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df1
df2
3
Sig.
2201
.001
ANOVA
BMI Percentile based on BMI, sex, and age
Sum of Squares
Between Groups
df
Mean Square
61809.760
20603.253
Within Groups
1742556.313
2201
791.711
Total
1804366.073
2204
F
26.024
Sig.
.000
Multiple Comparisons
Dependent Variable: BMI Percentile based on BMI, sex, and age
Tukey HSD
White
African American
African American
Asian
Other
White
African American
Asian
Other
(I-J)
Std. Error
Sig.
Lower Bound
Upper Bound
1.37373
.000
-12.3734
-5.3097
Asian
6.42737
2.65128
.073
-.3891
13.2438
Other
-10.40003
1.71099
.000
-14.7990
-6.0011
1.37373
.000
5.3097
12.3734
-8.84152
White
8.84152
Asian
15.26890
2.68856
.000
8.3566
22.1812
Other
-1.55850
1.76820
.815
-6.1045
2.9875
White
-6.42737
2.65128
.073
-13.2438
.3891
2.68856
.000
-22.1812
-8.3566
African American
-15.26890
Other
-16.82740
2.87553
.000
-24.2204
-9.4344
10.40003
1.71099
.000
6.0011
14.7990
1.55850
1.76820
.815
-2.9875
6.1045
2.87553
.000
9.4344
24.2204
1.39148
.000
-12.5071
-5.1760
Asian
6.42737
2.83274
.139
-1.1197
13.9744
Other
-10.40003
1.61452
.000
-14.6589
-6.1412
1.39148
.000
5.1760
12.5071
White
African American
Tamhane
Mean Difference
Asian
16.82740
African American
-8.84152
White
8.84152
Asian
15.26890
2.87185
.000
7.6226
22.9152
Other
-1.55850
1.68221
.928
-5.9950
2.8780
White
-6.42737
2.83274
.139
-13.9744
1.1197
2.87185
.000
-22.9152
-7.6226
African American
-15.26890
Other
-16.82740
2.98630
.000
-24.7660
-8.8888
10.40003
1.61452
.000
6.1412
14.6589
1.55850
1.68221
.928
-2.8780
5.9950
2.98630
.000
8.8888
24.7660
White
African American
Asian
16.82740
Output: According to the significance value in the ANOVA test above, there is significant difference between
BMI percentile and race. The significance is known because the Sig. (p-value) is .000 which is less than .05.
This indicates that the Tamhane results should be used instead of the Tukey results. According to the Tamhane
results:
There is a significant difference between the BMI percentiles of White and African American. We know
this because the Sig value is less than .05 (.000) and the 95% confidence interval does not cross 0.
This is no significant difference between the BMI percentiles of White and Asian. We know this because
the Sig value is more than .05 (.139) and the 95% confidence interval does cross 0.
There is a significant difference between the BMI percentiles of White and Other. We know this because the
Sig value is less than .05 (.000) and the 95% confidence interval does not cross 0
Dependent T-Test:
What is the difference in the quality of relationship students reported having with their mothers at Time
1 compared to Time 2?
1-Open the Keeping It Real dataset, using the SPSS software.
2-Go to Analyze, then Compare means, then choose Paired-samples t-test.
3-Under Variable 1 insert MotherRelationship_1, and then under Variable 2 insert MotherRelationship_2.
4- Click Ok to submit, and the data will appear.
Output: When analyzing the output from the Paired Samples Test, the Sig. (2-tailed) indicates a statistical
significance between the relationship quality between Time 1 and Time 2, because the .000 value is less than
.05. Additionally, the 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference which does not cross 0 supports a statistical
significance. Moreover, the t-value of 5.369 (which does not fall between -2 and 2) concludes the statistical
significance difference. Even though the mean for quality of relationship with mothers is higher for Time 1, the
standard error and standard deviation for Time 2 is greater. This concludes that there is an uncertainty in
accurately reporting whether or not the quality of relationship (with mothers) is actually higher from Time 1 to
Time 2.
Descriptive Analysis:
What is the cumulative number of people who have smoked a cigarette before the age of 15?
1-Open the YRBS High School dataset, using the SPSS software.
2-Open Analyze from the toolbar.
3-Then select the Descriptive Statistics tab, and then Frequencies.
4-Highlight Q33 (How old were you when you smoked a whole cigarette for the first time). If need be right
click and select Display Variable Names to find. Press the blue arrow until Q33 shows in the box labeled
Variable(s):.
5-Then click on the Statistics button, and check the Mean, Median, Mode, and Skewness. Click continue.
6-Click the Charts button, and check the Bar Charts. Click continue.
7-Press Ok, and the output will appear. Like magic.
Statistics
How old were you when you smoked a
whole cigarette for the first time
N
Valid
2344
Missing
27
Mean
1.86
Median
1.00
Mode
Skewness
1.659
.051
How old were you when you smoked a whole cigarette for the first time
Cumulative
Frequency
Valid
Percent
76.6
77.5
77.5
42
1.8
1.8
79.3
9 or 10 years old
34
1.4
1.5
80.8
11 or 12 years old
90
3.8
3.8
84.6
13 or 14 years old
192
8.1
8.2
92.8
15 or 16 years old
145
6.1
6.2
99.0
17 years or older
24
1.0
1.0
100.0
2344
98.9
100.0
999
14
.6
System
13
.5
Total
27
1.1
2371
100.0
Total
Total
Valid Percent
1817
whole cigarette
Missing
Percent
Output: According to the statistics output, there are 77.5% of students who have never smoked a whole
cigarette, and 92.8% of the students surveyed who have smoked a cigarette for the first time before the age of
15. Subtract the amount of kids who have not smoked by the number of kids who have smoked before the age
of 15. The answer is 15.3%. The mean is irrelevant because of the value system that SPSS uses.
According to the output created, the mean reported is 1.86, the median is 1.00, the mode is 1, and the
skewness is 1.659. However, the values assigned for each response could lead to miss interpreting the data if we
look solely at the numbers; thus, the mean and median are irrelevant. Since the mode is 1, this indicates that the
majority of the participants in the study have not ever smoked a whole cigarette. The skewness is 1.659, which
signifies that there is a positive skew. However, if you eliminate the individuals who have never smoked a
whole cigarette (responded 1), the skewness appears to be negative. This is based primarily by looking at the
results depicted in the bar graph.
Correlations:
What is the relationship between the age of first sexual intercourse and the age of first marijuana use?
1-Open the YRBS High School dataset, using the SPSS software.
2- Click on Analyze, then choose Correlate, and select Bivariate.
3- Add the variables Q54 and Q43 to the variables box.
4-Select the Options box, then check the Means and standard deviations box. Then click Continue and Ok.
Descriptive Statistics
Mean
Std. Deviation
2.52
2.192
2194
2.39
2.035
2320
Correlations
How old were
you when you
had sexual
intercourse for
tried marijuana
.470
**
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
2194
2161
Pearson Correlation
.470
**
Sig. (2-tailed)
.000
time
2161
.000
2320
Output: The Pearson Correlation value is .470, which indicates that there is a positive correlation between the
age of first sexual intercourse and the first time trying marijuana. As the age of the person tries marijuana for
the first time increases, the age that a person engages in sexual intercourse also increases.
Independent T-Test:
Is there a difference between sex and the age they had their first drink of alcohol other than a few sips?
1-Open the YRBS High School dataset, using the SPSS software.
2-Select Analyze, then click Compare Means. Choose the Independent-Samples T-Test. Add Q37 to the
Test Variable(s) box, and Q2 to the Groupings Variable:.
3- Click Define Groups button.
4-Enter 1 into Group 1 box which represents females, and enter 2 into Group 2 box which represents males.
5-Click Continue.
6-Click Ok, and the data will appear.
Output: First look at the Levenes Test for Equality of Variances. The Sig. value is 0.025 which is less than .05
which indicates that there equal variances assumed. This indicates that the top row must be used. Then look at
the Sig. (2-tailed) value, which is .139. Since this value is higher than .05, then there is no significant difference
between the sex and the age they had their first drink of alcohol other than a few sips. This conclusion is
supported by the 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference because it passes through 0. Additionally,
because the t value is between -2 and 2 which supports that there is not a significant difference.
Chi-Square:
Is there a difference in sex and whether or not a person has ever been physically forced to have sexual
intercourse when they did not want to?
1-Open the YRBS High School dataset, using the SPSS software.
2-Select Analyze, and choose Descriptive Statistics, and then Crosstabs.
3-Add Q22 in the Row box, and Q2 in the Column box.
4-Go to the Statistics button, and check the Chi-Squared box, then click Continue.
5-Submit by clicking Ok, and the data will appear.
Case Processing Summary
Cases
Valid
N
Missing
Percent
Total
Percent
Percent
2343
98.8%
28
1.2%
2371
100.0%
Have you ever been physically forced to have sexual intercourse when you did not want to * What is
your sex Crosstabulation
What is your sex
Female
Have you ever been
yes
Count
Male
Total
127
41
168
75.6%
24.4%
100.0%
1133
1042
2175
52.1%
47.9%
100.0%
1260
1083
2343
53.8%
46.2%
100.0%
Count
% within Have you ever
been physically forced to
have sexual intercourse
when you did not want to
Total
Count
% within Have you ever
been physically forced to
have sexual intercourse
when you did not want to
Chi-Square Tests
Value
Pearson Chi-Square
Continuity Correction
Likelihood Ratio
sided)
sided)
sided)
.000
33.719
.000
36.606
.000
34.658
b
df
.000
34.643
.000
.000
2343
a. 0 cells (0.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 77.65.
b. Computed only for a 2x2 table
Output: The percentage of females who have ever been physically forced to have sexual intercourse when they
did not want to is 75.6%, while the males have 24.4% for the same corresponding variable. These two values
when compared are very different. The Chi-square value for this analysis is 34.658 and the p-value is .000.
Because the p-value is lower than .05, indicating a statistical difference between the percentage of females who
have been physically forced into intercourse and the percentage of males who have been physically forced into
intercourse. Because there is a significant difference, it is concluded that the null hypothesis would be rejected.