PRECAST CONCRETE DESIGN MANUALCe STRUCTURAL PRECAST CONCRETE DESIGN General Precast Concrete Design Concept ‘What is Precast Concrete Consequences of Precast Concrete Construction Precast Concrete Design Concept Design for Horizontal Loading Design for Progressive Collapse Component Designs Hollow Core Slabs Planks (Ordinary and Prestressed) Beams" Columns Walls Design of Connections Design Considerations Manufactyring Considerations ‘Constructions Considerations Types of Joints Shear Friction Design Method Static Friction Bearing on Concrete Reinforced Concrete Corbel Reinforced Concrete Nib Beam Half Joint Steel Sections Inserts Force Transfer by Welding Shear Key Connections Connection of Precast WallsWhat Is Precast Concrete © Method of Construction and 2 Construction Material Method of Construction ‘© a building or structure being assembled from a number of identical or similar components which are cast in location other than their final position in the structure 7 © improve buildability © increase productivity © structurally more efficient (longer span with prestressed précast units) * reduced total project construction time (parallel on-site and off- site activities) © better quality (better forms and strict quality control) * wider choice of architectural expression on surface finishes © less critical to weather changes(eregular ground lay-outs are also suitable for precast concrete constcuction 1 AoE EE H tty H | & tim = Lay-outs need not be rectangular© savings Scaffolding material and labour to erect scaffold Shuttering and formwork . Delivery and pouring wet concrete . Delivery and fixing loose reinforcement . Time of superstructure construction Total construction time Site labour on superstructure . Total site labour eYAWEYNS (Kim S, Elliot - Multu-storey Precast Concrete Framed Structures)eee Construction Material Use structurally or as cladding Compose of either ordinary reinforced or prestressed concrete steel reinforcing bars (high-yield , mild, welded mesh) prestressing strands (generally pretensioning in long bed production) cement aggregates (normal or light weight) Used structurally Foundation ; bearing piles sheet piles footings (socket) Superstructure : columns (single, multi-storey, shell) beams (rectangular, inverted T, L, U, shell, spandrel, spandrel,trapeze-shape) floor (hollow cores, planks, solid slabs, single and double T, channel T) walls (load bearing, non-load bearing, sandwished, facades) staircases (with or without landings, steps) © Others : cell units (hotel rooms, apartments, toilet, kitchen, stair/lift wells) sunshades (normal/light weight, GRC) refuse chutes water tanks retaining walls claddings to stee! frames (fireproofing) 4oui ro-R O0E - 00 wes fanning or-o1 cure - 009 ose ost os vera (ove) ozt Brive core - 009 002 - 001 ves ocr 69-set coz 004 - 007 os 09 St-se ws 00¢ - os! 65 es ozi oe-0F (0005 - 0051 0021 - 008 oes JL ow ao ian oat os re ‘ove - G02! (008 - 007 (oe) v5 = nad core oz Broz 02! 008-001 os OG OEE oz ore bz - 00 00¢ - 001 6s Gunn) (wu sounrsisat ang | yunjonaiom, dap jeamonaag. | (a) weds “x09 NUS 4 “ran 40041Used as Cladding © better quality (better form leads to truer shapes and better finishes) © intricate design (forms from wood, fiberglass, steel, concrete) © wider freedom in aesthetic finishes Smooth finishes: off-form exposed aggregates form liners (reveals and groove lines) acid retardant water washed acid washed Textual finishes: sand blasting rope and hammered rib finishes sophisticated honed (level of grinding that produces a smooth but matt finish ) polished concrete Mixed finishes: brick “in-laid” or “panel” tiles granite/marble panel reconstituted stones Colour finishes : coloured aggregated cement (grey, white) coloured oxide pigments (additives)Consequences of Precast Concrete Construction Conventional Cast Insitu Construction Protessionals + [Avctiest — | Stuctwat | Contracior Emneer Design Phases 1. Architectural Design x 2, ‘Strvturat Design x 3. Drawings x x 9 Sepaated Oesinn Concert > Conventional Building Projects © design by architect in close collaboration with structural designer © final adjustment possible by contractor (site productivity, rebar congestion) © construction sequence for superstructure repeated every floor until completion of structural (scaffolding, formwork shuttering, fixing and placing reinforcement, pouring concrete, curing, striking formwork) © allow overlapping of design and detail preparation and construction processes (member sizes revision, reinforcement changes, openings, pipings, recesses, inserts etc) Precast Concrete Construction + demands for site assembly of precast components once foundation works have been completed Impact on Design © finalisation of designs (member sizes, construction method, ssembly sequence etc) «finalisation of details (connections, jointing, members reinforcement, openings, pipings, recess, inserts, element drawings etc) © aboves must be completed well before any site excavation commences (overlapping of design/detail preparation with construction process will be problematic and costly) Integrated design approach (architect, structural designer, precaster, contractor and others work together preferably at day one) a3 ‘options tor improved yell, material, tind sconomie constraints neat 5.3 Onsite Operations Professions “prcntect | Sevcwal | Precasier | Contacion Engineee ‘Design Phases | 1. Archedal Desan x oy 2, Stu! Design © x oO | © 2. Precast Des Ll 3. Simca % x eee eee: 32 Architectural x 09 x Cs) 4, soit Design | 41 Sinesurat 9 x mx 42 arcntectcal x ~ co) cy) 5. Deawiogs S11 Siac « x x 52 Arcwectuat x 9 x x bok Integrated Design Concept Modes of Distrtion +f?) Stvctural Design Phases (oad Assessments Structural Design vera Sabity Foundations Main Oeawings Precast Suuctuat Stabty Pract Joint Design Precast Component Design ‘recast Shop Ocevings qImpact on Detailing * conventional structure is “whole structure moulding” on site © direct personal links between structure and site workers indirect personal links between structure and precast concrete manufacturing workers (orientation and position of precast components are made known by markings and components dimensions and levels by production drawings) careful preparation of construction details is of paramount importance in precast concrete construction Impact on Manufacturing main consideration by precaster : lower total form and product cost (repetition of units, sufficient continuous production cycles, minimum set of forms) ie. reasonable production lead time Other considerations : open building systems (hollow cores & slabs, single and double T, planks) closed building systems (special components and new forms needed) standardisation of forms (cross section, longitudinal shape and sometimes length). Not to architectural panels which are unique in every project possibilities to form modifications (recesses, penetrations, end half-joint) standardisation of cast-in inserts as much as possible localised components enlargements (2: stage casting) projections of bars (drilled in if possible) method of production (ex. Protruding bars at ends, sides and-upper faces not possible using mechanised extrusion or <«: 10slipforming process - members sawn to correct length) transportation (length , width, height, weight) assembly at site cranage capacity “Prefabrication does not mean to ‘cut’ an already designed concrete structure into manageble ‘pieces’. Prefabrication starts with the first drawings of a project. From the start specialists are needed who are acquainted with all the details of prefabrication, from manufacturing to finishing of the project.” - A.S.G. Bruggeling, G.F.Huyghe : Prefabrication With Concrete9300 9300 9300 3 a, AE) a FP RB iasa 5259, filer e420 fic 3 fiery FPBI we)2-Pr atin reas} | i iat3 Teod-z : | t | yt rg : __ {at Wage = 21) ger a eee : jeans rosez, o08e | So 8 006 4 © a HI fooostr}! (vod=zi i (vog=21 f \ 00cé 00¢6 ®4483/07/30 sume Noudios30_— [aay] avo | ______aowsl esse ane Sten Sree + 2 | reel -muone 2) DS WEIRERD: 3100 ao ae sa He [ [oars] “oe. tao a fase ee (GANO_AN3N3OUOINIZ_ONIROHS) nent eee NOWLWAS TS ao & a cbGHiae = fei BE RS ae &, \ Sarat NOMWASTS (3) TTR NidKees! NOUVASTS bt 2 rS. frost 4 1DPrecast Concrete Design Concept * main difference between precast and cast in-situ concrete building - structural continuity structural continuity in precast concrete building is achieved through connections between members being joined and between members and the structure as one complete coherent unit all aspects of component design, structural stability and robustness must be dealt with simultancously in precast concrete design Preliminary Design structural form building stability and robustness component selection connection design eeeoe Final Design PROCEDURES. ‘ACTIONS 1. LOAD ASSESSMENTS Load Tables Load Estimates |Z CALCULATION MODEL | Sieuciural System Load Path Siffness of Components and Jownts Execution Methods Load Combinations Calculations, Internal Forces Roactions 3, STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS Design: (CODES OF PRACTICE) Stresses Determatons Dotectons DOCUMENTATION ‘Speciteatons Caleuiations Stetches Drawings ‘+ Load assessment: setting up load estimates and load table * Calculation model : structural system, building stability and robustness, load paths, evaluation of component and joint stiffness, execution method, load combinations (critical stessess) + Structural analysis : from forces acting on components and joints determine the respective carrying capacity (based on Code of Practice) © Documentation preparation of specifications, calculations, framing plans, assembly details, shop drawings, site instructions etc 16Other factors affecting design decisions both at the preliminary and design stages may include: manufacturing transport site and liftingLoad Assessment and Load Paths design toads are based on the design purpose and functions of the building (specified, Building By-laws, Codes of Practice) load path is the manner in which a given load or force is safely transmitted from its point of application to the foundation and the supporting soil strata vertical load (dead, imposed dead and live) horizontal (seismic, wind, notional load) PM oc = ny Horizontal j Longitudinal I i Forces on Pe eS eee peg 122 RR RRA Sith: Vertical and TRER REESE BG Load Slab Span, Cross Walls => Action > Reaction <> Span Direction Internal Forces. Stresses Stresses igECLUMN LOADING = TLLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES PLAN 4 4 t a oT For La <0425L) Case ft : Separate Pc Beam Elements. a)-At Installa koa : Area Methed (5) b):Ak Seria : Conkinuew> Pea: veachon _, AMD: Single Conkinuous Re Bean a):M dastatlakor: Canh' lever Beau Wht edie Conknuoe Bean a)-At Tastallakon = Area Method. b= At Gerdw = Confinuaus Bea Reachon Crevevse bree rhg fram Column Leadting : Area Methed . IgAHh E-(Hen) Hh Section 1-1 Column Height : E - (H+h) Wall Height : E-h Beam ‘Wall + H “coun 4 pee a [ACCUMULATION OF | - 16 ewaoR OT + | 2 1 3 [dsl 5 [Sol 7 | 8 | 9% [lel 14 ISHaRAcTERSTIC Tom | ae | ew | ome | war | wat | se | Sem (eam caR| 0 (eran BB | BR | fae SH [thea =e | Si | eee wim |_| Sr mf | oe Loe auf fsereal_ oe Teno feefate OP FLOOR ROOF) NORMAL FLOOR io lorouno FLooR BASEMENT | FOUNDATION DL is for superimposed dead load, IL for live load, and SW for self weight of structures. The 11 columns on the load table are: Load assessment based on a preliminary design Geometrical determination of slab spans Based on a preliminary design Column (1x2}+3 Similar to 1 and 3, based on a preliminary design Column (1x2)+5 Sum of 6, 36 Geometrical determination of beam spans Based on a preliminary design 40. Column (4x8)+9 41, Sum of 10. 210 COVOMAENS Accumulation Of Vertical Loads 19» Structural Forms: oe . Skeletal Frames (braced and unbraced) large span and open space high degree of flexibility and greater freedom in planning and usage of floor area easily adaptable to future (ex. technical innovations in M&E. services and equipments, adding and removal of partitions) larger freedom in the choice of facade claddings as well as. upgrading suitable for industrial buildings, shopping malls, car parks, sporting facilities, school, offices, hospital . Bearing Walls cross walls, spine walls, walls in shaft and cores, load- bearing walls speed of construction, ready to paint sufaccs, ascoustic insulation and fire resistance suitable for residential apartments, hotels and general housing large degree of freedom in floor usage and planning in designing larger span with removal partition walls . Facades load bearing and non-load bearing suitable for any type of building system can be produce in wide variety of intricate shapes and surface finishing load bearing facades serve dual purposes as structural supports for floor load and structure above and as architectural elements non-load bearing facades purely as decorative enclosures for internal floors. Often used with skeletal frames (steel, precast, insitu) 204. Cell System . speed of construction and surface finishes which can be completely done in factory bathrooms, kitchens and occasionally for apartments, hotels, prisons large cranage capacity required 5. Mixed System . precast concrete structure in combination with other buiding, system such as cast in-situ, steel, masonary greater attention to design, detail and construction of precast concrete joints interfacing with in-situ or other building system 2tiH Ha Skeletal Frame Braced Skeletal Frame Cross Wall Precast Concrete Building Systems 22Variations In Skéletal Frame Systems 23Hinged Joint Formed On-Site a Rigid Rigid Joint Joint Pre- Formed Fabricated On-Site ‘Skeletal Frames And Structural Idealisation i a4ul MN \ Vi ‘ VAN Precast and prestressed: concrete columns and ‘beams are suitable for any type of low rise tise structure where maximum Interior flex tequited. In many structures, these element: exposed and become architectural feadur altention is given to aesthelics of their connections. Architectural and engineering considerations deter maine whether the beams are continuous with single * columas, or as mulli storey columns with span beams, ‘Double Woes beara on taper beam MULTI STOREY CONSTRUCTION Bpam-Coliimn Framing (Buildings) 25Figure 1.2.3 Single-etory beam-column construction ‘Any ofthe standard precast beam and column sections shown in Chapier 2can be used for single story stuctures, Selection ofthe ty2e of ‘beam tobe ueed depends on considerations such as spantength, volt superimposed loads, and aso on depth of cling constructon ant ected archtactural éxpcession, Figure 1.2.4 Multi-story beam-column construction Beam coum taming fs sutabl or bot owrse and tighse bulcings,Archtectual and engineering considerations dictate whether the Beams are contrusous wh single-story eoumns, of wheter mi-slory columns ar zed wih angle span beams 26Figure 1.2.1. Single-story bearing wall construction ~ Provides economy by aiminatng the need fora stuctural ame at the permoter. The wall panels emselves can be selected fom a varity fetndardsectons orf panes, and speci oe arcoc.alpreestoapes, Ay fthe standard procas deckunss can bese ot 218Figure 1.22" Multistory bearing wall constuction Pract eg watts an be at ony oY mss unks | Tunis may eta ae second For wl wh he st Toor naming const of beams and coun cola & te OD 249Figure 1.2.5 Interior shear wall system Literal toads ae ranamited by foor laphragis toa stuctr ‘alcove of precast shear wals, The shear wall can bo ted to ‘ether vericay andl at comers to form a structural tbe that ‘Sanblovers Hom the feundaton Figure 1.2.6 Exterior shear wall system Ingeneral, he exterior shear wa system permis greater de ‘sign fexbitty than the afer interior sear wall system because ebminates theneed fora stuctualeoro By combining grav ty load bearing function with atrallnad resistance the emo (oF shear wall system i, in general, more economical Figure 1.2.7 Rigid (rame system ‘Al alr loads are transferred ta momentesising fame that tos beams and columns together wih rigkd connections ‘The need for shear was is eliminated. Figure 1.2.8 Precast concrete wals and floors ensure feo containment and lower insurance ates."Habitat", Montreal residential building composed of closed modsles Anchitecs: Meshe Sefdiel and Partners Building constructed by the Flesbas system at Laers, Switzerland Ardhitect: 0. Seti 32‘Layouts bated on thease of ‘pen box units (modules) with ongitndinal subdivisions, £400 i Assembly of closed modules Box-shaped any erected Ym this case the boxes ave cloied on ‘op and open at the boston. They as ‘the adwantsge thas the units can al be idemtical, but only those tems of eapment which can he estnbed voBathroom Jormed by « pre- fabricated box unit: to euch all the anitary equipment and fittings to be installed im the factory, the floc of the box should be precast with the tually, leaving the top open ‘ 24"Types of beddings Precast strectaral system L Skeletal Bearing walls Cal stractures Todustial & commercial | Large open spaces buildings Office buildings: Large feta ~ Free choice of facade Indoor conditions a the ‘cladding, ‘ite achieved ‘Apartment buildings ‘Performance ‘Speed of construction Economy. Hotels Performance Eoosomy Hating Performance Economy ‘Schools ‘open spaces Large open spaces “Rot Fenty ‘Pree choice of facade Indoor conditions at the = cladding ‘ite achieved quickly Hospitals TLarge open space Large open spaces Flexibility Flexibility ‘Free choice of facade Indoor conditions at the cladding Site achieved quickly ‘Cultural buiidings — | Large open spaces Large open 3 roetlty Towtity | Free choice of facade Indoor conditions at the : cladding Site achieved quickly Parking garages | Large open spaces ‘Garage boxes | ‘Speed Ease Review of precast concrete structural systems 35Structural Stability and Robustness © stability means adequate resistance against side sway robustness or integrity means correct joint design and detail to prevent progressive collapse temporary stability eg. walls/columns supporting horizontal components (propped or cantilevered) permanent stability - floor diaphragm action ~ transference of horizontal forces from the floor plate to vertical stabilising elements and thence to foundation and soil - component design - connection and joint design correct design approach - check for structural stability and then component design Stability Systems Basic system : cantilevered columns moment resistance frames system (unbraced) > shear walls system combined wall and frame system (braced or mixed ) Basic structural configurations : perimeter shear walls : interior core shear walls dual wall frame : uniform frame : perimeter frame combined wall and frame 36Moment Resisting Base (b) Continuous Frames Unbraced Frame Braced Frame In-Plane Action Of Precast Concrete Walls Siractare wih eet Stabilizing component ‘Sirweture with ame ‘system actus wi ‘Senacrare wit sees Re ET [Siractare wah Bearing Tacade system Cantilever columas Frame with moment sisting connections Floor diaphragm ‘Shear wall ‘Cena core Boxes ‘Typical combinations of stabilizing systemsPeameter shear wats Interior-core shear wali Dust wall frame Perimeter ductile frame Combined walt and ames sic structural configurations 36. were rene cere ene eee wer ecee Connection Designs Basic design considerations resistance to all design forces ductile to deformations volume changes (temperature, shrinkage, creep) durability fire resistance production considerations construction considerations ‘Types of connections column/wall to foundation column/wall to column/wall beam to column/wall slabs to beam or wall slabs to slabs staircase to slab/bearn facades to beam/column mixed building system (steel/cast in-situ frame or walls to slabs, beams columns, facades etc) Basic design forces : tension compression shear Direct bending moments and torsion are resolved into the above three force components Joint construction : grouting dry pack adhesives neoprene pads welding bolting, dowels couplers screwed rods 34Manufacturing Considerations repetition of cross-sections width can be varied for one type of mould with constant depth ae as Length can vary for same cross-section minimise side protruding rebars but no problem for top suface if possible side protruding bars to be fixed by couplers or epoxy drilled side, top and end bars not possible in machanised production with slipform or extrusion methods corbels in column upwards (not always possible) penetation Chevizental ov ver fea!) KK IF y gicrs a f c 2 Ly oeoeeceeere RECESS, HALVING JOINT 40weer Transportation Considerations The precast concrete components should preferably be : Length < 12m Weight < 24 tons Width < 2.4m Height < 3.5 - 4.2 m (special inclined racks may be used) otherwise special transportation method and escort needed Distance from production yard should be reasonable. WALL PANELS SUPPORTED CDGLWISE AtSite Considerations © accessibility planar dimensions and height of building (crane paths, horizontal and vertical building construction, construction joints, temporary building stability, mixed construction) © build-up area in relation to total site area and site boundary (site precast, storage of precast components, complications to lifting due to existing structures) © crane types and capacity (tower crane 3 tons at 40m, crawler crane 55,70,100 150 tons, mobile cranes) The heaviest components should be carefully considered as exceptionally large capacity crane may be needed for a limited number of units, May need to consider alternative construction method (splitting the units, shell units, steel, cast in-situ). s 2 ate eaetliee oe Crane poston for Case pasion for hanaing members handing members 6 wveaigh 30 Fevcugh 15 ro} Crane sequencing. (a) Heavy loads. (0) Light loodsVertical Stability Systems cantilevered columns moment resistance frames shear walls combined wall and frame system The reactions from the floor diaphragm are transferred to the stabilizing systems as point loads acting at the centroid of the floor system in contact with the stabilizing element i.e. column, walls or cores. The loads are reversible in nature. Cares must be taken in situations where coincident floor levels are different in height Cantilevered Columns unbraced structures the structural stability is provided entirely by the full height of the columns acting as cantilevers the horizontal loads are distributed between all columns in accordance with their flexural stiffness (E/h ') the total overtuming moments at the column base is the summation of the horizontal force x floor height above the base the overtuming moments are additive to the frame moments derived from column design to the Code (effective length factor = 2.2) plus any other incidental moments ( V x e) at the floor connections column reinforcement may be reduced in upper floor if necessary columns founded on beams or slabs should be considered as posts and pin-jointed. They do not contribute to the stability of the structure. 43. Moment Resistance Frames stability of the building is derived from moment joints between the columns and the framing beams which distribute the sway moments into the frames the moment joints may be designed for the combined vertical and lateral sway forces or solely for sway moment transfer such as spandrel or gable end beams in cantilevered column structures the moment joints must have connectors capable to develop a minimum vertical couples (tension and compression forces at top and bottom of the beam from sway moments) and an effective vertical shear resistance at the beam-column interface (shear forces being the additives of total vertical shear force and the vertical shear from sway moment) the couple connectors may consist of mechanical parts welded together or grouted interlacing bars at the top and bottom of the beams. Shear connection may be simple shear keys or with interlacing bars. Bolted fixings do not develop the necessary Positive connectivity as most are provided with tolerance holes (friction grip bolts are the exception) in the direction of the frame the columns are designed on the assumption of rigid connection with the framing beams and hence the normal rules for column effective length factors for unbraced structure applies (minimum value = 1.2) the columns should be checked for buckling instability under lateral sway if they are exceptionally slender (P-delta 1* and 2™ order effect) "FAR PSE Posaries ee fifteen sspec ttf fewest Ft vets aes nett oces Gemty deat oad nt frame load response 44Shear Wall Systems offers the best solution to building stability due to the large in- plane stiffness and strength the shear walls may be single unit or in most cases comprise of multiple units and openings for doors, windows, services may be incorporated in the finished products braced structures with precast concrete walls can be : - infill walls in skeletal frame - cantilevered walls (stacked or coupled) + service core box walls the distribution of the horizontal diaphragm reactions to the shear walls depends on : - in-plane stiffness (L/h ratio, solid or with penetrations will determine if deflection responses are flexural or shear modes) - position of the walls (torsion in non-symmetrical walls layout) - contribution from columns (small, usually ignored) - connection between walls (no connection, rigid, semi-rigid) OOH, 5 — SENNA: NR, ENR | > | Sewgieaiear wa “tnwec seat wats, Gpenimgsin wan Atunganet shear was A me "at Stacked pane Coupies panels Lateral forces on shear walls 45| wat Without {+} Components Shear | Joints El=bee-a? Shear Key Connections © when walls are not located in the same vertical planes, the axial forces in the columns must be considered especially when the column are lightly loaded from vertical loading (uplifting) Tension Compression Tension Compression (b) Walls in Different Vertical Planes jncidental walls in braced structure 46© the walls may failed in general from any one of the following modes ~ shear slip (horizontal and vertical joints if L/h >3) - flexural tension failure (large overturning moment and light vertical load) ~ flexural compression failure (combined axial forces and moment) my (w]Elexural Tension allure Combined Wall And Frame Systems © braced in one direction and unbraced in the other direction ~ walls are considered separately ic. unbraced direction sway is ignored when designing wails in the braced direction ~ effects of lateral bracing can be considered in designing columns in the unbraced direction (rectangular shape with weaker axis in the plane of the braced direction) © Partially braced structure : - bracing in lower floor and unbraced cantilevered columns on upper storey - non-coincidental walls in skeletal frame with braced structure on upper storey and unbraced structure on lower floor (hotel podiums) 47Distribution Of Horizontal Loading distribution of horizontal loading between stabilizing elements is determined from the position and relative stiffness of the bracing elements in the structure bracing elements may consist any one or a combination of the followings: = shear walls, cores, columns (cantilevered) = precast infill walls ~ moment resistance frames ~ cross diagonal steel bracings shear walls and cores are the most commonly adopted Assumptions (approximate method) the floor plate is a rigid diaphragm the relative deflection of the walls are proportional to the distances from the centroid of flexural rigidity shear deflections are small compared with flexural deflections Statically Indeterminate Wall System Sue-H — | nt at alana tt sneer force (Y) dlagram ., [ic, elia His [ep + Sass H qf es0 His Hx FE Gyamcically Heed walls Lf walls ave L, T, Lor Usshep the theta of the wobined Seckon Te uted and a will then be taken a the Arstane betoen the shear ented) the combined secbion 4s the mas eahe of He Moors‘orsion In Walls Figure 2.44 shows a wall system containing n numbers of wall profiles. The centroid of the stiffness (oF flexural rigidities (El) of the wall system is calculated from an arbitrary reference point O in a x-y cartesian coordinate system. If the Young's modulus E is similar in all the walls, the flexural rigidity of each wall element is then proportional to its second moment of area I Figure 2.44 Notations Of Wall System Subjected To Torsion The (otal stiness of the wall system in the two principal directions is determined by XL, = Eh, The centre of the shear force of the wall system is : ECL, al, Ye = By YOM, The resultant horizontal loads denoted by H, and H, act at a distance y,, y, from the centroid of the shear force. The tarsion, taking positive in anti-clockwise direction, is given by T= Hy ka Hy Ya The torsional strength of the individual wall system can be determined by means of the formula = EL, (He)? + BL, YY? The horizontal load on each wall section can then be calculated by means of the components in the wand y directions Hy = Ly HY, - Thy, v,)A) Hy = ty CH/t, + Tx ~ xa) Itcan be observed from the above that in symmetrical wall system where T = 0, the distribution of horizontal loads in the wall sections will then be directly proportional to the moment of inertia of the individual watts. 44igidit Wall Panels [Cantilever Walls a TOL te by = Spt Sv = Ph 4 baph ser * ae Fake P-ho, 1-th? Geaue, AsQeeL ar> gh (hy [Cis S55] Wall sfitfress + f fhicknesse t k~ Sr | Fixed Walls Ste She Sv Phe, w2ph tQEL “GK O0 Hricknes =t Take P=ho, I>: 42 GOKE, Ax08eL J Ty 2 Bre Be (PLY 3.05) Wall sfffness > ee ot 50of Wall Panels with Openings Wall wil single Opening I Fr 5p -Sitbet DE En Wall vigidity « eee Ke Sy Wall with. Undiforaa Openings Dig tribuNon of Sheav Fevee ty-ba=Ls=ly= bs Fr Fie Pe esige q FX bar of Wal ple ee ee rel | Se SS ft A Bt eh : ke ér Wall wit variable Openings $72 28 Eke go pistribubon of Shear aff Pres: Hoe a Hy “Frege A Fist hr* gy glEffects Of Building Shapes 52Design For Horizontal Loading * horizontal loads : wind, seismic, out of building verticality (notional horizontal loads) two key design area : floor diaphragm action : vertical stability systems oreo tat er Sire Truss systems for horizontal forces tuvatened 10 wath 1 Teton ere ued, oy 2 Grea 7 Ommewoom Floor diaphragm actionFloor Diaphragm Action * floor diaphragm or plate action means the transference of horizontal loading (wind, notional loads, seismic forces) across a building (floor and roof) © the forces are transmitted through arch and tie action using deep beam model with the vertical stabilising elements (cores, shear walls, frames, bracings) acting as supports Analoguos Deep Beam 54‘Shear diagram + Analogous Beam Design Of A Floor Diaphragm 5Sels subjected $9 Aoviiontel herdarp hy fom plat 24 ua la ei am je mais bamod hey Ho maternal denuim L compredtton thads. T= “~ oe Martonum value dh fn Yp at tho points Je mantra we hancling are = Bie 2k local damage —> progressive collapse Accidental loading : errors in design or construction local overloading service system (gas) explosion bomb explosion vehicular and falling material impacts intense localised fire foundation settlement seismic effects 64‘The most effective means to prevent progressive collapse are direct design of structural members to withstand accidental loading. May not be practical as all conceivable hazards must be anticipated and fully dealt with. reduced or eliminate risk of accidental loading (not an overall solution but should be encourage as much as possible) : 1. erecting vehicular barriers 2. isolating volatile materials from building internals 3. prohibiting gas installation (very difficult) 4, reduce design errors with exhaustive checks and clear details 5. reduce construction errors with strictly enforced quality control procedures and well defined personnel task and responsibility 6. instruction manuals on building inspection, demolition, equipment maintenance and dismantling ‘Three alternative design approaches in BS8110 protected members (key elements) alternative load paths ‘structural ties ‘The first two methods may be call the ‘direct’ method because aan appreciation of the severity and the possible location of any accidental damage is known or assumed. ‘The third method is called ‘indirect’ method because the severity and possible damage location are not known. Superposition of the effects of the three methods are not permitted ie a member cannot be said to be partially protected and partially tied. 0Protected Members are designed, constructed, and protected from accidental removal protected members or key elements are elements including their connections to adjacent members on which the stability of the structure is to depend. All other structural components that provide supports vital to the stability of the key elements are also considered as key elements key clements are to be avoided as much as possible by revising building layout to withstand an ultimate pressure of 34 KN/m2 (value from controlled gas explosions tests after the Ronan Point collapse) Te force F Fagane— = = km > al‘ 5 ‘Shaw force HY serene joint cantilever action of the wall panels beam and arch action of the wall panels partial catenary and membrane action of successive spans of the floor slabs vertical suspension of the wall panels diaphragm action of the floors slabs a b ©. rt e 62© partial load factors for bridging elements design : 13 materials concrete = steel 10 loading dead = = 1.05 live = 1.0 (warehouse and industrial buildings) = 0.33 (others) wind = 0.33 © catenary action with continuous reinforcement bars or prestressing strands 63Structural Ties ¢ design approach based on empirical rules does not depend on the force vectors likely to be encountered, or on the assessment of the effects of limited damage © aims to provide minimum levels of strength, continuity and ductility He colum allowed srohitecturally| No lower column wed 1. slab bearing 2. beam-to-beam connection 3. beam-to-stub column 4, stub column-to-beam 4 6 beam-to-beam eam-to-column Floor layout which may endanger the building's structural infggrity in case of accident LASoluma pecipherst tie Vertical te ‘Structural Integrity Tles Basic tie force (lesser of) : 1. 0 + 4x number of storey (kN) Reinforcement designed to characteristic strength and those for other purposes may be considered as structural ties. 65L. Horizontal Ties : peripheral, internal, column and wall ties © peripheral ties : F= 1.0 Ft located within 1.2m from building edge or within perimeter beams or walls reinforcing bars for floor diaphragm action may be used as tie Ties. Ties Peripheral Ties in Floor Layout With Internat Edges © internal ties : tie force (greater of) (1) (gk + qk)/7.5 x M/S (2) 1OxFt placed in 2 orthogonal directions maximum spacing ~ 1.5 Ir grouped within beams or walls or evenly spaced across floor anchored either to peripheral ties, columns or walls column and wall horizontal ties design force (greater of) (1) 2.x Ft or (1s/2.5)Ft (2) 3% x vertical column/wall ultimate load at the floor being considered ties at corner column in two directions if peripheral ties are within column and wall dimensions and internal ties anchored to the peripheral ties no column. horizontal ties needed2. Vertical Ties design force = ultimate dead and live load carried by the column/walls from any one floor ties are to be continuous from foundation to roof, iy (b) Anchorage By Enclosing Links Tle Continuity By Lapping And Enclosing Links ‘Beam reinforcement used a5 te ‘Beam reinforcement used as peripheral tie {a) Tie at Bottom of Slab (b) Tie at Top of Slab ‘Anchorage Of Ties To Peripheral Ties 61Tie Backs For Edge Columns Anchor plate “N Grouted sieeve “Ties anchored using cast-in sockets or bearing plates 68DESIGNS Hollow Core Slabs automated production, good surface finish, saving in concrete, wide choice of structural depths (150 to 500mm), high strength capacity, rapid site assembly extrusion or slip-forming production, standard nominal width 1.2m (actual 1196mm, 4mm tolerances), steam or temperature curing, allow horizontal prestressing strands only, detensioning at 35N/mm2 (6hrs after casting) variations allowed during production : increase fire resistance (minimum 2 hrs, light mesh in 4hrs slabs to prevent cover spalling at high temperature), penetrations, opening of cores for site steel fixing, cut-outs for columns/walls, square plane, skewed, cranked ends penetrations, cut-outs, core opening are done when concrete is fresh, penetrations smaller than 200mm should be cored at site where penetrations involve removal of strands, consult Precaster or structural designer cast-in sockets not possible, fixing by shot fire methods not recommended, maximum fixing depth should be restricted to about 20-25mm. topping thickness should be specified at supports with allowance for reduction at mid-span due to precamber (allowed for 25mm or from precaster for longer or highly prestressed section), minimum topping thickness may be 40-55mm at mid-span drainage holes (10mm) in every void should be provided at both ends of slabs to allow drain-off of water in the void space certain types of cracks on the slabs will not affect the structural performance, if in doubt load tests should be carried outMEMORANDUM JOB/TLE: LTY Consulting Engineering weeetamn Bun) To: REF No, Srrsctcece 1 Fax: 3542666 Fa ‘Sheet No. | Date: Re ov Pc. o ° eet” ceva led oF ee butiov. © ee lay Motes . a0 erage fet ClO = (uu, le cl, Ta meu peel ieccrs fe (evushed “dow Prom “Pred eon PO [Ouum apyy eng tas Tivo tts total “ppracotts oo eis he Stab OPy bile ary rove egtonere be pup bree.” © dowdy ‘en Ll Man “| ewe os ld fo kas plete Loe 12h 2 taskng °| Web dhicknes Mh e|COuifred ar Smsoth Pe igh surface y Quad moe have Meliata Kors “ue Declan Date Aas 75 : F- 3e art ehe i The red sec Kat hAay. ‘ Se 4 ite . a am La mip ike very BO be A aatpeelt IE oe on E feasile Sess dn ASR ling «1 Edi ofitel(EEPD mu Bom al Pic bax gee Oy Crocs SeeKord = hayht/) voids +h-Fnw haha) veld oh Ab 6070 [7S au. Plane Wlhsee sdk = Be fate t POR one, ho thn Lupe mia Owes Atet eusa.e sootLTY Consulting Engineering 40 Jalen Pomimpin#04-078 PROIEGT [Member ‘Tat Ann Building Mocation Singapore $7165 ‘Shoot No, Fax: 9542868 Tot 3542822 ana rae ar F Foveck by Ret, Lateral load DMobhu Kor jo Lier bakes howd odahy > bowen roo, masts fy r Load A io ri few ‘few > alias bird aaa frie l leeks behaved ao hinges ble ev tanrak «ee (class De relotakow ¢hend 3 ere g 2 O5/0 7 T 7 Chee! preach s - 2 wt RS e O35%, > flexwak [atuve » ee Mtl St ey South eae kaeps. t2 nonuut arol bow “hi atone Aer af af etal apelin ston! Tie Of: eore, M. reg re als fA" (ite lan: aod Hy Personae rash tome o> hrovisld te pace a capaci hy A th comcutPROVECT ~ _ LTY Consulting Engineering 40 Jalon Penimoin 404-070 “Tat Arn Bulg Membor.ocation ‘Sheet Ho Singapore 877165 5 = Lietrapeent ‘raving Ret ‘ae by Date [Green by [Date = | net Catnttons - © lonck dae buher = Bo Ml wt bee Shaw or 7hhe , a (ry 40 Fond Aveo ~ Concern approcn. vbw ¢ speed nike ab tf OSU Ohows hed +1 Bpow _ up fo Lee Units ove efter Wb. ‘ Hexiat Gpesty ao Prathecs bogus: telera he — r (fee x Cask a tote hose 2 [gq te abfo 1 pin = fo marin heugh A) prer wees te non brittle fade = sbeflecKe « Sen lie fa paitte trewhes|, e [shea Capac toy #4 + Usnsllt x wetir, AL Saact : bees “CGE beg hin hte Sp oe = Bet thou, avout Ber ° PREY tole Kvnud bo crac bees < Aen Kone ae A Revanon a ret aaee pa rok 2's Ue New fo QDDuv alaep oe Bey © Not eeonouical +9 more e ches capordy Mweayd RiLm Ap oT Ape XA “ouly Mec ¢ ee Lapa by foctw i938 ~ © Mout geononcical weet fo bere and sop Ov evan lap depky (tosttgSLTY Consulting Engineering “40 Jalan Pemimpin #04 Tat Ana Buisng Singapore 577185 Tot 3542622 PROUECT Mombecaton ‘Sheet N=, ts) ee ‘Drawing Pet, (Cato. by Date [ches by is we ean Veo Veos OEThY iy: Cawuotwe. — 667 bvh mac: a ceyoe dt Zhi Vee a epee “Tp CF Tp tep tuchewape A bon hua -D a4 Sy Us > cp aw te ce feild fait £ ys leo Ah ey (OC) ais = Rhee th Ae Ke= 240. 1 leeebead see ovr. 2 Vey #(1- aS ue’) Vebsid ~- Uo tt Ver =205;4., bd + [O97 ten 49877] 2 bord Deuelo uO pov _ boyftw Develo 12S & pret Lyi h be 12qom 1 howe NE to ae fab MKPROVES _- {TY Consutting Engineering 440 Jalan Pemimpin #04-078 Tata Butong eneertepaton a i sane FS shiganore 877185 wy Nat ene Sire i a Teh apiaaze ae on oH ee = | ne Cacltons = | Di Elo rica OpHert » Hollow cone slabs oe © double T slabs * bro block. elo rasspon re, yloatke 7 > hear He {2 piawe. moe Crifecte + Sheep tte oh Aron al 4 He ves Keo Bao he ® foes Aout? presi be duckle at fas lw. Eh ete bt PIER, Reo le U Cotheekbas ienleae, le seve 1G == “ i ine i oe : ig we le ord “ - a Sook ales oe YOM + Copacly J) 3 lab waits = es sty ¢ defle Kin -— acheot Dg aaetale KEG Suroller thaw calecle Kat at nich obs 3S fo 304, Ws 1S unceternty iw, cc Mordlulite €' ut vaapront 2 pclae hth honP - ei 20 “for, precaud bes, 12 YR oss w Heyued “acout he “forty aR. ge Whee Eee fle ne shal *f Lip 4a,MEMORANDUM JOB/TITLE: kK- up to 30 Buy th sya ee ah et eit — 1 ine Nt mf -L—>P i sheet deep bw = Bomar LTY Consulting Engineering eeeeann Buln) To: BEF Na - sigan gh mT vet soizoaz am reste Bato = «lob thitrose of Ke Po fiber nan +0 te ends utirs b Prickaees - is Gover ned buy Leute Kons De feagile as eapocte pay corey te at frat keer - ’ spol [uz, 8 CReg af bushing Ay de reawat at tHe dnt auistion toneSecon AA, b<430mm - _2) Data given by FIP (reference 4) & - e _) Additional guldarice given by manufacturers Rules For The Permitted Sizes And Locations Of Openings ‘And Cut-Outs In Hollow Core Slabs (Also see Table 2.1) Depth Corner End Middle Middle hole of cut-out cut-out cut-out diameter slab LXB LxB LxB ° i {mm) (mm) (mm) (em) (mm) 165 600x400 600x400 1000x400 1000x400 80 215 600x380 600x400 1000x380 1000x400 130 265 600x260. 600x400 1000x260. 1000x400 130 300 600x260 600x400 1000x260 1000x 400 a 400 600x260 600x400 1000x260 1000x400j g x s Figure 2.9 Loading Chart Based On Bending And Shear Capacity For Hollow.Core Slab Details are intonded for general information only, Precasters should be conéulted for actual detign ofthe slabs, =rel2._Lony 's on hollow core slabs can be categorised according tT Possible types of cracks on to FIP report as follows: 1. Longitudinal crack at void iE AB Bs P\ Si \ i: i Lr 3 SEAN E i © ©O 8 Ve ; & ale 2 IiDesign Considerations Concrete : minimum C45-C50, w/c=0.36, detensioning C35 Steel : 7-wire low relaxation (class 2) strands to BS 5896-1980, pretensioned to 60-65% Fu, effective prestress 45-50% Fpu, steel area = 0.1-0.25%, strands are anchored by bond at ends, effective pull-in on center wire should be about 3mm (1) Serviceability Limit State Design permissible flexural and compressive concrete stresses camber and deflection (a) Permissible concrete stresses ~ generally Class 2 stresses (0.45/fou with max.3.5 N/mm2 for C60) - concrete compression 0.33fcu at service and 0.5fei at transfer - stress computation is based on nett or gross _uncracked section Properties ‘The service moment of resistance is being the lesser of M, = (fe + 0.459f,,) X Zy or M, = (f,, + 0.336.) x Z, where fre =P, (UA, 0Z,) and (= PACA, - 012) fc. f,, are the top and bottom fibre stresses Z,. 2, are the top and bottom section moduli eis the eccentricity of prestressing force from the geometrical neutral axis (b) Camber and deflection - based on the El, support conditions, loading - straight tendons, standard formulae are used ~ long-term effect may be based on creep multiplier factor from PCI Handbook Deflection due to self weight and applied loadings: = _Sutt 384E,1 Deflection due to self weight and applied loadings: (downwards) 3 = —2Pe! (upwards) BEI 73Without With composite composite topping topping At Erection 1. Deflection (downward) component apply to the elastic deflection due. to the member weight at release of prestress: 1.85 1.85 2, Camber (upward) component -apply to the elastic camber due to prestress at the time of release of prestress 1.80 1.80 Final: 3. Deflection (downward) component ~ apply to the elastic deflection due to the element mass weight at release of prestress 270 2.40 Camber (upward) component - apply to the elastic camber due to prestress at the time of release of prestress 2.48 2.20 5. Deflection (downward) — apply to elastic deflection due to super- imposed dead load only 3.00 3.00 6. Deflection (downward) - apply to elastic deflection caused by 2.30 composite topping : “Suggested Multipliers To Be Used As A Guide In Estimating Long-term Cambers And Deflections For Typical Members When designing camber and deflection, the following considerations need to be taken into account : i. Aesthetic deflection limits of 1/250 is applied to units not supporting nonstructural ‘elements which might be damaged by large deflection. ii, When the units carry non-structural elements sensitive to large deflection, a more conservative approach is needed and guidance is given in Part 2, clause 3.2.1.2, of the Code. ‘Transverse load distribution due to concentrated or line loads should be considered. iv. When estimating long-term deflections, suitable levels of design loading should be considered ‘as outlined in Part 2 clause 3.3, of the Code. 14(2) Ultimate Limit State Design (a) Flexural failure ~ at critical maximum bending section ~ characterized by flexural cracking, excessive deflection and rupturing of tendons Flexural Failure Calculations of the flexural bending capacity of a cross section can be based on the stress distribution diagram shown in Figure 2.4. tn so far as x, is within the top flange thickness, the flexural capacity of the section can be calculated from Part 1, Table 4.4, BS 8110. When x is within the void area, the value of x can only be obtained by geometrical or arithmetic means. € #00035 fe 0.48tey 3 fab =f : a Ze mand ie M, = F,(d -0.45x) Force Section Figure 2.4 Strain And Force Distribution in Hollow Core Slab At Uitimate Limit State 15(b) Shear tension failure - initiated by principal tensile stress in the web reaching the ~ tensile strength of the concrete at uncracked section - tendency to take place at a section where the influence of support reaction is not significant and the prestressing force is not yet fully developed. The critical section is taken to be equal to the height of the slab section from the edge of the bearing (i.¢ 45’spread of support reaction). Figure 2,5 Shear Tension Failure = the ultimate shear capacity is calculated as : Veg = O.67bHVf? + 0.8.51) wheref, = 0.24¥f,, fq = concrete compressive stress at the centroidal axis due to effective prestress at the end of prestress transmission length ‘The expression 0.67bh is based on rectangular section. For hollow core slabs, it may be replaced by Ib/S, I and b being the respective second moment of area and breadth of the hollow core slab and S the first moment of area about the centroidal axis. Ib/S for hollow core slabs usually works out to be about 0.7 to 0.8bh. - the prestressing force is assumed to develop parabolically according to the expression : fepy = Gell) (2-2) fog Where x {Ss measured from the ends of the unit |, is taken as the greater of the transmission length K,a/\t, or the overall depth, D. of the member. When the critical section is within the transmission longth, the uncracked ultimate shear capacity Vco will need to be assessed with reduced fy, 76(c) Shear compression failure - flexural crack develops into shear crack which propagates into the compression zone of the section leading to concrete crushing Figure 2.6 Shear Compression Failure ‘The design ultimate shear resistance of a flexurally cracked section is calculated using the semi- ‘empirical equation in the BS 8110 Vor = (10.95 fa/fa We bd + M.V/M. where f,./ ,, is the ratio of the effective prestress after losses to the characteristics strength of the prestressing tendons. is the permissible shear stress in Part 1, Table 3.9, of the Code. M, is the moment necessary to produce zero stress in the concrete at the effective depth, d, level. it may be calculated as 0.8f,l/y where |, is the concrete compressive stress due to effective prestressing force at depth d and distance y from the centroid axis of the section which has a second moment of inertia | V and M are the ultimate shear force and bending moment respectively at the section considered In design, V., and V,, must always be determined and the lesser of the values governs the shear capacity of the precast unit 17(a) Bond and anchorage failure ~ initiated by flexural crack resulting in a loss of bond around the tendons due to insufficient anchorage beyond the crack ‘Bond And Anchorage Failure M +) z where the additional VIA, is due to the development of direct tensile stress in the tendons resulting from shear displacement of the cracked section and Z the section modulus at the level of prestressing tendons. ‘The limiting values of f,, can be determined from the anchorage failure envelope shown in Figure 2.8. |, = transfer length to provide effective bond to the prestressing strand = {,./2t additional length to prevent loss of bond at ultimate load = [fos feadl (7 ‘Anchorage bondtength Figure 28 Anchorage Failure Envelope 7183) . Transverse Load Distribution line and point load bending moments in the transverse direction of the slab units (resisted by the concrete tensile strength) vertical shear forces in the longitudinal joints (resisted by interface friction) BS8110 method : over effective width of three units (bare units) Y of the span on either side of the loaded area total width of 4 units with structural topping alternatively use graphs by FIP Joint strength natural random surface roughness of sides allows ultimate shear stress values of 0.1 N/mm2 (FIP) or 0.23N/mm2 (BS8110) 74ine i Une ia poDDaDIODADoOUED OSES SON pOOTABTOSIGTS a Oy Bs Be By Load Distribution Factor Figure 2.10 Load Distribution Factors For Linear Loadings In Hollow-Core Slab Floors Without Topping 807 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Span (m) Lie oad Lnetons poooapeoodo steastana yoo, soloasssoanaoea Telaais ay a as a my Bs Be By Load Distribution Factor Figure 2.11 Load Distribution Factors For Linear Loadings In Hollow-Core Slab Floors With Toppings 6]Pit oad : 1 | rote GeaGApTGCASoOOMHSOCSAHOSA eM L bp Load Distribution Factor Figure 2.12 Load Distribution Factors For Point Load In The Centre Area Of Hollow-Core Slab Floors With Topping 82Pott a bossameoansoagnasoapacea a 0; yyy Load Distribution Factor Figure 2.13 Load Distribution Factors For Mid-span Point Load At The Edge Of The Slab Field Without Topping 83Precast Concrete Pl: © smooth soffit finish, no formwork, rapid site assembly design as composite structure with concrete topping ranging from 50 to 200mm, * standard 75 and 100mm but 80 and 110mm more common eer (HDB major demand) © can be designed as rc or prestressed (pretensioned) with main + reinforcement embedded in the units. site placed steel may be steel mesh and loose bars in the span or over the supports (continuous span) * design as one-way span although has two way span capacity | © C35 minimum but tendency for higher grade of C45 or C50 ' ‘© unpropped construction possible up to 4m’for 75mm plank and 6m for 100mm plank. Longer spans required intermediate props ‘design must include effect of props and for temporary safety adopt 1.SN/m2 construction live load {@) Prestressed planks - longer unpropped span and resistance to cracking from handling ~ design normally to Class 2 or Class 3 stress limitations. Class 3 structure more appropriate for heavy loading as well as for detensioning of thicker section as off eccentric prestressing ‘produces tensile stress in the top face of the unit (6) Reinforced planks = flexural and shear resistance follow usual design process {the maximum bending moment at the temporary installation stage due to self weight and topping concrete is M, at a given section, the area of reinforcement is calculated as: igs My : 2, x0871, where z, is the fever arm in the precast unit If the ultimate moment due to imposed loads, including the effect of props, is M,, the total area of steel at the section is given as: . ALS AL tan a where 2, is the lever arm in the composite section. Vertical shear is rarely critical as there is a larger effective support width for the floor slabs. It may, however, be critical ifthere are openings which reduce the effective widths at the supports. Additional shear reinforcement in the form of stiups projecting above the precast units may be provided ifon tp + wealnsu() b a =dingw iL psd. ba5wih P. Wei) we geen — pot wt Ph y Wal eel 7 ae wt 2. ate = aordw te + Wed? Ce 7 wa * (aes 0108) ee = = wiht 4 Wed? wee ie © sipedet Prope are AS 2 : By 5-500, eee, A > Oo. 1 mo & -?) At Tes talla born we 4 shee Hee eres JrkQOt DS = THe Frew Lot en we fe Hy sere» KOR TOF 67/6 = 964%0 Ne ee Utut © baer oeko = ein Ww i: ate oA¥bt separ oR is ; = 15.26 hom eats (dl 56> = ee = 455 eS 2) Mt: Seve s ores yibaate bad WE WEDS. get nero a> west gre T2Hb yt UT cumed t (Us* (ut finale = 5G hot 7140.0 Na~ det = [2TKO ne uw [2740 X10 - “pa> > “Sd0x joo = Sol duct = OVFO% yex $0 OP TOO RD” 2 [get ww fa ee pbewune “ppt as + 2a 412d= 6267 [abr aw™|“oyna sted Wass © ~ check _$ peop bee 29>? BD Cee doo - shee 6267 wind , Ber* : 7 ay enstallakore. a ae Wb $00 - oe : 500-22 = debs (995-) ~ fe x ey BThO% 4194 TI. O i a seAs 22g pe Fes Gite de = ae 5 2432, gol? ye be Be lind FoHOA tere certs fae Baise? att ae nlm” Al I he fo jr oO bp = 2968 Box Fl - 5 poxio® Hs ] 2 pions ke fe S@nox 6267 = de. = ttl. im 3 (Po, eo yer el Cal ee ee — tefhad % = M tare Bnew > bee EISS wen® hte 110 + aoxi0e ba p02 ze aceyd Ase > -128 ka 0.6 11 460 K0,064 100 = 3140 : (fore Bee 2 49S #4 RE ude - de ck oe 3274 %a-SImb foo SE STH EGS ne alter feof? 262 he ete bq )Precast Concrete Columns * b/b<4 column, else walls © design follow similar approach as for in-situ columns once the followings are resolved : - column stability (cantilever, braced, unbraced) - axial loadings (dead, live, wind) ~ bending moments (framing, slendemess, minimum and design load eccentricities, patch loading in pinned beams structures, building sway) - structural connection ( column/base, column/column, column/beam) © the effective column heights for braced or unbraced columns are shown in the table below Effective Height Of Column, I, = 81, Braced Columns : (lesser of > fe = to [0.1 +2.05CHer+ Hea)] < Le Des J. (0854005 Hemin) < be. Unbrawd Columns Clesser of) + fe= fo [ bOt 015 (tert ea] Rez ho (20 +03 Kemind = as detited above Hers Ha rake of the sun ef the Column sttfhecs to the Sum of the bean chffhess at on ee her» the rako of fe sum of the Column shPthes fo the su Oder her, Keni onl mbvs of the beam shfpness at aan ie fa letof wd . He Sher end tf He cae jane of bends Seer ® pia onndet benan'y e200 elias marina of Hes and Me g noninally columnfpare couruckion We =(O Wo column base eeurtchion Ket lO aladditional induced deflection by slender column at ultimate limit state - a, = BaKb where 2, (le/bf/2000 K= a reduction factor for the correction of deflection to allow for the influence of axial load Design Charts © precast columns can be designed using the column design charts in Part 3 of the Code or using the Handbook charts © the load eccentricities being the resultant of the followings : - actual design eccentricity such as beam on cordel (usually = h/2+150 mm) or the minimum eccentricity of b/20 or 20mm - additional eccentricity (deflection) from slendemess effect - eccentricity from framing action in moment-rigid beam/column connection ( ¢ = M/N, N the total column axial load at the level being considered) © the use of rectangular column design charts are : Step 1: Determine N ; Step 2: Calculate N/n, where n is a multiple of 50mm column. modules for an assumed column width Step 3 : Determine total load eccentricities * only step | and 3 are needed in the use of the circular column design charts 922}orl va! eharirkO est L inPO eS SSS Figure 2.30 Reinforced Concrete Precast Rectangular/Square Column Design Chart For £,,235Nimm, And p22% 92‘Aa Load Capacty, NN) Lined Beoertces, (nm) Figure 2.36 Reinforced Concrete Precast Circular Column Design Chart For f,,=38Nimm? And p,=2% 94ee eee Precast Concrete Walls as infill walls in skeletal frame structures which can be designed as stabilizing system for the building as shear walls which can be either cantilevered or as combined box sections for staircase/lift cores. The walls act as stabilizing systems and are normally designed to carried vertical and horizontal (out of plane and in-plane) loads thickness ranges from 125mm to 300mm or thicker preferably as single elements. Wide walls are built up from assembly of smaller elements with site jointing openings for window, services or other architectural designs can be incorporated, Large openings in wall panels need special attention particularly if the openings interrupted the line of action of compressive struts upon which the wall behaviour depend methods of jointing of wall units include : ~ in-situ concrete and steel tie - welded connections ~ bolting - shear keys with or without interlacing steels - mortar bedding (horizontal joint) reinforced walls (minimum reinforcing steel) plain walls (only shrinkage steel) braced walls (laterally supported by floors or cross walls) unbraced walls (cantilever) stocky walls le/t < 15 for braced walls and < 10 for unbraced walls, else slender walls effective heights for reinforced walls are determined as for columns. Maximum slenderness (le/t) limits - braced walls As<1%, le/t=40 As>1%, le/t=45 = unbraced walls le/t = 30 if beams or slabs transmitting loads into the reinforced walls are simply supported, slenderness limit is assessed as for plain walls 45a] loz 2010 BW lq= 0.7510 TE os Lage 2.5 loo hea 1.0 lee Effective Heights Of Plain Walls 46 pF OTE toy la= 20 le murs 4 Let 1.0 fay Soa 2.5 bee AS 1= 1.0 bor aVertical foad capacity (1) Reinforced walls © design as for column of unit length (slendemess induced deflection etc), and use of standard column design charts in Part 3 of the Code (2) Plain walls © vertical load capacity depends largely from the flexural tensile stresses generated from transverse load eccentricities by: = the floor elements with unequal span or with different design loads on each side of the wall - special support fittings for the floor ~ vertical misalignment or tilting in the vertical plane of the walls - angular rotations of the ends of the floor elements (moments at top and bottom of walls) Ea RENN (2) Loads from special (1) Loads trom floor ‘support fitings (2) Resultant loads Design Load Eccentricitios in Walls ‘muntnum aesign transverse eccentricity is ¥20 or 20 mm, whichever is greater. The vertical load carrying capacity of plain wails is calculated using the following equations 1. Stocky braced wall A, £0.34,(t- 2e,) 2. Slender braced wall nS 0.3f,(t- 1.26, - 1.2e,) 3. Unbraced wall a. 0, S0.3f,(t- 2e,,) or Dy S0.3Ia(t- 26, -2e,) whichever is smaller. where e, = actual resulting transverse load eccentricity 20 oF 20 mm, whichever is greater. 2 = resulting transverse load eccentricity at the top and bottom of the wall respectively, as in e, @ = adalional defection duo to stondomnoss effet qT PERM whg i S @ 1 2 90 49 50 GO 7D 80 90 100 110 120 190 140 150 Total Design Load Eccentricity; e,(mm) Ultimate Vertical Load Capacity (KN) OF Plain Stocky Braced Walls (\/hs18) 48He ES 3 iss bulma] ag 5 i i & ] j ! z a hig 2» \, Wall Slendemess ratio, Ultimate Vertical Load Capacity Of Braced Slender Walls (15<1/h<30) 49Design Of Cantilever Precast Walls ‘The design of the wall is carried out at the ultimate limit state as illustrated in Figure 2.47. Figure 2.47 Design Principle Of Cantilever Precast Concrete Walls ‘The concrete compression forces under combined action of axial foad and moment are given by F, = 0.456, x 0.94 xt Under axial loads (NEFA, where F, is the tensile resistance provided by reinforcement F, = O.87fA, Hence N= 0.451, x 0.91 xt- O.871,A, and M = F(d-0.45x) -N(d- h/2) 01451, x 0.9y x (0 - 0.45y) - N(d - V2) = 0.405f, x t(d - 0.45y) - N(d - 172) To transfer tension force F, across the joint, isolated connections using grouted pipe sleeves, bolting and welding may be used. 100Design Of Infill Precast Walls Precast concrete walls are commonly used as infill walls between framing elements in a skeletal frame structure to function as stability wails. The walls are assumed not to carry any building loads and that beams between the wall panels are considered as separate structural elements even though the gap between them is grouted solidly. The walls are also assumed to be free from simultaneous in-plane and out-of-plane wind loadings. The infill walls are generally designed as plain walls with sufficient reinforcement to resist diagonal cracking in the panel and to maintain the intrinsic shape of the panel particularly at the comers. The tensile strength of the concrete is ignored in the design. The behaviour of infill concrete walls and general design principles subjected to horizontal loads are outlined in reference 7 and ilustrated in Figure Fe (a) Strut Analogy L (b) Stresses in Panel Infill Wall Panel Design Principles (reference 7) {olDESIGN OF CONNECTIONS Design Criteria to resist the ultimate design forces in a ductile manner products are manufactured economically, easy to handle and simple to erect sufficient tolerances satisfying fire, durability and aesthetically pleasing Design Considerations strength : obvious (dead, live, wind, earth, water pressures), not so obvious (creep, shrinkage, temperature, stability tie forces) ~: basic forces, tensile, compressive, shear, flexure, torsion : aim for more than one type of joint to achieve the overall result ductility : ability to undergo large deformation without failure c ultimate failure may due to rupturing of steel, crushing of concrete, connector failure volume change : creep, shrinkage (member shortening), temperature (member expansion or contraction) : no effect to unrestrained members (sliding joint), : tensile elements to be provided in restrained members, : stability of vertical members may be affected (bending moment in columns) durability : periodic inspection of exposed sections : poor durability will be shown by corrosion, cracking and spalling of concrete : measures included grouting, painting, galvanizing, stainless steel sections fire resistance : strength weaken by elevated temperature, : protection by grouting, enclosure and spraying of non-combustable material, degree of protection must be as for the building (OzVeluwe C ea Feuvees shvinkage ard fouperature changes. Lew signi bgant fa precast routfruchon az - unnes Macned early age defowalon ~ 6ltght movement allowed one -frickorad resistance at the comnechou has freon exhaus teal - flecibr lity ie bei nd syste such as skelets | frame also helps to azcommedate He movements . Ait fiecelt to arsecs volume change forces using btondardi zeal data Chas ically used for Mesite censhueton) due te = - Volume -to - surface aren ef recast couponenh > lower eas ee AG Aouble T beams) water content Is low (eg. H.z Slabs ,w/er036) vealist{e results should be based on measurad data Jagite Hata Shain [Typed Coupon ents 25 00062 | 30° cteep double T slabs 37 | 0.00067 | 160 deep double T slabs | 50 0.00064 (50 deep hollow core slabs 715 | c.cco8e | So deep bellow core slabs 100 | 5.00084 | Narrom bean o cblunns (300, 125 | 0.00089. | Wide beans or Columns (660 aite Approx axial Volunse change [oe Una becined pic eloyenb (data include elaske hor fenir4 Shains pa pres be csek element of about av0035 strain’) nanVolume Change Faces Cesn tid QD De forma ian dus to drying shuinkewe : Ash = &hxbk ~ Sh may be obtained from Put 2, big. 22 ov from nizasuned olate - Bsh needs te be modified due to prerence of Relafoy com eat by a factw ; fs Eh = + Kp 28 for Mndoor emposure fev outoloer eaposure. pe 2) Reformation olue to fewbeva tere Changes, Ae= “eb oh = (ox [07S fey °S t= hewperatire range Cin ‘CS 3) Total Velume charge = Acht At > (Ep at) b Li ta Ly oe 7 ed Hh, Hn bp A= (Esh'4 lt) Lees Max. force at [of ‘gfovey Cforindation not moving): Ae tote A and Sto : Pas O34 Fi Bra ater : Py 00065F, Man. herding momant In column: M2052 Fh 1o2Bee eereene Manufacturing Considerations avoid congestion avoid penetration of forms minimize embedded items avoid operations after stripping the form allow manufacturing tolerances use standard items use repetitive details allow alternatives i allow for field adjustment accessibility for works repetitive and standard details robust projections allow altematives Basic Types Of Joints compressive shear torsion [03Compressive Joint © through direct bearing or via intermediate bedding © direct bearing requires great accuracy in manufacturing and erection and only when bearing stresses are small (< 0.2fcu), confining reinforcement must be carefully detailed at regions immediately above bearing surfaces and beware of unreinforced areas due to increase fire resistance or meeting minimal bending radii for steel «intermediate bedding always recommended as there are bound to be surface irregularities at jointing surfaces © bedding materials may be cementitious or bearing pads Cementitious bedding © basic components : water, cementitious materials, sand site sand cement mixes : | part of cement and 2 to 3 parts of sand, water amount adjusted to suit method of placement (pouring, pressure, hand tamping) © grout (normal or non-shrink, highly flowable), mortar (sand-cement mix, stiffer than grout), fine concrete (dry pack, very stiff sand-cement mix) © grout and mortar for 10-30mm joint thickness, fine concrete for 30- 50mm joint joint strength may be reduced by edge spalling, poor workmanship, unintended eccentricity, spurious bending moments and shear, great difference in elastic response between joint material and members which may lead to localised contraction, lateral tensile stressesand splitting forces especially if joint thickness > 50mm . aan 4) Force transfer through compression joint having an elastic modulus, a) less than the precast b) equal to precast c) greater than precast 4) as (c) but with reduced breadth Vertical Transfer Of Compressive Forces. mATensile Joint overlapping of steel bars dowel action bolting welding W a) Tensile joint by tapping reinforcement and dowel action Costin bot ‘SERB red in insert bot {Tas nwert bt b) Tensile joint by bolting Anchor plate (wv) ) Tensile joint by welding (i) Tensile Force Transfer 10sVambersky (reference 8) proposed that the bearing capacity of unreinforced mortar joint can be calculated from: Me = NoBlay — (34) where {,, = weaker concrete compressive strength of either the joint mortar or the precast components adjacent to the joint ty = reduction factor reflecting the trapped air content For a precast component placed onto a mortar bed For the case of joint infil after the ‘components are placed: 7 for dry packed mortar and {9 for colloidal pouring mortar The effects of joint geometry and the different quality conditions between site mixed mortar and under laboratory tests are reflected in the expression: be —(@2) 5 (1 -K) + Ke where K = Malady fadfy = concrete compressive strength of mortar and precast component respectively Na 70.75 if site cubes are tested = 1.00 if cores are cut and tested & = ratio of joint width to joint thickness. = UW or xNv where xis the affective compression length of the joint under eccentric foading It may be noted from the above expressions that a design stress of 0.4, (oF 0.4f,,, whichever is lower) as in Part 1, clause 5.2.3.4 of the Code may be adopted as the bearing capacity of the joint provided that: a. Wratios are between 8 and 10 b. the difference in strength between the mortar and the precast component does not differ by more than 25%. In practice, both the above criteria are generally satisfied There are no explicit design equations in the Code to determine the joint strength taking into consideration the mentioned factors. The Code, however, suggests in Part 1, clause .3.6 that in calculating the compressive strength of the mortar joint, the area of the concrete in the joint should bbe the greater of ‘a. the area of the in-situ concrete ignoring the area of any intruding components, but not greater than 90% of the contact area, or b. 75% of the actual contact area 106Bearing Pads © thickness 2-20mm or more larger thickness reduces force built-up by permitting displacement (shear deformation) and rotations © technical brochures from manufacturers should be referred by designers Figure 3.2 Loading Condition At Bearing Pads 107Shear Joints interface bond (for low shear forces) interface friction (require clamping forces from permanent gravity dead load, active prestressing, artificially induced by shear friction steel crossing the joint) © shear keys (surface castellations, mechanical interlocking and the development of diagonal compressive struts under confined condition) * dowel actions (depends on concrete bearing and direct shear strength of steel bars, 0.6 fy.As) welding (weldment strength) © bolting (shear capacity of bolt) © no permanent precompression, ultimate shear stress =0,23 N/mm2 ¢) Stress distribution in the concrete ‘Shear Transfer By Dowel Action Flexural and Torsion Joints © flexural bending moment and torsion can be resolved into tension and compression forces ¢ in addition to direct vertical shear, shear stress by torsion needs to be considered in torsion joint ‘general joint principal : tensile/compression force couple and shear resistance joint elements \o8