.

the basic materials of Earths crust.
Mineral
a tool for organizing objects and ideas by
grouping



Classification
#1 crystalline solid


4 properties
of a mineral
Summary
firm stable shape
Solid
a unique arrangement of atoms or molecules.
Crystalline Structure
#1 crystalline solid

#2 must be formed in nature (cannot
be man made)


4 properties
of a mineral
Summary
#1 crystalline solid

#2 must be formed in nature (cannot
be man made)

#3 Inorganic or non-living or made
from non-living materials (cannot be
made from something once living)

4 properties
of a mineral
Summary
any substance containing carbon-based
compounds, especially produced by or derived
from living organisms.
Organic
in=not

any substance NOT containing carbon-based
compounds, or nonliving.
Inorganic
#1 crystalline solid
#2 must be formed in nature (cannot
be man made)
#3 inorganic or non-living or made
from non-living materials (cannot be
made from something once living)
#4 consistent chemical composition
and pattern
Minerals are classified according to chemical
composition (what they are made of)

4 properties
of a mineral
Summary
the arrangement, type and ratio of
atoms in molecules of substances.




Chemical composition
Everyday minerals
Mineral or nonmineral
Coal Brass Obsidian Basalt Flourite
Inorganic?
Occur
naturally?
Crystalline
solid?
Consistent
chemical
composition?
brass = copper &
zinc
Coal
Obsidian = volcanic
glass (cooled lava)
Basalt -
volcanic
rock
Fluorite
Mineral or nonmineral
Coal Brass Obsidian Basalt Flourite
Inorganic? No Yes Yes Yes Yes
Occur
naturally?
No Yes Yes Yes
Crystalline
solid?
No Yes Yes
Consistent
chemical
composition?
No Yes
Mineral or not
Mineral or not Reason why not
1. Wood
2. Gold
3. Bones
4. Granite
5. Quartz
6. Pearl
7. Talc
8. Diamond
9. Coal
Wood
Gold
Bones
Granite
Quartz
Pearls
Talc
Diamond
Coal
Minerals
a) Gold
b) Topaz
c) Quartz
d) Talc
e) Diamonds

Non-Minerals
a) Wood - once living
b) Bone - living material
c) Granite - intrusive igneous rock
d) Pearls made by oysters
e) Coal - Sedimentary rock

a mineral that contains a combination of silicon
and oxygen and may also contain one or more
metals
Silicate Mineral
non=not

A mineral that does not contain compounds of
silicon and oxygen
Nonsilicate Mineral
Silicates vs. Non-silicates
Silicates 96% of minerals
Made of silicon and oxygen
Ex: quartz-glassy

Non-silicates- 4% of minerals
Ex: carbonates, sulfates

Elements not combined with other elements
Ex: gold, silver, copper
silicates
Non-
silicates
Native
elements
Summary
a specific geometric arrangement of atoms.
Crystalline Structure
a solid whose atoms, ions or molecules are
arranged in a regular, repeating pattern.


2 basic ways crystals form: cooling of magma &
evaporation of minerals.
Crystal
Crystal Formation
There are 2 ways crystals form:
1. From magma/lava cooling
2. From solution evaporating

Size of crystal depends on: How fast
magma/lava cools or solution
evaporates

Ways
crystals
form
Size of
crystals
Summary
Crystalline structure of silicates
Marshmallow Structures
Silicate minerals
Each building block has:
4 oxygen atoms in a pyramid
1 silicon atom in center
(silicon-oxygen tetrahedron)

Oxygen atoms of tetrahedron atoms may be shared with other atoms
Oxygen-large marshmallow
Silicon- small marshmallow
6 Crystal Shapes
Cubic
Hexagonal
Orthorhombic
Monoclinic
Triclinic
Tetragonal
Crystalline structure of nonsilicates
Making Crystals
Boil water in hot pot.
Pour about 50-100 ML of boiling water into a small
beaker. BE CAREFUL!!!!
Add the salt or sugar one spoonful at a time. Stir until
each teaspoon is completely dissolved.
You may be tempted to add all the salt at once but
the experiment will NOT work if you do. (Take your
time)
Eventually you will find a small amount of salt or
sugar that will not dissolve no matter how much you
stir.
You have now reached supersaturation.
Once the solution is supersaturated, stop adding salt
or sugar.
You may add a couple of drops of food coloring to
better see the crystals.
Put your group/hour on tape and tape it to the side of
the petri dish.
Using the spoon provided, put a small amount of
solution in the petri dish provided.
When you finish, rinse spoon and beaker well. Take
salt/sugar back.
The physical and chemical properties of a
mineral.
Mineral Properties
Identifying Minerals pgs. 117-122
People who study minerals :_____________
Color- 3 reasons why it is not always reliable
Streak- definition
Luster- 2 main types/ definition
Cleavage- definition
Fracture- definition
Hardness- definition (Mohs hardness scale from
(___ to__)
Hardest mineral__________
Softest mineral ____________
List 3 special properties of minerals
Mineral Identification Pgs. 117-122
Mineralogist
Color
Luster
Streak
Breaking-Cleavage &
Fracture
Hardness
Special properties
Crystal shape

Summary
ology =
ist=

a person who examines, analyzes, and
classifies minerals
Mineralogist
visible clues to help identify minerals.

color, streak, luster, cleavage & fracture,
hardness, density
Physical Property
properties that become evident during a
chemical reaction.

The chemical makeup of the mineral.


Chemical Property
Notes on Identifying Minerals
Why color is not always reliable?
1. Many minerals can have same color
2. 1 mineral can be many colors
3. Color can change- weathering/impurities

Notes on Identifying Minerals
What is luster?


The way minerals reflect light
--metallic shiny (like metal)
--non-metallic glassy, dull, pearly, greasy, brilliant


Metals
Examples: Gold, silver, copper

a solid material that is typically hard, shiny, malleable,
ductile, conducts heat, conducts electricity

Malleability & Ductility
Malleability-
Ability to be hammered into thin sheets

Ductility
To be pulled into thin strands

Your
Text
Here
Notes on Identifying Minerals
What is streak?
Powder left behind when rubbed on a plate

What is cleavage and fracture?
Cleavage- a clean break
Fracture- a jagged break
What is hardness?
The ability of a mineral to resist being scratched
Mohs scale
Softest #1 talc scratched by all minerals above 1
Hardest #10 diamond can scratch all other minerals
below 10
Mohs Hardness Scale
1. Talc
2. Gypsum
3. Calcite
4. Fluorite
5. Apatite
6. Feldspar
7. Quartz
8. Topaz
9. Corundum
10.Diamond
Special Properties
Name a mineral with the following special properties
Fluorescence (2)
Double refraction
Magnetism
Radioactivity
Saltiness


Mineral properties
Saltiness/cubes- halite
Fluorescent- fluorite
Fluorescent/see double- calcite
Malleability- ability to be hammered into thin sheets
Ex: aluminum, gold, silver
Ductility-ability to be pulled into thin strands
Ex: copper, gold, silver
Ore- mining- removing minerals in usable amounts
Surface mining- near the surface
Deep mining- diamond (much more difficult)
Reclamation- return land to original state after mining
Bingo
FREE SPACE
Mineral Bingo
Fracture
Cleavage
Streak
Hardness
Silicates
Non-silicates
90%
10%
Native element
Calcite
Fluorite
Quartz
Intrusive
Extrusive
Magma cooling
Malleability
Ductility
Diamond
Talc
Chemical comp.
Metallic
Non-metallic
Luster
Color
Density
Inorganic
Evaporation
Carbonates
Sulfates
Pearly

Study Guide
4 properties of a mineral
How are minerals classified?
2 groups of minerals (include elements &% of each)
Mineral that is a silicate
Examples of non-silicates
Native elements
2 ways crystals form
What determines the size of crystals
Intrusive/extrusive
Color and reasons why it may not be reliable
Streak (definition)

Study guide cont.
Luster-definition
2 types of luster
Examples of non-metallic luster
Cleavage of minerals (definition)
Fracture (definition)
Hardness (definition)
How to use the Mohs Hardness Scale
Study Guide
3 Types of rocks
Rock cycle
Classification of rocks
3 types of sedimentary rocks
Intrusive vs. extrusive
2 types of metamorphism
Foliated vs. non-foliated
Intrusions and extrusions- sill, lava plateau, etc.
Rock examples
Study guide cont.
Luster-definition
2 types of luster
Examples of non-metallic luster
Cleavage of minerals (definition)
Fracture (definition)
Hardness (definition)
How to use the Mohs Hardness Scale
Special properties of minerals ( Example: which 2 are
fluorescent?)
Taste, magnetism, etc.
Essays
List and define 4 properties of a mineral. Use these to
explain if certain items are minerals or not and why.
State and define 5 tests other than color to identify
minerals
Contrast properties of metallic and non-metallic
minerals. Give 2 examples of each
Cooling Rate
Evaporative Rate
Summary