One-Way ANOVA

Research Question Are there any differences in using a condom when having sex (measured
from never to always) between students who attend Emory, Georgia Tech, Georgia State, Clark
Atlanta, Morehouse, Morris Brown?
Analysis The IV is school (Emory, Georgia Tech, Georgia State, Clark Atlanta, Morehouse,
Morris Brown), a nominal variable with six groups.
The DV is frequency of using a condom when having sex (i1) which is an ordinal variable.
Please note for illustration purposes, I will be using an ordinal variable. Typically, the DV for a
One-Way Anova is an interval/ratio variable. Because there are six groups, a one-way ANOVA
is the best analysis for this research question. I usually find that I confuse Independent Samples
T-Test and One-Way ANOVA. My rule of thumb is that an independent samples T-Test would
have used if I had only used 2 data collection sites (schools). However, my research question
consists of six data collection sites and it is necessary to use a One-Way ANOVA. The null
hypothesis is that there is no significant difference in using a condom when having sex in my six
populations.
Step-By-Step and Interpretation Click on Analyze Compare Means One-Way
ANOVA
The One-Way ANOVA dialog box opens:
In the list on the left, click on the dependent variable (the one that is being measured.) Move it
into the Dependent List by clicking on the arrow button. In this example, the i1 which is use
condom when I have sex. Next, select the independent variable from the list at the left and click
on it. Move it into the Factor box by clicking on the arrow button. In this example, the
independent variable is SCHOOL. Because we are interested if there is a statistically significant
difference click POSTHOC button to indicate the type of multiple comparison that you would
like to perform. The Post Hoc box opens. In this example, I will CHECK Tukey and Tamhane.
THEN
CLICK Continue Button to return to the One-Way ANOVA dialog box. Click on the Options
button in the One-Way ANOVA box. The One-Way ANOVA Options dialog box pops up. Click
in the check box to the left of Descriptive (to get descriptive statistics), Homogeneity of Variance
(to get a test of the assumption of homogeneity of variance) and Means plot (to get a graph of the
means of the variables). Click CONTINUE, THEN Click OK.
The SPSS output window will open. The output consists of six charts. First, look at the
descriptive chart. You see each school name in the first column. This chart allows us the
opportunity to see (by reading across in the rows) the number of participants (N) for each
school, the mean, SD, SE, Confidence Intervals, and the minimum and maximum. The minimum
and maximum tells us about our participants. It tells us the minimum and maximum response.
For example, the mean for Emory University is 2.95. The number of students (N) is 295. The SD
is 1.0, and the SE is .059.

One-Way Anova allows you to be able to compare your means. In this example, we see that
Morehouse has the highest mean averaging at 3.08 and Georgia State has the lowest mean
averaging at 2.60. We use One-Way Anova to help us determine if the difference between our
means are statistically significant. Therefore, at the end of this interpretation we should be able
to establish if schools had an effect on the likelihood of condoms being used when having sex. In
other words, if the IV had a statistically significant effect on the DV.
The next chart, you should look at is The ANOVA chart. This chart is important because it
shows the Sig., also known as the p-value and F value which refers to the significance value,
which is the variance between the schools and expected variance which is 11.397. In my
example, the Sig. is .000. This value is important because it will help you establish if the means
are similar or if there is a statistically significant difference or if the IV, which is schools had an
effect on the DV. Since the Sig is less than .05 you can conclude that there is a statically
significant difference between the six schools.
Now look at The Levenes Test. This table tells us about the standard deviations. This table will
tell us which Post Hoc Test to use. If the sig is not statistically significant the variances are equal,
use Tukey. If the sig is statistically significant, variances are unequal use Tamhanes Test. Now,
look at Multiple Comparisons table. Look at Tamhanes chart. Look at the sig. for significance.
You can also look at the confidence interval, if 0 is between the low and upper bound it means
there is no difference. In order to determine which one has the higher mean, look at descriptive
box and look to see which group has the higher mean.
What is the point of a Post Hoc? Arent we done?
No, not necessarily because the sig value, aka p-value lets us know that there is a difference but
it does not tell us where the difference is between schools (IV). For example, it tells us that there
is a statically significant difference but it could only be between two schools or it could be that
all schools are different. The Post Hoc Test will allow us to be able to identify where the
statically significant differences are between our schools. Please note: If the p-value was greater
than .05 and it was concluded that there was not a statistically significant difference than there
would not be a need for a Post Hoc Test to determine the location of differences.
Next, lets look at the chart titled, Multiple Comparisons. In the first column, you see the
school names. The rows display the comparisons of various schools. On the left of every row,
you see a single school. On the right of each row, you see a school. The statistics in the following
columns across show the comparison between the school and the school to the right. For
example, the school Emory is in the first column on the left in the top row. The school Georgia
State appears to the right of it. If you read across the row you see comparisons between the two
schools. Take a look at the Sig. (p-value) you see that the p-value is .926 which is greater than
.05.Therefore, you can conclude that there is no statistically significant difference between the
two schools and using a condom when having sex.
The Tamhanes Test also allows you the opportunity to observe statistically significant
differences between groups and how significant they are. This test is also appropriate because the

school group sizes are different. For example, the group size (number of participants) for Emory
University is 295 and Morehouse is 91.
The Tukey and Tamhanes Test is the test we are using for our course this semester. However,
there are multiple tests used to display post hoc tests.
If you review your test closely, you may observe that Georgia State and Tech are significantly
different from the other groups. A way to look at this is look at the Means difference column in
the Multiple Comparisons chart. You will see that SPSS puts an asterisk by numbers that display
a significant difference.
Finally, view your Means Plot that SPSS generated. The plot shows the mean differences.