-li---l',,

fn

Yp+

grJii n-S Circuitfor currcnt{rlivider

equation

A-5. n?*J ffruvYu

dto.rrirffisrunlr{frrlu :vuu Singte-p
hase
rird"r'rru'lv'hhlu:vlJrL*h{r{rtvrJ:vnoudruapparcnr
powcr,activcpowcr ttdu reactrvc
powcr

fl appr."nt power(rirffr.rru'lv'lflnhrng)
Apparent
powcrururu6.rrfud.r.rru'h'h{rdriiul#riur.rr:'lr,lfii
uayrflurird's{rulrhtrft

il:rnqmx voltmctcr
ttnsampmctcr
ndtrn^orflurird'r.rruh^h{rfildornr{aqilrg{tr:.rd'u'lr,lflrrrns
n:vtra'h'hhfiioldornvrltmctcr
ltcrvampmcrcr
d{#udsfi?rdrurflu
Volt-Ampcrc
(vA)

rrnvld

d'r6'nu: s riludcyf,nu
ni arru
r: nrflaurfluarunr:kiry,rd
/4

S : V . I

(VA)

96

n.tit" power(rirff.r.nu'lr,lflrd1#{rufi{l
Activcpowcrrilrtlfi{ rird'.1.:ruh'h{rfiru{tirfirirl#rfinrird',:orudulur,rr:uovrir'hJld

lrul?l tflurirfildotnrlaqiluo.ru:{du'h,lflr
n:vrra'ly,lflr
rravnir
powcr
(p, : cos0) finrjru
facror
rfluwau(w) *nvlddrdnu:n rfludqfrnunierrur:nrfiuurfluaunr:'kid,{d
P :

V.l.cos0

Reactive
power(rirff.r.rru'lv{flrgryrfiuy
Rcactivc
powcrnrLrtld{riid.r.rruh,lflridqrgrflunlrJluxo:lugrJro.r
rcactive
d.rrflurird',r

'rrufi'hiarrur:nrirrurldrjivltlryrild
nrir16orflurirfi.r,rruly,hflr{ihiarur:nr4r1#rfiprrhd'.r.:ruTd
fi
ilrjrurfluvolt-Ampcrc
(vAR)ttnvldd'rdnu:
Rcactive
q rfludrgd'nuoi
arili:orfisurflua'nr:'ld

--|,
Fl{u

375

376
'7

V.I.sin
0

(vAR)

A.f{

Poo,"r factor

Powcr
factorfio rit "nrtolryutlla:srdr{tt:sriu'lr,lrtrr
(gJ 6'unryua'h'hfi
(0i)
Pf :

,fiu'

+
A-T1

cos0

(e,- oi)

rJnfrnir
PowerfactortullontflueirrntqermsfiCIililfonJofrryuc{
rdu pr : 0.8 rio to x
rrurtlnrrruir qrJn:ni'lv'hlilrtut'ro:ldldrirfi.r':ru1vh{r
(activepowcr)rfiovirl#rfrnrirfislrurfiu.r
80% to.ttt:16'u'[lh{runvn:vudlr{firfiiiro}{rilrrn:

cirufird.rsru'lr,hlrrirufirrds
20vo ly

qrytfiulrJlurr t: luqilt 0{lreacrive

power

Qr = l/r Ir sin0

Pr = Vr lrcos0
Pr = Vr lrcos 0
,/O'=vrlrsin0

, 3

p)fr A.<1u) Unknowncircuit; (b) phasordiagram;(c) powertrianglefor laggingpowcrtactor;

(d) Frwcr trianglelor leading power factor.

376

377

, j

lrn;rJfrM @)ttaetl;rJxo:ts.t:sutlnlv'hflr
singtc-ptlasc
d.rr:r'hjyr:rildrrso:nrolulvrflu
?{t5oUn:ilris xnrturu iliorso:0qn:ri-ruruodr.r'l:finrrudrr:rn:rurirrolrr:.rd'u'lr,hhfiaru
(v.,) nirn:srra'lv{flrfiaru
(t.r)rtnvrirryulosu:reTu'llh{rrrnvn:sua'lr,hflr
r:rfiarrur:nnrrirrirfiqlru
'h'lflr

powcr,activcpowcr ttou rcactivepn*"r'ld

uppu.cnt

lnonrrqnr phasortgstt:.:d'u'lv'h{rti'u

phasor1o{n:sttdtlT'lflr dlnnqnr6'.rnrirrnytSon'i1"complcxpowcr" ttio "phusorpowcr"

conjugatc

rrnyrfi
odrrulfiuuailnrr rc1d'6'{d
sr

6-r{ b

vr.I.r*

t rn;rlfi A-6(b) r:rov'ldrirphasor

xo{u:{d'uly'|flrrravn:sua'lr'h{
r fio

ttoY
J

:
V..
t

v-,.
l lg.v

A-t{

:
I..
l

I
I...l 1 0.l

4*5 +

01ndilnt5fiA-35 tfiodrnr: conjugate

of thccurrcntphasor
ov'ld
.

'

v
A-3.r-

L.*
r

1.,l /4'

"

'

rrmunirarunr:fr
n-:+ rrayA-36n,:luoilnr:fin-r: ryld'

q
9

d
(0v- 0i) : e 6o ryrutolp<rwcr
ttoiryrL
lactor q{ruudilnt5il A-37 nvld

s.f

vr . tt /o

b''38

1c

0]ndunl:Yr A-38 rurJnwrngil

polarform rflugrl rcctangular
form os'ld

S.r

44

V.r L. cos0 + j V...L, sin0

rruo:

Activc fnwcr
RcactiveFnwcr
Apparcntfnwcr

Pr. :

V.r.I, cos0

(w)

QT

V...t.,.sin0

(vAR)

Sr' :

vr" l,'

(VA)

377

M6 lL
^;!b i +

378

f,

Por"",.Triangle (a-rilr#gurirff.r.rruly{flr)

lfu'-fu
tlndunt:d
uu,ffi,
' 1

reactrvcpower
nlrunttdn{lugrJfit4k)
j"

drunutt2tt 1,0{rnwer
powcr
trianglc
d'ruriracrive
rrn&
o o r r g

ovrirhfldruar?flo{duJtudut
6orurn magnitutlc
tol
.i, a

powcr frfitryU0tlnttnuttu?uou liufrO apparent

apparent
powcrott0yttdft.tlu tcrmst Oitmagnitudc
-

, r

\ Y -

1,O{Ct?UU:yfl
OU 6rwcr trianglc 169t.tU
2
S.r

sr.

2
P.r +

2
QT

i)
1

a-i{

P T + Q T

trn;rJfinl ro,tvt#u'ld'irrirn:vua'h,h{r
q nydrufii(lagging)
riru:.rd'u'lyh4r
v'
drur1ru
0 tranldrrst:osdo{rfluulluinductive{il e ocfirirrfluu?n
(+) rtnvgilF)wcrtriangle

fild srrrLfiuan.rlugrJfi
& *,
tfialt:tfluttuu capacitiue
rirnrvtta'lv,h{rq. ovdrnrh (lea<ling)
rirrr:.rd'u'lr,h{-r
v'

(-) unvqrJ
qlre nyfirirrflunu
power
triangle
iild ,',rii,ran.r1u;rlfi
n*ru,
nr:rrrir rnwerfactor0lflri1fi.:{rulTh,ilrarrur:nrrnldtrndsr:rci?ulto{
activcpowcrtri0
4

apparcntpowcr fl0

Ir

l 0
?

Pr :

P.r./ S.r.:

(Vr-I.rcos0) / (Vr I.r) :

a

378

cos0

./

a*4

379

ExampleA-l Assumcthccurrcntandvoltagcsupplictlto a circuit are 125/3<f A and +OOfuf v

Respcctively.Dctcrminc:
(a) apparentpowcr , activcpowcr , and reactivepbwcr.
(b) whcthcrthc circuit is prcdominantlyinductiveor prcdominantlycapacitive.
(c) powcr factorol-thc loatl.

Solution (a) apparcntpowcr , activc powcr , antl rcactivepowcr.

0tndunt:

s.r

'

(460/20-")
(125/30,:)*

v.,..rr.*

(460/20")
(tzsL3s\

sl;olLrf_

vA

tnln.rorngrlpolar
f<rrmtflu rectangutar
torm os'ld
57,500/ -l0o V A

s.r

0tnrTUnt: s.r.:

56,626.4- j 9984.S VA

p.r+ j e.,. r:royldrirc,o.lpoweroir.r1 6'1fi

apparcntpower (S)
activcpowcr (P) :

57,500 VA

57.5 kVA

56,626.4W

56.6 kW

rcactivcpowcr(Q) : *9984.8 VAR

-9.98 kVAR

Ans

(b) whcthcr thecircuit is prcdominantlyinductivcor prcdominantlycapacitivc.

:30o ttosryilflo.:rrr{rTulr'lf{rfiEir:
zo" d'sfun:yua'lllflrry
ryruro{n:vtmlr{firftrir
a

-.

-l0o (0 : 0u* 0i : 200-301fu6ox0rro{ toaodorrflu

riprr?r(lcading)
rr:{du'lvh{rrfluryru
(C)
capacitivc

m?o qttnrit rcactive

powerdrrir rcactivc
powerflrirtflunl (-) rrdrr{'jr?.rt:rocloaddor
(C)
tflu capacitivc

Ans

(c) powcr faptorol'thc load.

Olnflilnll

P, :

cos0

cos(-l0o)

: 0.9t5 Hfo qg.s% tcading

u3o

ornflilnr:

pr :

p.r / s.r.

Ans

66,626.4) / (57,500)

: 0.9tt5 r-rio cS.S% leatling

379

Ans

380

A{. urlffuulr,lfl
ruayn:yus'lr.lfl
rro{ufiGi{dru'lrlfi
siomuu
wve
1u:vul'lv'lflr3-phur.ni:siotrueirriru'lv'ltrru
wye-connectc<t
fio nt:ril0r?.10isinglc-phasc
6 r u r u 3 ? {rsu rsi o d ru ri 'ud si l :v noud' ' r sr nnr er dr u?u3qor
fio flqa?na ( a. a' ) , r fl a?q b
(b- b') ttasloo?e c (c- c') lnatnornueiovqororaxrirryrurirsriu
120"vrr.r'h,hfirdor:rrjrrjoro
"ncutral
1|o{191o?91
fl^out,b' unv c' ilrcioirilfiu loreioovr3on'ir
conncctcd"trnvrirduto.tl,qn?gl
"wyc-connectcd',
a , b tlouc giordrriu
output
tcrminalr:rGunnr:giuruor,,ruddl
errrufirrAoxluqrJ
j

vt A-T l)

rI n^
_-________>

Output
terminals
or
servrce
enlrance

F.,r
En
(d)

(c)

+
VJfi.yr

(a) Wyc-conncctcdsource; (b) voltagewavcs (c) phasordiagramo[componcntvoltagc

(d) graphicaladditionof volragc

3BO

381

Voltage in a Wye-connectedSource

,r+

orn;rJfi.Pr@) rirrt:.rd'u'h,hfli:vn'jr.ra:r.t)zd1u
froeon,Ebcrroyn""riun'jr'.linc-ro-tinc
voltagc"rfo "lincvoltagc"(E,.) ttosrirtt:sriu'lvhh:yn'jxGytu
linc ri'laru ncutralfio Eun Ebn
ttny Ecn Gan'ir "branchvoltagc"(En) ilfo "phu.evoltagc"(En)

rirrr:sd'u'lv'h{r:vn'irra'w
2 d1u(tincvoltagel
hild'firirrflu 2 ryir1,o{ur{eTuxo{r?,ld
(phase

voltage) duuo-,n,,rodulv'lrtrrtrsinvtv,laorfiryrurir.rfiu
tzo'yrx'[lh{rnrrugrJndufil#uvruu:.rsiu
llh{r I rv'lafiuae{lulrJ{i/

6'{dunr:Hrriru:.rd'u'lr,h4rro.r
(8,-)nvdo.rdrrir
linevoltagc

rul

phasc
(E,,)ur:?uriuynlphasorsrrilfirragrlutilfiJru
tt:.:d'u'lr'h{'r
voltage

rray(d)

, LJ,'

ornqrJfi
dh tdl rfiofirr:nrr;rJarrunrduru
ABcvn{6'rueriInarfifr
oy'ld
:

X/Y

=>

cos0

y cos30"

2x :

X : Ycos0

di tzlv

i:.v

rirrt:.r6'u'lr'lflr
(E,.)n^oe"nd.rfinirrvirfiu
lincvoltagc
x+x : zx rrnyrirrr:sd'u'lr,h{r
pnrr"
(e;)fio Eo", d{firirryirfi'u
voltagc
v d'{futv16'
Ea n,

uun0

.h E,
aa

Er_:{ru

IT
A-4{

Cu.rentin a Wye-connected
Source

rirn:vrta'lr'h{rfi'lrroluarutrsiavaruncnlrnnrn
tine{ ncutratd'.rriun:vualy,h{rfi'lrnlu
lincA,Bttnvcfifion:vtrah'lrtrrfilrarirurnnrna,brroyc
nrrudrrTu
dun^on:yrrah^htrfilxn
(linccurrcnr
luarattcinvdlu
: I,.)trtvirtiun:vrra'lv{flrfi'lnndrurprnarrrrsinsrv,lfl
( phase
currcnt
: r,,)
uut0{

IY
l,_

lP

6rG

tuo:
E,_ : linc-to-lincvoltagc?fio linc voltagc (V)
E,, : branchvoltagcrio phascv<lltagc (V)
I, : linc-to-linccurrcntrfo lin" currcnt (A)
I,, : branchcurrcntr$o phusccurrcnt (A)

38l

382

giouuuDetta
A-7
. u:.r6'u\r{fllrrasnrvua'lr,lfi
rrolunai{iiru'lylfi
nr:cior{t:'lr'lflrlu:vuulv'hfi
I tr'lattt-trt
Delta-connectc<l
oyil:vnoudrurnnrn'flruru
3 ryrr
p"ltu-.onn".t..l
tmfiouri'lnr:sioulu
wyc-connccrc<l
ttsinr:sio$fiarerosttnnsirrriu
n^on1:siorruu
tvdolrird'uro.tflnn?n
a rursiori'uil6nuuo{un6no
c (a- ct) rrnvrirdurs{rna?q
u ursiofiurJaru
lJo.lflnn?fl
a (b- a') ttovdrduto{tnn?n
c ilrciori'uilaturo{rnnrn
b (c- u') d.rovfifinurusn.{ru
v
t
i
a
d
'
)
.
.
i
"Dclta-conncctcd"
n'uilcrrutnduu
t:ro*.ttTunnr:gio?.to:rtuttfi'i'.t
srrudrtanllurrJfi
nfuu)

:X\

A-Connected Generator

(b)

.1

, : "
(a) Dclta-conncctedsourcc; (b) voltagcwave; (c) phasordiagram
p)fuf.f

D Voltage in a Delta-connectedSource
.

orn;rJfiR@l

osr#u'ld''jrrt:ld'u'[r,h{rrv?t'jr{dru
(lincvoltagc)
tinca riu lincb fio eon

ovrvirfiurt:.tdulvlfirlutr'la
a {8u",) riufin'oE,b: E"", rtnylufitu0{16urriurr:sd'u'ly[{r:yn'jr.r
!;
ti

tYlu(lincvoltagc)lincb rir lincc 6o Eo" ocrvirdurrrld'u'lllflrlurllcb 1roo,l ri'ufifioEb": Er,b,

1t

(lincvoltagc)
ttnvtt:.:rTu'h'lflr:vn'ir.rfltu
lincc tiu lincu 6o 8""
(E"",) riufifioE"u:E"",

ryryirriurt:.:d'u'lv'h{rlurlla
c

d'sriuaqillddlt:.rd'u'llh{riirfinriulursarnueinyrdd
(phasc
voltagc)

383

nytyirrlurr:sq'u: yH'jr{ a1u(lincvoltagc)riufro

MT

C,r.."nt in a Delta-connected
Source

A - C o n n e c t e dG e n e r a t o r

rclta-conncc
tcrtsourc
c.

zrlb!'
I

'

h
v

ornqrJfi
yf
d

wfiu'lddrn:vualilfirfilunluaruusinyaro
(tinccurrcnr)
fio rn, rrruayr(.

tvilnirtviiriur'la:?uvl'l{
phasor
to{n:etrd1r{dilrfilnn1urno?fl
(phasc
currcnt)
to, [brrnsIc
fismr{q:{{ruri'u
^

. i

rrsifi

hut

tilsntr:rurriqnn ryrfru'ldirnsyurlIl): to + t,, 0tnn0nt:rtriln:ygatolrnofryov,lfl

nrirrl{dr "n:vrra'h{t{rfi'lrnrdrqnsioovrvirriur4n:?ufl0{n:yrra'lr,lfirfi'luaoonornqnei0,,
riudo
=)

Iu * Irt

lb

Ill :

tI t. . : tt r. - l a

ln + (* l.)

tn froHo:'lull1.lphasor
11O.tfltrttGl
Ia rrns tn trein:rrtat" firirrflunud.rfifigvrr{n:,rri'u{rl
e ' J
q{uunltHlnln:iltiY

It} 111{phasor novciotdtfiln:sttflyn.tphasorto.tIh urnfllrirn:ytrflyn{

; d ^

phasor
lto.t Ia fifrfigvrr.rn:l{rruriu

383

384

Ie

I.

rd

llJYl

ffi

phasordiagram of current

J-

ld

orn:ilTr A4t

A -5-

aa

ds

9l

-l-.,,-.--<-

q y

ruoil0rsrulltjcnur?tourJ ABC ylt{qlunj lnilnst 0y'[6

:

xlY

cosO

X:

Ycosg

x : Y cos30o = dT tz)v
2X : J:.V
(to) tvfirirrvirriux+x -- zx uoyrirn:yrtah,{firphase
rirn:vtta'h'h{rtln"currcnt
currenr
d

( It,) 0yilnlrm]nil Y

I
v

h t

o{uury lfi

I,, = J3 Ib

r,.

lJUftO

LO

{t rP

A.4tl-

t a:rJ
q

nl:illril lincvoltagcttnv linccurrcntxo.ttt?td{fitrfin'lyh{rr.r0i:slJu3 phascfisigtruu

.

Wyc-conncctcd
rfo Dclta-connccrcd
dlilldd{fi

r5
voltagc

curTcnt

Wyc-connected

E,,: {3 E,,

Dclta-conncctcd

Er-: Ep

384

Il

Ir.: f

IP

I,,

385

A-8. n15fi11{?cu
Line Current uGtuPhaseCurrent lurm:arrutrla
J

"

llugrounr:rilu?iln:vttd lirrccurrcntttnyn:vttd phase

currcntlurst:'lTh{r f tr{a tytrfiou

fi'ukidrr{t:ossiorfluttuu
wyc-conncctcd
ltfo D"ttu-.onnecred
duoqjriunrrrru6u4ouro.r?{0r
rir
n:vrta'h'h{i0t0tvt{t'ld'ttnnATo.tohm'slaw, Kirchhoff,s
law rrny/11i0nt5irn:ryr{orn
loop rrov
nodc

fl <;uio"tines
for SolvingThree-phase
CircuitI'roblems 1{rorrwrirlunr:uffflrumrlornrirso:

\v{flrarrurv{a)
t. rirtr:lsiu'h,h{rtrnvn:srralv,h{rfirraqsuuu}iuflrucrs{oiln:nily{flr
ilorn0frouruor:rnof
trnvrndo.:ldlvlflr6u1 fio rirrr:.rrTuh'{rflr
rrns(rootmeansquarc)
t0{ line-ro-line
voltage r{urrsi

oruonritrfluodr'rdu
2. Phasor
tliagramttavn'l:-l{10r1loadvoltagc trqnrirrurl#lunr:ttdilrg?nlo{Ioilrt?.:0:

lylrir I rr'laflrilfiuaorslu;rJfi
A-+rg

F,o6 :

E1in"/o'

Eu = Ev./-)Zo"Ero = E ri*/120"
E-' = E ptrn/-3d
Em' = E rt .n /-150"
F,n' = E pt^n/-xJ"-

Delta load

Wye load

TJfr.4

(a) Univcnalphasor
(c) Dclta-load
diagramandtablcof loadvoltagc;(b) Wyc-loa<t

5tJ5

386

L dr loadsiottlrl wyc-conncctcd
daruqn(rir impedancc
rvirriu4nphasc)rrovrrrei.:riru'h{
r rlla riruvoltage
ttlllldilEnfitv'hifin:vrta'h-raluaro
neurral
fiqneioto.r
loa<l
ri'uqnrio
N lolrrud,t
riruld srrrufittafllluqrJiiS161 riufio dru neutral
fiqneioro,r
toadrilEnrrio
N xo{rr?rri{rir0'lT,l
hi6rrfludolld

r{uttcifil{drrir-lnr:rfrn fault(opcncircuitn
shortcircuitrrosgroundy
rrnvruororof

I n^lafisiorruuwyc-connecrccl
d balan"e.l
toaa'hidrrfluds{fiaru
neutrar

+. riout?rudufiwrrflflcynrltvrdfifi
loadeiooqjrntosirtydo.:ar:rydfinvr1{ro{r
phasc
currcnt.
xo{tteiav
lincrtavrtsinu
phase
duor'tua"n?nrrnyrfluilletrgtufr'?lil
lqofisilr{n:yudrreinr
linc

orflruryn-ttntrurilriru'lr'lhJf,.r
toaa ttncrdodrflufl'lilrrdrrsdorhifinr:rilfiuutuJa.r1u:vn.jr.:
r{rrfiunr:ru{ilryrro$

q
Example A-2. Forthecircuitshownin FigurcL-{

z, :rcf:lr."a

z 2 : t s f : o "a

z r : 2 o+ j z oe

Dctcrmine the ammcterrcading.

lr

5()()KVA
3'phase
6O llz,
460-V source

*
/ , \
Lt"",l\7

oLine B

Line C

It
',,',.'./

,q

yJfiA-{Circuit

.\j!

,----1

--lt 'r_ |
l-

o2

{br Exampte
A-2

386

387

Solution

01n4ilfin-rz tfioldnqto{ Ohm'slaw ttnv Kirchhoffscurrcnrtawfi'u tincA oy'ld

( E * ' I Z ) + ( E a bl Z r ) + ( E u "l Z r ) + ( E u .l 4 )

I^

?i105load z, eiottuuWye-conncctcd
dueld d'sriurir phasevoltagcrr'ldtrnarunr:

Er. : {r uo =

Ep: Et,l ^h :

460/ \h

: z6s.6v

ornnr:r{tolrir voltagc
lu;rJfi n- I t ov'ld'
Euu'

Ep : 26s.6l1tr V

Eub

E,_ : 460/0" v

-8"" -

-Et,

-46L120" V

IovrtirirnunEir
impcdanc
" zt:20 +jzo O d.roqjlugrJro'r
potar
formsT.rrTuurJa.:1rfloqj1u
form oynld
;il rcctangutar
Z.
J

O1flclufl'ti In :

20+j20

2tr.28bs"
a

(' Ea a , I z) + (E"t,
lz;

+ (E^.lzr) + (Eu.lz.) rfiorrnurirrvld'

r^ : less.o/-to"'t
l(tohtl11+ [1+aoLD
losLwil + [e+oo
/Jx\lrts As"fl
+ lt-aoo1
:2").1es.zv/4fll
r^ : (26.s6/-60")+ (30.6tfr0o) - (30.67
L!\

- (16.27/7t:)

: (t3.21t-j23) + (30.20-j5.33)- (-10.49+ j28.82)- (4.21+ j ts.72)

: 13.28- j23 + 30.20- j5.33 + 10.49- j28.82- 4.21- j ts.72
:
-

4s.76* j72.87

118.23/-ss.67"
u rel

9t{uu ammeler0yo'luntn:vttfl l11t{1tA

tttt.23A

387

Ans

3BB

A-9. Active, Reactiveltav Apparent power 1|0nLoad fllxlflldtruilGrilqa

vtio pclta
ritd',l':ru'lrlfirfidrul#ri'ilload3 ty,lattularuqnhidr loadovriotruilwyc-connectcd
-conncctctl
singlcrirri.r.rru'ly,lfirfirfrndunyrflu
r tyirilo.t?snisinglc-phasctdosornt:rd1t0t?{t0t
fio
I ?{15 6'.:durir6'{.tru'llh{rfitfi"dulrrruu3-phasc
phasc
3 'r{o: ilrsiotflu:vutL3-phasc
3 S,_a

Activc power (Pr_s)

3 Pya

3 Vo. Io cos0

(W)

3 Qr_a

3 V,,I* sino

(VAR)

Reactivcpowcr (Q3-d
j

tfio:

il

(VA)

Apparcntpowcr (S:_?)

3 VP. IP

;
Vp : phascvoltag"fi nutputterminal ttnv In : phasccurrcntyl outputtcrminal

wye'connected
lincvoltagc,phasc-v<.rlrage
os'ldnrrudruri'uf,to{l
r{o:'lT,h{r:yUU3 rr{aciotruuWyc-conncctcrl

linccurrcnttt6lr phasccurrcntd outputtcrminald'{d

v,.: {3 v,,

tl, :

ttn&

Ip

ril1uaun'r,fi *%j orld

rfiorir'hjuvru
S : - a: ! 3 v n . t , , : :

'

il

(vr-l'/t) (lr)

v,. tr-

P t - a:

3 v r , . [ pc o s Q: I ( V r - l { r ; 1 t , ; " o s 0

Qt-a

3 V,,-l' sin0 : : (vr./ 61 ltrltln 0

Vr.1,.cos0

^/tV,. I,.sin0

(vA)
(W)
(VAR)

oelta-connected
ptrasc-voltagc
ns'ldnrurdrufrufilo'tlincvoltagc,
r.rr:'ly,h{r:yuu3 rr'laristrul Dclta-conncctc<t

i
, - J
linc currcnt tldU phasc currcnt 1l output tcrminal flllU

Vl. :

* *

lr. :

V,, ltnY

"E

lP

n-+gnv'ld
ffiorir'hjrrvrurirluaunr:fi
st-a :

3 vp.lp = r (vr) (l'-l {l ) : {T v,.r,.

Pt-o:

3vr.l. cos0:3 (vr) (lllil

Qt-a

3 Vo.I,, sin0

)cosO

: (vJ q./ \[; ) sin 0

./l V,.I,.coso
fi

(vA)
(w)

u.. I,,sino (vAR)

'hi'irtsciottuu
tv'ldrir
nfo Dclta-connc"tec
wyc-conncctcrl
oyrriu'ld'irrsr:'lr,lflr:yuu3 ry,la

rriu frs
{ ru'lr'h{rrvi
rird.r
3BB

389

Apparcnt
powcr(Sr_s)
Activepower(Pr_d

Rcactivepower (e3-a)

{ I V,_t,.

(VA)

fi

u' I,. cos0

(w)

./l

V, I, sin0

(VAR)

AJ

n Power Triangle
Y
a
arrupr6orulyhi
r rirdw o.r: yuu'hh{r r fl{a l.nhtn0tncrunt:
no

2
St-o

2
Pya

-' L r \
Ys-@

,\

st-o

Pt-o + Qz-o

) r
---l

i-.5*

Powe. factor
rit po*c. Iactor1o.11&uu1v'hil
r rv'larr'ldtrndn:rriruloil activepowcreioappu.ent
powcr
Pr

r13 V , . l , . c o s g/ ^ l l V , . t ,

Yr-6 / Sr-o

Pf

cos0

rlru0 6o qru:vn'j1{ phascvoltagcriu pr,usc

currcnr

t agrJ
Jmwer

single-phnse

three-phase

Apparcntpowcr

Sr-o

Activc fnwcr

Pt-CI : Vp. In cos0

Pt-o : 3 P;a : SVplocos0: {3 V,.t,cos0

Rcactivcpowcr

Qt-o : Vt"lnsinO

Qya : 3 Qra : 3 Vp I,,sinO : {:

ru0:

Vp.lp

Vr_ : linc-to-lincvoltagerig

st-a: 3 S.-a

linc voltage (V)

Vp : branchvoltagcltio phasevoltage (V)

Ir. : linc-to-linccurrcntnio lin" currcnt (A)
[,, : branchcurrcntmio phasccurrcnt (A)

3 vp Ip

: {i

v,_r,

v,.1,.rlnO

.s

390
(

Example A-3. Tlrc phasevoltageand phasccurrcntat one branchof a balancedclta load are dctcrmincd

robc 460b20" V and l0Lt60" A, rcspecrively.

(a) Usingthe complexpower equation, calculatethc 3-phaseapparentpowcr, activepuwcr,
rcactivcpowcr and powcr lactor
(b) Is the load inductivcor capacitive?

Solution

(a) Usingthc complcxpowcr cquation, calculatcthc 3-phaseapparentpower, activepowcr,

reactivepowcr and power factor

ornfliln]r

Sr_o: vp.rp* : @60/- t20")(l0a$g")*

(460/-120"). (t0/+160")

: 4600/40"

Itvrtirirr'ruo}?l#arunr:
power
comptcx
equarion
lunr:nrnir d'sdudo{uiln{r0rnrirrrn
polarform tflu rectangular
form tgld
.

St-a :

Pt-o + lQpa

:3523.80+j2956.82
-

a{uufl-ln10.l.l1u
tT'hhxo.rrvljlJ3 ry{d fro
Sya

3Sr_a :

3(4600)

Pya :

3Pr_6' :

3(3523.80)= 10,571.4
W Hio l0.57RW

Qt-a

3 Qr-o

: 13,800VA rio

t3.ttkvA

3 (2956.82): 8t170.46
vnn nio 8.87 kVAR

Ans
-

-Ans
Ans

ttnyrit F)werfactornr'ldotndiln]:
nr :
no

vr_s/ sr_a : (10,571.4)/

(t:,aoo) : 0.766uislo.ont,

P, : cosO :

cos4Oo: 0.766rio 76.6%o

(b) Is thc loadinductivcor capacitive

?
01n 0 :0u-0i

:(-t200)-(-t60.):400

e firirrfluil?nrrapw'irrflu
inductivc
load(L)
ryru
u?o

rir rcactive
powcrfinirtfluurnttnvqilxo{n:vua'h'lflr:- l60o,{ur,o.ru5{d'uldr{r

: - l2o" ttrvnldrn:vrta'h'h4r
laggingu:.rdulvlflirfluqr +0" d'.rrfu6.rrflu
inducrivc
toad(L)

390

391

A-10. nr5?rn:1vridrffs{ru'lr^htruav
Powerfactor1ro{rLoaddrilff{drluuaruoafido
ul{"tilnu
rfio{orynto{ loatlI tv,lctruttaruqn

(kW)
(kVA), kilowans
rraqlfirrflu kilovoltampcrcs

(hp) trov cflicicncy(q)

(Pi, horscpowcr
kilovars(kvar), powcr'factor
o

/j

t:tdt]JttCIxirrirrix1 lr

lrty

ti+

ln ln ]fl {l{ lU ty{il] tt0y powcr-IactorI 0.:: Y1JUtfi

?tfl: l3?ltl^lO11

Example A-4.

horsepowcr (hp) :

746 W

clf icicncy(4)

P^..,
/ Ptn^
out

A-53

A 440 Y 60 Fb, 3-phascsourccsuppliesa distributkrnsystcmcontainingthc lbllowing

3-phascload:
inductionmotur ratcdat 60 hp and 1775rlmin opcratingat thrcc-quartcrs
Motor I Dclta-conncctcd
ratcdloatlwith an cfficicncy of 90 pcrccntanda powcr-lactorof 94 pcrccnt.
Motor 2 Wyc-conncctcdinductionmotor ratcdat 75 hp and ti90 r/min

opcratingat onc-hall'ratcd

loadwith an cfficicncy of 88 pcrccntand a powcr-fact<lr

<>f74 perccnt.
rcsistorbank drawing 20 kW.
ResistanceHeater Dclta-conncctcd
D'ctcrminc(a) activcpowcr, reactivcpower,apparcntpowcr and powcr-lactorof thc systcm.
(b) linc currcnt
(c) capacitancc
capacitorbank
and voltagcratingol'cach capaciturof a wyc-conncctcd
rctluirctlto corrcctthc systcmpowcr lactor to 1.0(unity powcr-factor)

Solution

(a) activcp()wcr, rcactivcpowcr, apparcntpowcr and powcr-factorof thc systcm.

MotorI

oln

Pin
Pin :
Olnilrunl5

P.,u,/Pin

Pin:

Puu,/tl

/ 1O.l)
l(60trp;137a11

5ohp

Pt : (Sohp)(7a6W)

: 37,300
W

P, : cos0
0r

0.94 : cos0

-t
cos (0.94)

19.95o

39'l

392

Motor 2

rl :

sln
Pin

Pz :

Pf

cos0

gz

cos (0.74)

0tn flu n15

pin :

:)

Puut/ Pin

pu,r, / tl

/(o.sr)
t(75hp)(l/2)(746w)l

31J87.06

o.J4 : cos0

->

-l

: 42.27"

Resistance
Heater
3

P : : 2 0 kW =20xl0W
e3

20.000W

oo

mtrll reactivepower (Q)

:+

nrnqfl Powcrtrianglco s ' l d t a n O : q / e

Ql

P, . tan0, :

Q2

Pr. tan0,

(37,300)(tan 19.950)

a : P.tan0
13,539.24
VAR

(31,7117.06)
(tan 42.27") = 28,893.59VAR

Q 3 : o
9|.tuu
Activc power10{:g1J1J

P, *

ar^

Pz *

P,

..t

I 89,0tt7.06
+ (31,787.06)
trr, : (37,300)
+ (ZO,0OO)
W ?r:0 ti9.tkw
d

powerllO{tgUU
Reactivc

Ans

Q, * Qz * Q:

Qru,

: 42,432.83
yAR ?r:o 42.4kvAR
Q*r. : (13,539.24)+(28,893.59)+191
d

Ars

ii
Apparcntpowcr 1O{:YlJlJ

Sr"*

2
-l
2
Sru, : 1(gg,ottz.o6)- + (42,432.83)
Powcr-factor flOil53ljU

Pf

(8e.1)I ot.t)

Pt'

98.676.49
VA nio

98.7kVA

Ans

Ps)|s/ ssys
0.9

Ans

(b) line currcnt

0tn6lrun15 P
sys
t

t[-

--

{: v,.l,.cos0 +

Ir-

(Prrr)/6v,_cnrO

(tte,087.06)/
[{T *(aaO)x (0.e)] : 129.88A
392

Ans

393
(c) rrrir capacitancc
(c) ttag voltagcratinglto{.capacitorUankfigiottulJ wyc-connected
tdo powcrfactor: I
i

tlJo glottUU wye-conncctcdty'ld

vP: vr./{t

440I lt

2s4.03
v.

Ans

(c)
mtrir capacitance
0lnelrunlt

Qs-a = 3 Qt_@ +
Qr-o :

0lncYrunl:Qr-a :

Qra :

= (42,432.83)
/3

Q3_sI I

14,144.28
var

V*Iosin0 ffiOpowcr-factor:
t fiU6O
Qt-o :

ttst Ip: vr,/ x.6'.:rfu

Vl,ll,

er-o : vr,2I xr..+

Xc :

vP lQrCI

x(- : (254.$)2I 04,t44.28) = 4.56C)

0tnrYiln1t

Xc: tlzxfc

C : | / ( 2 x 3 . 1 4 x 6 0 x4 . 5 6 ):

::)

t/znrxr-

0 . 0 0 0 5 UF2 : 5 8 2 p r

;rlfi n-f : Powcrdiagramfor ExampleA-4

393

Ans

394

SUMMARY OF' EQUATTONSFOR PROBLEM SOLVIN(;

ErTns : E

l ' , l z : 0 . 7 ( r max
7E

(v)

lr,r,.: t^ *l "'lz : 0.7071^^^

(A)

nlax

V rrns : V

max

l''lz : 0107v

(v)

Series-connectedcircuit elements

'

zs:

,fiu (xr > xc)

zs:

2
2
R + (XC-XL)

Z"/3.

o z = tun-r[1x,_-xc) / R]

Zs: R+(iXc- jX,.) :

Zs/g,

07

Zs:R+0XL-jX()

Xr.: 2ntL

(c))

v, :Vu;(v;u

un-r[1x.- xr.)/ R]

^C-

rfio1v,) v,)

tlJ0 (xc ) X,.)

,fiu 1x,_
) X,.)
A
rruo(xc ) X,_)

(o)

I l(2n tC)

V.r:

vR + (vc- vr.)

Y:

c + (Bc- BL)

rtJo(v(.) V,.)

Parallel-connectedcircuit elements
Y:

2
^l 2
YG F(Br-B(.)

Y:

IIZ
IR +(tL-

ruo (xL) X,.)

G:

t(.)

2
tR +(Ic-rL)

tr:

I,_)

Voltageand Current in a Wyeconnected

Er. :

i-

13 Ep

Ir. :

lP

Voltage and Current in a Delta-connected

Er. :

EP

rfio1x,.) X,.)

Br_= l l X r ,

I/R

mJo (tL )

rr. : {l

394

rp

B.:
j

l/ X..

ruo(t(_) r,.)

395

Power relationships in a single:phasesystem

:
(Activcpower) P
t_o Vn.In cos0

(W)

(Reagtivepowcr) Q

(Apparcnt
power) St_a : Vr,. It,

(VA)

(powcrfactor)

Sr-a:Pr-e+iQ1-o

(VA)

e
"l-a

--

Pr-s+Qra

ta:

Vr,.I' sin 0

(VAR)

P, : P,-a I Sr-a : cos0

Sr-z : Vn. l, cos0 + j V,,. I, sin 0

(VA)

(VA)

Power relationships in Threephase system

(Apparcnt"power) Sya

3 S.-a

3 Vp Ip

(Activc powcr)

Pya

3 PFa

3 Vn l,,cos0

{: vr r,.coso

(w)

(Rcactivcpowcr)

Qya :

3 Qr-a

3 Vo I,, sinO

{3 v,_t,_
rino

(VAR)

-l )
Sr-a :\R-r-a

2
F Q yo

horsepower

hp

elliciency

(VA)

J5 vrl,

(powcr factor)

(VA)

P, : P3-a I S3-.a : cos0

746 W

:-P
otlt

l p ||l

;i-

395