Chapter 007

The Language Of
Medicine
th
10
edition
Davi-Ellen Chabner
Copyright 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Chapter 7
Urinary System
Chapter Goals
Name essential organs of the urinary system
and describe their locations and functions.
Identify common pathological conditions.
Recognize how urinalysis is used and
interpreted as a diagnostic test.
Define urinary-system-related combining
forms, prefixes, and suffixes.
Chapter Goals (contd)

List and explain clinical procedures, laboratory
tests, and abbreviations that pertain to the
urinary system.
Understand medical terms in their proper
contexts, such as medical reports and records.
Chapter 7
Lesson 7.1
Introduction
Nitrogenous wastes
Urea
Creatinine
Uric acid
Introduction (contd)
Functions of the kidney
Filter nitrogenous wastes to form urine; about 200 quarts of
blood are filtered every day to form 2 quarts of urine
Maintain proper balance of water, electrolytes (sodium,
potassium), and acids
Release hormones:
Renin: enzymatic hormone important in adjusting blood pressure
Erythropoietin (EPO): hormone that stimulates red blood cell
production in the bone marrow
Calciferol: active form of vitamin D necessary for the absorption of
calcium from the intestine
Degrade and eliminate hormones from the bloodstream
Anatomy of the Major Organs

Organs of the
urinary system
in a male
Anatomy of the
Major Organs (contd)
Organs of the
urinary system
in a male
Anatomy of the
Female urinary system
10
Anatomy of the
Female urinary system
11
QUICK QUIZ:
1. What is voiding?
A. Nitrogenous waste
B. Urination
C. Outer section of the kidney
D. Triangular area in the bladder
12
How Kidneys Produce Urine

Blood enters the
kidneys through the
right and left renal
arteries
Arterioles carry
blood to the
capillaries
Glomeruli filter the
blood
13
How Kidneys Produce Urine (contd)

Blood enters the
kidneys through the
right and left renal
arteries
Arterioles carry
blood to the
capillaries
Glomeruli filter the
blood
14

Glomerulus and glomerular/Bowman capsule
Blood passes through the
glomeruli
Glomerular (Bowman)
capsule surrounds each
glomerulus
Renal tubule is attached
to each Bowman capsule
15

Glomerulus and glomerular/Bowman capsule
Blood passes through the
glomeruli
Glomerular (Bowman)
capsule surrounds each
glomerulus
Renal tubule is attached to
each Bowman capsule
16

Three steps in the
formation of urine
Glomerular filtration
Tubular reabsorption
Tubular secretion
17

Three steps in the
formation of urine
Glomerular filtration
Tubular reabsorption
Tubular secretion
18

The glomerulus and a
renal tubule combine
to form a unit called a
nephron.
19

The glomerulus and a
renal tubule combine
to form a unit called a
nephron.
20
QUICK QUIZ:
2. Approximately how many nephrons are in a
kidney?
A. 100,000,000
B. 10,000,000
C. 1,000,000
D. 100,000
21
How Kidneys Produce Urine

All collecting tubules lead
to the renal pelvis
Calyces or calices are
small, cup-like regions of
the renal pelvis; the term
comes from the Greek,
kalux, meaning a cup or
case surrounding a flower
bud
Illustration shows section of kidney
22

All collecting tubules lead
to the renal pelvis
Calyces or calices are
small, cuplike regions of
bud
Illustration shows section of kidney
23

Process of forming and
expelling urine
24

Process of forming and
expelling urine
25
Vocabulary
arteriole
calyx or calix
26
Vocabulary (contd)
arteriole
Small artery
calyx or calix
Cuplike collecting region of

bud
27
Vocabulary (contd)
catheter
cortex
creatinine
28
Vocabulary (contd)
catheter
Tube for injecting or

removing fluids
cortex
Outer region of an organ
creatinine
Nitrogenous waste
excreted in urine
29
Vocabulary (contd)
electrolyte
erythropoietin
(EPO)
30
Vocabulary (contd)
electrolyte
Chemical element that carries

an electrical charge when
dissolved in water.
erythropoietin
(EPO)
Hormone secreted by the

kidney to stimulate
production of red blood
cells by bone marrow;
-poietin means a
substance that forms.
31
Vocabulary (contd)
filtration
glomerular
capsule
glomerulus
hilum
32
Vocabulary (contd)
filtration
Process whereby some substances pass

through a filter
glomerular
capsule
Enclosing structure surrounding each

glomerulus; also called Bowman capsule
glomerulus
Tiny ball of capillaries in the kidney
hilum
Depression in the part of an organ where blood

vessels and nerves enter and leave; comes
from the Latin meaning a small thing
33
Vocabulary (contd)
kidney
meatus
medulla
34
Vocabulary (contd)
kidney
One of two bean-shaped organs that

filter nitrogenous waste from the
bloodstream to form urine
meatus
Opening or canal
medulla
Inner region of an organ; the term

comes from the Latin, medulla,
meaning marrow
35
Vocabulary (contd)
nephron
nitrogenous waste
36
Vocabulary (contd)
nephron
The functional unit of the

kidney where filtration,
reabsorption, and secretion
take place
nitrogenous waste
Substance containing nitrogen

and excreted in urine;
examples are urea, uric acid,
and creatinine
37
Vocabulary (contd)
potassium (K+)
reabsorption
renal artery
38
Vocabulary (contd)
potassium (K+) An electrolyte regulated by
the kidney
reabsorption
renal artery
Renal tubules return

materials necessary to the
body back into the
bloodstream
Blood vessel that carries
blood to the kidney
39
Vocabulary (contd)
renal pelvis
renal tubules
renal vein
40
Vocabulary (contd)
renal pelvis
Central collection region in

the kidney
renal tubules
Microscopic tubes in the

kidney where urine is
formed after filtration
renal vein
Blood vessel that carries

blood away from the
kidney
41
Vocabulary (contd)
renin
sodium (Na+)
trigone
42
Vocabulary (contd)
renin
Hormone secreted by the kidney

that raises blood pressure
sodium (Na+)
An electrolyte regulated in the

blood and urine by the kidneys;
a common form of sodium is
sodium chloride (salt)
trigone
Triangular area in the urinary

bladder
43
Vocabulary (contd)
urea
ureter
urethra
44
Vocabulary (contd)
urea
Major nitrogenous waste excreted

in urine
ureter
One of two tubes leading from

the kidneys to the urinary
bladder
urethra
Tube leading from the urinary

bladder to the outside of the
body
45
Vocabulary (contd)
uric acid
urinary
bladder
urination
(voiding)
46
Vocabulary (contd)
uric acid
Nitrogenous waste product

excreted in the urine
urinary
bladder
Hollow, muscular sac that

holds and stores urine
urination
(voiding)
Process of expelling urine; also

called micturition
47
STRUCTURES
Terminology: Structures,
Substances, and Urinary
Symptoms
Combining Form
Meaning
cali/o, calic/o
_________
cyst/o
_________
glomerul/o
_________
meat/o
_________
48
Symptoms (contd)
STRUCTURES
Combining Form
Meaning
cali/o, calic/o
calyx (calix); cup-shaped
cyst/o
urinary bladder
glomerul/o
glomerulus
meat/o
meatus
49
STRUCTURES
Symptoms (contd)
Combining Form Terminology
Meaning
cyst/o
________________
cystitis
Bacterial infections often

cause acute or chronic
cystitis. In acute cystitis, the
bladder contains blood as a
result of mucosal hemorrhage
(see figure, Acute cystitis).
50
Symptoms (contd)
STRUCTURES
Combining Form
cyst/o
Terminology
Meaning
cystitis
inflammation of the urinary bladder
Bacterial infections often

cause acute or chronic
cystitis. In acute cystitis, the
bladder contains blood as a
result of mucosal hemorrhage
(see figure, Acute cystitis).

51
Symptoms (contd)
STRUCTURES
Combining Form
Meaning
nephr/o
___________
pyel/o
___________
ren/o
____________
trigon/o
____________
52
Symptoms (contd)
STRUCTURES
Combining Form
Meaning
nephr/o
kidney
pyel/o
renal pelvis
ren/o
kidney
trigon/o
trigone
53
Symptoms (contd)
STRUCTURES
Combining Form
nephr/o
Terminology
Meaning
hydronephrosis
_________________
Obstruction of urine flow may be

caused by renal calculi (stones) as
shown in the figure. Notice the buildup
of excess fluid in the kidney.
54
STRUCTURES
Combining Form
nephr/o
Symptoms (contd)
Terminology
Meaning
hydronephrosis
Condition of excess fluid

(water) in the kidney
Obstruction of urine flow may be

caused by renal calculi (stones) as
shown in the figure. Notice the buildup
of excess fluid in the kidney.
55
Symptoms (contd)
STRUCTURES
Combining Form
Meaning
ureter/o
__________
urethr/o
__________
vesic/o
__________
56
Symptoms (contd)
STRUCTURES
Combining Form
Meaning
ureter/o
ureter
urethr/o
urethra
vesic/o
urinary bladder
57
Symptoms (contd)
SUBSTANCES and SYMPTOMS
Combining Form
Meaning
albumin/o
________
azot/o
________
bacteri/o
________
dips/o
________
58
Symptoms (contd)
Combining Form
Meaning
albumin/o
albumin
azot/o
nitrogen
bacteri/o
bacteria
dips/o
thirst
59
Symptoms (contd)
Combining Form or Suffix
Meaning
kal/o
__________
ket/o, keton/o
__________
lith/o
__________
natr/o
__________
noct/o
__________
olig/o
________
60
Symptoms (contd)
Meaning
kal/o
potassium
ket/o, keton/o
ketone bodies
lith/o
stone
natr/o
sodium
noct/o
night
olig/o
scanty
61
Symptoms (contd)
Meaning
-poietin
__________
py/o
__________
-tripsy
__________
ur/o
__________
-uria
__________
urin/o
__________
62
Symptoms (contd)
Meaning
-poietin
substance that forms
py/o
pus
-tripsy
to crush
ur/o
urea
-uria
urination; urine condition
urin/o
urine
63
Urinalysis
Tests included in a urinalysis
1. Color
2. Appearance
3. pH
4. Protein
5. Glucose
64
Urinalysis (contd)
Tests included in a urinalysis
6. Specific gravity
7. Ketone bodies
8. Sediment
9. Phenylketonuria
10.Bilirubin
65
QUICK QUIZ:
3. In a urinalysis, what does the test
of specific gravity reflect?
A. The chemical nature of urine
B. The presence of albumin
C. Blood in the urine
D. The amount of wastes,
minerals, and solids in the urine
66
Chapter 7
Lesson 7.2
67
Pathologic Conditions
Kidney
Glomerulonephritis
Interstitial nephritis
Nephrolithiasis
Nephrotic syndrome
Polycystic kidneys (PKD)
68
Pathologic Conditions
Kidney
Polycystic
kidney
disease (PKD)
PKDThe kidneys contain masses of cysts. Typically
polycystic kidneys weigh 20 times more than their usual
weight.
69
Pathologic Conditions (contd)

Kidney
Pyelonephritis
Renal cell carcinoma
Renal failure
Renal hypertension
Wilms tumor
70
Pathologic Conditions (cont'd)

Kidney
Renal cell
carcinoma
(Hypernephroma)
Cancerous tumor
of the kidney
in adulthood
71
Pathologic Conditions (contd)

Urinary bladder
Bladder cancer
Associated conditions
Diabetes insipidus (DI)
Diabetes mellitus (DM)
72
QUICK QUIZ:
4. A term that means frequent
(voluntary) urination at night is:
A. anuria
B. nocturia
C. diuresis
D. hematuria
73
Laboratory Tests and

Clinical Procedures
Laboratory tests
Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
Creatinine clearance test
74

Clinical Procedures (contd)
Clinical procedures
X-ray Studies
CT urography
Kidneys, ureters, and bladder (KUB)
Renal angiography
Retrograde pyelogram (RP)
Voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG)
75

CT-Computed tomography
The scan with contrast shows a benign cyst on
the kidney.
76

Voiding cystourethrogram
(VCUG)showing a normal female urethra. The
bladder is filled with contrast material, followed
by x-ray imaging.
77

Clinical procedures
Ultrasound examination
Ultrasonography: imaging urinary
tract structures using high frequency
sound waves
Radioactive studies
Radioisotope scan: image of kidney
after injecting a radioisotope into the
bloodstream
78

Clinical procedures
Magnetic imaging
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
urography:
A changing magnetic field produces images
of an organ and surrounding structures in
three planes of the body
79

Other clinical procedures
Cystoscopy
Dialysis
Lithotripsy
Renal angioplasty
Renal biopsy
Renal transplantation
Urinary catheterization
80

Cytoscopydirect visual examination of urinary
bladder with an endoscope
81

Hemodialysis (HD)
82

Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD)
83
Abbreviations
ADH
AKI
ARF
BILI
BUN
Ccr
CAPD
Cath
CCPD
CKD
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
84
Abbreviations (contd)
ADH
ARF
AKI
BILI
BUN
Ccr
CAPD
Cath
CCPD
CKD
Antidiuretic hormone
Acute renal failure
Acute renal injury
Bilirubin
Blood urea nitrogen
Creatinine clearance
Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis
Catheter; catheterization
Continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis
Chronic kidney disease
85
CL CrCl
_____________________
_____________________
CRF
_____________________
C&S
_____________________
Cysto
_____________________
eGFR
_____________________
ESRD
_____________________
ESWL
_____________________
HCO3-
_____________________
HD
_____________________
IC
_____________________
86
CL-
Chloride, a kidney excretion
CrCl
Creatinine clearance
CRF
Chronic renal failure
C&S
Culture and sensitivity testing
Cysto
Cystoscopic examination
eGFR
Estimated glomerular filtration rate
ESRD
End-stage renal disease
ESWL
HCO3-
Extracorporeal shockwave lithrotripsy

Bicarbonate, an electrolyte conserved by the kidney
HD
Hemodialysis
IC
Interstitial cystitis, chronic inflammation of the bladder wall

87
IVP
K+
KUB
Na+
PD
pH
PKU
sp gr
UA
UTI
VCUG
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
88
IVP
K+
KUB
Na+
PD
pH
PKU
sp gr
UA
UTI
VCUG
Intravenous pyelogram
Potassium, an electrolyte
Kidney ureter and bladder
Sodium, an electrolyte
Peritoneal dialysis
Potential hydrogen; degree of acidity or alkalinity
Phenylketonuria
Specific gravity
Urinalysis
Urinary tract infection
Voiding cystourethrogram
89
QUICK QUIZ:
5. The abbreviation RP is associated
with which of the following?
A. Fluid is injected into the peritoneal
cavity and then drained out.
B. Contrast is injected into the urinary
bladder and ureters, and x-rays are
taken of the urinary tract.
C. Nitrogenous wastes are removed from
the patients blood.
D. An electrolyte is secreted by renal
tubules.
90
Review Sheet
Combining forms
albumino/o
____________
angi/o
____________
azot/o
____________
bacteri/o
____________
cali/o, calic/o
____________
cyst/o
____________
91
Review Sheet (contd)

Combining forms
albumino/o
albumin (protein)
angi/o
vessel (blood)
azot/o
urea; nitrogen
bacteri/o
bacteria
cali/o, calic/o
calyx (calix); cup-shaped
cyst/o
urinary bladder
92

Combining forms
dips/o
____________
glomerul/o
____________
glycos/o
____________
hydr/o
____________
isch/o
____________
kal/o
____________
ket/o; keton/o ____________

93

Combining forms
dips/o
thirst
glomerul/o
glomerulus
glycos/o
sugar
hydr/o
water
isch/o
to hold back; back
kal/o
potassium
ket/o; keton/o ketones; acetones

94

Combining forms
lith/o
____________
meat/o
____________
natr/o
____________
necr/o
____________
nephr/o
____________
noct/o
____________
ogli/o
____________
95

Combining forms
lith/o
stone
meat/o
meatus
natr/o
sodium
necr/o
death
nephr/o
kidney
noct/o
night
ogli/o
scanty
96

Combining forms
py/o
__________
pyel/o
__________
ren/o
__________
trigon/o
__________
ur/o
__________
97

Combining forms
py/o
pus
pyel/o
renal pelvis
ren/o
kidney
trigon/o
trigone
ur/o
urine; urinary tract

98

Combining forms
ureter/o
____________
urethr/o
____________
urin/o
____________
vesic/o
____________
99

Combining forms
ureter/o
ureter
urethr/o
urethra
urin/o
urine
vesic/o
urinary bladder
100
Review Sheet
Suffixes
-ectasis
______________
-ectomy
______________
-emia
______________
-esis
______________
-gram
______________
-lithiasis
______________
101

Suffixes
-ectasis
stretching; dilation
-ectomy
removal; excision
-emia
blood condition
-esis
condition
-gram
record
-lithiasis
condition of stones
102

Suffixes
-lithotomy
____________________
-lysis
______________
-megaly
______________
-ole
______________
-osis
______________
-pathy
______________
103

Suffixes
-lithotomy
incision for removal of a stone
-lysis
breakdown
-megaly
enlargement
-ole
little; small
-osis
condition
-pathy
disease
104

Suffixes
-plasty
_________________
-poietin
_______________
-ptosis
_______________
-rrhea
_______________
-sclerosis
_______________
-stomy
___________________
105

Suffixes
-plasty
surgical repair
-poietin
substance that forms
-ptosis
droop; sag
-rrhea
flow; discharge
-sclerosis
hardening
-stomy
new opening (to form a mouth)

106

Suffixes
-tomy
_____________
-tripsy
___________
-uria
___________
107

Suffixes
-tomy
process of cutting
-tripsy
to crush
-uria
urination
108
Review Sheet
Prefixes
a-, an-
_____________
anti-
_____________
dia-
_____________
dys-
_____________
109

Prefixes
a-, an-
not; without
anti-
again
dia-
complete
dys-
bad; painful
110

Prefixes
en-
__________
peri-
__________
poly-
__________
retro-
__________
111

Prefixes
en-
in; within
peri-
surrounding
poly-
many, much
retro-
behind; back
112
QUICK QUIZ:
6. The combining form dips/o means:
A. stone
B. scanty
C. thirst
D. water
113
QUICK QUIZ: (contd)

7. Which combining form means pus?
A. pyel/o
B. lith/o
C. ogli/o
D. py/o
114
QUICK QUIZ: (contd)

8. The combining form isch/o means:
A. scanty
B. to hold back; back
C. night
D. trigon
115

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Chapter 007

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The Language Of

Copyright 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Copyright 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Chapter Goals (contd)

Copyright 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Copyright 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Copyright 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Degrade and eliminate hormones from the bloodstream

Copyright 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Anatomy of the Major Organs

Copyright 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Copyright 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Copyright 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Copyright 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Copyright 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

How Kidneys Produce Urine

Copyright 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

How Kidneys Produce Urine (contd)

Copyright 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

How Kidneys Produce Urine (contd)

Copyright 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

How Kidneys Produce Urine (contd)

Copyright 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

How Kidneys Produce Urine (contd)

Copyright 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

How Kidneys Produce Urine (contd)

Copyright 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

How Kidneys Produce Urine (contd)

Copyright 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

How Kidneys Produce Urine (contd)

Copyright 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Copyright 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

How Kidneys Produce Urine

How Kidneys Produce Urine (contd)

How Kidneys Produce Urine (contd)

Copyright 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

How Kidneys Produce Urine (contd)

Copyright 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Copyright 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Cuplike collecting region of

Copyright 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Copyright 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Tube for injecting or

Outer region of an organ

Copyright 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Copyright 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Chemical element that carries

Hormone secreted by the

Copyright 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Process whereby some substances pass

Enclosing structure surrounding each

Tiny ball of capillaries in the kidney

Depression in the part of an organ where blood

Copyright 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

One of two bean-shaped organs that

Inner region of an organ; the term

Copyright 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

The functional unit of the

Substance containing nitrogen

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Renal tubules return

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Copyright 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.