.

Substations Distributors


. Substations

Machine Design -
Power System
Substations
Substation
.

( )
.

.

" :

: " .

2013

mahmoudgilany@yahoo.com

.

. . .
. . .
: . .

.


.



.

1831 Mutual Induction

) (Electric Motive Force

. 1882
.
magnetic core 1884

.

.
"" ) (Transformer
. ( )
.1889

.
8 300 MVA
20 kV
. 1- - 23kA

23kA

8 300 10 6
) 3( 3 20 10 3

I PER LINE

23 kA
8 x 300MVA.
20 kV
23 kA

23 kA

: 1-
300 mm2 400
60
( 180 ) .
- - Step up 20/500 kV
2-

900 A
20/500 kV

8 x 300MVA.
20 kV

900 A

900 A

: 2-
500 kV 20 kV
900 23 kA

900 A

8 300 10 6
) 3( 3 500 10 3

I PER LINE

3 60 .

:
-1

Step-up 0.001 /km

phase 100 km
476 MW :

PLoss 3 3 I 2 R 3 3 23000 2 ) (0.001 100) 476MW

%20
.1 MW
.

 .
-2

Receiving point Sending Voltage Voltage drop

( - )I . X - R
.
-3

Losses ( )%99
) (cos =1 :
Power =Vin x Iin = Vout x Iout
100 kVA
kVA 100
. VRATED Irated
Primary 100 V 1 kA

.

3- ( )Iron Core

 .
) (Primary winding NP Turns
Secondary Winding NS Turns
.

: 3-
Core .windings
( )Core .
Core type Shell type . 4-
)1-( Single phase )3-( Three phase
.

: 4-

10

 .
windings (
) windings
core winding
.

.
. :

:
Power Tr. for Transmission networks,
Distribution Tr. For distribution networks,
Power supply,
Impedance matching,
;Circuit isolation
Rectifier,
Arc furnace.

10


.
(
) . :

Phases
a. Single-phase
b. 3-phase Transformers

)a. Self-aircooled (dry type
)b. Air-blastcooled (dry type

11

 .
c. Liquid-immersed, self-cooled
d. Oil-immersed, combination self-cooled and air-blast
e. Oil-immersed, water-cooled
f. Oil-immersed, forced-oilcooled
g. Oil-immersed, combination self-cooled and water-cooled

Step-up,

Step-down,

1. Very low frequency Transformer Power and Distribution Tr.

2. High frequency Transformer
3. Intermitted frequency Transformer
4. Very High frequency Transformer,

Permeability.

3-phase Transformers
Delta, Star, Zigzag, .
Core Core Type . Shell Type Secondary

Single Output Voltage Multi output

. Tertiary Winding .

12

Generator Step up TR 400 MVA
20 kV 220 kV -
Set point Set point 37
.
Unit Auxiliary Tr 32 MVA 20 kV
6.3 kV 16 MVA
. .
Start Up TR 50 MVA 220 kV
25 MVA 6.3 kV .
. Start Up
Emergency Tr Black-out


.Start Up Tr
40 MVA 11.5 KV 6.3
kV . 20 MVA .
Substations Distributors
.

% 60
.

13

. IEC
.
500 kVA
. power transformers
:
1. Small power transformers: 500 kVA to 7500 kVA

2. Medium power transformers: 7500 kVA to 100 MVA

14

3. Large power transformers: 100 MVA and above.

"" .

" : ( )

".

" Electric Machine

".
Electric Machine
.

15

16

1- 1
.

( ) Magnet
( ) Flux lines
.1-1

: 1-1

. 2-1
.

17

: 2-1

-
turns
. Coil
( ) 3-1 .

: 3-1

18

I N Magneto Motive Force, MMF
Ampere-Turn
MMF = N.I
. 4-1

: 4-1
L MMF Field Intensity, H

MMF NI

l
l

Field Strength, H I
N L :
N.I = H.L

( ) ( )Webber ( A )
( B ) Tesla

19

=B
B H :

B= H

Permeability

0 4 10 7 Wb / AT . m
.

Reluctance A
l

l
A

Permeability .

MMF

EMF .

Magnetic
Electric

N .I

mmf

emf V

R
R

20

: ) N ( Induced Voltage

where
k is a constant,
m

is the maximum value of total flux in Webbers linking that turn and

f is the supply frequency in hertz.

.
sinusoidal induced Voltage

Core

N
B

where
E/N = volts per turn, which is the same in both windings
Bm= maximum value of flux density in the Core, tesla
A = net cross-sectional area of the Core, mm2
f = frequency of supply, Hz

21

Lenz rule
/ / .

2- 1
AC Primary
winding ( )magnetic field ( ).

5-1

: 5-1

) )secondary winding (
. )Induction
( )electro-magnetic induction
. 6-1 .

22

: 6-1

7-1 ( )
.

: 7-1

23

 .
( Sinusoidal wave
) . 8-1
. DC Voltage

: 8-1

E1 N1

E2 N 2
. Transformer action
:

-1 .
-2 .
-3 .electro-magnetism
-4 .
-5 .

24

 .
-6 . magnetic Induction
-7 .

3- 1
Loss

%99-98 . :

Magnetic coupling Coupling
:
-1
-2 .
Air-core Transformer :

( ) 9-1 Signal

Oscilloscope .

() Signal . Oscilloscope

25

: 9 -1
( ) 10-1


.

: 11-1

26

11-1 ( )1- N1 N2
. No-load .

: 11-1
( )V1 () i0 (

) ( )excitation current

excite ( 1
m . ) 11-1

( ideal transformer )loss

e2

27

 .
m
( e1 ) V

VP E P
or
ve

e1 induction ( V1 )
Applied voltage V1 ( )V1-e1 excitation
current .
e1 V1 back emf
Counter e.m.f .

Voltages induced voltages e1

e2 V1 . V2

Adding a load

( ) e2

I2 ( V2 = e2

ideal Tr. ) I2 2

( I0 magnetization )
Resultant flux

28

m 1 2
11-1 .
N1 m 1 1
N1 e1 ( )V1-e1
I1 . I0 magnetization

. I1

. 12-1 ( )
magnetization

- - I2
.

: 12-1
e1 V1
. 13-1

()

29

 .
( ) Ideal
.

: 13-1

4- 1
ideal 14-1 :

: 14-1

30

 .
-1 VPxIP IS x VS

Losses .
-2 Ideal Es = Vs EP = VP Voltage drop
.
-3 Ideal Primary
Flux
.
-4

Ideal Turns ratio VP VS

Induced voltages EP and ES

.

31

Modeling Real Transformers

1- 2
( )Real performance Efficiency
Regulation real model
Ideal Transformer

Equivalent Circuit
Ideal Transformer .

primary & secondary R1 R2

. :
-1 Loss
.

-2 Terminal voltage Induced

voltage ). ) I . X

32

Ideal Transformer
.
Core

leakage flux (

. 1-2

: 1-2

( )
leakage .
e2


2-2

Secondary winding
leakage inductance, L
.leakage reactance

33

: 2-2

, magnetizing current Io
losses :
eddy loss ,
hysteresis loss
Real Transformer Loss

. 3-2

: 3-2

34

1-3-1-2 eddy loss

. Induced

Current . eddy current

.eddy current

(

) ) A .

Power Rc power loss

. 3-2

2-3-1-2 Hysteresis loss

.Ideal Transformer
residual flux

. Hysteresis Loss ( 4-2

B-H -Io

) .

Cycles 1 a
saturation ( H )
( B ) b
residual flux .

35

: 4-2 Hysteresis
Hysteresis Loss Real Transformer
Xm . 3-2
Xm
excitation current
no load

magnetizing current flux

.
Xm sinusoidal VoltageV1

o90 e1
Xm RC . 3-2

( :

e1 = -

Xm RC Io .No load

36

 .
Io : Ic Core resistance, RC Im
. Core reactance, Xm magnetizing current
.

2- 2

.
.

.

.


=

Ts = TP

E1

"" Refer - -

Losses .

Voltage drop
.Regulation

37

XS & RS

3-2 : 4-2

: 4-2
magnetic circuit
Req1
Xeq1 . 5-2

: 5-2

38

power loss Core

. 6-2

: 6-2
Req Xeq
X . X% .

3- 2 Per unit
Short Circuits


.
.

Supper position
.Thevenen . Per Unit
( 165)

(150) 180
: 160
.

39

. Per unit 7-2

ZH High V. Side ZL . Low Side
.
ZL

ZH

VL

VH

: 7-2
: Zp.u
.
Zp.u:

Z
Z Base

Z p. u

ZBase

VBase
I Base

Z Base

VBase VH . VL .IBase
MVABase

.
.Reference Value

Zp.u MVAbase :

MVABase
kVB2

Z p.u Z

40

 .
.
Zp.u.

MVAB
kVB2

Z p.u Z

: Z ZL ZH . : . .

Z ZL ZH .

MVAB
kVL2
MVAB
kVH2
2

N1

1
N2

Z
L
ZH

Z p.u1 Z L

Z p .u 2 Z H

Z L kVH2

Z H kVL2

Z p.u1
Z p . u2

Zp.u
Zp.u .

. Zp.u 5%
Zp.u .
Zp.u. 5% Prated .
:
(

) 100 .X%

Per
unit name plate X R

X .

41

 .
X2 , RC , X1 , R1
No load test short circuit test .

X% voltage drop .

2400 / 240 %X %3 Full load

impedance %3 %3
( ) Full load . X

= X%
= 72 V

2400

:
= .2400 72
X 72V F.L
R . R >> X
R Z% X%

R pu jX pu

I rated Z eq
Vrated

)Z eq (
Z base

Z pu

X% S.C %X

Short Circuit Capacity

.
Short circuit test X% percentage
impedance voltage Rated
short

42

 .
percentage impedance voltage %3
%3 Short circuit test .Rated current
Z% ( IEC
):

4- 2
( /)
. S.C

I B F

B Core
.

43

 .
B Motor windings
Force Force
Leakage flux (
) .

i1 , i2 ( \ )

( \ )
. 8-2

: 8-2
. 9-2

44

: 9-2
.
( ) :

Additive Polarity
Phase
Ampere Turn A.T

. Flux Leakage
.
leakage Flux

Core

Core conductors .

45

H.V LV
10-2 50
).( 50 Hz System

: 10-2
.
:


TANK .

46

3- Transformers

1- 3
( ) 3- ( ) 1-

. 3- :

3 Three Banks 1-
Y
.1-3

: 1-3

47

 .
2-3

: 2-3

48

 .
3-3 Standard ( ) ( Y ).

: 3-3 () Star

3-

. 3- Core-type: Shell-type
.
Core-type 3 3-limbs
LV phase-A HV phase
2-phases . 4-3 . Phase

49

: 4-3 Core Type

Phase 120 24

Phase

Phase .

Shell Form . 5-3

50

5-3 Shell Type

L.V H.V
. .

3-Banks 3-
3- %25
.


.

51

2- 3 Windings Three phase

6-3
:

: 6-3

-1 Wye Wye Star- Star

. Unbalanced Loads
-2 Delta - Delta (
) 3-Banks
%58 ( . ( )mesh Delta
).

52

 .
-3 Wye Delta ) (Star-Delta Step-down
Star
-4

VL
3

Delta Wye Delta-Star Step up

) (Star-Delta .
.

:
: Two lines

Line Voltage, VL Winding .Phase Voltage, VP

.7-3

7-3 Star

Star line voltage (VL) , ) phase voltage (VP

IL IP :

53

 .
)

VL = 3 Vp
IL = I p

Delta :
VL = Vp
IL = 3 Ip

Apparent Power, S kVA MVA

:

S = 3 VLN ILN
VLN Phase Voltage
ILN Phase Current
:

Apparent power , S :

54

kVA 100A
.1 MVA 1-

.3- 1-

100A 3-

100A .300A kVA

20 kVA 3- kVA
60 . 20 kVA

mechanical output

Electrical output

power factor 1 : 0
kW kVA
kW P.F .

3- 3
( ) Primary / Secondary Two windings
transformer /Y Y/Y.
3-windings transformer
limb 9 tertiary
windings .
:
.1 pri/sec 300/132/33
.

55

 .
.2 Zero sequence currents
YY . 8-3

: 8-3

56

57

58

:1-4

: 1-4
: ( Core )6 ( Windings )4
. Active Part

59

: Auxiliaries .
:

( ) Tank ( )1 ( )11 ( )20

19

(( ) Conservator tank ) 16 ( )17

( )15 Breathing unit
( )18

Buchholz Relay

( )12 .

( )21

( Bushings 14 )13 Corona rings

Flange Skirts ( Tap changer 4 ) 9 ( Yoke 5 )2.

2-4 :
-1
H.V. bushings -2
L.V. bushings -3
H.V. tapping switch -4
H.V. double primary voltage switch -5
-6

-7
-8
-9 ( )
-10

-11

-12

60

: 2-4
: .

61

1- 4 ( ) Core
Core
induced voltage .
.
0.3 mm

( . ) Cold rolled grain oriented Silicon steel , CRGO

: ( ) Permeability

: .eddy current

: ( ) 5mm

eddy current .

( ) 0.3mm
.

: grain oriented
.

( ) Flux density 1.8 : 1.6 ( ) Webber/m2

( ) Saturation
( ) Harmonics .

62

1-1-1-4 Permeability
Permeability
.
Soft
Iron Permeability r 1511 . 0
( ) 20 kHz
.
.
.3-4

: 3-4
.

2-1-1-4
Saturation
. Line-up

.

63

3-1-1-4

Residual Flux

. Hysteresis loop ( ).

2- 4 ( )Core
Core :
Core type .1
Shell type .2

( )
fiber glass 130
.

Legs Limbs
Yoke
. 4-4

: 4-4
Core Type 50
MVA ( . )Shell Form

64

 .
)1-( Single phase . 5-4

: 5-4 Core Type Shell Type

Core Core Type
Loop 5-4 Loop
Shell Type

Two Loops 5-4

.)1-( Single phase
)3-( Three phase 6-4
. 3-Phase Core-Type Transformer 7-4 3-Phase Shell-Type :
Transformer

65

: 6 -4 Core Type

: 7-4 Shell Type

3 phase phases
Core .

Legs Flux
Leakage 5-4
Leg . 8-4

66

: 8-4 Core Type

. 9-4

(a) Concentric. (b) Interleaved.

: 9-4
Leg
Concentric
Interleaved
Coupling . Flux leakage
.

67

Shell Type Leg

Legs Yoke
Leg .
Leg . 10-4 Limb
.

: 11-4 shell type

() 11-4
.

: 12 -4

68

 .
.

Core Type Shell Type

:
-1 Core type 2-Limbs Shell type
-2 Core type Shell type
.Shell type
-3 Shell type Core
. type

-4 Shell Short Circuit .

3- 4
.

Butt Lap
( 13-4 ) .
. Air Gap

69

: 13-4

( 14-4) ( 14-4) .
.

: 14-4


.

70

 .
Yoke ( )1 15-4
( )4 . Yoke ( )5 ( )2
Short
111 .
( )8 .

: 15-4

(
) .
Power Loss . cold-rolled grain-oriented
sheet steel (C.R.G.O).
. Rolling Direction

.
Core Core

71

 .
Emf
Discharge
. Yokes
16-4 Core ( )2 ( )4 .
Core

- bushing -

: 16-4

72

4- 4

. :

2%
7% . 30%
.

.

.
Legs .

Spacers Mechanical strength

Axial Center .Leg

73

 .
ASTA .

.
Transposition
Continuous Transposed Conductor, CTC .17-4

: 17-4 Transposition


Transposition .

5- 4

.

74

Screw Spiral

.

75

Winding 25 kV
Discs . Disc
.
Discs.

76

Barrel Winding Load Tap Changer

Winding . Tap Changer

77

Shell Type .

. Short Circuit
.

6- 4

.

. . Enamel

78

 .
Synthetic Polymer Synthetic
.Cloth Kraft paper .

(
)
. .
Induced Currents
AC current

79

Active Part

. .
.

1- 5

( - -) ( -)
.

Fans and Radiators
.1-5

80

: 1-5

Pour point .Flash Point
Tank
Dielectric constant

( 2.2 ) 1
( )30kV/cm

- 80kV/cm Stress
.

. 30 kV\cm
30 kV .

) 80 kV\cm

SF6 100 kV\cm

.SF6

81

 .
oxidation

conductivity
.
fault

2- 5 Tank

- ) plain tank ( - 50 kVA
.
( ) ( ) ( ) Tubed Tank

Radiators

Radiators
.
.
.

-1 .
-2 .
-3 .
-4 .

82

 .
Tank:

( 6 ) 2-5 (
) .
. .

: 2-5

3- 5 Conservator Tank

- -

.3-5

83

: 3-5

oil level gauge
.
. visible level 1/10 .
.

8%
30% .
( 4 )2-5 .
Bochholz Relay
:

84

 .
Bochholz relay
.Breather unit

Bochholz relay Protective Relay

alarm .
Bochholz Relay . :
.4-5 .

Bochholz Relay
.

: 4-5 Bochholz relay

Bochholz Relay .

85

Bochholz Relay
Bochholz Relay .Trip

- -

Dehydrated Breathing Unit Silicone gel

. 5-5
Silica gel
.

: 5-5
:

: .

200 : 150 .

:
.

86

4- 5

(

moisture )

. conducting
( material ) .
oxidation .
.

oil preservation

Tank
. 6-5

: 6-5 Sealing
Core windings ( Tank )
100% GAS Blanket

87

 .
. Blanket %10 %15 25
.

pressure relief valve .
.
Flange Bushings
.
: Tank .
Tank ( )
Sealing . : Sealing of Oil-Filled Tr.
.1 Conservator . 7-5
.2 Positive Pressure

: 7-5

88

Sealing of Oil-Filled Tr

%10
8-5
.

: 8 -5

.

Radiator .

89

Radiator
Fans Radiator . 9-5

: 9-5
Forced Forced Air, FA

Radiator FAFO
Forced Air Forced Oil, .

90

5- 5 () Tap Changer
Tap Changer
.N1 /N2
N1 /N2 .
on-load off-load
( )10-5
.

: 10-5

91

Tap Changer

132/11 kV 132 kV
.

Tap Changer (

) .
N1/N2 5% .11-5

: 11-5
132/11KV 132KV 130KV %1

10.8 kV .11 kV

( ) 10.8 kV ( )11 kV %101 %100

11KV :

101
11kV
100

Vo 10.8

Tap Changer
Tap Changer 12-5 .kV 11/34
Phase

92

: 12-5
( Diverter Switch ) 13-5 short
( ) Switch Position

1 short 6&5 ( 3-Phases )

( )
34650V N1/N2 .11/34
2 short 4 & 6

A10

6 4 ( ) 5 4

Phase

33825 V
.12-5

93

: 13-5
6 short 2-8 8 2
.

14-5 A
short 1-2 144900V
DIVERTER E short 6-5 131100V
short .14-5

: 14-5
15-5 . Tap Changer

94

: 15-5

( ) On load tap changer

.
Off-Load Tap Changer

.
1-5 :

95

 .
: 1-5 On-load Off-load

( )

17

3 5

96

6- 5 Bushings
Bushings
Input Voltage
Load .
Bushings

.
Bushings (
)
( ) loss

Bushings . Bushings

Bushings .

. 33-4
.Bushings

.
.

Bushing 16-5

Skirts ( )
surface resistance .
creeping paths (
) .

97

: 16-5

Discharge
Skirts
17-5 Bushing
partial
breakdown discharge

complete breakdown .

98

: 17-5

Flange bushing
cast aluminum 18-5
loss .Flange

: 18-5 Flange

99

Rod Gap
Bushings Rod Gap : 19-5
.

: 19-5

7- 5
Accessory
. Accessory rating .

100

101

102

Transformer Connections

103

3-

star

star Tertiary winding

.
Transformer Connections line
voltage voltage phase

.Transformer Connections
Connection :

-1 Polarity
3- 1- .
-2 Connection
phase displacement
/ / /
Delta . Star
-3 Connection vector group
phase displacement .
-4 Connection

Phase Sequence

Phases A B C
.
Connection
( ) Vector Group
Phase Sequence Polarity

.

104

 .
:

( ) 3- 1-
3-.

105

Transformer Polarity

Phase Shift 3- .1-

In-phase 180 degree

out of phase .
(
)

. .

1- 6
Air-core Transformer 1-6:
-3 ( ) Signal . Oscilloscope
-4 () Signal . Oscilloscope
.
( ) .
Additive Polarity
180

106

 .
( magnitude )
. Subtractive Polarity

: 1-6

polarity

2-6
short Circulating current
.

: 2-6 ( )

107

 .
Polarity Short
Polarity .

2- 6
standard
Bushings

3-
( . : Bushing
Phase-A

Phase-B .

U & V& W Capital Letter 1

1W 1V 1U:
2 2w 2v 2u :

Small Letter

. 3 Tertiary

Windings 3w 3v 3u : N Neutral .
IEC .3-6

1N
2n

1U

1V
2u

2v

1W
2w

: 3-6 IEC

108

H H1, H2, H3 X,Y

) (X1,X2,X3 ) (Y1,Y2,Y3 0 Neutral () X0 H0

1- ANSI .4-6

: 4-6 1- IEEE / ANSI

3- ( 5-6 )

H2

H3
X3

H1
X2

X1

H0
X0

: 5-6 ANSI
IEC

Neutral 1n 2N

ANSI H0 X0
. 5-6

109

3- 6 Polarity
.

H1,H2 X2, X1, 6-6 (

) ( Additive Polarity )
H1 H2 X1 .X2
( ) 6-6 Subtractive
Polarity .

: 6-6
Add/Sub Dot . 7-6
Add Polarity
7-6
.Sub Polarity.

110

: 7-6

: Dot.

111

Phase Displacement
Vector Group
3- 1-
phases
(

x1 x2 x3 H1 H2 H3 )

Phase Displacement

1- 7 Phase Displacement
Phase Displacement Angular Displacement :
line-to-N LN : HV
LN . LV LN LV LN HV
.

" "Y HV " "y

LV

phase-A HV phase

_a LV
Yy0
Vector Groups (
):
)Zero phase displacement (Yy0, Dd0, Dz0
)180 phase displacement (Yy6, Dd6, Dz6

112

1- Group 1:
2- Group 2:

 .
)-30 phase displacement (Yd1, Dy1, Yz1
)+30 phase displacement (Yd11, Dy11, Yz11

3- Group 3:
4- Group 4:

HV LV
Vector Group IEC :
.1

Capital
Y D Zigzag Z .
( .) y , d , z, etc. ( small
Phases ).

.2 Neutral N
YNd Star ( )accessible

Yyn Star .

.3 Delta N N
LN Phase 1-7
. 1-7

A1
C2
A1
C2
B1
A2

C1
B2

B1
A2

C1
B2

: 1-7 N
.4 12 360
360/12 30 . 1 30 2
60 . Yy
- 30 + Yd1

113

 .
Line-to- Neutral Y ( )LN Delta
. Delta

30

Yd11

330 30 -.
.5 Auto a auto
YNa YNauto YNa11 YNa0.

Phase Displacement (
phase-a ) phase-A
LN .
HV 12 2-7

Vector Group Phase Displacement .
2-7 Dy Dy11 :
Phase Displacement 330 30-.
LN LV LN HV
.

2-7

114

: 1-

Dy3
( )

( )

Y 90 .

( ).

: 2-

Dy1
( )

( )

Y 30 L N L N

30 ( ).

" "

phase Sequence 3-7 Phase Sequence A B

.C

A1

B1

C1

: 3-7
R-L

4-7

30
.

115

 .
Vs

Is

: 4-7
:

-1 phase angle displacement Power factor

LN : HV LN LV
( ) Power factor
)
-2 Phase Rotation
phase A B C A C . B
-3 two phase .

2- 7

. Capital A1A2, B1B2 ,
C1C2
.5-7

small a1 a2 b1 b2 c1 c2

A1A2 Limb a1 a2
.Phase
phases .

116

 .
A1

a2

A2

a1
B1

b2

b1

c2

B2

C1

C2

c1
A2
b1

a2

b2
c1

N
a1

C2

B2

c2

5-7
A2 A1 a2 a1
phases A2, B2, ( 2

a2, b2, c2

. ) C2 a1a2

A1A2

5-7 .B and C star

A1B1C1 . (Neutral( N

( ) 5-7 Y phase
.Y

a1 c2 5-7 ( b2c1,
.) a1c2 a1 b2 6-7
(.)c2b1, c1a2

117

a2

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

a1

b2

b1

c2

c1
A2
a2

c1

c2
a1

b1

C2

B2

b2

6-7 5-7
a2a1

A2A1 B2B1 b2b1

C2C1 c2c1 phase displacement Phases

5-7 . 6-7
Phase Rotation
.

3-
Vector Group ( 7-7
Step-Down :

118

7-7 3-
( )
Star Delta ( ) .
()
( ) ( 30 -

) .Dy11
( ).
()
( ) ( 30 )
Vector group ( Dy1 ) (.
)
IEC

119

Vector Group .

4-

Phase shift Tertiary 150.

:
:
YNyn0d5

3- 7
3

120

5-

Vector Group . 8-7

a2

c1

C1

b1

B1

a1

A2

8-7

A1

( :) 9-7
-1 ( ) Star ( Positive
Phase Rotation ) A .12

-2 a1a2 A1A2 Star

-3 1a c2 c1c2
C1C2 Star c2 a1
-4
-5 N-a1 A1 Star
( ) Yd1 Phase Displacement
30 ( ).

a1

a1
N
b1

c1

a1

c2 a1
c1

c1
b1

A1

a2

a2
B1

9 -7 5

121

C1

Phase Displacement . 10-7

N

a2

c1

C1

b1

B1
A2

a1

10 -7

A1

( :)11-7
-1 ( ) (
) NA1 .12 A1 C2 .

-2 a1a2 Star A1A2 ( ).

-3 Star

-4 NA1 a1 Star ( )
Dy11 Phase
Displacement ( 30 ) .

a1

A1
C2

b1
A2
B2

B1

C1

c1

11-7 6

122

Phase Displacement . 12-7

N
c1

C1

b1

B1

a1

a2

A2

A1

12-7 7-
: 13-7
-1 ( ) NA1
.12 A1 B2 .

-2 a1a2 Star A1A2 ( ).

-3 Star
-4 NA1 a1 Star ( )
Dy7 Phase
Displacement 210- +150 .

123

b1
A1
B2

c1
C2

B1

A2

C1

a1

13-7 7

Phase Displacement IEC Code

( )

124

IEC

125

126

127

Vector Groups ( ):
)Zero phase displacement (Yy0, Dd0, Dz0
)180 phase displacement (Yy6, Dd6, Dz6
)-30 phase displacement (Yd1, Dy1, Yz1
)+30 phase displacement (Yd11, Dy11, Yz11

Group 1:
Group 2:
Group 3:
Group 4:

1234-

Connections :
)1. Wye Wye ) Star-Star
)2. Wye Delta (Star-Delta
)3. Delta -Wye )Delta-Star
4. Delta - Delta

.
. :
-1 . Harmonics
-2 .

1- 8 Harmonics
1- Sinusoidal :

128

 .
magnetic Flux
:

d
dt

eN

: sin magnetization current

1-8 Pure Sin

1-8
Sin Magnetization Current
1-8 Core
Hysteresis Loop .1-8
Hysteresis Non linear Re-construct
2-8

magnetization Current . non-sinusoidal

129

2-8
Fourier Transform 3-8
( ) 50Hz 3-8

Fundamental Component ( ) 150Hz 3rd

. harmonics

: 3-8
. Magnetization
current 50 Hz . 150 Hz

130

 .
1-phase sinusoidal sinusoidal
sinusoidal Magnetization current
50Hz . 150 Hz

:
150 Hz pure sin
pure sin
:4-8

4-8 pure sin

Fourier Transform ( 50Hz)

( 150Hz) 4-8 3rd Harmonic

() 3rd Harmonic

.
: 5-8 non sinusoidal sinusoidal

131

5-8
: 1-Phase 3-phase

magnetization 3rd Harmonic

: 6-8

6-8
50 Hz 3rd
) harmonic (150Hz Phase
120 phase shift

132

 .
3rd harmonic . Phase Shift In-phase
.Phase Shift

7-8

7-8
phase sinusoidal voltage

Fundamental + 3rd Harmonic Fundamental ( )ifa +ifb + ifc

Neutral ( 120
) i3f Neutral 3i3f . Phase

Star 3rd harmonic

Sin phase 3rd harmonic

. phase

133

8-8 phase sinusoidal voltage

Fundamental + 3rd Harmonic phase

Fundamental Line current Node Node

( ) ) ifa - ifb 3rd harmonic Node

Phase 3rd Harmonic

. Line currents

.
8-8
Delta 3rd harmonic

Sin phase magnetization Phase

3rd Harmonic circulate sin wave

Phase 3rd Harmonic Line currents -8

.9

134

9-8

( ) Neutral
Tertiary winding Zig-Zag 10-8 :

11-8 -
.1

3rd harmonic 3rd harmonic

. Polarity Line voltage

135

 .
two phases A and C line voltage
3rd harmonic . 10-8

3rd
harmonic non sinusoidal

Sinusoidal Delta (

) () ( ) Delta / Zig Zag

Unbalanced harmonic .

136

2- 8
:

Z
.

.11-8

: 11-8

.
Star ()
. 120

( . ) CA , CB , C C
:

Z .
( ) KVA SC ( . ) Short Circuit Level

137

 .
:

Phase Two Phases VLine

(

) .

Phase .

( ) Transients Phase

Arcing Voltage .

4 6 Phase .

(
) .
Arcing Voltage
.
( ) 3 Vph
( ) No Floating Voltage

. .
:
-1
.
-2 Unsymmetrical Faults
Symmetrical Components .

3- 8 : Y Y
Y Y Y
Y N Phase
Displacement 180 . 14-8

138

: 14-8 Y Y
two phases Limb .

= phase

VL
3

. .
:

-1 In-phase Phase Displacement

66 , 132 , 220, 500 KV

500-66 132 220

Cascaded

(/ ) phase
.

139

 .
-2 phase
Delta Vphase 57% .Vline
-3 Capacitance
Surge impedance
.
-4
Phases phase Short
Phases (

) %60 .

-1 N
distorted wave zero sequence .
-2
N N .

-3 3rd harmonics Over voltage

.
-4 N
ground fault
Secondary Primary . 15-8
N primary .

140

: 15-8 YY
-5
Phase . Line current

:
single phase YY
Core Type Unsymmetrical Flux

141

4- 8 -Y
-Y 16-8

Y YY .

: 16-8 -Y
LV Delta Iph HV
Star Vph .
.

3rd Harmonic Voltage Signals

.
N Star
ground protective Relays

. .
Phase-to-Phase
Phases 2:1:1 .

142

. 2:1:1 OC Relay
Phase . :

143

 .
Generator/transformers -Y
Generator Y Lines Zero sequence
currents Vibrations.
Ground

fault protection
.
.
phase angle

YY phase shift
Displacement HV .LV

phase
17-8 HV LV 30 Sec Pri
.Dy11=Vector group Dy1.

a1

a2

A2

A1

b1

b2

B2

B1

c1

c2

C2

C1

a2
b2

A1
C2
a2

A1

B1
A2

c2

: 17-8

144

-Y

C1
B2

5- 8

Y Y Iph
57% Iline .
.
.
.
.

: 18-8

3rd Harmonic Delta

( . )18-8
Harmonies phase shift 120
360 ) (Vc , Vb , Va In-phase

3rd Harmonic currents Delta .

N

.

145

 .
:

: 20-8
phase closed circuit
capacitance 20-8

.system floating

Arcing Fault ( Intermitted Fault )
over voltage 6-8 phase voltage
.

21-8

.

146

: 21-8

6- 8 Zig Zag
:

1-6-8

Interconnected star :

Zig Zag Interconnected star

.22-8

22-8

147

Phase shift
In-Phase Phase shift 120 .
Zero sequence.
Earthing Transformers 23-8 .

Transformer Two- windings

.

: 23-8
L-V Unbalance

neutral N N ( .)Artificial Neutral

148

Zigzag D-z
Delta ( ) .Zigzag
D-Y 3rd Harmonics
Phase shift ( ) Zigzag (
) Delta YY DD
.
.

Zigzag

D / Z 3
( ) Delta ( ) Z Limb 3

) A1A2 ( Delta ( ) a1 a2 / a3 a4 ( ) Z . 24-8

primary A2B2C2 Secondary Bushings a4- b4-
.c4

149

: 24-8 Delta-Zig Zag

zigzag

N zigzag 25-8

N . Ground Resistance

150

: 25-8 N

151

152

Auto-Transformers Phase
Shifting

.

153

10 200
2000 - .

1 - 9
:
-1

.
-2 spare .
-3
( % 10 : )
-4
.

:
.

Reliability
. short
.circuit

154

. 1-9

1-9
BB

short circuit current .

.
short circuit current BB
CB

BB CB
. .
:
.
.

2- 9 :

BB .

155

BB

. :
.1 same voltage ratio
.2 Polarity

.3 ( percentage impedance )Z%

.4 phase sequence
.5 phase displacement
1- 3-
3-.

circulating current ) ( No- load 2-9
.

: 2-9
EA EB secondary

( ) circulating current
. 3-9

156

: 3-9
I circulating IA IB ( )A
( )B
( over Load ) A .
IEEE %0.5

( %100
.) %0.5

10 MVA 66/12.47 kv
. 4-9

157

 .
62700 / 12470

Open

65.8 A

Air Break Switch

331 A
59.6 A

6.2 A

62700 / 12470

: 4-9
Air Break Switch ( isolator (CB
( 1A CB )
magnetizing current Secondary .
:
Tap Changer
62700 69300 Z% %7
=

secondary.
Circulating (
) 68.8 59.6
( )6.2 A 1A .

rating Z%
Z%
.5-9

158

: 5-9

Z1 and Z2 .
Z

phase

angle power factor

Z.

polarity emf
emf short circuit
2-6 . -9
.6

159

: 6-9

Phase Sequence Polarity

Cycle Cycle short circuit . Phases

phase displacement

vector group

. Yy0

Yy0 Dd0 Zz0 .

phase displacement
Vector Groups :
)phase displacement (Yy0, Dd0, Dz0
)phase displacement (Yy6, Dd6, Dz6
)phase displacement (Yd1, Dy1, Yz1
)phase displacement (Yd11, Dy11, Yz11

Group 1: Zero
Group 2: 180
Group 3: -30
Group 4: +30

1.
2.
3.
4.

1 . 2 3 4
.

160

Loss
. Loss :
-1 No-Load Loss
-2 Load Loss

1- 11 : No-Load Loss

loss ( . )output energized

Core loss Magnetic loss

.
no-load loss :
Hysteresis loss
Eddy current loss
Dielectric loss

no load loss

.Load Loss no-load loss

open circuit test .

161

Core loss

no load loss

. loss
hysteresis .
residual flux
Hysteresis Loss Real

Transformer

. Xm

Sinusoidal
Sinusoidal Cycle
sinusoidal Core
domains .1-10
sinusoidal domains
Core 1-10
. Hysteresis Loss
.

: 1-10
input power
load .
.

162

hysteresis :
1.6
Wh k h Bmax
fV

Hysteresis Loop -10

2 Loop Hysteresis Loss .
.Core

: 2-11

eddy current 3-10
.
. eddy current 50%
.

163

: 3-11
losses no load
loss . loss
:
2
We k e Bmax
f2

Ke

.


eddy current .0.35 mm

Stray Capacitors
.

164

 .
Ideal capacitor capacitance
power Sin
Active Power 90.
capacitance

capacitance 90

delta, tan ideal capacitor

capacitor . dielectric
losses tan

.dissipation factor

Dielectric Power Loss :

where
Pd = dielectric losses, W
f = applied frequency, Hz
C = capacitance , F
V = operating voltage, rms V
tan = dissipation factor

power loss

tan tan tan

tan .
no load loss .

2- 11 Load loss
losses
Copper Loss
%90 load loss stray loss %10 . Loss

165

load loss

Loss .

load loss
. -

P = I2 R
No Load no
load current no load current
%2-1 .
( Critical

) Saturation point .
( Ideal . ) Loss

I2R eddy current loss

. load loss
.0.4%

L
A

R DC

AC .
. 4-10
RAC RDC .Skin Effect

166

: 4-10 Skin Effect

%5 Loss . :

leakage flux .
eddy current

.
eddy current

leakage flux .
.

167

3- 11

Core loss
.
( ) . Steel Hysteresis
eddy current . . 1-10
: 1-10

.
amorphous metal .
: . CRGO material

%25 permeability
.

Bmax voltage per turn

:

168

turns ratio

copper loss
loss eddy current

compromise .

load loss Power Factor

( )pf .load loss

KW load . KW/ pf
load loss pf 1 pf.

[(

pf 0.8 1 %56.25 cable loss

loss .

169

170

171

:
-1 .Efficiency
-2 Voltage Regulation
-3 ( )
-4 Harmonics

-5 Inrush currents
-6
-7 Rated value
-8 . Rated value
.

172

1- 11 :
input/output
( )99.5% .
: wattmeter
circuit tests

.Open /Short .

.

Efficiency .

=
:
: Pfe ( ) Iron Losses .
:Pcu ( ) Cupper Losses .
: Cos 0 .
: Cos s

173

power factor
=

PF
p

NL = No Load Loss
LL= Load Loss

T = Temperature

174

2- 11 : Voltage Regulation

- voltage regulation, VR

= VR . %5:3

VR
.

voltage drop
)VD = I . (R + jX

VR

rated
secondary voltage

Vs ,nl Vs , fl
Vs , fl

VR

VR X & R
. 1-11

1-11

175

Req Sec + Pri Copper Loss

Xeq . :

phasor diagram
Primary Voltage Secondary

VP

a

'
( VP VP VP ) turns ratio

Secondary Voltage, VS Req .Xeq

2-11 Phasor diagram Secondary side Resistive load
Is in-phase .Vs

: 2-11
3-11 Capacitive load Is

VP
secondary Vs .
a

176

.VS

: 3-11
4-11 mainly inductive Is

VP
VS " "
a

.VS

: 4 -11

Inductive
VR :

I s Req cos I s X eq sin

Vs

VR

VR parameters Req . Xeq

177

 .
( )+ lagging PF ( )-
.Leading P.F
:
I s X eq
Veq

%X

and

I s Req
Vs

%R

Percentage impedance parameters :

%VR %R cos % X sin

Ideal Transformer ( magnetization current

0.5% ) ( .)Voltage Drop
Regulation 10% Drop
10%
Primary Primary
V. Drop
. V Regulation

178

3- 11 :
:

ANSI code temperature rise 65

- ambient temperature 30 - full load
65.
transformer

tank

65 ( (30 .
( Winding ) 80 30 ambient
.temperature
hot spot
.

load cycle


.

110 ( )30+80 .

179

over load
Thermal time constant
6 .

30

over load
.

over load
: - load cycle .

.

rated load
1-11 100 KVA 87 : 249 KVA
.

180

 .
1-11

181

4- 11 : Harmonics
Harmonics 50Hz Harmonics

200 150 100 2nd Harmonic 3rd Harmonic

.5-11

5-11
Non linear non-Sinusoidal
non-Sinusoidal Fourier series
.Harmonics

Harmonics

Power Electronic devices

) (Rectifiers + Inverters
Pluses pluses Sinusoidal wave

. Harmonics

Harmonics Non-linear load

V

I

182

R non linear

 .
.
1- systems discharging lamps .
Harmonics 1- 3- : 4-wire system

3rd Harmonic 21 15 9 3 . Harmonics Zero

sequence 3-phases

3-phases Harmonics 2nd , 4th , 6th etc

Neutral (
N Phase ) .

Fourier analysis /
Sinusoidal 6-11 Harmonic + fundamentals Harmonics Fourier

Odd Harmonics .... 9 7 5 3

even Harmonics ..... 6 4 2

DC .

: 6-11

183

Odd Harmonics eddy loss Stray loss

. Harmonics De-rating
eddy loss ANSI Standard Total Harmonics distortion %5

De-rating .

Harmonics .... DC offset

Core Saturation

. 7-11 DC Component Signal .

Saturation Primary ) (exciting current

. DC offset
. DC offset %1

: 7-11 DC Offset

184

Rectifiers Inverters
Harmonics

Harmonics
Harmonics K-factor transformers
K-Factor Harmonics eddy current loss
K . 30, 20, 13, 7, 4 K-factor = 4 Non

linear %50 K =13 %100

. non-linear

185

5- 11 :

Inrush Current .

8-11 :
-1 Power Transformer
Residual Flux, R

-2

Inrush Current
. 8-11 max

R inrush Current .

8-11
8-11
:

186

 .
.1 .
.2 Imax .
90 (

).

- - :

. 9-11

9-11

Magnetization Currents
Steady State . 10-11

10-11

187

Magnetizing Circuit .11-11

11-11
Differential Relay
Differential Relay
.
.

188

:

.

.
.
2nd Harmonic .

2nd Harmonic

40 :50 %
. %7
) (Filter 2nd Harmonic -

- Blocking Signal 2nd Harmonic

20% : 10% .

.

.

.
Inrush Currents .
13-11
Inrush Current .

.Inrush Current

189

 .
Inrush
R 13-11
.
citapapmyS Inrush .

Differential Relay Relay

.

I2
R
I1

ITot

Gen.

13-11

190

6- 11 : )Noise (

. .
Core . Tank
( )damping .

Magnetosriction
/ 10 100

) (50 Hz Buzzing
Flux 1.4 T

Fluctuating force
100 .
Pressboard high damping co-efficient
.

.
.

191

15 200 25

500
.

100
.

4 8

. 2-11
:

: 2-11
dB
K.V.A

300 151

55

58

67

57

500 301

56

60

67

59

700 501

57

62

67

61

1000 701

58

64

67

63

1500 1001

60

65

67

64

2000 1501

61

66

69

65

3000 2001

62

68

71

66

3-11 ( )

192

: 3-11 ( )

193

7- 11 : rated frequency
:

Emf .

Loss Core 60 HZ

50 HZ f E B
saturation Core eddy loss

. .

2-7-11 50HZ 60HZ

B

Volt per Hertz

over

voltage ) (V/F
.

194

8- 11 :

) (DC

saturation current magnetizing
over heating AC DC
Voltage Signal .Pulses

HV
LV /Y
Y/ N

Y inrush current
.

195

2-21 Auto Transformers

Two winding
.
Auto .1-12

1-12 Auto
. 2-12

196

2-12 Auto
BC 211 400V
.2-12 2V . Tap E E
E . 200V

200/100 V 10 kVA Rated

50A . 100A
() 5-12 Auto

3-12 ) Polarity marks (dot

3 -12

197

 .
( )b Polarity Additive
300V . 200V !! .
.
( ) b 100A
. KCL

- - . 150A
( 30kVA ) 10kVA
.
Auto Tr :
Inductively Transformation Conductively
( ) b 10 kVA 20 kVA
.
Auto Transformer ( )
( ) .

4-12 ( )


. Turns Ratio 3 1
2 1 Auto.

4-12

198

 .
Auto Transformation
( ) Auto .

4 -12 AC N1 EC
. N2 I1 I2
Ampere-turn .
( ) Io :

. N . I
:

a = N2/N1

199

Auto
500:400 %20
500:10
Auto .3:1

511 411 100A

.

auto ( ) 0.2 = 1 - 0.8

%81 .
3-phase 5-12 . 6-12

200

: 5-12 3-phase Auto transformer

: 6-12 3-phase Auto transformer

201

( 511 221
311 132 ) Turns Ratio
3 . 1
Induction Motors
Stabilizer . Auto
12 7- 12

.

" .

7-21
Auto Variac
. 8-12

202

8-21

Overvoltage Secondary Galvanic

Isolation .

Inductance, L
Reactor .

203

2- 12 Grounding Transformers
Isolated System SLG
Two Phases
%173 .Over Voltage
Grounding Tr
9-12 .
: Zigzag .Y/

9- 21

204

3- 12 Phase Shifting
Inter-connected Grid

.
Two Parallel Lines
Impedance
Impedance Z
Overloading

Phase Shifting Transformer, PST

VSVR
sin
X

Phase angle Vs Vr X Reactance

.11-12

205

PST Turns Ratio
Phase.

11-12

206

4- 12 Converter Transformers
DC HVDC AC DC
Inverters HVDC AC
. 11-12
Mixed AC/DC Harmonics .

11-12

207

5-21 Dry Type Transformers

.
Indoor .
. Dry Tr %71
.
Self-Air Cooled
Convection
Radiation .
.

Surge Impedance
Transient Voltage .
Cast Resin
12-12
.


.

208

: 12-12 Cast Resin

( ) Cast Resin

Compact . Cast Resin
. Short circuit

209

( )rating
rating .
.

1- 13
Loss
Core loss copper loss stray loss

.gaskets
8
.

2- 13 Coolant
1-13 :
: 1-13

Mineral Oil

Askarel

Gas

Water

Air

Solid Insulator

210

 .
coolant .
. Dry Transformer :
() .
() .
() .
() .

oil filled transformer

.

3- 13
oil filled transformer :
. .

Mineral oil Distillation

Tank
- - .

1-1-3-13
( ) .
) )1 Dielectric Strength :
11. 30. 2.5 66
. 50. 2.5 / .
( )2

Viscosity

( ) Viscosity .
.

211

 .

- -

. ( ) ( ) mm2 / sec

37.
( )4 :

. 1.6
100 .
100 .
( )5 Flash Point

.
145 .

( )6 Tan
0.005 90
500 / 100 / 40 62 " .
( )7
.

. 0.58 0.4 /.
( )8

.
.

( . )Sludge
:

212

( ) ( ) Sludge
(
) .

( )9 :
.

0.88 / 3 15 21
% 0.069 1 .
( )10
(
) %,06

%50 .
35 /

( 35 ) .

100 .

2-1-3-13 : Inhibitors


. Sludge

1-13 ).(nature circulation

213

1-13

( )Tank 2-13
tank Radiator .

Radiator
Forced circulation
Thermostat
.

2-13

214

Radiator Vibration
Radiator Radiator
( .)Radiator

4- 13 Cooling Classes
classes

.IEC

IEC : 2-13
: 2-13 IEC

()

3-13 ( ) IEC

215

( )

: 3-13 ( ) IEC

-1

ONAN

-2

ONAF

-3

OFAF

-4

ODWF

-5

AN

( )

-6

AF

( ).

4-13
: 4-13

OA

OA/FA

OA/FA/FA

OW/A

5- 13 Classes
( )
Tank Tank O ( Oil

) N Nature ) Air ( A

N .
.

216

 .
3-13 .Class Radiator
( ).

3-13

ONAN

Radiator Radiator

.Tank

1-1-5-13

Radiator

.

Class
( ) Air Forced

Nature . Radiator

Two ratings (
) .

ON/OFF Thermostat

Radiator

217

 .
(
) . Rad Face
.

.
4-13 OFAF
.
Directed
. ODAF D Direction

4 -13 ( ODAF)

rating 5-13
rating ( ) 100% ONAN
.

218

: 5-13 rating

Thermostat
Name plate :
: :
ONAN / OFAF / OFAF cooling class transformer with 45/60/75 MVA Continuous at 65C
? Temperature Rise
( )ONAN 45 MVA
( )
60 MVA 75 MVA ( Two Stages
)

65 .

60/45 133% 75/45 166.6% .5-13

219

220

.
.

221

1- 14
Standard
.

ANSI Standard .C57
-:
1. IEEE C57.12.90, IEEE Standard Test Code for Liquid-Immersed Distribution,
Power, and Regulating.
2. Transformers; and Guide for Short-Circuit Testing of Distribution and Power
Transformers (ANSI).

2- 14
.
:
-1
.

222

 .
-2
.
-3

Ratio test Z% test

. Polarity test

:
-1 .
-2 .
-3 .
-4 .
-5

( )
.
Short circuit
. BIL

ratio test
Name plate :
Phase-Displacement test, Iron Loss test, Load Loss test, Impedance test, Open Circuit test,
Short Circuit test, etc

223

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

Oil Dielectric test

Gas in Oil Analysis
Moisture in Oil
Megger tests

Loss
.
.

Sequence
.
1. Tests before tanking:
. Preliminary ratio, polarity, and connection of the transformer windings
. Core insulation tests
. Ratio and polarity tests of bushing-current transformers

2. Tests after tanking (final tests)

. Final ratio, polarity, and phase rotation
. Insulation capacitance and dissipation factor
. Insulation resistance
. Control-wiring tests
. Lightning-voltage impulse tests
. Applied-voltage tests
. Induced-voltage tests and partial-discharge measurements
. No-load-loss and excitation-current measurements
. Temperature-rise tests (heat runs)
. Tests on gauges, accessories, LTCs, etc.
. Sound-level tests
3. Tests before shipment
Dew point of gas
.

224

 .
. Core-ground megger test
. Excitation-frequency-response test
( ) 4. Commissioning tests
Ratio, polarity, and phase rotation
. Capacitance, insulation dissipation factor, and megger tests
. LTC control settings check
. Test on transformer oil
. Excitation-frequency-response test
. Space above the oil in the transformer tank.
.

:
-1
-2
-3

-4 Parameters

3- 14 Dielectric Tests
( )

flash over .

Degradation

nonlinear .
%60 .

225

 .
)Insulation Resistance )IR
)Polarization Index (PI
) Dielectric loss angle ( tan
Partial discharge tests

:
Frequency response analysis
)Acoustic emission tests (in conjunction with partial discharge tests

.Degradation

( ) degradation
degradation .
.short circuits
( Degradations ) Cracks
( ) ionization
.Bushings

Degradation
Partial Breakdown .

-1 over voltages
stress .cracks

-2 : - -
( )

226

 .
.
vibration
.Degradation

-3 :
cracks

-4 : Bushings
.

4- 14 Insulation Resistance Test (IR):

Megger Test megger
DC Volt 500 V 1000 V
5000 V 2500 V
M .K 500 M .

Leakage current

) (IR
phase phase phase
.Cracks
.

Cracks . (5000 V
) 1000 V .

1000 10000.

227

-1 .
-2
IR .
-3 LV HV short .1-14

: 4-41 Insulation Resistance

-4 HV LV short LV
Megger Shorten HV .Grounded LV
-5 HV .LV

HV LV Tank
.

228

10 2M 20 1M
30 4M 10.
Polarization Index
1 min
10 min polarization index R10
R1 .

5- 14 Dissipation factor / Dielectric loss angle :

tan

. Cos ) (Power Factor

( PF ) Load
power factor test
. ideal capacitor Capacitance
R C . 2-14 Dissipation
Factor .

: 2-14
3-14
. tan cos .

229

: 3-14
tan Dissipation factor power factor
0.08 - 0
tan .

4-14

: 4-14 tan

230

 .
Short
( E :) Earth
HV - LVE
LV - HVE
HV- LV
tan % 0,5 20 . Capacitance

tan .

6-14 Partial Discharge :

Partial Discharge, PD

PD .
PD
. PD cavity
( / ) fault.
: PD
.

Bushings
partial discharge PD PD
Inception Voltage
5-14
bridge
PD .Extinction V

231

 .
Extinction V
PD . PD .
.PD
( Pulses )

.PD

: 5-14 PD

sensors
PD sensors Electric analyzer

filters noise
sensor . PD

232

. PD

1400-1000 200.

233

7- 14 :

. .

Line Voltage 2VL Winding

Phase 3-phases
Two-Phases . Phase/Ground Fault Phases doubling
. Transient Reflection
withstand voltage test
.
11 28

33 70 . 132 140
400 50 .
132 400 graded insulation
.

234

open .turn-to-turn
saturation High Excitation
100 Hz -5000
( 100).

resonant effect
.


- -
spark
.

impulse
high transient .

) ( Basic Impulse Insulation level ) ( BIL

-
.

Impulse

. Impulse

( ) Traveling Waves
.

235

Transient (
) Natural frequency
.

( ) surge Impedance
. BIL
.

.
Surge Generator
Rp low voltage
Rs .6-14

: 6-14 Surge Generator

236

Lightening Impulse

Test Simulation .7-14

7-14 Lightening Impulse Test

peak 1.2 sec 50 sec
peak 30-5
.
Switching Impulse Test 8-14 Switching

High Voltage
() . Switches

237

: 8-14 Switching Impulse Test

IEC .

238

239

8- 14 :

.

.
.

Askarels

mineral oil

- - .

20
. 15-10
.

240

9-14
5-2./
.

( )
5 5 10
11. 30. 2.5/
66. 50. 2.5 /.

.

: 9-14

241

DGA

bad contact hot spot
Partial Discharge ... . .

( .)Hydro-carbon Mineral Oil


.
( ) Hot Spots ( .) Arcing
Rating
.
:
:

CH4

H2
C2H6

C2H4

C2H2

C3H6

( ) Hot Spots 150 1000
C2H6 3000
. C2H2
( : ) Cellulose

( ) CO , CO2

242

 .

( ) CO , CO2 CO

.
CO2

300 CO2
.
-3

Oil

. ) Degassing

( ) Benchmark
.
1-14

)Part Per Million ( PPM

243

 .
: 1-14

6-4

150/100

300/200

300/200

70/50

150/100

300/200

30/20

50/30

150/100

150/100

200/150

400/200

50/30

150/100

1000/800

300/200

500/400

700/600

3500/3000

5000/4000

12000/9000

DGA 69 kV
DGA
.

-1 . :

%80-60 .

%25-10 .

%3.5-1.5 .

%2 -1 .

-2 :

.

244

 .
-3 :

.
-4 :

400
600
. .

-5 :

500 .

. .
:
: : : : .
C2H2/C2H4 C2H4/C2H6 C2H6/CH4 CH4/H2

.
2-14 :

245

: 2-14
Caused By
Ageing

Electric arcs
Local
overheating
Corona

Type Of Gas
CARBON MONOXIDE, CO
CARBON DIOXIDE,
CO2
HYDROGEN,
H2
ACETYLENE,
C2H2
ETHANE,
C2H6
ETHENE,
C2H4
PROPANE,
C3H6
HYDROGEN,
H2
METHANE,
CH4

) ppm = part per million ( 2000 ppm DGA
m ) m/dw( dw
2%
Drying .2.5%
( Kraft
) paper Degradation .

( ) Kraft paper .
35 ppm 60 66kV

220 kV 12 ppm 60.

246

tank
hot oil flush
tank spray Core .
Core
.
.
Spray Hot oil
Flash off .

Vacuum Transformer Oil Purifier/ Dielectric Oil Filtration

11.

35.
.

35.

247

20. 11.

25. 35.

35. 220.

45. 500..

Bushing
.

248

9- 14 : Parameters

TTR

short

ANSI Nameplate .0.5%

1-1-9-14 TTR

( Windings )

Winding TAPS . HV
.

2-1-9-14 Ratio Bridge

TTR .
Secondary Winding Secondary Winding
8V 10-14

exciting current .

249

: 11-14 Ratio Bridge

primary

( ) primary
TTR .
single phase double wound transformer-

( . ) 10-14

TTR

. . 11-14

250

: 11-14
( )Vs primary winding V3, V2, V1
V2 , V1 TTR (V1-V2) = V3 dot
A2 A1 primary a2 a1 Secondary
) (additive polarity .

loose connection

Bushings Tap changer

.High contact Resistance DGA

. D.C supply

12-14 .
.


.

251

: 12-14 DC Resistance
HV Winding LV Winding
Resistance-Bridge

13-14 R1 , R2
Rx RN
:

252

: 13-14
Taps
.taps
5%
75

magnetization
Core .

.14-14

253

: 14-14
)X1 R2 R1

R C X2

(Xm (

) .

Parameters Open circuit test

Short circuit test ). (Xm RC X2 X1 R2 R1

1-4-9-14 Open circuit test

Rc Xm No load Losses
LV Winding ) (HV

. 15-14

254

: 15-14 Open circuit test

supply . W0, I0, V
LV

LV . HV

1%

exciting current

power loss I2R .

Voltage Drop Wo Loss

Core primary ohmic loss .

IO :

Active component IC Core RC

Reactive current, Im magnetization Xm .
Im ,IC .Xm RC

255

2-4-9-14
-1 5 %110 , 105% , 100% , 95% , 90%
. W0 , I0 , V
-2 nameplate
short Laminations

.
-3 Unsymmetrical Structure
phases .

-4 110%
.

X2 , R2 , X1 , R1 Series impedance
. Percent Impedance test Z% test

Load Losses test

.
short

HV LV short I ,V , WSC HV
.16-14

256

: 16-14 Short circuit Test

Z% 5% 5%

Rated current )(short

zero

impedance short .

Rated current short impedance voltage

.

H.V 5% exciting current

2%

( shunt circuit

) No load loss ( ) Shunt

branch

series impedance R2 , R1 R2 R2
.
2

N
R2' R2 1
N2

257

WSC R2 , R1 ) (X2 , X1
.

10% .nameplate

1-5-9-14

Parameters

phase

percentage impedance

deformation short .
Two-phases .

. short circuit level

percentage impedance CB .

Percentage V. ( 5% 132 kV

6.6 kV
.

applied voltage
rated current

100
measured current rated voltage

258

%Z

short circuit open circuit

loss

. Regulation loss
stray loss .

. load test

1-6-9-14

%99 %1 %99
.
load test
.Back to Back test

Back to back " "

17-14 ) (V2 Loop two Secondary

Rated current
Copper Loss
.

259

) (V1 excitation
. Core loss
Core loss copper loss

V2 . V1 .

( )
. Back to Back
.

: 17-14 Back to back

18-14 Short R Phase

r Phase Phase-A Phase-a .

260

: 18-14

.

ABC
a b c Secondary Winding

261

AB C

Primary Winding

 .
3-phase voltage ( ) short A a
:
Bc>Cb

C c =B b

330

Cb> BC

Bb=Cc

30

Bc=Cb

>

Bb = C c

262

Generator Step Up
GSU MVA 20

.

.
SCADA System .

Radiator

Probe .
:

10
.

1- 15
:

263

Tank
Flanges . Bushings
. Radiator

. -
- .

.
( ) Arc
.

. ( )
.

Simulation
Sensors .
Sensors
.Hot Spot

264

Hot Spot Current Transformers, CTs

.
Fiber Optic Sensors
.

Winding Temperature Indicator

Top Oil Temp indicator 15
(

) . .

Liquid
Level, LL Tank
. 1-15

265

: 1-15 Liquid Level

Breather 2-15
Pink .

: 2-15 Breather

Tank .
.

266

3-15 Tank
Alarm Trip
.

: 3-15

Overheating
Cooling Fins
.
Sludge
DGA

.

267

5 Ft/sec .

.
.
.

Bearing
DGA
Bearing Flashover .

Rad
.


.

.

Flanges
: Epoxy

268

 .
.
DGA .
.

269

3- 15

( )1 -
(
)
( )2 -
.

( )

( )3

Z
( )4 -
.
( )5

( )
.

( )6 - .

( )7 -
Sludge Oil
()8

Exciting Current

270

-1 ( )1

( )2 Broken
relief diaphragm
( )3

-2 ( )1

( )2

-3
( )

( )1

271

-1 :
: Short Circuit
Open Circuit . Short . Two Phases
( ) Short .
.

: Buchholz Relay
.

. : Short

.overload
. : phases DC
Short . .

( ) Open Circuit .
.

: Arc .

. : terminals
.
. : Phase

.

- .
Two Phases
.

: .

. :
.
. : .

272

:
:
. :
. No-load Loss
. :
. : .
:
. : Buchholz
.
. : Short
.
. : .
:
.

: .

. : .
. : .
.
.

. : - .
. : .

273

-1 ( )Flash Over : Bushings

.

. :
.

-2
.
.

:
: Terminal board .

274

275

Name Plate Reading
Name Plate
. Name Plate
.
.
(
) :

-1 : .
-2 : Manufacture Date

-3 : No of Phases 1- . 3-
-4 : Max Temp rise .
-5 Frequency
-6 Polarity
-7 Insulation Class
-8 Serial number
-9 Rated Power
-11

Vector Group connection

-11

Impedance voltage

-12

Short circuit time

-13

Total weight

276

 .
-14

Oil weight

-15

Type of cooling/Cooling Class

-16

Rated current

-17

( ) Rated voltage

-18

) ( Basic Impulse Insulation level ) ( BIL

: Serial Number

:1-2

925554 : . .

" "92 ( 1992 " "75

1975" "02 2002).
:
1

50 KVA

100 KVA

200 KVA

300 KVA

500 KVA

800KVA

1000 KVA

1500 KVA

Serial Number .
500 kVA .1992

277

) ONAN ONAF- OFAF ( : Cooling Class

.
Convection T1

T1-T2 T2
Cooling Class :

45/60/75

ONAN / ONAF / ONAF

: MVA Rating

Tertiary Winding
. ( Cooling Class ) .

mechanical output

Electrical output

power factor 1 : 0
KW KVA

KW P.F .

Voltage Rating
Dash (-) or Long :
) . Dash ( ___) or slash (/ Dash

. HV and LV Slash

Taps Line voltage Phase Voltage

Phase/Line Voltage

. Line Voltage

Phase Voltage Neutral . Accessible

: : 230000GR.Y/132800 - 69000GR.Y/39840 12470

278

 .
3-windings ) . Dash (- 230kV
Y Phase Voltage 132.8 kV
Slash 3 Dash
Line voltage

69 kV Y Phase Voltage

. 39.84 kV Line Voltage Phase Voltage

Neutral Dash
12.47 kV .
: 2- :
69000-12470Gr Y/7200
69 kV

line voltage 12.47 kV Phase Voltage . 7.2 kV

turns ratio 69 7.2 . 12.47

) ( Basic Impulse Insulation level ) ( BIL

( ) BIL
.

Vector Diagram

Dy11 or YY3 or YY1 . 1 3 11 .

( ) Phases shift

( ) 31 .

Connection Diagram
Tap Changer

279

Percentage Impedance Z%
Two Windings MVA Base Power rated
. 3-Windings Z .
:
:

Z% 3 winding 16%
MVA= 75 Z% HV Tertiary Winding 14%
MVA= 26.250 LV 12% . MVA= 26.250

:

.

Pressures
Positive Pressure

Tank negative

Pressure Vacuum Filling 25 .

280

281

282

Contacts .

( )
Open

Contact

283

284

:
-: -1 .
-2 .
-3 %85 .
-: -4 .
-5 ( ) .

-6 .
-7
211 .
-8 .
-9 .
-11

.

285

-1 .
. . -2 .
. - .

* :

(
) .

( ).

( ).

( ) .

286

( ) .

-:
( ) - . :

( ) - .
( ) - -:

( ) .

287

-

. .
.
-:

35 2 .

( / ) ...
.

:
( )

.
.
( ) -:

( )
.

( ) :

288

289

:
. . -1
: . -2
: . -3
-4

: . -5
: . -6
: -7

1- Stephen L. Herman , Electrical transformers and rotating machines, 3rd Edition, 2012,
2006 Delmar, Cengage Learning.
2- ABB-Transformer Handbook, 2004 ABB Ltd.
3- James H. Harlow, Electric power transformer engineering, 2004 by CRC Press LLC.
4- John J. Winders, Jr., Power Transformers Principles and Applications, 2002 by Marcel
Dekker, Inc.
5- Martin J. Heathcote, The J & P Transformer Book, 12th edition, 1998, Reed
Educational and Professional Publishing Ltd
6- S.V.Kulkarni, S.A.Khaparde, Transformer Engineering Design and Practice, 2004 by
Marcel Dekker, Inc.
7- William T, Taylor, Transformer Practice, 1909, 1913, by the McGraw-Hill Book
Company, Inc.
8- Anderson, L.R., Electrical Machines and Transformers, 1981.
9- Harlow, James H. Transformers, The Electric Power Engineering Handbook, CRC
Press LLC, 2001.
10- Transformer Diagnostics, Hydroelectric Research and Technical Services Group, Volume
3-31, JUNE 2003.
11- Transformer Maintenance, Hydroelectric Research and Technical Services Group,
Volume 3-30, 2000.
12- Transformers: Basics, Maintenance, and Diagnostics, Hydroelectric Research and
Technical Services Group, 2005.

290

 .
13- Site Tests Manual Of The Power Transformers, AREVA T&D.

IEC Standards
60076-1
60076-2
60076-3
60076-4
60076-5
60076-6
60076-7
60076-8
60076-9
60076-10
60076-11
60076-12
60076-13
60076-15

General requirements
Temperature rise
Insulation levels, dielectric tests, and external clearances in air
Guide for lightning impulse and switching impulse testing
Ability to withstand short circuit
Reactors (IEC 289)
Loading guide for oil-immersed power transformer (IEC 354)
Power transformers application guide
Terminal and tapping markings (IEC 616)
Determination of transformer reactor sound levels
Dry-type transformers
Loading guide for dry-type transformers
Self-protected liquid-filled transformers
Gas-filled-type power transformers
Machines I Prof.
Krishna Vasudevan, Prof. G. Sridhara Rao, Prof. P. Sasidhara Rao

IEC Standards
60076-1
60076-2
60076-3
60076-4
60076-5
60076-6
60076-7
60076-8
60076-9
60076-10
60076-11
60076-12
60076-13
60076-15

General requirements
Temperature rise
Insulation levels, dielectric tests, and external clearances in air
Guide for lightning impulse and switching impulse testing
Ability to withstand short circuit
Reactors (IEC 289)
Loading guide for oil-immersed power transformer (IEC 354)
Power transformers application guide
Terminal and tapping markings (IEC 616)
Determination of transformer reactor sound levels
Dry-type transformers
Loading guide for dry-type transformers
Self-protected liquid-filled transformers
Gas-filled-type power transformers

291

3.........................................................................................................................
5......................................................................................................................
6.......................................................................................................................
6 ..................................................................
7 ......................................................
8 ..................................................................
9 ................................................................

9 ..................................................................
11 ................................................................
13 ........................................................
13 ..............................
15 .......................................................

:
: 17.............................................................................
1-1

17 ........................................................................

17 .................................................................................
17 ...................................................
19 ...............................................................
19 ...........................................................
21 ................................................................
292

21 ....................................................................
21 ..............................................
22 ......................................................................................
2-1

22 ......................................................................

23 ..............................................
24 ...............................................................
25 .................................................................

3-1

4-1

30 ......................................................................

25 ...........................................................
27 .........................................
27 ......................................................
28 ......................................
29 ..................................

: 32...........................................................................
1-2

32 ........................................................

32 ..........................................................
33 ..........................................................
34 .............................................
37 .........................................................................

2-2

3-2

Per unit 39 .............................................

42 ....................................................................
4-2

43 ........................................................

43 ..................................................................
44 ......................................................
45 .............................................
46 ................................................

293

: 47..............................................................................
1-3

47 ........................................................................

47 ...................................................
49 ......................................................
51 ......................................................
3-2

Windings 52 ..................................... Three phase

53 ...................................................
54 ..................................
55 .......................................................................................................
55 ...............................................
3-3

55 .........................................................................

58 .................................................................

: 59..........................................................................................
62 .................................................................

1-4 ( ) Core

62 ..............................................

64 .................................................................................
2-4 ( 64 ......................................................................... )Core

66 .........................................................................
68 .........................................................................
69 ....................................................................
3-4

69 .................................................................

71 ........................................................................
4-4

73 .................................................................

294

74 ...........................................................
74 .................................................................

5-4

75 ..................................................................
76 .....................................................................
77 ..................................................................
78 ................................................................
78 ....................................................................................
6-4

78 .................................................................

79 ................................................................
: 81..........................................................
1-5

80 .................................................................

2-5 Tank

82 .................................................................

82 ............................................................................
83 ..................................................................
3-5 83 ...................................................................... Conservator Tank

85 ...........................................................
87 .................................................................

4-5

87 ................................................................
89 ..................................................
89 .................................................................................
5-5 (91 ......................................................................... ) Tap Changer

92 ................................................................... Tap Changer

92 ................................................................ Tap Changer
95 ............................................................

6-5 Bushings

91

97 .................................................................................
98 ..................................................................
99 ..............................................................................
111 .......................................................... Rod Gap
295

 .
7-5 100 .................................................................. Accessories

104 ...............................................................

: 116....................................................................................
1-6 106 ........................................................................

117 .........................................................
2-6 108 ..............................................................

118 ..................................................................
119 .............................................................
3-6 Polarity 110 ........................................................................

: Phase Displacement 112................. Vector Group

1-7 112 ...................................................................... Phase Displacement

113 ................................................
114 ...................................................
115 .........................................................
2-7

116 ...............................................................

117 .................................................................
3-7 120 .........................................................

128...............................................
1-8 128 ..........................................................Harmonics

131 ........................................
133 .............................................
134 .............................................
296

135 ...............................................
2-8 137

137 ................................................
138 ..........................................................................
138

3-8 : Y Y

139 .....................................................................
141 .......................................................................

4-8 -Y
5-8

142
145

147

6-8 Zig Zag

149 ......................................................................
149 .............................................................
151 ..................................

153 ........................................................................

: 154....................................................................
1 -9

154

2-9 :

155 ...............................................................

154 .........................................................
156 ......................................
157 ............................................
158 ...............................................................
159 .......................................................
161 .........................................................
161 .......................................

297

161.............................................................................
1-10 161 ........................................................................ : No-Load Loss

162 ..........................................
163 ......................................
164 .........................................................
165 ..................................................................
165

2-10 Load loss

166 ...........................................................
166 ...............................................................
166 .............................................................
167 ..........................................................................
167 .............................................................
3-10 168 .......................................................................

168 ..............................................................................
168 ......................................................
169 .................................................................
: 172..........................................................
1-11 :

173

173 ....................................................................
2-11 : 175 .................................................. Voltage Regulation

175 .................................................
176 .............................................
177 ...................................................................
178 .................................
3-11 : 179 .....................................................

179 ................................................................................
179 ................................................................................
181 ................................................................
298

181 ................................................................
4-11 : Harmonics 182 .................................................

182 ...............................................................
183 ..................................
184 .....................................................
184 ..................................................................
185 ..............................................................
5-11 : 186 ..........................................................

186 ............................................................................
188 ...........................................................................
189 ..............................................
189 ............................
6-11 : )Noise ( 191 ....................................................

191 ..........................................................
191 ....................................................................
191 ...............................................................
192 ................................................................
7-11 : 194 .............................. rated frequency

194 ..............................
8-11 : 195 .....................................................................

195 ..........................................
195 .............................
: 196........................................................
1-12 196 .................................................................... Auto Transformers

197 ....................................
199 ........................................................................
199 .............................................................................
212 ..........................................................
213 ................................................................
213 ..................................................................
299

 .
2-12 204 ............................................................. Grounding Transformers
3-12 205 ........................................................................ Phase Shifting
4-12 207 .............................................................. Converter Transformers
5-12 208 ........................................................... Dry Type Transformers

: 211................................................................
1-13

210 ...............................................................

2-13 Coolant

210 ...............................................................

3-13 211 ....................................................

211 ...............................................................................
213 .....................................................................
214 ................................................................................
4-13 215 .............................................................. Cooling Classes
5-13 Classes

216

216 .............................................................
217 ..............................................................
218 ......................................................................
218 .......................................................................

221 ...............................................................

: 222............................................................................
1-14

222 ...............................................................

2-14

222 ...............................................................

223 ..............................................................
223 ...........................................................
224 ...........................................................
224 ...................................................
3-14 225 ................................................... Dielectric Tests

226 ................................................
300

226 ............................................................
4-14 227 ............................................. Insulation Resistance Test (IR):

228 .......................................................................
228 .................................................
229 .......................................................
229 .............................. Polarization Index
5-14 229 .................................. Dissipation factor / Dielectric loss angle :

231 ................................................................
232 .................................................................
233 ...................................
7-14 : 234 ..................................

234 ..........................................................
235 ...............................................................
235 .................................................................
8-14 : 240 ..................................................................

241 ...........................................................................
241 .....................................................
241 ...........................................
242 .......................................................
244 .................................................................
245 ...............................................
246 ..................................................................
247 ......................................................................
247 ...........................................................
248 .....................................................................
9-14 : Parameters 249 ...............................

249 ......................................................
251 .................................................................
251 ........................................................
253 ...............................................
256 ................................................................
301

259 .............................................................................
259 ...............................................................
261 ..........................................................
: 263.....................................................................
1-15

263 ...............................................................

264 .............................................................................
264 .........................................................................
264 ......................................................................
264 .................................................
265 ..................................................................
265 ..............................................
266 ............................................................
267 ...........................................................
267 .............................................................
267 ........................................................................
268 ...............................................
268 ................................................................................
268 ........................................................................
3-15

270 ...............................................................

271 .........................................................
271 ...........................................................
272 ........................................................
273 ......................................................................
274 .......................................................................

302

: 276.........................................................................

276 ................................................................................
277 ........................................................................
278 .................................................
: 283......................................................................................

283 ........................................................
283 .........................................................
285...........................................................................................................

: 286..............................................

286 ..............................................
286 ......................................................
287 ..........................................................................
288 .........................................................................................
288 ............................................................................
292..................................................................................................................

303

304