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Culture Documents
C S
HI DNG HC
MC LC
Li gii thiu ............................................................................................................ 3
Chng 1. HNH THI HC I DNG TH GII......................................... 3
1.1. Phn b lc a v nc trn Tri t ............................................................... 3
1.2. i dng Th gii v cc bin......................................................................... 4
Chng 2. Y I DNG ................................................................................ 6
2.1. a hnh y i dng v cc bin................................................................... 6
2.2. Nhng dng a hnh ln ca y i dng ..................................................... 7
2.3. Trm tch y i dng.................................................................................. 10
Chng 3. NHNG C TRNG VT L CA NC BIN ........................ 12
3.1. Nhng c im ca cc tnh cht l hc ca nc tinh khit......................... 12
3.2. Thnh phn ha hc v mui ca nc bin............................................... 12
3.3. Nhng c trng vt l ca nc bin............................................................. 13
3.4. Nhng c trng m hc ca nc bin v s truyn m trong nc bin...... 20
3.5. Nhng c trng quang hc ca nc bin v s truyn bc x nh sng trong
bin ................................................................................................................. 25
Chng 4. CH NHIT MUI V NHNG QU TRNH XO TRN
TRONG I DNG................................................................................... 32
4.1. Cn bng nhit ca i dng.......................................................................... 32
4.2. Phn b khng gian ca nhit nc trong i dng.................................. 33
4.3. Bin ng thi gian ca nhit nc bin .................................................... 35
4.4. Phn b mui trong i dng.................................................................... 36
4.5. Khi nim v cc khi nc i dng v nhng phng php phn tch cc
khi nc ........................................................................................................ 37
4.6. S xo trn ca nc bin ............................................................................... 41
4.7. n nh ca cc lp nc bin theo phng thng ng............................ 44
Chng 5. SNG BIN ......................................................................................... 46
5.1. Nhng khi nim chung v sng bin.............................................................. 46
5.2. C s l thuyt c in v sng bin ............................................................... 49
5.3. S pht trin ca sng gi................................................................................ 56
5.4. S a dng ca sng gi. Cc hm phn b cc yu t sng gi ..................... 58
5.5. Sng ven b ..................................................................................................... 60
Chng 6. THY TRIU....................................................................................... 62
6.1. Mc nc i dng v bin ng ca n....................................................... 62
6.2. Dao ng thy triu ca mc nc bin .......................................................... 63
6.3. C s l thuyt thy triu ................................................................................ 66
6.4. Khi nim v cc phng php phn tch iu ha v d tnh thy triu ........ 75
6.5. Khi nim v cc phng php tnh phn b thy triu trong khng gian ...... 77
Li gii thiu
Cun C s hi dng hc c bin son vi mc ch lm
ti liu tham kho cho nhng ngi lm cng tc kh tng thy
vn. N cng p ng c yu cu hc tp ca sinh vin ngnh kh
tng thy vn.
Ni dung cun sch gm 7 chng, chng 1 v 2 khi qut v
hnh thi hc v a hnh y ca i dng v bin, chng 3 v 4
trnh by nhng tnh cht vt l ca nc i dng v cc qu trnh
lin quaqn vi chng.
Phn ng lc nc i dng c trnh by trong cc
chng 5, 6, 7. y ch trng n bn cht v c ch ca cc qu
trnh ng lc c bn trong bin nh sng, thy triu v dng chy,
cn cc phng php tnh ton chng ch dng li nhng khi
nim v c s ca phng php.
S dng ti liu ny kt hp vi cun Bi tp hi dng hc
vt l (Trng i hc tng hp H Ni, 1984), bn c c th nm
c nhng ni dung c bn v hi dng hc.
B mn Hi dng hc
Trng i hc tng hp H Ni
178,7
91,6
76,2
14,8
361,3
%
49,5
25,4
21,0
4,1
100
Th tch,
106 km3
su
trung bnh,
m
707,1
330,1
284,6
16,7
1338,5
3957
3602
3736
1131
3704
a Trung Hi, Hng Hi, vnh Mch Xch l nhng bin in hnh
loi ny. Nhm bin nm gia cc lc a v c cng thuc loi
nhng bin gia cc lc a. su ca cc bin ny thng rt ln
(a Trung Hi ti 4500 m, bin Bnga ti 7400 m, vnh Mch Xch
ti 3600 m...).
Cc bin bn trong lc a c ng vin b thuc cng mt
lc a: bin Ban Tch, Bch Hi, Adp, vnh Htxn v.v... y
thng l nhng bin nng nm gn trong nhng vng thm lc a,
iu kin t nhin gn cht vi t nhin ca t lin bao quanh.
Cc bin gia cc o c bao quanh bng chui o hay
vng cung o tng i kn. Thuc vo s cc bin ny gm c cc
bin nm gia cc lc a v c nh bin Sulavexi, Bnga, Sulu
v mt s bin c lp nh bin Philippin, Phitgi, Xlmn v.v...
Ngoi ra, trong sch bo a l v hi dng hc cn tn ti
nhng tn gi bin nm phn khi i dng khng c bin r rt.
Bin Sagax c o thuc loi , n khng c b, nc rt trong
vi nhit cao v nhng loi ng thc vt c bit. C nhng bin
khng lin quan vi i dng nh Caxpi v Aran, l nhng bin kn,
cng cn gi l nhng bin h. Nc ca nhng bin ny rt khc vi
nc i dng.
Mt s bin thc s, nhng theo tp qun lch s v hng hi
li c gi l vnh nh vnh Htxn, vnh Mch Xch, vnh Pch
Xch..., trong khi mt s vng vi nhng iu kin a l ca mt
vnh bin th li c gi l bin.
5
Chng 2. Y I DNG
2.1. a hnh y i dng v cc bin
Hnh 1. Hnh nghing bao qut ca y i dng (theo Lenchep O.). Phn ra
lc a di nc: 1 thm lc a; 2 sn lc a; 3 chn lc a. i chuyn
tip: 4 lng cho bin ven; 5 vng cung o; 6 rnh su. Phn lng y i
dng: 7 bnh nguyn su; 8 dy ni gia i dng; 9 a hnh i di su
Cc cu hi t kim tra
1) M t hnh nghing tng qut ca y i dng.
2) K tn v m t nhng dng a hnh ln ca y i dng.
3) K tn v ngun gc xut sinh ca cc nhm trm tch y
i dng.
nhin, trong trng thi tun hon lin tc. Trn ng hnh trnh t
lc a vo i dng Th gii nc c b sung mi nm 5,4 t
tn cc cht tan, cc mui t t lc a. i dng trong qu trnh
lch s a cht lu ngy cng phong ph thm v mui.
Trung bnh trong 1 kg nc bin c 35 g mui (trong nc
sng khong 0,17 g), tc khong 35 %o v ch mt s bin vi nhng
iu kin c bit khi lng mui trong 1 kg nc bin mi t n
40 g (40 %o).
Bng 2 cho thy thnh phn mui c bn ca nc bin vi
mui 35 %o ( clo 19,374 %o).
Bng 2. Thnh phn mui c bn ca nc bin
Cc cation
Natri
Cali
Manh
Canxi
Strnxi
g/kg
10,752
0,39
1,295
0,416
0,013
Cc anion
Clo
Brm
Flo
Sunphat
Bicacbonat
Axit bo
g/kg
19,345
0,066
0,0013
2,701
0,145
0,027
mui.
c im na trong thnh phn ha hc nc bin khc vi
nc ngt, nc sng l ch trong nc bin tng quan trng
lng gia cc ion ch yu nht tri ngc vi tng quan trong
nc sng. Trong nc bin:
Cl SO 42 HCO 3 CO 32 ;
Na K Mg 2 Ca 2 .
Ngc lai, trong nc sng:
HCO 3 CO 32 SO 42 Cl ;
Ca 2 Mg 2 Na K .
Trong nc i dng lin tc din ra nhng qu trnh ha hc,
sinh hc v a cht hc lm bin i thnh phn ha hc v hm
lng cc cht ha tan. Nhng qu trnh nh dng chy t lc a,
ging thy, bay hi, qu trnh bng lm thay i nng dung dch
nc bin trong phm vi rt rng. nhng vng nc st b ca
sng c th thy mui xp x bng khng, trong khi nhng
vng nng kh mui nc bin c th t ti 40 %o. Nhng qu
trnh nh quang hp, h hp, phn hy cht hu c c th lm thay
i hm lng, tc t l gia cc cht ha tan trong nc bin. Song
nh dng chy ngang v thng ng trong cc bin v i dng, lm
cho nc bin c xo trn mnh, dn ti mt c im na rt
quan trng l thnh phn ha hc ca nc i dng c tnh n
nh, thay i khng ng k trong qu trnh lch s v gia nhng
(1)
t
ca trng lng mt n v th tch nc nhit quan trc
4
17 ,5 S
0
1 10 3 .
4
0 S
(2)
(3)
i lng nghch o vi mt
t S 1 10 3 .
4
Gi tr ca mt nc bin c xc nh qua gi tr ca
trng lng ring nc bin nhit 17,5o, tc S
17,5
, hoc
17,5
0
(nhit 17,5 oC tng ng nhit phng
4
th nghim, nhit 4 oC c t trng nc cc i).
nhit 0o, tc S
0
l t s gia trng lng n v th tch
4
nc bin nhit 0o v trng lng n v th tch nc ct
nhit 4 oC.
Trng lng ring S
17,5
ca nc bin 17,5o l t s gia
17,5
t
1
t
4
S
4
Vt 0,9 10 3 .
4
(4)
t 17 ,5 E ,
trong E hiu chnh, ph thuc vo 17 ,5 v nhit t c cho
sn trong bng hi dng hc (Zubp, 1957) hoc bng mt cng
thc chnh xc hn ca Knutxen:
t t ( 0 0,1324)[1 At Bt ( 0 0,1324)] ,
trong t mt quy c ca nc ct nhit t v cc h s
503,570 t 67,26
1 d
.
dp
(5)
d
dp
k
.
1 p
(6)
nh sau:
0 (1 p) .
(7)
Trong thc hnh, khi tnh ton th tch ring quy c insitu
V pts thay cho cng thc trn ngi ta dng cng thc ca Biercnet:
V pts Vt p tp sp stp ,
(8)
S , %o
t, C
T e 2
,
kI
10
20
30
40
1,009
1,002
0,999
0,998
0,977
0,970
0,967
0,966
0,959
0,953
0,950
0,949
0,947
0,941
0,938
0,937
0,935
0,929
0,926
0,925
Cp
Cv
0
10
20
30
QA
dt
,
dz
A
Cp
(10)
1 d
,
dt
1/
(11)
L 596 0,52 t ,
cal/g
(12)
dv
,
dz
hc bng h thc:
,
trong th tch ring ca nc bin. Theo Xtefan v Areniut,
th gi tr nht phn t bng 180 10 4 poaz. Bng 4 cho thy s
ph thuc ca h s nht phn t ca nc bin (tng i so vi h
s nht phn t ca nc ct nhit 0o c coi bng 100) vo
nhit v mui ca n.
Bng 4. Gi tr tng i ca nht (theo Rupin v Griumen)
S , %o
t, C
20
40
1,009
1,002
0,999
0,998
0,977
0,970
0,967
0,966
0,959
0,953
0,950
0,949
M D
2 1 2 2
gr ,
9
(13)
dS
,
dz
0
10
20
30
(14)
m/s.
C P 0,0175 P ,
C 1449,14 C t C s C p C pts ,
trong C t hiu chnh do chnh lch nhit so vi 0 oC; C s
do mui so vi 35 %o; C p p sut so vi p sut kh quyn v
vi ta tm:
cng thc:
I I 0e
C 0 tg
C0
(18)
(15)
phng ngang.
Nu tia m gp mt lp vi vn tc m bin i mnh th n s
0,036 f 3 / 2 dB/km.
(16)
(18)
(19)
C
sin i
.
C1 sin
(20)
22
Hnh 7. Khc x tr
23
z
zn
,
cos
n 2 cos 2 h
(21)
mui, %o
0
10
20
35
1,33271
1,33308
1,33635
1,33945
1,33271
1,33491
1,33824
1,34114
1,33452
1,33675
1,34011
1,34329
1,33726
1,33951
1,34293
1,34616
26
I I 0 e m ( ) z ,
(22)
k ( )
Bc sng,
m( )
I I 0 e k ( ) z .
(23)
k ( )
vi m un tn x a ln hn nhiu ln so vi m un tn x phn t
v s m n nh hn 4 v ph thuc vo kch thc ht tn x (xem
bng 7).
Bng 7. S ph thuc ca s m n vo kch thc ht
ng knh ht,
S m n
0,07
0,1
0,15
0,23
0,3
0,35
3,5
2,5
1,5
I I 0 e (m k ) z .
(24)
Tng ch s hp th v ch s tn x (m k ) c k hiu l C
v gi l ch s suy yu nh sng.
T cng thc (24) c th nh ngha ch s suy yu l i lng
nghch o ca khong cch m trn thng lng bc x ca mt
sng nh sang vi bc sng no b suy yu i e ln.
Khong cch Z 1 / C , trn nh sng suy yu i e ln, c
I
e ( m k ) z e C z ,
I0
do trong sut ca nc bin lin quan vi ch s suy yu bi h
thc:
e C .
(25)
2
.
C
(26)
I1
I 0 4
2 m( )
I I1 I 2 I 3 ...
I0
a
1
[ 2
n 1
4
m( )
]n
(27)
1 a
2 4
.
I0
1 a
m ( )
2 4
Trong trng hp ngi quan st nhn thng t trn xung mt
bin th thng lng phn x t mt bin c th coi xp x bng
khng v dng nh sng (cng thc (27)) nh sng tn x (ni) t
lng bin i ln ti mt ngi quan st s quyt nh mu bin. Cn
c vo cng thc (27) c th tnh c nng lng ca cc sng nh
sng ng vi cc bc sng ca ph, bc sng no ng vi nng
lng cc i s quyt nh mu ca bin. i vi nc i dng
tinh khit, cc i nng lng nm khong bc sng o,47 , tc
vng ph mu chm.
Tuy nhin, mu bin cn ph thuc vo iu kin chiu sng
bin bi nh sng Mt Tri trc tip v nh sng tn x t bu tri,
vo gc nhn, sng bin, s tn ti ca cc tp cht l lng v nhiu
nguyn nhn khc.
Nu nh sng phn x t mt bin t ti mt ngi quan st,
th mu bin s l s pha trn di mt t l no ca mu trng
ca nh sng phn x v mu ca dng tn x ni t lng bin. Thnh
30
Cc cu hi t kim tra
1) Nhng nguyn t c bn trong nc bin l nhng nguyn t
no?
2) Quy lut bo tn thnh phn mui nc bin v mui ca
nc bin.
3) Nhng c trng vt l ca nc bin.
(1 ) m( )
1 ( )
2 4
(28)
31
B R LE P A ,
(29)
32
t0 A0 cos
t
2t
K 2 ,
(30)
z
0K
2
cos
z
0
0K
(31)
A( z ) A0e
z
0K
(32)
35
0K
z.
(33)
T TB S S B mA
,
TA T S A S mB
trong T v S l nhit v mui ca hn hp xo trn t th
tch (hay khi lng) mA ca loi nc A c nhit TA v
mui S A vi th tch (hay khi lng) mB ca loi nc B c nhit
TB v mui S B .
S
2S
K 2 ,
t
z
vo thi im u;
4.6.2. Xo trn i lu
Trong nc bin xo trn i lu c quy m ln hn nhiu so
vi xo trn phn t. Qu trnh ny ch xy ra khi mt ca nc
bin cc lp nc mt ln hn so vi cc lp di, nc cc lp
mt chm xung, cn nc cc lp di ni ln b li, kt qu l
nc b ha trn v cc tnh cht vt l ca n cng c san bng.
xut hin xo trn i lu, i hi nhit v mui ca
lp mt phi bin i sao cho mt ca n tr nn ln hn mt
cc lp di. Trong khi tnh ton i lu cn ch hin tng c
c khi xo trn do tnh phi tuyn ca mi ph thuc gia mt
nc bin vi nhit v mui.
Nhng vng c hin tng i lu mnh m l thy vc Bc
Bng Dng, cc bin nm nhng v cao, ni y mt nc
mt tng mnh vo cc ma thu ng do mui tng khi to bng
hoc do cng mt lc gim nhit v tng mui lm tng mt
nc rt ng k. cc bin nm v cao v v trung bnh, d
khng to bng mnh m, nhng nhit ma lnh gim mnh cng
ph bin hin tng i lu. vng nhit i v cn nhit i qu
trnh i lu ch xy ra do tng mnh mui khi bc hi.
Nh vy l hin tng xo trn i lu ph bin i a s cc
vng ca i dng Th gii v ch yu vo na lnh trong nm, to
thnh mt ch c bit gi l hon lu thng ng ma ng. Kt
qu ca i lu to ra mt c im quan trng trong ch thy vn
41
4.6.3. Xo trn ri
Trong chuyn ng kiu ny khng tn ti nhng ng dng
r nt, trng vn tc ri lon trong khng gian v thi gian, xut
hin nhng cun xoy li cun s tham gia ca nhng lng nc
nhiu c khc nhau, cc dng lamina tr nn xo trn vi nhau. Kt
qu ca ch chuyn ng nh vy lm cho mi tnh cht ca nc
u u u, v v v, w w w ,
trong
T
1
u udt ,
T0
1
v vdt ,
T 0
1
w wdt ,
T 0
v v,
ww,
u v w 0 .
42
u
u
u
u
P
u
v
w
2u
t
x
y
z
x
u2
uv
uw ;
x
y
z
v
v
v
v
P
u
v
w
2v
t
x
y
z
y
vu
v2
vw ;
x
y
z
w
w
w
w
P
u
v
w
2 w
x
y
z
z
t
uw
vw
w2 ;
x
y
z
u v w
0,
x y z
uv A
u
,
n
u 2 x x ,
uv x y ,
uw x z
43
u l1
du
,
dz
v l2
du
,
dz
du
uv l 2
dz
vi l 2
l1l2 .
uv l 2
du du
.
dz dz
A l2
du
.
dz
du
2 dz
A
,
d 2u
dz 2
trong 2 0,38 hng s Carman.
4.7. n nh ca cc lp nc bin theo phng thng ng
T dT , mui S dS v mt bng
dp
dT
dS .
T
p
S
Nu ht nc no t su z dch chuyn ti su z dz
dp do tc ng trc
p
d do bin i nhit on
T
dp
d .
p
T
(dT d )
dS ,
T
S
dz
dT d dS
T dz dz S dz
(34)
Cc cu hi t kim tra
1) Vit phng trnh cn bng nhit ca mt bin.
2) Nhng c im tng qut ca s phn b a l ca nhit
v mui.
3) Th no l lp ng nht nhit , lp nhy vt nhit , lp
hot ng v nm nhit?
4) Bin trnh nm ca nhit v mui nc bin.
5) Khi nc i dng l g?
6) Biu T S l g?
46
(35)
Nh vy l do chuyn ng u n ca cc ht nc theo
nhng qu o kn din ra s di chuyn tnh tin ca profin ca
sng theo hng tc ng ca lc, trong cao sng tng ng
vi ng knh ca qu o. Bn thn cc ht nc, ging nh cc
vt ni trn sng, trong khi chuyn ng quay, khng tham gia vo
dch chuyn tnh tin m dng mt ch.
Khi nghin cu sng bin ngi ta cn phn bit sng hai chiu
(sng phng) v sng ba chiu. Trong sng hai chiu, trn tuyn frn
48
x z x z
0,
t a b b a
(37)
z 1
2 x x 2 z
2 g
2
t a t
a
z 1
2 x x 2 z
2 g
2
t b t
b
P
0,
a
P
0.
b
(36)
z b r cos .
(38)
t,
kr
(39)
k;
r
r
r
sin 2 1 kr kr cos .
b
b
b
K hiu
x z x z
r
(1 kr cos )1 cos
a b b a
b
kr
n,
r
0.
b
V r ch ph thuc vo b , nn c th vit:
ta c
ka nt .
(40)
x
1 kr cos ;
a
z
kr sin ;
a
x r
sin ;
b b
z
r
1 cos .
b
b
dr
kdb .
r
Sau khi tch phn, ta c:
ln r kb const .
r r0e kb r0e
(41)
h h0e
(42)
tc truyn sng
C2
g
2
hay
g
.
2
(45)
1
r
gb n 2 r02e 2 kb 0 e kb (n 2 kg ) cos const . (43)
2
k
k (a Ct ) .
Khi phng trnh biu din bin i ta ca cc ht trong
sng (phng trnh (38)) c tnh n (41) c th vit thnh:
x a r0e kb sin k (a Ct ),
z b r0e kb cos k (a Ct ).
(46)
P0
1
r
n 2 r02 0 (n 2 kg ) cos const .
2
k
n 2 kg 0 ,
trong
hay
n 2 kg .
(47)
(a Ct ) . Hay:
(44)
51
r0 sin Ct ,
2
z r0 cos .
x
1 2 2 2 kb
n r0 e . Vy gii hn bin i ca
2
p sut su bt k tng ng vi cao sng su v
gim theo su. V nh ta thy, su ln hn bc sng, p
sut sng ch cn bin i rt t. Do , cc cm bin ghi bin i
p sut xc nh sng mt phi c t nhng su khng
ln, cn mun chuyn t cao sng o c su b sang
cao sng mt bin th phi tnh n quy lut bin i cao sng
theo su.
Tm li, l thuyt sng trocoid trong bin su v hn cho
nhng kt lun sau:
1) Cc ht nc trong sng chuyn ng theo nhng qu o
trn vi bn knh qu o gim theo su bng nh lut hm m
(cc cng thc (41) v (42)).
2) Vn tc truyn sng ch ph thuc vo bc sng v khng
i theo su. Chu k sng v bc sng cng khng i theo
su.
3) Profin sng l ng trocoid.
4) Gii hn bin i p sut sng gim theo su, t l thun
vi gim cao sng. su bng bc sng, bin i p
sut rt nh (v cao sng ch cn bng 1/535 cao sng trn
mt).
A B h0 e kb ,
tc ellip bin thnh vng trn v cao sng bng trc B gim theo
su b nh trong trng hp bin su v hn (nh cng thc (42)).
Nu / H 10 , th B bin i tuyn tnh vi su, cn A
gn nh gi nguyn khng i vi su. Quy lut bin i tng t
nh vy c trng cho s truyn sng thy triu c bc sng
khong hng trm kilmt.
(49)
g 2
th
H.
(50)
(51)
Cn
C
.
2
(52)
Cn
2
C
1
,
2 sh 2
(53)
trong 2H / .
Khi H / b, vn tc nhm sng tin n gn bng vn tc
pha, iu ny ng vi sng thy triu.
v2
,
2
2
.
g
gr 2
r2
.
r 2
.
2gr 2
Nng lng ca ct nc vi dy db , y n v v mt
55
khng i s l
dE Edb 2 g
r 2
db .
Thay r bng biu thc (41) v tch phn biu thc trn theo
ton b chiu dy t 0 n , ngi ta nhn c nng lng ca
ct nc y n v, tc nng lng ca mt n v din tch mt
sng:
1
E gr02 ,
2
hay
1
gh02 .
8
(54)
E3
1
gh02 .
16
(55)
M A w 2C ,
(56)
1
w
M b C 1 ,
2 20
2
b sng cho cng thc cng sut trung bnh M P m gi truyn cho
sng tnh trn mt n v din tch mt nc nh sau:
M P Ah( w C ) ,
2
(57)
R2
(59)
E
( EvC ) M P M E ,
t
x
E 0,07 gr
(58)
(60)
0,278 0,722
h0
0
0
1/ 3
(61)
(62)
h 2
F (h) f (h)dh exp .
4 h
0
(63)
bo ca n:
h
ln F (h) 1,712 lg F (h) .
h
4
L 2
L
F ( L) exp hoc
1,712 lg F ( L) (66)
L
4 L
(64)
L 2 .
Hm phn b ca chu k v vn tc sng. Hm phn b ca
chu k sng xc nh theo hm phn b bc sng da theo mi lin
h gia chu k v bc sng
2
,
g
s c dng
F%
h3 F
hF
0,1
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
95
F ( ) exp 0,9064
1,07 1,10 1,14 1,18 1,20 1,23 1,27 1,30 1,34 1,42 1,51 1,73 1,98
hoc
1,36 4 lg F ( ) .
F ( ) exp hoc
1,712 lg F ( ) (65)
(67)
C
1,36
C
lg F (C )
hoc
59
C
F (C ) exp 0,9064
C
(68)
h h / H c dng
F (h) exp
h 1h
h h
1
P 0,09 2 ,
(69)
tn/m2
hoc
h
2,923 (1 0,4h ) lg F (h)
h
1 h
2
ca a hnh y.
2
2H
.
cth
g
0,05 2
H0
sin
sin 0 .
0,05 2
1
H
1
(70)
h2
h02
H0
.
H
(72)
H
.
H0
(71)
h02
Cc cu hi t kim tra
1) Th no l nhng yu t sng, nhng yu t to sng?
2) Sng ng v sng tin khc nhau nh th no?
61
nng.
4) Th no l sng ngn, sng di, sng di chu k ngn?
a) Cc lc to triu v tr;
b) Cc hin tng a ng lc v a nhit v Tri t (ng
t, ni la, thng ging ca lc a v chuyn ng kin to hin
i);
c) Nhng tc ng c hc v l ha gy bi bc x Mt Tri v
kh quyn (cc qu trnh nhit trong i dng, bin i p sut kh
quyn, gi, ma, dng b...).
Trong s nhng lc v qu trnh nu, cc lc to triu v tr
gy nn nhng dao ng lin tc nht, tun hon u n nht ca
mt bin. Dng dao ng ny c nghin cu k v s c trnh
by trong nhng mc sau y.
Tc ng ca cc lc v cc qu trnh khc gy nn nhng dao
ng khng c tnh cht tun hon nh:
a) Nhng dao ng dng rt mc nc lin quan vi hon lu
nc do gi trong bin nhng i gn b;
62
F PP FC ,
hay
F PP P0 .
(73)
Nu nh mt Tri t c bao ph bi mt lp nc dy u,
th di tc dng ca cc lc to triu nh vy, cc ht nc s
chuyn dch t ni cc im trn vng sng Tri t n nhng im
trn ng ni Tri t Mt Trng to thnh mt v nc bin
dng c hnh dng mt ellipxoit trn xoay hng trc ln theo ng
ni Tri t Mt Trng.
tm biu thc ton hc ca lc to triu chng ta dng h
ta vung gc XYZ vi gc tm Tri t v mt XOY trng
KM
KM
cos( D, x) 2 cos(r , x)
2
D
r
KM x KM
x
2
2
KM 3 3 ,
r
D
D
r r
D
FX PPX POX
g 2
hng s hp dn ca Tri t; E khi lng
trong K
E
Tri t; g gia tc trng trng Tri t; bn knh Tri t;
1/ 2
D r 2 2 2r cos Z r 1 2 cos Z
r
D 3 r 3 1 3 cos Z
r
v FX s bng:
FX
gM 2
x3
cos Z .
3
Er
r
g Vm Vs
FY
gM
y3
cos Z ,
3
Er
r
FZ
gM
z3
cos Z .
3
Er
r
(76)
gM 4
(3 cos 2 Z 1) .
3
2r E
hay
M 4
M 4
2
3 (3 cos Z 1) 3 (3 cos 2 Z 1) .
2r E
2r E
gM
(3 cos 2 Z 1) ,
2r 3 E
68
4
2
2
1
3 M (1 3 sin )(1 3 sin )
cos 2 cos 2 cos 2t
3
2
6
2 Er
1
1
(77)
g grad .
Ngoi lc y l lc to triu c biu din qua graien ca
mc triu tnh vi du ngc li. Do , ngoi lc v lc graien p
sut c th c lin kt li di dng graien p sut hiu dng:
g grad( )
ni nn ci phn ca graien p sut thc khng bi9j cn bng bi lc
to triu.
S cn bng ng ca cc lc trn i vi tng trc ta
chnh l nhng phng trnh chuyn ng, nhng phng trnh ny
cng vi phng trnh lin tc lm thnh mt h lin kt ba yu t
ca chuyn ng thy triu l v cc vn tc u, v ( u, v khng ph
thuc vo z ). V tng qut, h phng trnh ny c dng:
fv g ( ) r u ,
t
x
v
fu g ( ) r v,
t
y
u v
h ,
t
x x
(78)
y
g
(89)
chuyn ng s l:
g
,
t
x
fu g
.
y
He my cos(t kx) ,
(79)
g
He my cos(t kx) ,
h
(81)
He my cos(t kx) ,
nHe my cos(t kx) ,
trong n t s bin ca hai sng ngc chiu nhau. Cc biu
thc tng t cng c th vit cho dng chy u v u . Chuyn
ng tng cng s l , u u .
Dng chy vn l thun nghch, hng dc theo x . Trn knh
xut hin mt lot cc im v triu, cc ng ng triu mc nc
v dng chy c phng trnh l:
tgt NL
tgt D max
e my ne my
tgkx,
e my ne my
e my ne my
my
tgkx,
e ne my
(82)
xa 0 ,
/2,
...
(83)
vi bc sng.
72
gh ln n
ln n
.
2m 4 sin
(84)
fu 0.
(85)
g
r u ,
t
x
v
g
r v,
t
y
(86)
73
Ae x cos(t k x) Be x cos(t k x) ,
(87)
trong
k k 2 2 ;
gh
2 r
2
gh
2
2
2 r
(88)
uA
g x
e
h
2 k2
cos(t k x ) ,
(89)
vi arctg( / k ) .
lch pha gia mc nc v dng chy t l vi cng tt
dn ca sng, cc i dng xy ra sm hn cc i ca mc nc.
6.4. Khi nim v cc phng php phn tch iu ha v d tnh thy
triu
2 Er 3
6
Tn sng
Bin
trung bnh
Vn tc
gc,
/gi
Chu
k, gi
iu ha n gin dng:
fH cos[qt (V0 u ) g ] ,
trong fH gm hai phn: H bin trung bnh chu nh hng
ca iu kin a l v khng thay i i vi mt a im c th;
Mt Trng chnh
0,454
28,984
12,420
S2
0,212
0,088
0,058
30,000
28,440
30,082
12,000
12,658
11,967
0,189
0,088
0,036
0,266
13,943
14,959
13,399
15,041
25,819
24,066
26,868
23,934
M4
Mt Tri chnh
Ellip Mt Trng ln
Lch gc Mt Trng Mt Tri
Nhng sng ton nht
Mt Trng chnh
Mt Tri chnh
Ellip Mt Trng ln
Lch gc Mt Trng Mt Tri
Nhng sng nc nng
Mt Trng phn t ngy
57,968
6,210
M6
86,952
4,140
MS 4
Ph thuc
mnh vo
iu kin
a phng
59,016
6,100
N2
K2
O1
P1
Q1
K1
mt im c th th khng i.
Nhng i lng H v g ca mi sng c gi l nhng
Cc cu hi t kim tra
1) Nhng nguyn nhn no lm mc nc bin bin i?
2) Hy m t hin tng thy triu trong bin.
3) Lc to triu hnh thnh nh th no?
4) Vit biu thc th v ca lc to triu.
5) Thc cht ca cc thuyt tnh hc v ng hc thy triu.
6) Lc quay Tri t gy nn nhng c im g trong s
truyn sng triu?
7) Cc hng s iu ha ca thy triu l g?
77
ng c dng:
2u
2 sin v 0,
z 2
2v
2 2 sin u 0,
z
e a z sin az ,
4
a 2
v
e a z cos az .
4
a 2
(90)
(93)
U0
,
a 2
(94)
d u
2a 2 v 0,
2
dz
d 2v
2a 2u 0,
2
dz
(91)
az
U U 0e a z
(95)
(96)
du
dv
0,
dz
dz
sin
.
vi a
ti z 0 ,
(92)
sin
du
0,
dz
dv
;
dz
(98)
- ti y bin z H , H su bin:
u v 0.
(99)
Nghim s l:
u Asha cos a Bcha sin a ,
(100)
trong
H z,
Hnh 30. ng xon c Ekman
U
S x udz 0 ,
a 2
0
S y vdz 0.
(97)
(101)
80
0,1
0,25
21,5
0,5
0,75
45,5
45
45
1,5
45
2 2
ch 2aH cos 2aH
0
H
shaH sin aH
D 2
.
S y vdz
2
2
ch
2
cos
2
aH
aH
0
H
(102)
U0
.
a 2
0,0127W
,
sin
(103)
81
g sin K 2 sin VT .
VT VT0 VT1
T :
VT
g sin
.
2 sin
(104)
(106)
sin
DM DN
.
2L sin
HM HN
,
L
nn
gH M gH N
VT
.
2 sin L
Cc tch gH M v gH N chnh l cng chuyn dch mt n
c k hiu l DM v DN . Vy:
VT
DM DN
.
2 sin L
(105)
83
P0
P0
P0
D P vt 10 3 P 0,9P .
D vt 10 3 P .
(108)
dP gdz
t P n P0 :
P0
dP gdz gz D ,
(107)
VT
g sin
.
2 sin
(109)
Dng chy ny s tn ti t mt ti su D . Gc y
khng th xc nh nh trong dng chy mt , m phi xc nh t
quan trc mc nc. Nh vy dng chy c tc khng i t mt
ti D v hng vung gc vi dc ln nht ca mc nc v
pha bn phi. cc v trung bnh D c gi tr khong 100 m.
trong lp ma st y, g sin cn bng vi R (tng hp lc
ca lc Coriolis K vung gc vi dng chy v lc ma st T hng
ngc dng chy) (hnh 34c).
Xt s cn bng lc, nu chiu cc lc ln hng dng chy
v hng vung gc vi n, ta c
g sin cos T ,
g sin sin K
v suy ra:
tg
Nu su ca bin ln hn su ma st di
( D
sin
VT
K 2 sin
g sin
(2 sin ) 2
2
(110)
.
(111)
hnh thnh ch dng triu thun nghc hay dng triu xoay.
Trong t nhin, dng triu thun nghch c quan st thy
nhng di ven b, vng ca sng, cc eo bin. Nu nh sng thy
triu lan truyn di dng sng tin, th vn tc dng triu t cc i
vo lc nc ln, nc rng v i dng, tc bng khng, vo thi
im mc nc i qua v tr trung bnh. Nu nh sng thy triu l
sng ng, chng hn nh trng hp phn x sng triu nh cc
vnh, th dng triu t cc i khi mc nc trung bnh v bng
khng khi nc ln v nc rng.
Dng triu xoay quan trc c nhng vng khi xa b.
Hodograph ca dng triu xoay thc t c dng ellip vi bn trc ln
hng theo hng truyn sng, cc vect dng triu thng thng
quay theo chiu kim ng h bc bn cu.
Nh bit trong chng thy triu, nhng l thuyt dng triu
cha c th s dng vo vic d tnh n trong tng lai. Trn thc t,
ngi ta phi s dng nhng quan trc trc tip thu c nhng
c trng c bn ca dng triu.
Dng chy m chng ta quan trc c bng nhng dng c o
trc tip l dng tng cng ca cc dng chy gi, graien v dng
triu. Khi nghin cu nhng dng chy khng tun hon, chng ta c
th d dng loi tr c dng triu tun hon t chui quan trc
dng chy thc bng nhng php ly trung bnh khc nhau. Vi
nhng chui quan trc dng chy ngy, cch n gin nht l loi tr
cc dng triu bng cch cng tt c nhng hnh chiu tc trong
quy c nht nh, ngi ta tch ra nhng dng chy ring bit v
cho chng nhng tn gi nh ghi trn nhng bn dng chy cc
i dng.
Cu hi t kim tra
1) Phn bit nguyn nhn ca dng chy tri, dng chy mt
v dng chy graien.
2) Bin i ca vect vn tc theo su trong cc loi dng
chy trn.
3) su ma st trn, su ma st di l g?
4) Cn bng a chuyn l g?
5) V s bin i ca vect vn tc dng chy theo su
mt im gn b su dc ng trong cc trng hp, chng hn, a)
gi thi song song vi b pha bn tri b; b) gi thi t b ra to
vi b mt gc 45o.
6) Nhng nhn t no quyt nh hon lu mt i dng? Nu
nhng h thng hon lu v m ca mt i dng.
91