Emily Mcconochie - Psyc3302 Assign 2 FN

PSYC 3302:
Gender differences in Posner cue test within UQ student population.

Results
We selected out participants with less than 70% accuracy. Because there is no hypothesis as to the inaccuracy of participants, we
removed those scores. We also removed subjects of merged data, and with response times faster than 150 ms (expected neural
response time) and slower than 3000 ms. Because both male and female participants did the same experiment, we conducted a mixed-
factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) with sex of participant, cue type (pupil and face), gender of cue face and validity of cue.
Sphericity was assumed.
Cue validity was shown to be a main effect, F(1,131) = 29.346, eta2 = 0.183, p> 0.000.
A main interaction was significant between Cue Sex, Cue type and participant sex, F(1,131) = 5.45, eta2= 0.040 , p> 0.021 (See Table
1). Another main interaction was cue validity and cue type, F(1,131) = 12.718, eta2 = 0.088, p> .001. The final main interaction was
cue validity, cue type, cue sex and participant sex. F(1,131) = 4.023, eta2 = 0.030, p>.047
From this we conducted paired t-tests to see whether there was significance between female and male responses: particularly within
gender of faces. Significance was found in females responding more quickly to female faces than males. t(65) = 3.056, p <0.003.
Furthermore, for female participant there was significance in Cue gender in the valid trials t(65) = 2.660, p<0.010. Below is a list of
significant results. All other T-tests were shown to be non-significant.
Females were faster to respond to female face change rather than female pupil. t(65) = 2.482, p< 0.016
Females were faster to respond to female faces than male faces t(65) = 3.056, p <0.003
Females responded faster to female valid faces than male valid faces t(65) = 2.660, p<0.010
Females responded faster to female valid pupils than female invalid pupils t(65) = 3.704, p<0.000
Females responded faster to male valid pupil than male invalid pupil t(65) = 3.428, p<0.001
Males responded faster to female valid pupil than female invalid t(66) = 4.704, p<0.000
Table 1: Reaction times (ms) for both sexes of participants and cue types.
Sex of participant Gender of face Pupil moves gaze cue Head moves cue
Female Female 607.124 597.283
Male 604.879 610.690
Male Female 614.375 616.413
Male 615.630 613.998

Table 2A: Patterns of reaction times in face cue (ms) separated by sex of participants.
Female participants Male participants
F Valid Face 597.335 M Valid face 608.777
F Invalid Face 603.651 F Valid face 612.77
M Invalid Face 608.584 F Invalid face 620.147
M Valid Face 610.047 M Invalid face 620.245

Table 2B: Patterns of reaction times in pupil cue (ms) separated by sex of participants
Female Participants Male Participants
M Valid Pupil 592.328 F Valid Pupil 600.86
F Valid Pupil 594.514 M Valid Pupil 608.777
M Invalid Pupil 617.418 M Invalid Pupil 621.355
F Invalid Pupil 620.651 F Invalid pupil 629.907

TABLE 3. Patterns of Reaction times, in ms, separated by sex of participant and in order of reaction time.

Discussion
The aim of the experiment was to test gender differences in response times to social cues. Bayliss et al. (2005) were interested in
the idea that autism is an extreme expression of an overall cognitive style found more in males than females. Following a persons
gaze, a concept known as Joint Attention, is important in establishing patterns of social interaction.
The hypothesis was that females are likely to have a significant response to joint gaze cues. From Bayliss (2005) we expected to
find that female participants responded more to pupil gaze than the face cue.
The results show valid cues are more quickly responded to than invalid cues. When this was broken down into sex of participant,
significance was shown to be present in both male and female participants responding to female pupil cue-type. Only females
showed significant differences in response to validity in male pupil cue type. Females only responded to cue gender in the face
cue-type. When this was further explored, it was found to only be relevant to the cue validity of the face cue type. From this, we
might conclude that female participants were driving differences in response to validity in the face condition. Here we see an
unusual difference in response patterning. It seems women were taking longer to shift attention or respond to a stimulus after a
valid male cue.
It has been well established since Driver et al (1999, cited in Bayliss 2005) that observing an averted gaze directs spatial attention.
The results here suggest that it is the pupil that determines the joint gaze effect and participants respond strongest with female
participants. Furthermore, the response to female cues seems to be driving the main effect.
The purpose of the original Bayliss paper was to discover any gender differences in the patterning of responses. Similar to Bayliss
(2005) we found that responses were quicker to targets appearing at gazed at locations. We also found, similarly, that the
attention shift effect was smaller in males: validity of cue was the main effect. One difference between the Bayliss study and ours
was the use of photographs. The Bayliss head moves condition still involved pupil movement, with no shift in head orientation.
Our study moved the face but maintained pupils looking directly ahead. Whilst the patterning of reaction times were slightly
different between Baylisss Head moves gaze cue and our Pupil cue, the significant results were the same: female participants
were more sensitive to pupil movement cues.
Baron-Cohen (1995) found that seeing a face with direct eye-contact engages the observers attention. Looking beyond significant
values (the males did not show significance but that does not mean there is no effect), if we look at the order of reaction times,
females respond more quickly to the female face, then the male pupil, the female pupil then the male face. Males have a similar
response but respond to their gender the quickest: same gender face (male), opposite gender pupil, same gender pupil, and the
longest response to female face. Because we used photographs with faces that do not shift pupils for the face cue, female and male
faces are looking directly at the participant: this could be another kind of cue. In the face cue, it could be possible that the face cue
is actually a gaze holding condition. When we look closer at validity, females take longer to shift their attention from a valid male
face to an object than the invalid trials. Men, however do not show this effect. We found that attention takes longer to shift from
the opposite sex. This effect is significant in females. Men show a similar pattern with no significance, and the validity condition
definitely overrides any possible effect. Further research could explore whether this was a unique outcome specific to the age
group/relationship status of participants (university students).
Male participants
F Valid Pupil 600.86
M Valid Pupil 608.777
M Valid face 609.389
F Valid face 612.77
F Invalid face 620.147
M Invalid face 620.245
M Invalid Pupil 621.355
F Invalid Pupil 629.907
Female participants
M Valid Pupil 592.328
F Valid Pupil 594.514
F Valid Face 597.335
F Invalid Face 603.651
M Invalid Face 608.584
M Valid Face 610.047
M Invalid Pupil 617.418
F Invalid Pupil 620.651
The superior temporal sulcus (STS) has been shown to be responsive to movements of hands and body as well as eyes and mouth.
It is also activated by static images of different postures of the face and body (Bayliss 2007). Hooker et al (2003, cited in Bayliss
2007) also showed that the STS is more responsive to eye movements providing meaningful directional information. The STS has
a number of projections into the amygdala. Lesions of the amygdala result in deficits in judgments of gaze direction and facial
expression (Young et al, 1995, cited in Bayliss 2007). There have also been studies showing that females have more connections
between the two hemispheres of the amygdala and these connections are responsible for heightened salience in facial/social cues
(Schultz, 2005).
The findings suggest that both females and the female social cue (both face and pupil) seemed to be either a natural physiological
development or conditioned drive which affects most differences in the validity variable. Because we were trying to detect sub-
attentional gaze shifts, it is likely that this effect is biologically linked.
The strength of this study is in the number of participants within a similar age group and demographic. Whilst it may not be
representative of the population, unique characteristics are likely to be exaggerated, allowing for significant effects to be seen.
One weakness of this study is that during the data consolidation, there was no recording of errors. From the outset, it looks as
though male and females had similar accuracy as comparable numbers of inaccurate participants were removed. However, as we
selected trials there was no way to tell how many error trials were removed from these analyses; it was a simple data select out
process. Whilst this is not likely to have large implications, quantifying error rates would rule out the possibility of false
confidence in male participants. Another thing to bear in mind is that we are testing for reflexes not social capacity. If the
participant instructions suggested that cues were likely to predict stimulus position, it would be interesting to see if males were
more sensitive to the stimulus.
The joint gaze paradigm is a strong one. The goal here was to look at patterning of responses and the face cue raised some
interesting questions. In the pupil response, both participant sexes had the same pattern: valid cues were fastest, with female valid
pupil first, then the male valid cue; male invalid cues were next with female invalid cues being the slowest. This suggests that the
pupil cue is a joint attention reflex, not significant in males but still possibly similar.
The face cue is the strangest outcome. Theoretically valid cues should have the quickest time. The male response times did not
show significance in many cases but we know that increased socialisation time increases socialisation reflexes (Lewing & Herlitz,
2002). If there is a chance that females have a higher socialisation rate to observing face cues or a greater salience towards a certain
cue, there will be an increased reflex. Also, Lewing & Herlitz (2002) found that females were significantly better at face
recognition and the effect is moderated by a same sex bias. The capacity to process facial recognition earlier, might free up
cognitive capacity for additional tasks.
Because we used healthy subjects, it is difficult to link this study directly to autism, however the capacity for women to either be
more conditioned in earlier childhood, might offer some kind of protective neurological effect (Schultz 2005).

References:
Baron-Cohen, S. Et. al. (1995). Are children with autism blind to the mentalistic significance of the eyes? British Journal of Developmental Psychology, Volume
13, Issue 4, pp. 379398
Bayliss, A et. al. (2005). Sex differences in eye gaze and symbolic cueing of attention. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A: Human
Experimental Psychology, Vol 58, Issue 4
Bayliss et. al. (2007). Gaze Cueing of Attention: Visual Attention, Social Cognition, and Individual Differences. Psychological Bulletin. Vol 133, Issue 4, pp.
694724.
Lewing C & Herlitz A (2002) Sex differences in face recognitionWomens faces make the difference. Brain and Cognition. Volume 50, Issue 1, pp. 121128.
Schultz RT, (2005) Developmental deficits in social perception in autism: the role of the amygdala and fusiform face area. International Journal of
Developmental Neuroscience. Volume 23, Issues 23, pp. 125141.

APPENDIX A: Participant files

40756835-1404-1.txt
40756835-1607-1.txt

APPENDIX B: Data output from SPSS

NEW FILE.
DATASET NAME DataSet1 WINDOW=FRONT.

SAVE OUTFILE='\\SBS-File1\stu-Home\s4075683\PSYC3302\Assignment 2 Data\40756835 Analysis.sav'
/COMPRESSED.
DATASET ACTIVATE DataSet1.
GLM FemaleInvalidFace FemaleInvalidPupil FemaleValidFace FemaleValidPupil MaleInvalidFace
MaleInvalidPupil MaleValidFace MaleValidPupil BY ParticipantSex
/WSFACTOR=CueSex 2 Polynomial CueValidity 2 Polynomial CueType 2 Polynomial
/METHOD=SSTYPE(3)
/EMMEANS=TABLES(OVERALL)
/EMMEANS=TABLES(ParticipantSex)
/EMMEANS=TABLES(CueSex)
/EMMEANS=TABLES(CueValidity)
/EMMEANS=TABLES(CueType)
/EMMEANS=TABLES(ParticipantSex*CueSex)
/EMMEANS=TABLES(ParticipantSex*CueValidity)
/EMMEANS=TABLES(ParticipantSex*CueType)
/EMMEANS=TABLES(CueSex*CueValidity)
/EMMEANS=TABLES(CueSex*CueType)
/EMMEANS=TABLES(CueValidity*CueType)
/EMMEANS=TABLES(ParticipantSex*CueSex*CueValidity)
/EMMEANS=TABLES(ParticipantSex*CueSex*CueType)
/EMMEANS=TABLES(ParticipantSex*CueValidity*CueType)
/EMMEANS=TABLES(CueSex*CueValidity*CueType)
/EMMEANS=TABLES(ParticipantSex*CueSex*CueValidity*CueType)
/PRINT=DESCRIPTIVE ETASQ OPOWER
/CRITERIA=ALPHA(.05)
/WSDESIGN=CueSex CueValidity CueType CueSex*CueValidity CueSex*CueType CueValidity*CueType
CueSex*CueValidity*CueType
/DESIGN=ParticipantSex.

General Linear Model
Notes
Output Created 14-OCT-2014 15:05:31
Comments

Input Data \\SBS-File1\stu-
Home\s4075683\PSYC3302\Assignment 2
Data\40756835 Analysis.sav
Active Dataset DataSet1
Filter <none>
Weight <none>
Split File <none>
N of Rows in Working Data File 133
Missing Value Handling Definition of Missing User-defined missing values are treated as
missing.
Cases Used Statistics are based on all cases with valid
data for all variables in the model.
Syntax GLM FemaleInvalidFace FemaleInvalidPupil
FemaleValidFace FemaleValidPupil
MaleInvalidFace
MaleInvalidPupil MaleValidFace
MaleValidPupil BY ParticipantSex
/WSFACTOR=CueSex 2 Polynomial
CueValidity 2 Polynomial CueType 2
Polynomial
/METHOD=SSTYPE(3)
/EMMEANS=TABLES(OVERALL)
/EMMEANS=TABLES(ParticipantSex)
/EMMEANS=TABLES(CueSex)
/EMMEANS=TABLES(CueValidity)
/EMMEANS=TABLES(CueType)

/EMMEANS=TABLES(ParticipantSex*CueS
ex)

/EMMEANS=TABLES(ParticipantSex*CueV
alidity)

/EMMEANS=TABLES(ParticipantSex*CueT
ype)

/EMMEANS=TABLES(CueSex*CueValidity)
/EMMEANS=TABLES(CueSex*CueType)

/EMMEANS=TABLES(CueValidity*CueType
)

ex*CueValidity)

ex*CueType)

/EMMEANS=TABLES(ParticipantSex*CueV
alidity*CueType)

/EMMEANS=TABLES(CueSex*CueValidity*
CueType)

ex*CueValidity*CueType)
Resources Processor Time 00:00:00.05
Elapsed Time 00:00:00.05

[DataSet1] \\SBS-File1\stu-Home\s4075683\PSYC3302\Assignment 2 Data\40756835 Analysis.sav

Within-Subjects Factors
Measure: MEASURE_1
CueSex CueValidity CueType
Dependent
Variable
1 1 1 FemaleInvalidFac
e
2 FemaleInvalidPupi
l
2 1 FemaleValidFace
2 FemaleValidPupil
2 1 1 MaleInvalidFace
2 MaleInvalidPupil
2 1 MaleValidFace
2 MaleValidPupil

Between-Subjects Factors

N
ParticipantSex 1.00 66
2.00 67

Descriptive Statistics

ParticipantSex Mean Std. Deviation N
FemaleInvalidFace 1.00 599.3485 102.37875 66
2.00 618.5608 114.10595 67
Total 609.0269 108.46361 133
FemaleInvalidPupil 1.00 620.1744 112.38197 66
2.00 629.9556 124.79465 67
Total 625.1018 118.44883 133
FemaleValidFace 1.00 595.2181 97.55855 66
2.00 614.2660 104.69005 67
Total 604.8137 101.28239 133
FemaleValidPupil 1.00 594.0742 106.65239 66
2.00 598.7944 97.66392 67
Total 596.4520 101.86229 133
MaleInvalidFace 1.00 609.8635 110.94538 66
2.00 619.4244 116.92110 67
Total 614.6799 113.66392 133
MaleInvalidPupil 1.00 617.6642 99.88527 66
2.00 621.5999 131.18825 67
Total 619.6468 116.28426 133
MaleValidFace 1.00 611.5168 109.38556 66
2.00 608.5711 118.66673 67
Total 610.0329 113.73231 133
MaleValidPupil 1.00 592.0943 97.98108 66
2.00 609.6603 103.43106 67
Total 600.9433 100.76770 133

Multivariate Tests
a

Effect Value F
Hypothesi
s df
Error
df Sig.
Partial Eta
Squared
Noncent.
Parameter
Observed
Power
c

CueSex Pillai's Trace
.009 1.138
b
1.000
131.00
0
.288 .009 1.138 .185
Wilks' Lambda
.991 1.138
b
1.000
131.00
0
.288 .009 1.138 .185
Hotelling's
Trace
.009 1.138
b
1.000
131.00
0
.288 .009 1.138 .185
Roy's Largest
Root
.009 1.138
b
1.000
131.00
0
.288 .009 1.138 .185
CueSex *
ParticipantSex
Pillai's Trace
.013 1.727
b
1.000
131.00
0
.191 .013 1.727 .257
Wilks' Lambda
.987 1.727
b
1.000
131.00
0
.191 .013 1.727 .257
Hotelling's
Trace
.013 1.727
b
1.000
131.00
0
.191 .013 1.727 .257
Roy's Largest
Root
.013 1.727
b
1.000
131.00
0
.191 .013 1.727 .257
CueValidity Pillai's Trace
.183
29.346
b

1.000
131.00
0
.000 .183 29.346 1.000
Wilks' Lambda
.817
29.346
b

1.000
131.00
0
.000 .183 29.346 1.000
Hotelling's
Trace
.224
29.346
b

1.000
131.00
0
.000 .183 29.346 1.000
Roy's Largest
Root
.224
29.346
b

1.000
131.00
0
.000 .183 29.346 1.000
CueValidity *
ParticipantSex
Pillai's Trace
.000 .039
b
1.000
131.00
0
.844 .000 .039 .054
Wilks' Lambda
1.000 .039
b
1.000
131.00
0
.844 .000 .039 .054
Hotelling's
Trace
.000 .039
b
1.000
131.00
0
.844 .000 .039 .054
Roy's Largest
Root
.000 .039
b
1.000
131.00
0
.844 .000 .039 .054
CueType Pillai's Trace
.002 .233
b
1.000
131.00
0
.630 .002 .233 .077
Wilks' Lambda
.998 .233
b
1.000
131.00
0
.630 .002 .233 .077
Hotelling's
Trace
.002 .233
b
1.000
131.00
0
.630 .002 .233 .077
Roy's Largest
Root
.002 .233
b
1.000
131.00
0
.630 .002 .233 .077
CueType *
ParticipantSex
Pillai's Trace
.003 .348
b
1.000
131.00
0
.556 .003 .348 .090
Wilks' Lambda
.997 .348
b
1.000
131.00
0
.556 .003 .348 .090
Hotelling's
Trace
.003 .348
b
1.000
131.00
0
.556 .003 .348 .090
Roy's Largest
Root
.003 .348
b
1.000
131.00
0
.556 .003 .348 .090
CueSex *
CueValidity
Pillai's Trace
.011 1.444
b
1.000
131.00
0
.232 .011 1.444 .222
Wilks' Lambda
.989 1.444
b
1.000
131.00
0
.232 .011 1.444 .222
Hotelling's
Trace
.011 1.444
b
1.000
131.00
0
.232 .011 1.444 .222
Roy's Largest
Root
.011 1.444
b
1.000
131.00
0
.232 .011 1.444 .222
CueSex *
CueValidity *
ParticipantSex
Pillai's Trace
.001 .162
b
1.000
131.00
0
.688 .001 .162 .068
Wilks' Lambda
.999 .162
b
1.000
131.00
0
.688 .001 .162 .068
Hotelling's
Trace
.001 .162
b
1.000
131.00
0
.688 .001 .162 .068
Roy's Largest
Root
.001 .162
b
1.000
131.00
0
.688 .001 .162 .068
CueSex * CueType Pillai's Trace
.016 2.096
b
1.000
131.00
0
.150 .016 2.096 .301
Wilks' Lambda
.984 2.096
b
1.000
131.00
0
.150 .016 2.096 .301
Hotelling's
Trace
.016 2.096
b
1.000
131.00
0
.150 .016 2.096 .301
Roy's Largest
Root
.016 2.096
b
1.000
131.00
0
.150 .016 2.096 .301
CueSex * CueType
* ParticipantSex
Pillai's Trace
.040 5.450
b
1.000
131.00
0
.021 .040 5.450 .640
Wilks' Lambda
.960 5.450
b
1.000
131.00
0
.021 .040 5.450 .640
Hotelling's
Trace
.042 5.450
b
1.000
131.00
0
.021 .040 5.450 .640
Roy's Largest
Root
.042 5.450
b
1.000
131.00
0
.021 .040 5.450 .640
CueValidity *
CueType
Pillai's Trace
.088
12.718
b

1.000
131.00
0
.001 .088 12.718 .943
Wilks' Lambda
.912
12.718
b

1.000
131.00
0
.001 .088 12.718 .943
Hotelling's
Trace
.097
12.718
b

1.000
131.00
0
.001 .088 12.718 .943
Roy's Largest
Root
.097
12.718
b

1.000
131.00
0
.001 .088 12.718 .943
CueValidity *
CueType *
ParticipantSex
Pillai's Trace
.007 .964
b
1.000
131.00
0
.328 .007 .964 .164
Wilks' Lambda
.993 .964
b
1.000
131.00
0
.328 .007 .964 .164
Hotelling's
Trace
.007 .964
b
1.000
131.00
0
.328 .007 .964 .164
Roy's Largest
Root
.007 .964
b
1.000
131.00
0
.328 .007 .964 .164
CueSex *
CueValidity *
CueType
Pillai's Trace
.013 1.760
b
1.000
131.00
0
.187 .013 1.760 .261
Wilks' Lambda
.987 1.760
b
1.000
131.00
0
.187 .013 1.760 .261
Hotelling's
Trace
.013 1.760
b
1.000
131.00
0
.187 .013 1.760 .261
Roy's Largest
Root
.013 1.760
b
1.000
131.00
0
.187 .013 1.760 .261
CueSex *
CueValidity *
CueType *
ParticipantSex
Pillai's Trace
.030 4.023
b
1.000
131.00
0
.047 .030 4.023 .512
Wilks' Lambda
.970 4.023
b
1.000
131.00
0
.047 .030 4.023 .512
Hotelling's
Trace
.031 4.023
b
1.000
131.00
0
.047 .030 4.023 .512
Roy's Largest
Root
.031 4.023
b
1.000
131.00
0
.047 .030 4.023 .512

a. Design: Intercept + ParticipantSex
Within Subjects Design: CueSex + CueValidity + CueType + CueSex * CueValidity + CueSex * CueType + CueValidity *
CueType + CueSex * CueValidity * CueType
b. Exact statistic
c. Computed using alpha = .05

Mauchly's Test of Sphericity
a

Measure: MEASURE_1
Within Subjects Effect Mauchly's W
Approx. Chi-
Square df Sig.
Epsilon
b

Greenhouse-
Geisser
CueSex 1.000 .000 0 . 1.000
CueValidity 1.000 .000 0 . 1.000
CueType 1.000 .000 0 . 1.000
CueSex * CueValidity 1.000 .000 0 . 1.000
CueSex * CueType 1.000 .000 0 . 1.000
CueValidity * CueType 1.000 .000 0 . 1.000
CueSex * CueValidity *
CueType
1.000 .000 0 . 1.000

Mauchly's Test of Sphericity
a

Measure: MEASURE_1
Within Subjects Effect
Epsilon
Huynh-Feldt Lower-bound
CueSex 1.000 1.000
CueValidity 1.000 1.000
CueType 1.000 1.000
CueSex * CueValidity 1.000 1.000
CueSex * CueType 1.000 1.000
CueValidity * CueType 1.000 1.000
CueSex * CueValidity * CueType 1.000 1.000

Tests the null hypothesis that the error covariance matrix of the orthonormalized transformed dependent variables is
proportional to an identity matrix.
a

a. Design: Intercept + ParticipantSex
Within Subjects Design: CueSex + CueValidity + CueType + CueSex * CueValidity + CueSex * CueType + CueValidity *
CueType + CueSex * CueValidity * CueType
b. May be used to adjust the degrees of freedom for the averaged tests of significance. Corrected tests are displayed in the
Tests of Within-Subjects Effects table.

Tests of Within-Subjects Effects
Measure: MEASURE_1
Source
Type III
Sum of
Squares df
Mean
Square F Sig.
Partial Eta
Squared
Noncent.
Parameter
Observed
Power
a

CueSex Sphericity
Assumed
1662.798 1 1662.798 1.138 .288 .009 1.138 .185
Greenhouse-
Geisser
1662.798 1.000 1662.798 1.138 .288 .009 1.138 .185
Huynh-Feldt 1662.798 1.000 1662.798 1.138 .288 .009 1.138 .185
Lower-bound 1662.798 1.000 1662.798 1.138 .288 .009 1.138 .185
CueSex *
ParticipantSex
Sphericity
Assumed
2524.226 1 2524.226 1.727 .191 .013 1.727 .257
Greenhouse-
Geisser
2524.226 1.000 2524.226 1.727 .191 .013 1.727 .257
Huynh-Feldt 2524.226 1.000 2524.226 1.727 .191 .013 1.727 .257
Lower-bound 2524.226 1.000 2524.226 1.727 .191 .013 1.727 .257
Error(CueSex) Sphericity
Assumed
191444.4
18
131 1461.408

Greenhouse-
Geisser
191444.4
18
131.0
00
1461.408

Huynh-Feldt 191444.4
18
131.0
00
1461.408

Lower-bound 191444.4
18
131.0
00
1461.408

CueValidity Sphericity
Assumed
52502.45
6
1
52502.45
6
29.34
6
.000 .183 29.346 1.000
Greenhouse-
Geisser
52502.45
6
1.000
52502.45
6
29.34
6
.000 .183 29.346 1.000
6
1.000
52502.45
6
29.34
6
.000 .183 29.346 1.000
6
1.000
52502.45
6
29.34
6
.000 .183 29.346 1.000
CueValidity *
ParticipantSex
Sphericity
Assumed
69.921 1 69.921 .039 .844 .000 .039 .054
Greenhouse-
Geisser
69.921 1.000 69.921 .039 .844 .000 .039 .054
Huynh-Feldt 69.921 1.000 69.921 .039 .844 .000 .039 .054
Lower-bound 69.921 1.000 69.921 .039 .844 .000 .039 .054
Error(CueValidity) Sphericity
Assumed
234366.4
87
131 1789.057

Greenhouse-
Geisser
234366.4
87
131.0
00
1789.057

87
131.0
00
1789.057

87
131.0
00
1789.057

CueType Sphericity
Assumed
218.328 1 218.328 .233 .630 .002 .233 .077
Greenhouse-
Geisser
218.328 1.000 218.328 .233 .630 .002 .233 .077
Huynh-Feldt 218.328 1.000 218.328 .233 .630 .002 .233 .077
Lower-bound 218.328 1.000 218.328 .233 .630 .002 .233 .077
CueType *
ParticipantSex
Sphericity
Assumed
327.145 1 327.145 .348 .556 .003 .348 .090
Greenhouse-
Geisser
327.145 1.000 327.145 .348 .556 .003 .348 .090
Huynh-Feldt 327.145 1.000 327.145 .348 .556 .003 .348 .090
Lower-bound 327.145 1.000 327.145 .348 .556 .003 .348 .090
Error(CueType) Sphericity
Assumed
122999.1
27
131 938.925

Greenhouse-
Geisser
122999.1
27
131.0
00
938.925

27
131.0
00
938.925

27
131.0
00
938.925

CueSex *
CueValidity
Sphericity
Assumed
1496.709 1 1496.709 1.444 .232 .011 1.444 .222
Greenhouse-
Geisser
1496.709 1.000 1496.709 1.444 .232 .011 1.444 .222
Huynh-Feldt 1496.709 1.000 1496.709 1.444 .232 .011 1.444 .222
Lower-bound 1496.709 1.000 1496.709 1.444 .232 .011 1.444 .222
CueSex *
CueValidity *
ParticipantSex
Sphericity
Assumed
167.536 1 167.536 .162 .688 .001 .162 .068
Greenhouse-
Geisser
167.536 1.000 167.536 .162 .688 .001 .162 .068
Huynh-Feldt 167.536 1.000 167.536 .162 .688 .001 .162 .068
Lower-bound 167.536 1.000 167.536 .162 .688 .001 .162 .068
Error(CueSex*Cue
Validity)
Sphericity
Assumed
135776.8
54
131 1036.465

Greenhouse-
Geisser
135776.8
54
131.0
00
1036.465

54
131.0
00
1036.465

54
131.0
00
1036.465

CueSex *
CueType
Sphericity
Assumed
2386.386 1 2386.386 2.096 .150 .016 2.096 .301
Greenhouse-
Geisser
2386.386 1.000 2386.386 2.096 .150 .016 2.096 .301
Huynh-Feldt 2386.386 1.000 2386.386 2.096 .150 .016 2.096 .301
Lower-bound 2386.386 1.000 2386.386 2.096 .150 .016 2.096 .301
CueSex *
CueType *
ParticipantSex
Sphericity
Assumed
6206.812 1 6206.812 5.450 .021 .040 5.450 .640
Greenhouse-
Geisser
6206.812 1.000 6206.812 5.450 .021 .040 5.450 .640
Huynh-Feldt 6206.812 1.000 6206.812 5.450 .021 .040 5.450 .640
Lower-bound 6206.812 1.000 6206.812 5.450 .021 .040 5.450 .640
Error(CueSex*Cue
Type)
Sphericity
Assumed
149182.6
90
131 1138.799

Greenhouse-
Geisser
149182.6
90
131.0
00
1138.799

90
131.0
00
1138.799

90
131.0
00
1138.799

CueValidity *
CueType
Sphericity
Assumed
24734.39
8
1
24734.39
8
12.71
8
.001 .088 12.718 .943
Greenhouse-
Geisser
24734.39
8
1.000
24734.39
8
12.71
8
.001 .088 12.718 .943
8
1.000
24734.39
8
12.71
8
.001 .088 12.718 .943
8
1.000
24734.39
8
12.71
8
.001 .088 12.718 .943
CueValidity *
CueType *
ParticipantSex
Sphericity
Assumed
1874.979 1 1874.979 .964 .328 .007 .964 .164
Greenhouse-
Geisser
1874.979 1.000 1874.979 .964 .328 .007 .964 .164
Huynh-Feldt 1874.979 1.000 1874.979 .964 .328 .007 .964 .164
Lower-bound 1874.979 1.000 1874.979 .964 .328 .007 .964 .164
Error(CueValidity*
CueType)
Sphericity
Assumed
254782.3
42
131 1944.903

Greenhouse-
Geisser
254782.3
42
131.0
00
1944.903

42
131.0
00
1944.903

42
131.0
00
1944.903

CueSex *
CueValidity *
CueType
Sphericity
Assumed
1751.128 1 1751.128 1.760 .187 .013 1.760 .261
Greenhouse-
Geisser
1751.128 1.000 1751.128 1.760 .187 .013 1.760 .261
Huynh-Feldt 1751.128 1.000 1751.128 1.760 .187 .013 1.760 .261
Lower-bound 1751.128 1.000 1751.128 1.760 .187 .013 1.760 .261
CueSex *
CueValidity *
CueType *
ParticipantSex
Sphericity
Assumed
4002.561 1 4002.561 4.023 .047 .030 4.023 .512
Greenhouse-
Geisser
4002.561 1.000 4002.561 4.023 .047 .030 4.023 .512
Huynh-Feldt 4002.561 1.000 4002.561 4.023 .047 .030 4.023 .512
Lower-bound 4002.561 1.000 4002.561 4.023 .047 .030 4.023 .512
Error(CueSex*Cue
Validity*CueType)
Sphericity
Assumed
130348.5
68
131 995.027

Greenhouse-
Geisser
130348.5
68
131.0
00
995.027

68
131.0
00
995.027

68
131.0
00
995.027

a. Computed using alpha = .05

Tests of Within-Subjects Contrasts
Measure: MEASURE_1
Source CueSex CueValidity CueType
Type III Sum of
Squares df
CueSex Linear

1662.798 1
CueSex * ParticipantSex Linear

2524.226 1
Error(CueSex) Linear

191444.418 131
CueValidity

Linear

52502.456 1
CueValidity * ParticipantSex

Linear

69.921 1
Error(CueValidity)

Linear

234366.487 131
CueType

Linear 218.328 1
CueType * ParticipantSex

Linear 327.145 1
Error(CueType)

Linear 122999.127 131
CueSex * CueValidity Linear Linear

1496.709 1
ParticipantSex
Linear Linear

167.536 1
Error(CueSex*CueValidity) Linear Linear

135776.854 131
CueSex * CueType Linear

Linear 2386.386 1
CueSex * CueType *
ParticipantSex
Linear

Linear
6206.812 1
Error(CueSex*CueType) Linear

Linear 149182.690 131
CueValidity * CueType

Linear Linear 24734.398 1
CueValidity * CueType *
ParticipantSex

Linear Linear
1874.979 1
Error(CueValidity*CueType)

Linear Linear 254782.342 131
CueType
Linear Linear Linear
1751.128 1
4002.561 1
Error(CueSex*CueValidity*CueT
ype)
130348.568 131

Measure: MEASURE_1
Source CueSex CueValidity CueType Mean Square F Sig.
CueSex Linear

1662.798 1.138 .288

2524.226 1.727 .191

1461.408

CueValidity

Linear

52502.456 29.346 .000

Linear

69.921 .039 .844
Error(CueValidity)

Linear

1789.057

CueType

Linear 218.328 .233 .630

Linear 327.145 .348 .556
Error(CueType)

Linear 938.925


1496.709 1.444 .232
ParticipantSex
Linear Linear

167.536 .162 .688

1036.465


Linear 2386.386 2.096 .150
CueSex * CueType *
ParticipantSex
Linear

Linear
6206.812 5.450 .021

Linear 1138.799


Linear Linear 24734.398 12.718 .001
ParticipantSex

Linear Linear
1874.979 .964 .328

Linear Linear 1944.903

CueType
1751.128 1.760 .187
4002.561 4.023 .047
Error(CueSex*CueValidity*Cue
Type)
995.027

Measure: MEASURE_1
Source CueSex CueValidity CueType Partial Eta Squared
Noncent.
Parameter
CueSex Linear

.009 1.138

.013 1.727

CueValidity

Linear

.183 29.346

Linear

.000 .039
Error(CueValidity)

Linear

CueType

Linear .002 .233

Linear .003 .348
Error(CueType)

Linear


.011 1.444
ParticipantSex
Linear Linear

.001 .162


Linear .016 2.096
CueSex * CueType *
ParticipantSex
Linear

Linear
.040 5.450

Linear


Linear Linear .088 12.718
ParticipantSex

Linear Linear
.007 .964

Linear Linear

CueSex * CueValidity * CueType Linear Linear Linear .013 1.760
CueSex * CueValidity * CueType
* ParticipantSex
.030 4.023
Error(CueSex*CueValidity*CueTy
pe)

Measure: MEASURE_1
Source CueSex CueValidity CueType Observed Power
a

CueSex Linear

.185

.257

CueValidity

Linear

1.000

Linear

.054
Error(CueValidity)

Linear

CueType

Linear .077

Linear .090
Error(CueType)

Linear


.222
CueSex * CueValidity * ParticipantSex Linear Linear

.068


Linear .301
CueSex * CueType * ParticipantSex Linear

Linear .640

Linear


Linear Linear .943
CueValidity * CueType * ParticipantSex

Linear Linear .164

Linear Linear

CueSex * CueValidity * CueType Linear Linear Linear .261
CueSex * CueValidity * CueType *
ParticipantSex
.512
Error(CueSex*CueValidity*CueType) Linear Linear Linear


Tests of Between-Subjects Effects
Measure: MEASURE_1
Transformed Variable: Average
Source
Type III Sum of
Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Partial Eta
Squared
Intercept 395955824.555 1 395955824.555 4547.882 .000 .972
ParticipantSex 27185.913 1 27185.913 .312 .577 .002
Error 11405356.489 131 87063.790

Tests of Between-Subjects Effects
Measure: MEASURE_1
Transformed Variable: Average
Source Noncent. Parameter Observed Power
a

Intercept 4547.882 1.000
ParticipantSex .312 .086
Error


Estimated Marginal Means

1. Grand Mean
Measure: MEASURE_1
Mean Std. Error
95% Confidence Interval
Lower Bound Upper Bound
610.049 9.046 592.154 627.944

2. ParticipantSex
Measure: MEASURE_1
ParticipantSex Mean Std. Error
1.00 604.994 12.841 579.592 630.397
2.00 615.104 12.745 589.892 640.317

3. CueSex
Measure: MEASURE_1
CueSex Mean Std. Error
1 608.799 8.975 591.044 626.554
2 611.299 9.266 592.969 629.630

4. CueValidity
Measure: MEASURE_1
CueValidity Mean Std. Error 95% Confidence Interval
1 617.074 9.583 598.116 636.032
2 603.024 8.671 585.871 620.178

5. CueType
Measure: MEASURE_1
CueType Mean Std. Error
1 609.596 9.143 591.510 627.683
2 610.502 9.046 592.606 628.398

6. ParticipantSex * CueSex
Measure: MEASURE_1
ParticipantSex CueSex Mean Std. Error
1.00 1 602.204 12.740 577.001 627.407
2 607.785 13.153 581.764 633.805
2.00 1 615.394 12.645 590.380 640.409
2 614.814 13.055 588.988 640.639

7. ParticipantSex * CueValidity
Measure: MEASURE_1
ParticipantSex CueValidity Mean Std. Error
1.00 1 611.763 13.604 584.851 638.674
2 598.226 12.309 573.876 622.575
2.00 1 622.385 13.502 595.676 649.095
2 607.823 12.217 583.656 631.990

8. ParticipantSex * CueType
Measure: MEASURE_1
ParticipantSex CueType Mean Std. Error
1.00 1 603.987 12.978 578.313 629.661
2 606.002 12.842 580.598 631.406
2.00 1 615.206 12.881 589.724 640.687
2 615.003 12.745 589.789 640.216

9. CueSex * CueValidity
Measure: MEASURE_1
CueSex CueValidity Mean Std. Error
1 1 617.010 9.644 597.932 636.088
2 600.588 8.564 583.646 617.530
2 1 617.138 9.752 597.847 636.429
2 605.461 9.055 587.547 623.374

10. CueSex * CueType
Measure: MEASURE_1
CueSex CueType Mean Std. Error
1 1 606.848 8.845 589.351 624.345
2 610.750 9.301 592.351 629.149
2 1 612.344 9.676 593.202 631.486
2 610.255 9.070 592.312 628.198

11. CueValidity * CueType
Measure: MEASURE_1
CueValidity CueType Mean Std. Error
1 1 611.799 9.441 593.124 630.475
2 622.349 10.015 602.537 642.160
2 1 607.393 9.116 589.360 625.426
2 598.656 8.507 581.826 615.485

12. ParticipantSex * CueSex * CueValidity
Measure: MEASURE_1
ParticipantSex CueSex CueValidity Mean Std. Error
1.00 1 1 609.761 13.690 582.680 636.843
2 594.646 12.157 570.596 618.696
2 1 613.764 13.843 586.380 641.148
2 601.806 12.854 576.377 627.234
2.00 1 1 624.258 13.587 597.380 651.137
2 606.530 12.066 582.661 630.400
2 1 620.512 13.739 593.333 647.691
2 609.116 12.758 583.878 634.354

13. ParticipantSex * CueSex * CueType
Measure: MEASURE_1
ParticipantSex CueSex CueType Mean Std. Error
1.00 1 1 597.283 12.555 572.446 622.121
2 607.124 13.203 581.006 633.242
2 1 610.690 13.736 583.518 637.863
2 604.879 12.875 579.409 630.350
2.00 1 1 616.413 12.461 591.762 641.065
2 614.375 13.104 588.453 640.297
2 1 613.998 13.633 587.029 640.967
2 615.630 12.779 590.350 640.910

14. ParticipantSex * CueValidity * CueType
Measure: MEASURE_1
ParticipantSex CueValidity CueType Mean Std. Error
1.00 1 1 604.606 13.401 578.096 631.116
2 618.919 14.216 590.796 647.043
2 1 603.367 12.940 577.769 628.966
2 593.084 12.076 569.195 616.974
2.00 1 1 618.993 13.301 592.681 645.304
2 625.778 14.110 597.865 653.690
2 1 611.419 12.843 586.012 636.826
2 604.227 11.986 580.517 627.938

15. CueSex * CueValidity * CueType
Measure: MEASURE_1
CueSex CueValidity CueType Mean Std. Error
1 1 1 608.955 9.404 590.352 627.557
2 625.065 10.301 604.686 645.444
2 1 604.742 8.777 587.380 622.104
2 596.434 8.864 578.899 613.970
2 1 1 614.644 9.885 595.089 634.199
2 619.632 10.120 599.612 639.653
2 1 610.044 9.899 590.462 629.626
2 600.877 8.738 583.592 618.162

16. ParticipantSex * CueSex * CueValidity * CueType
Measure: MEASURE_1
ParticipantSex CueSex CueValidity CueType Mean Std. Error
95% Confidence
Interval
Lower Bound
1.00 1 1 1 599.348 13.349 572.941
2 620.174 14.623 591.247
2 1 595.218 12.459 570.572
2 594.074 12.583 569.183
2 1 1 609.864 14.032 582.105
2 617.664 14.366 589.245
2 1 611.517 14.052 583.719
2 592.094 12.403 567.558
2.00 1 1 1 618.561 13.249 592.352
2 629.956 14.513 601.245
2 1 614.266 12.365 589.804
2 598.794 12.488 574.089
2 1 1 619.424 13.927 591.874
2 621.600 14.258 593.393
2 1 608.571 13.946 580.982
2 609.660 12.310 585.308

16. ParticipantSex * CueSex * CueValidity * CueType
Measure: MEASURE_1
ParticipantSex CueSex CueValidity CueType
Upper Bound
1.00 1 1 1 625.756
2 649.102
2 1 619.864
2 618.966
2 1 1 637.622
2 646.084
2 1 639.314
2 616.631
2.00 1 1 1 644.770
2 658.667
2 1 638.728
2 623.500
2 1 1 646.975
2 649.806
2 1 636.160
2 634.013

COMPUTE InvalidFace=(FemaleInvalidFace + MaleInvalidFace) / 2.
EXECUTE.
COMPUTE InvalidPupil=(FemaleInvalidPupil+MaleInvalidPupil) / 2.
EXECUTE.
COMPUTE ValidFace=(FemaleValidFace + MaleValidFace) / 2.
EXECUTE.
COMPUTE ValidPupil=(FemaleValidPupil+MaleValidPupil) / 2.
EXECUTE.
T-TEST PAIRS=InvalidFace ValidFace InvalidFace InvalidPupil WITH InvalidPupil ValidPupil ValidFace
ValidPupil (PAIRED)
/CRITERIA=CI(.9500)
/MISSING=ANALYSIS.

T-Test

Notes
Comments

Input Data \\SBS-File1\stu-
Home\s4075683\PSYC3302\Assignment 2
Data\40756835 Analysis.sav
Filter <none>
Weight <none>
Split File <none>
Missing Value Handling Definition of Missing User defined missing values are treated as
missing.
Cases Used Statistics for each analysis are based on the
cases with no missing or out-of-range data
for any variable in the analysis.
Syntax T-TEST PAIRS=InvalidFace ValidFace
InvalidFace InvalidPupil WITH InvalidPupil
ValidPupil ValidFace
ValidPupil (PAIRED)
/CRITERIA=CI(.9500)
/MISSING=ANALYSIS.

Paired Samples Statistics

Mean N Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Pair 1 InvalidFace 611.8534 133 108.69717 9.42524
InvalidPupil 622.3743 133 115.10720 9.98106
Pair 2 ValidFace 607.4233 133 104.80534 9.08778
ValidPupil 598.6977 133 97.89551 8.48862
Pair 3 InvalidFace 611.8534 133 108.69717 9.42524
ValidFace 607.4233 133 104.80534 9.08778
Pair 4 InvalidPupil 622.3743 133 115.10720 9.98106
ValidPupil 598.6977 133 97.89551 8.48862

Paired Samples Correlations

N Correlation Sig.
Pair 1 InvalidFace & InvalidPupil 133 .940 .000
Pair 2 ValidFace & ValidPupil 133 .937 .000
Pair 3 InvalidFace & ValidFace 133 .942 .000
Pair 4 InvalidPupil & ValidPupil 133 .908 .000

Paired Samples Test

Paired Differences
Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Lower
Pair 1 InvalidFace - InvalidPupil -10.52092 39.11921 3.39207 -17.23076
Pair 2 ValidFace - ValidPupil 8.72560 36.71990 3.18402 2.42730
Pair 3 InvalidFace - ValidFace 4.43011 36.62398 3.17570 -1.85174
Pair 4 InvalidPupil - ValidPupil 23.67663 48.77593 4.22941 15.31044

Paired Samples Test

Paired Differences
t df Sig. (2-tailed)
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Upper
Pair 1 InvalidFace - InvalidPupil -3.81108 -3.102 132 .002
Pair 2 ValidFace - ValidPupil 15.02391 2.740 132 .007
Pair 3 InvalidFace - ValidFace 10.71196 1.395 132 .165
Pair 4 InvalidPupil - ValidPupil 32.04282 5.598 132 .000

GET
FILE='H:\PSYC3302\Assignment 2 Data\40756835 Analysis.sav'.
DATASET NAME DataSet1 WINDOW=FRONT.
COMPUTE FemaleFace=(FemaleInvalidFace + FemaleValidFace).
EXECUTE.
COMPUTE FemalePupil=(FemaleInvalidPupil + FemaleValidPupil) / 2.
EXECUTE.
COMPUTE FemaleFace=(FemaleInvalidFace + FemaleValidFace) / 2.
EXECUTE.
COMPUTE MaleFace=(MaleInvalidFace + MaleValidFace) / 2.
EXECUTE.
COMPUTE MalePupil=(MaleInvalidPupil + MaleValidPupil) / 2.
EXECUTE.
T-TEST GROUPS=ParticipantSex(1 2)
/MISSING=ANALYSIS
/VARIABLES=FemaleFace FemalePupil MaleFace MalePupil
/CRITERIA=CI(.95).

T-Test

Notes
Comments

Input Data H:\PSYC3302\Assignment 2 Data\40756835
Analysis.sav
Filter <none>
Weight <none>
Split File <none>
missing.
Syntax T-TEST GROUPS=ParticipantSex(1 2)
/MISSING=ANALYSIS
/VARIABLES=FemaleFace FemalePupil
MaleFace MalePupil
/CRITERIA=CI(.95).

[DataSet1] H:\PSYC3302\Assignment 2 Data\40756835 Analysis.sav

Group Statistics

ParticipantSex N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
FemaleFace 1.00 66 597.2833 97.13468 11.95645
2.00 67 616.4134 106.57357 13.02003
FemalePupil 1.00 66 607.1243 105.74972 13.01689
2.00 67 614.3750 108.72440 13.28280
MaleFace 1.00 66 610.6902 107.53010 13.23604
2.00 67 613.9978 115.44690 14.10408
MalePupil 1.00 66 604.8792 94.18371 11.59321
2.00 67 615.6301 113.93061 13.91884

Independent Samples Test

Levene's Test for Equality of Variances
t-test for Equality of
Means
F Sig. t df
FemaleFace Equal variances assumed .004 .951 -1.081 131
Equal variances not assumed

-1.082 130.220
FemalePupil Equal variances assumed .001 .974 -.390 131

-.390 130.979
MaleFace Equal variances assumed .436 .510 -.171 131

-.171 130.593
MalePupil Equal variances assumed .060 .808 -.593 131

-.593 127.185


t-test for Equality of Means
Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Difference Std. Error Difference
FemaleFace Equal variances assumed .281 -19.13010 17.68944
Equal variances not assumed .281 -19.13010 17.67705
FemalePupil Equal variances assumed .697 -7.25074 18.60155
MaleFace Equal variances assumed .865 -3.30759 19.35252
MalePupil Equal variances assumed .554 -10.75084 18.14037


95% Confidence Interval of the Difference
Lower Upper
FemaleFace Equal variances assumed -54.12402 15.86382
Equal variances not assumed -54.10147 15.84127
FemalePupil Equal variances assumed -44.04904 29.54755
MaleFace Equal variances assumed -41.59150 34.97632
MalePupil Equal variances assumed -46.63683 25.13514

SPLIT FILE SEPARATE BY ParticipantSex.
T-TEST PAIRS=FemaleFace MaleFace FemaleFace FemalePupil WITH FemalePupil MalePupil MaleFace MalePupil (PAIRED)
/CRITERIA=CI(.9500)
/MISSING=ANALYSIS.

T-Test

Notes
Comments

Analysis.sav
Filter <none>
Weight <none>
Split File ParticipantSex
missing.
Syntax T-TEST PAIRS=FemaleFace MaleFace
FemaleFace FemalePupil WITH
FemalePupil MalePupil MaleFace MalePupil
(PAIRED)
/CRITERIA=CI(.9500)
/MISSING=ANALYSIS.

ParticipantSex = 1.00

a

Pair 1 FemaleFace 597.2833 66 97.13468 11.95645
FemalePupil 607.1243 66 105.74972 13.01689
Pair 2 MaleFace 610.6902 66 107.53010 13.23604
MalePupil 604.8792 66 94.18371 11.59321
Pair 3 FemaleFace 597.2833 66 97.13468 11.95645
MaleFace 610.6902 66 107.53010 13.23604
Pair 4 FemalePupil 607.1243 66 105.74972 13.01689
MalePupil 604.8792 66 94.18371 11.59321

a. ParticipantSex = 1.00

a

N Correlation Sig.
Pair 1 FemaleFace & FemalePupil 66 .953 .000
Pair 2 MaleFace & MalePupil 66 .941 .000
Pair 3 FemaleFace & MaleFace 66 .944 .000
Pair 4 FemalePupil & MalePupil 66 .926 .000


Paired Samples Test
a

Paired Differences
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Lower
Pair 1 FemaleFace - FemalePupil -9.84098 32.20925 3.96468 -17.75901
Pair 2 MaleFace - MalePupil 5.81094 37.18506 4.57716 -3.33029
Pair 3 FemaleFace - MaleFace -13.40686 35.64061 4.38706 -22.16842
Pair 4 FemalePupil - MalePupil 2.24507 40.00880 4.92474 -7.59033

Paired Samples Test
a

Paired Differences
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Upper
Pair 1 FemaleFace - FemalePupil -1.92296 -2.482 65 .016
Pair 2 MaleFace - MalePupil 14.95217 1.270 65 .209
Pair 3 FemaleFace - MaleFace -4.64530 -3.056 65 .003
Pair 4 FemalePupil - MalePupil 12.08046 .456 65 .650



a

Pair 1 FemaleFace 616.4134 67 106.57357 13.02003
FemalePupil 614.3750 67 108.72440 13.28280
Pair 2 MaleFace 613.9978 67 115.44690 14.10408
MalePupil 615.6301 67 113.93061 13.91884
Pair 3 FemaleFace 616.4134 67 106.57357 13.02003
MaleFace 613.9978 67 115.44690 14.10408
Pair 4 FemalePupil 614.3750 67 108.72440 13.28280
MalePupil 615.6301 67 113.93061 13.91884


a

N Correlation Sig.
Pair 1 FemaleFace & FemalePupil 67 .962 .000
Pair 2 MaleFace & MalePupil 67 .968 .000
Pair 3 FemaleFace & MaleFace 67 .954 .000
Pair 4 FemalePupil & MalePupil 67 .956 .000


Paired Samples Test
a

Paired Differences
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Lower
Pair 1 FemaleFace - FemalePupil 2.03837 29.91975 3.65528 -5.25963
Pair 2 MaleFace - MalePupil -1.63231 29.07370 3.55192 -8.72395
Pair 3 FemaleFace - MaleFace 2.41565 34.92222 4.26643 -6.10255
Pair 4 FemalePupil - MalePupil -1.25503 33.37659 4.07760 -9.39623

Paired Samples Test
a

Paired Differences
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Upper
Pair 1 FemaleFace - FemalePupil 9.33637 .558 66 .579
Pair 2 MaleFace - MalePupil 5.45932 -.460 66 .647
Pair 3 FemaleFace - MaleFace 10.93385 .566 66 .573
Pair 4 FemalePupil - MalePupil 6.88616 -.308 66 .759


SPLIT FILE OFF.
T-TEST GROUPS=ParticipantSex(1 2)
/MISSING=ANALYSIS
/VARIABLES=FemaleInvalidFace FemaleInvalidPupil FemaleValidFace FemaleValidPupil MaleInvalidFace MaleInvalidPupil MaleValidFace MaleValidPupil
/CRITERIA=CI(.95).

T-Test

Notes
Comments

Analysis.sav
Filter <none>
Weight <none>
Split File <none>
missing.
Syntax T-TEST GROUPS=ParticipantSex(1 2)
/MISSING=ANALYSIS
/VARIABLES=FemaleInvalidFace
FemaleInvalidPupil FemaleValidFace
FemaleValidPupil MaleInvalidFace
MaleInvalidPupil MaleValidFace
MaleValidPupil
/CRITERIA=CI(.95).

Group Statistics

ParticipantSex N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
FemaleInvalidFace 1.00 66 599.3485 102.37875 12.60195
2.00 67 618.5608 114.10595 13.94026
FemaleInvalidPupil 1.00 66 620.1744 112.38197 13.83326
2.00 67 629.9556 124.79465 15.24609
FemaleValidFace 1.00 66 595.2181 97.55855 12.00863
2.00 67 614.2660 104.69005 12.78993
FemaleValidPupil 1.00 66 594.0742 106.65239 13.12800
2.00 67 598.7944 97.66392 11.93155
MaleInvalidFace 1.00 66 609.8635 110.94538 13.65643
2.00 67 619.4244 116.92110 14.28419
MaleInvalidPupil 1.00 66 617.6642 99.88527 12.29503
2.00 67 621.5999 131.18825 16.02720
MaleValidFace 1.00 66 611.5168 109.38556 13.46443
2.00 67 608.5711 118.66673 14.49745
MaleValidPupil 1.00 66 592.0943 97.98108 12.06064
2.00 67 609.6603 103.43106 12.63612


Levene's Test for Equality of Variances
t-test for
Equality of
Means
F Sig. t
FemaleInvalidFace Equal variances assumed .054 .816 -1.022

-1.022
FemaleInvalidPupil Equal variances assumed .131 .718 -.475

-.475
FemaleValidFace Equal variances assumed .004 .950 -1.085

-1.086
FemaleValidPupil Equal variances assumed .701 .404 -.266

-.266
MaleInvalidFace Equal variances assumed .540 .464 -.484

-.484
MaleInvalidPupil Equal variances assumed .278 .599 -.194

-.195
MaleValidFace Equal variances assumed .240 .625 .149

.149
MaleValidPupil Equal variances assumed .015 .901 -1.005

-1.006


df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Difference
FemaleInvalidFace Equal variances assumed 131 .309 -19.21231
Equal variances not assumed 129.878 .309 -19.21231
FemaleInvalidPupil Equal variances assumed 131 .636 -9.78126
FemaleValidFace Equal variances assumed 131 .280 -19.04789
FemaleValidPupil Equal variances assumed 131 .790 -4.72023
MaleInvalidFace Equal variances assumed 131 .629 -9.56088
MaleInvalidPupil Equal variances assumed 131 .846 -3.93570
MaleValidFace Equal variances assumed 131 .882 2.94570
Equal variances not assumed 130.429 .882 2.94570
MaleValidPupil Equal variances assumed 131 .317 -17.56599


Std. Error
Difference
95% Confidence Interval of the
Difference
Lower Upper
FemaleInvalidFace Equal variances assumed 18.80741 -56.41784 17.99323
Equal variances not assumed 18.79202 -56.39040 17.96579
FemaleInvalidPupil Equal variances assumed 20.60275 -50.53842 30.97590
FemaleValidFace Equal variances assumed 17.55329 -53.77249 15.67670
FemaleValidPupil Equal variances assumed 17.72816 -39.79077 30.35030
MaleInvalidFace Equal variances assumed 19.76984 -48.67033 29.54857
MaleInvalidPupil Equal variances assumed 20.24072 -43.97668 36.10528
MaleValidFace Equal variances assumed 19.79771 -36.21889 42.11029
MaleValidPupil Equal variances assumed 17.47514 -52.13598 17.00401

SPLIT FILE SEPARATE BY ParticipantSex.
T-TEST PAIRS=FemaleValidFace FemaleInvalidFace ValidFace WITH MaleValidFace MaleInvalidFace InvalidFace (PAIRED)
/CRITERIA=CI(.9500)
/MISSING=ANALYSIS.

T-Test

Notes
Comments

Analysis.sav
Filter <none>
Weight <none>
missing.
Syntax T-TEST PAIRS=FemaleValidFace
FemaleInvalidFace ValidFace WITH
MaleValidFace MaleInvalidFace InvalidFace
(PAIRED)
/CRITERIA=CI(.9500)
/MISSING=ANALYSIS.


a

Pair 1 FemaleValidFace 595.2181 66 97.55855 12.00863
MaleValidFace 611.5168 66 109.38556 13.46443
Pair 2 FemaleInvalidFace 599.3485 66 102.37875 12.60195
MaleInvalidFace 609.8635 66 110.94538 13.65643
Pair 3 ValidFace 603.3675 66 100.60829 12.38402
InvalidFace 604.6060 66 103.68228 12.76241


a

N Correlation Sig.
Pair 1 FemaleValidFace &
MaleValidFace
66 .890 .000
Pair 2 FemaleInvalidFace &
MaleInvalidFace
66 .890 .000
Pair 3 ValidFace & InvalidFace 66 .952 .000


Paired Samples Test
a

Paired Differences
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Lower
Pair 1 FemaleValidFace -
MaleValidFace
-16.29869 49.77582 6.12698 -28.53512
Pair 2 FemaleInvalidFace -
MaleInvalidFace
-10.51503 50.79874 6.25289 -23.00291
Pair 3 ValidFace - InvalidFace -1.23854 31.91558 3.92854 -9.08437

Paired Samples Test
a

Paired Differences
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Upper
Pair 1 FemaleValidFace - MaleValidFace -4.06227 -2.660 65 .010
MaleInvalidFace
1.97286 -1.682 65 .097
Pair 3 ValidFace - InvalidFace 6.60728 -.315 65 .754



a

Pair 1 FemaleValidFace 614.2660 67 104.69005 12.78993
MaleValidFace 608.5711 67 118.66673 14.49745
Pair 2 FemaleInvalidFace 618.5608 67 114.10595 13.94026
MaleInvalidFace 619.4244 67 116.92110 14.28419
Pair 3 ValidFace 611.4186 67 109.39379 13.36458
InvalidFace 618.9926 67 113.74862 13.89661


a

N Correlation Sig.
Pair 1 FemaleValidFace &
MaleValidFace
67 .919 .000
Pair 2 FemaleInvalidFace &
MaleInvalidFace
67 .939 .000
Pair 3 ValidFace & InvalidFace 67 .934 .000


Paired Samples Test
a

Paired Differences
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Lower
Pair 1 FemaleValidFace -
MaleValidFace
5.69490 47.07011 5.75053 -5.78641
MaleInvalidFace
-.86360 40.32900 4.92697 -10.70061
Pair 3 ValidFace - InvalidFace -7.57404 40.73378 4.97642 -17.50979

Paired Samples Test
a

Paired Differences
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Upper
Pair 1 FemaleValidFace - MaleValidFace 17.17620 .990 66 .326
MaleInvalidFace
8.97342 -.175 66 .861
Pair 3 ValidFace - InvalidFace 2.36171 -1.522 66 .133


T-TEST PAIRS=FemaleInvalidPupil MaleInvalidPupil FemaleInvalidPupil FemaleValidPupil WITH FemaleValidPupil MaleValidPupil MaleInvalidPupil MaleValidPupil (PAIRED)
/CRITERIA=CI(.9500)
/MISSING=ANALYSIS.

T-Test

Notes
Comments

Analysis.sav
Filter <none>
Weight <none>
missing.
Syntax T-TEST PAIRS=FemaleInvalidPupil
MaleInvalidPupil FemaleInvalidPupil
FemaleValidPupil WITH FemaleValidPupil
MaleValidPupil MaleInvalidPupil
MaleValidPupil (PAIRED)
/CRITERIA=CI(.9500)
/MISSING=ANALYSIS.


a

Pair 1 FemaleInvalidPupil 620.1744 66 112.38197 13.83326
FemaleValidPupil 594.0742 66 106.65239 13.12800
Pair 2 MaleInvalidPupil 617.6642 66 99.88527 12.29503
MaleValidPupil 592.0943 66 97.98108 12.06064
MaleInvalidPupil 617.6642 66 99.88527 12.29503
Pair 4 FemaleValidPupil 594.0742 66 106.65239 13.12800
MaleValidPupil 592.0943 66 97.98108 12.06064


a

N Correlation Sig.
Pair 1 FemaleInvalidPupil &
FemaleValidPupil
66 .865 .000
Pair 2 MaleInvalidPupil &
MaleValidPupil
66 .813 .000
MaleInvalidPupil
66 .902 .000
Pair 4 FemaleValidPupil &
MaleValidPupil
66 .850 .000


Paired Samples Test
a

Paired Differences
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Lower
Pair 1 FemaleInvalidPupil -
FemaleValidPupil
26.10021 57.24394 7.04624 12.02789
Pair 2 MaleInvalidPupil -
MaleValidPupil
25.56989 60.60063 7.45942 10.67240
MaleInvalidPupil
2.51022 48.62864 5.98577 -9.44419
Pair 4 FemaleValidPupil -
MaleValidPupil
1.97991 56.59232 6.96603 -11.93222

Paired Samples Test
a

Paired Differences
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Upper
FemaleValidPupil
40.17252 3.704 65 .000
Pair 2 MaleInvalidPupil - MaleValidPupil 40.46739 3.428 65 .001
MaleInvalidPupil
14.46463 .419 65 .676
Pair 4 FemaleValidPupil - MaleValidPupil 15.89204 .284 65 .777



a

FemaleValidPupil 598.7944 67 97.66392 11.93155
MaleValidPupil 609.6603 67 103.43106 12.63612
MaleInvalidPupil 621.5999 67 131.18825 16.02720
Pair 4 FemaleValidPupil 598.7944 67 97.66392 11.93155
MaleValidPupil 609.6603 67 103.43106 12.63612


a

N Correlation Sig.
FemaleValidPupil
67 .910 .000
Pair 2 MaleInvalidPupil &
MaleValidPupil
67 .885 .000
MaleInvalidPupil
67 .944 .000
Pair 4 FemaleValidPupil &
MaleValidPupil
67 .892 .000


Paired Samples Test
a

Paired Differences
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Lower
FemaleValidPupil
31.16123 54.22101 6.62415 17.93569
Pair 2 MaleInvalidPupil -
MaleValidPupil
11.93961 62.41757 7.62552 -3.28524
MaleInvalidPupil
8.35578 43.18735 5.27617 -2.17844
Pair 4 FemaleValidPupil -
MaleValidPupil
-10.86585 47.06044 5.74935 -22.34479

Paired Samples Test
a

Paired Differences
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Upper
FemaleValidPupil
44.38677 4.704 66 .000
Pair 2 MaleInvalidPupil - MaleValidPupil 27.16445 1.566 66 .122
MaleInvalidPupil
18.89000 1.584 66 .118
Pair 4 FemaleValidPupil - MaleValidPupil .61309 -1.890 66 .063


T-TEST PAIRS=FemaleInvalidPupil MaleInvalidPupil FemaleInvalidPupil MaleInvalidPupil WITH ValidPupil ValidPupil InvalidPupil InvalidPupil (PAIRED)
/CRITERIA=CI(.9500)
/MISSING=ANALYSIS.

T-Test

Notes
Comments

Analysis.sav
Filter <none>
Weight <none>
missing.
Syntax T-TEST PAIRS=FemaleInvalidPupil
MaleInvalidPupil FemaleInvalidPupil
MaleInvalidPupil WITH ValidPupil ValidPupil
InvalidPupil InvalidPupil (PAIRED)
/CRITERIA=CI(.9500)
/MISSING=ANALYSIS.


a

ValidPupil 593.0842 66 98.42174 12.11488
ValidPupil 593.0842 66 98.42174 12.11488
InvalidPupil 618.9193 66 103.49976 12.73994
InvalidPupil 618.9193 66 103.49976 12.73994


a

N Correlation Sig.
Pair 1 FemaleInvalidPupil & ValidPupil 66 .881 .000
Pair 2 MaleInvalidPupil & ValidPupil 66 .851 .000
InvalidPupil
66 .978 .000
Pair 4 MaleInvalidPupil & InvalidPupil 66 .972 .000


Paired Samples Test
a

Paired Differences
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Lower
Pair 1 FemaleInvalidPupil - ValidPupil 27.09016 53.24076 6.55348 14.00195
Pair 2 MaleInvalidPupil - ValidPupil 24.57994 54.13937 6.66410 11.27082
InvalidPupil
1.25511 24.31432 2.99289 -4.72210
Pair 4 MaleInvalidPupil - InvalidPupil -1.25511 24.31432 2.99289 -7.23232

Paired Samples Test
a

Paired Differences
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Upper
Pair 1 FemaleInvalidPupil - ValidPupil 40.17837 4.134 65 .000
Pair 2 MaleInvalidPupil - ValidPupil 37.88906 3.688 65 .000
Pair 3 FemaleInvalidPupil - InvalidPupil 7.23232 .419 65 .676
Pair 4 MaleInvalidPupil - InvalidPupil 4.72210 -.419 65 .676



a

ValidPupil 604.2273 67 97.79797 11.94792
ValidPupil 604.2273 67 97.79797 11.94792
InvalidPupil 625.7778 67 126.19724 15.41745
InvalidPupil 625.7778 67 126.19724 15.41745


a

N Correlation Sig.
Pair 1 FemaleInvalidPupil & ValidPupil 67 .936 .000
Pair 2 MaleInvalidPupil & ValidPupil 67 .902 .000
InvalidPupil
67 .985 .000
Pair 4 MaleInvalidPupil & InvalidPupil 67 .987 .000


Paired Samples Test
a

Paired Differences
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Lower
Pair 1 FemaleInvalidPupil - ValidPupil 25.72831 47.86586 5.84775 14.05291
Pair 2 MaleInvalidPupil - ValidPupil 17.37253 60.21185 7.35605 2.68571
InvalidPupil
4.17789 21.59367 2.63809 -1.08922
Pair 4 MaleInvalidPupil - InvalidPupil -4.17789 21.59367 2.63809 -9.44500

Paired Samples Test
a

Paired Differences
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Upper
Pair 1 FemaleInvalidPupil - ValidPupil 37.40371 4.400 66 .000
Pair 2 MaleInvalidPupil - ValidPupil 32.05935 2.362 66 .021
Pair 3 FemaleInvalidPupil - InvalidPupil 9.44500 1.584 66 .118
Pair 4 MaleInvalidPupil - InvalidPupil 1.08922 -1.584 66 .118


Emily Mcconochie - Psyc3302 Assign 2 FN

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PSYC 3302:

Gender differences in Posner cue test within UQ student population.

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