Module 1--Discovering Psychology

Student: ___________________________________________________________________________
1. Module One is introduced with a discussion of autism and test anxiety. In doing so, the author of your
textbook is suggesting:
A. that psychology attempts to answer questions about real-life problems
B. the importance of accurate diagnoses
C. that a careful definition of maladaptive behavior is important
D. that psychologys main focus is on abnormal behaviors

2. One thing that was different about Donna in school was that
A. when she made a friend, she tried to avoid getting a friendly hug.
B. when the teacher asked a question, she always had her hand up first.
C. when a student seemed sad, she was sympathetic and understanding.
D. when the school day ended, she always found a friend to walk home with.

3. Which of the following people is most likely to be diagnosed with autism?

A. Ryan, a five-year-old who is retarded but has a special ability to relate well with others
B. Paul, a two-year-old who avoids people and spends long periods of time flipping his fingers
C. Ben, a six-year-old who has a history of depression
D. Anne, a ten-year-old who just recently has begun to withdraw from others

4. According to Module One, some parents blame ____ for their childs autism.
A. prenatal viruses
B. diet
C. vaccinations during childhood
D. brain injury during childbirth

5. The disorder characterized by impaired development in social behavior, communication, and motor behavior
is:
A. childhood depression
B. attention deficit disorder
C. autism
D. Down syndrome

6. Who is most likely to be diagnosed with autism and why?

A. Perryautism is more likely to affect firstborn children
B. Daleeshaautism affects 10 times as many African Americans than other ethnic groups
C. Miautism affects 2 times as many girls than boys
D. Vanautism affects 3 to 4 times as many boys as girls

7. The local theater group is putting on a play depicting the struggles of a 16-year-old autistic male. Since the
director wants the acting to be as realistic as possible, he should tell the actor portraying the autistic child to:
A. show normal social behavior on stage
B. display moody behavior
C. demonstrate purposeful behavior
D. act aloof and not really there

8. Youve just read a case history of an individual. This person has a difficult time relating to other people, has
very serious problems in communication, and spends his time engaging in rocking back and forth. Which of the
following is the most appropriate title for this case history?
A. Autism: A Serious Developmental Disorder
B. Mental Retardation: Lower Than Average Intelligence
C. A Case History of Munchausen Syndrome
D. The Effects of Avoidance Disorder

9. While doing an internship at a group home for those with mental and physical disabilities, you meet a
resident who can tell you what day any date fell on for the past 100 years. This person is probably:
A. a shaman
B. a savant
C. schizophrenic
D. very good at critical thinking

10. You are on a game show that awards one million dollars to successful contestants. One of the questions asks
you for the term given to an autistic individual who possesses a special memory or artistic skill. You answer:
A. a savant
B. a Type II schizophrenic
C. a humanist
D. fragile X syndrome

11. Researchers working on the causes of autism have recently found:

A. a virus is involved
B. toxins in groundwater play a role
C. several genes are involved
D. poor health care is involved

12. Dr. Myerson, a noted authority on autism, argues that science is getting closer to understanding the cause of
the disorder. Which of the following suspected causes is among the most promising?
A. unconscious conflict
B. parenting styles
C. genetic link
D. childhood vaccinations

13. With only a couple of moments left in class, your professor says, Next class meeting we will discuss a
condition found in very few autistic people where they possess some unusual ability. Since you keep up on the
textbook reading, you know that the professor is referring to:
A. metacognition
B. savants
C. ritual behavior
D. ADHD

14. The prevalence of autism in the last 20 years has:

A. stayed about the same
B. increased, but only among girls
C. decreased
D. increased

15. You are trying to convince your friend, who is the mother of an autistic child, that psychology is a
worthwhile field of study. Which statement would be most effective?
A. Introduction to Psychology is a required course.
B. Most employers expect a class in psychology.
C. Psychology can provide insights into the causes of complex behavior.
D. The unconscious mind is the focus of study in psychology.

16. The increase in autism is most probably due to:

A. the breakdown of the family
B. increased air and water pollution
C. childhood vaccinations
D. better diagnosis

17. The definition of psychology presented in your textbook is:

A. the systematic, scientific study of behaviors and mental processes.
B. the study of abnormal behaviors and ways to psychoanalyze individuals.
C. the systematic application of science to helping people who are mentally disturbed.
D. the systematic, scientific study of human behavior.

18. Who is least likely to have taken a psychology course?

A. Kevin believes that behavior refers to observable actions.
B. Kyle argues that thinking and dreaming are examples of behaviors.
C. Karen who says, Psychology is the systematic, scientific study of behaviors and mental processes.
D. Kesha believes that Psychology is the study of how to analyze people.

19. Inez was attempting to recite the definition of psychology she read in her psychology textbook. She said that
psychology is the systematic study of behavior and mental processes. What important word did she omit?
A. rigorous
B. controlled
C. psychoanalytical
D. scientific

20. Based upon Module One, for a phenomenon to be studied in psychology, it must be:
A. a behavior or a mental process
B. an abnormal behavior or abnormal mental process
C. an unconscious mental process
D. approved by the American Psychological Association

21. In the definition of psychology presented in your text, the term behavior refers to:
A. mental processes
B. observable actions or responses
C. thinking
D. behaviors performed only by human beings

22. Professor Yates is lecturing on the definition of psychology. Which example of behavior should he use to
most effectively communicate the definition?
A. Behavior consists of activities such as thinking, forgetting, and problem-solving.
B. Acts like eating, walking, and running are examples of behavior.
C. Behavior is synonymous with internal processes like memory and learning.
D. We make no distinction between the observable and the unobservableanything that a person does is
behavior.

23. Mental processes are described in your textbook as:

A. directly observable
B. observable actions
C. not directly observable
D. only behaviors performed by human beings

24. As Professor Gilpin is lecturing on the definition of psychology, he asks a student, Rita, to think about an
example of a mental process. After thinking about it, Rita is still confused by the term mental processes. To
clarify the term, Professor Gilpin should:
A. ask a brighter student to define mental processes
B. point out to Rita that mental processes are emphasized by the cognitive approach
C. suggest that Rita use the SQ3R approach described in her text
D. suggest that Rita, in her attempt to think about mental processes, was in fact giving an example of a mental
process

25. The definition of psychology has evolved over time:

A. without much dissent or discussion
B. from specific to more general
C. from general to more specific
D. from a focus on humans to a focus on animals

26. Behavior is to mental processes as ____ is (are) to ____.

A. thinking; dreaming
B. thoughts; actions
C. observable; not directly observable
D. not directly observable; observable

27. Which one of the following is not one of the four goals of psychology?
A. to explain the causes of behavior
B. to predict behavior
C. to judge behavior
D. to control behavior

28. The four goals of psychology are to describe, explain, predict, and:
A. test
B. interact
C. observe
D. control

29. People smile. This statement best illustrates the ____ goal of psychology.
A. describe
B. analyze
C. explain
D. summarize

30. People smile because they are happy. This statement best illustrates the ____ goal of psychology.
A. describe
B. analyze
C. explain
D. summarize

31. I bet you will smile when you hear good news and this best illustrates the ____ goal of psychology.
A. predict
B. analyze
C. explain
D. summarize

32. An outdated idea of autism was that it was caused by cold and rejecting parents. This idea is most closely
related to which goal of psychology?
A. describe
B. explain
C. predict
D. control

33. Joseph said that several years ago in a long food line in the Soviet Union, an elderly woman fell to the
ground and died of a heart attack. No one helped her. He added that this lack of helping is probably due to
diffusion of responsibility. Joseph is fulfilling which goal of psychology?
A. to explain behavior
B. to predict behavior
C. to control behavior
D. to influence behavior

34. In a documentary on TV, you hear of juvenile delinquents who have a hard time managing their anger. A
psychologist has taught these troubled youths to think of how other people feel when they lose their temper.
This application of psychology illustrates which goal?
A. to explain behavior
B. to predict behavior
C. to control behavior
D. to influence behavior

35. A 4th grade teacher says to one of his students, The next time you get away from your desk, I am going to
take away 5 minutes from your recess time. This example best illustrates the ____ goal of psychology.
A. describe
B. explain
C. predict
D. control
36. You are participating in a field experience this semester in a local third grade class. One of the boys, Isaac,
has autism. During one of your visits, the regular teacher was gone and a substitute took her place. The most
likely reaction by Isaac to this new person would be:
A. he will take advantage of the situation and get his way
B. increase his focus on the lesson that the substitute is teaching
C. to ignore her
D. he will have a difficult time adjusting to the substitute and other new stimuli

37. Select the option that best illustrates an attempt to control behavior.
A. Mrs. Quinn, a third-grade teacher, is planning a new approach to reduce inattention in some of her students.
B. Short-term memory holds about seven pieces of information.
C. The brain structure called the thalamus relays sensory information to other parts of the brain.
D. Most people are likely to obey an authority figure.

38. When someone is presenting their focus or perspective in understanding behavior, their _______ is being
described.
A. goal
B. structuralism
C. approach
D. correlation

39. Professor Wrastler is presenting the modern approaches to psychology. As a well-prepared student, you
notice an error Professor Wrastler makes in his lecture. What was the error you noticed?
A. He says, The different approaches have different perspectives.
B. He writes on the chalkboard, Different approaches, same research methods.
C. He says, All of the modern approaches in psychology look at the same psychological phenomenon from
different viewpoints.
D. He says and writes on the chalkboard, The seven common approaches include biological, cognitive,
behavioral, psychoanalytic, humanistic, cross-cultural, and evolutionary.

40. The ____ approach studies how our genes, hormones, and nervous system interact with the environment to
influence behavior and mental processes.
A. biological
B. cognitive
C. behavioral
D. psychoanalytic

41. In her research, Dr. Zhing has found that the brain of many autistic children is abnormal. Dr. Zhing most
likely uses the ____ approach.
A. behavioral
B. evolutionary
C. biological
D. psychoanalytic

42. Which of the following brain areas seem to process both objects and human faces in the brains of autistic
individuals?
A. basal ganglia
B. cerebellum
C. fusiform gyrus
D. inferior temporal gyrus

43. Based on the research presented in the textbook, why would autistic individuals have difficulty
distinguishing objects from human faces?
A. The autistic brain uses the inferior temporal gyrus to process objects and the fusiform gyrus to process faces.
B. The autistic brain uses the same brain area to process objects and faces.
C. Autistic children have shortages of certain proteins in their brains.
D. The basal ganglia appears to be larger than normal in the autistic brain.

44. If there was some dysfunction in mirror neurons, what deficient might we see in a person?
A. Alzheimers disease
B. memory problems
C. linking action and thought
D. understanding emotions in other people

45. One of the most powerful new techniques in the biological approach is:
A. testing how people process, store, and use information
B. discovering how individuals learn new behaviors or modify existing ones
C. taking computerized photos of the activity of living brains
D. studying how the first five years affect later personality development

46. The research finding that autism is linked to defects in genes provides support for which modern approach?
A. biological
B. cognitive
C. behavioral
D. psychoanalytic

47. Mick and Mike are both 2-year old identical twins. Mick has autism. What are the odds that Mike will
develop autism?
A. 100%
B. 90%
C. 60%
D. 10%

48. According to the biological approach, why do autistic children often fail to understand the nonverbal
behavior of others?
A. there is less activity in mirror neurons which are involved in empathy
B. brain injury during childbirth
C. some unconscious conflict prevents them from experiencing empathy
D. these children never learned how to correctly read nonverbal behavior

49. A biological perspective of a mental disorder may suggest that:

A. a mental disorder is the result of traumatic experiences
B. distorted perception is the main cause of mental disorder
C. mental disorders can often be traced to brain dysfunction
D. poor stress management techniques are the main cause of most mental disorders

50. Dr. Walsh is a psychobiologist and has published her work in several scientific journals. Of the following,
which is the most likely journal to accept her papers?
A. Journal of Behavior and Brain
B. Journal of Clinical and Consulting Psychology
C. Journal of Cognitive Psychology
D. Psychometrics in Education

51. Stacey believes that, ultimately, the causes of all types of mental disorders will be traced to imbalances in
brain chemicals. This statement best represents which psychological perspective?
A. humanistic
B. cognitive
C. evolutionary
D. biological

52. Of the following activities, which is most likely to increase palmar sweating?
A. public speaking
B. crossing out all the ts in a newspaper article
C. watching a boring movie
D. sitting in a warm sauna

53. You shake hands with a person right before she speaks to a large audience. You notice that her hands are
sweaty. Assuming that she is nervous, her moist hands are called:
A. hypertrophism
B. empathetic sweating
C. palmar sweating
D. hypotrophism

54. One of the best measures of the emotional component of test anxiety is:
A. excessive worrying
B. procrastination
C. attributing success to external causes
D. palmar sweating

55. A cognitive psychologist may study the way we memorize a telephone number by:
A. investigating how we process and store the number in memory
B. analyzing the rewards available for successful memorization
C. researching the extent to which good memory skills are common in a family
D. interviewing to determine what unconscious motives may be associated with certain telephone numbers that
a person has memorized

56. Jerry is interested in discovering how people process, store, and use information. His interests reflect which
psychological perspective?
A. biological
B. humanistic
C. cognitive
D. evolutionary

57. Which set of words best fits with the cognitive perspective?
A. cerebellum, brain, biology
B. reinforcement, punishment, learning
C. process, memory, think
D. unconscious, fears, guilty

58. Dr. Sanchez reported in class that it is believed that autistic people do not process information properly. This
research finding supports the importance of the ____ approach.
A. biological
B. cognitive
C. behavioral
D. psychoanalytic

59. As the professor hands him the exam, Andre thinks to himself, Oh, if I dont do well on this exam, Ill lose
my scholarship. And if I lose my scholarship... Andre is clearly worrying about his performance. This is an
example of the ____ component of test anxiety.
A. biological
B. cognitive
C. behavioral
D. psychoanalytic

60. In your psych class tomorrow, a guest lecturer will be presenting her research on identifying the areas of the
brain that regulate planning leisure activities. She must specialize in:
A. cognitive neuroscience
B. clinical psychology
C. functionalism
D. structuralism

61. ____ studies cognitive skills by identifying the corresponding areas in the brain.
A. Gestalt psychology
B. Humanistic psychology
C. Cognitive neuroscience
D. Psychoanalysis

62. While a person with autism is listening to a conversation, what area of the brain is primarily used?
A. cortex
B. right side of the brain
C. medulla
D. temporal lobe

63. Why might autistic individuals have problems with language and communication skills?
A. The right and left side of the brain do not communicate with each other.
B. They tend to process language in both sides of the brain
C. They tend to process language in the right side of the brain.
D. The temporal lobe does not effectively share information with the frontal lobe.

64. These four students experience excessive worrying. Based on the textbook, which student is most likely to
increase her achievement?
A. Julieshe channels her worrying into exercise
B. Tiffanyworries so much that she has accused the professor of poor teaching
C. Sarashe complains about how hard the tests are
D. Ambershe channels her worrying into studying

65. Sam and Ellie are both worried about their upcoming psychology exam. Based upon the research on test
anxiety, what would you recommend Sam and Ellie do?
A. Sam and Ellie should provide support for each other
B. The research suggests that Sam and Ellie voice their concerns and complain to the professor
C. Both students should redirect their worry into studying
D. Talk to other students about their anxiety

66. A group of students is about to give a presentation for a class. Who in the group is most likely to experience
more worry and anxiety?
A. Derekmen are more susceptible to anxiety
B. Laurawomen are more likely to report anxiety
C. Philhe is the first to make his presentation
D. Ryanhe is the last to make his presentation and has more time to worry

67. If you had to write a book that describes the basic principle of behaviorism, which title would be best to
select?
A. Your Genes Are Your Friends
B. The Inner World
C. Studying the Unconscious
D. Rewards and Punishments

68. The rules that Donna, the autistic individual described in Module One, devised to control her unwanted
behavior, best illustrate the ____ approach.
A. behavioral
B. psychoanalytic
C. cross-cultural
D. humanistic

69. You hear a motivational speaker who suggests that people need to modify their environment to change
behavior. You detect a hint of the ____ perspective in the speech.
A. cognitive
B. behavioral
C. psychoanalytic
D. cross-cultural

70. Psychologists adopting a behavioral perspective to the study of psychology look for explanations in:
A. the hereditary background of a person
B. the persons environment
C. idiosyncrasies of the brain
D. unique physical characteristics that may influence thinking

71. Rob has taught his dog to roll over on command by rewarding the dog with food whenever she exhibits the
appropriate action. Robs approach to teaching his dog tricks is similar to which psychological perspective?
A. biological
B. behavioral
C. cognitive
D. psychoanalytic

72. The behavioral approach was influenced greatly by the work of ____ who stressed the study of observable
behavior and reinforcement and punishment.
A. Sigmund Freud
B. Abraham Maslow
C. B.F. Skinner
D. Erik Erikson

73. Who might have said, All that really matters in our study is how environmental reinforcers influence
observable behavior. Forget about mental processes!?
A. Sigmund Freud--the social cognitive theorist
B. Abraham Maslow--the strict behaviorist
C. B. F. Skinner--the social cognitive theorist
D. B. F. Skinner--the strict behaviorist

74. A revised approach to behaviorism, which examines mental or cognitive processes as well as observable
behaviors, is called the ____ approach.
A. psychoanalytic
B. cognitive
C. social cognitive
D. structuralism

75. Our understanding of behavior must include an understanding of observable behavior as well as cognitive
processes. Which theorist might have said that?
A. Albert Bandura
B. Sigmund Freud
C. Abraham Maslow
D. Carl Rogers

76. Some behaviorists, such as Albert Bandura, disagree with strict behaviorism because:
A. there are mysteries in psychology we will never understand
B. animals pressing levers are not the same as real people dealing with life
C. our behaviors are also influenced by observation, imitation, and thought processes
D. most psychologists like to take a position different from everyone else

77. Albert Bandura believed that our behaviors could be influenced by:
A. observations, imitation, and thought processes in addition to the environment
B. understanding our reflexive actions
C. introspection
D. dream analysis

78. Self-management is based on ____ principles.

A. humanistic
B. behavioral
C. structural
D. biological

79. Using the principles of behaviorism, study time can be increased using:
A. dream interpretation
B. relaxation exercises
C. self-management practices
D. social support techniques

80. Self-management has been used to increase study time. Which of the following is not one of the practices
found to be effective?
A. reward yourself for studying
B. punish yourself for failing to reach goal
C. establish priorities
D. keep a record of your study time

81. Select the set of words that are most closely related to the psychoanalytic approach?
A. cerebellum, palmar sweating, serotonin
B. personal growth, freedom, potential
C. unconscious, dream interpretation, anxiety
D. reinforcement, punishment, behavior

82. Sigmund Freud developed which of the following modern approaches?

A. behavioral
B. cognitive
C. humanistic
D. psychoanalytic

83. Seth claims that Juans anxiety originates from unresolved sexual conflicts residing in his unconscious.
Seths observation about Juan is most consistent with the ____ perspective.
A. behavioral
B. cognitive
C. humanistic
D. psychoanalytic

84. If Mark has thoughts which make him feel fearful and guilty, Freud would say these thoughts would be:
A. classically conditioned
B. totally normal and have no effect on Marks actual behavior
C. pushed into Marks unconscious
D. reinforced by negative thoughts

85. According to the psychoanalytic perspective, when is the most critical time of life in the development of
personality traits?
A. childhood
B. early adolescence
C. late adolescence
D. young adulthood

86. Which of the following schools of thought believes that our dreams could be interpreted to reveal
unconscious fears?
A. structuralism
B. functionalism
C. behaviorism
D. psychoanalytic

87. Consider this: It is the early 20th century and you are Freuds personal assistant. As you listen to him speak,
you can second-guess what he is about to say. One time, Freud is saying, Anxiety, fear, and psychological
problems are caused by... and he pauses as he thinks. You suddenly say to him what would ultimately become a
key concept in psychoanalytic thought. What did you say?
A. ...unfulfilled human potential!
B. ...imbalance in brain chemicals like serotonin!
C. ...Herr Freud, it is unconscious thoughts and feelings!
D. ...excessive rewards and punishments!

88. Freud believed that an examination of ones ____ would give insight into the adult personality and adult
problems.
A. culture
B. childhood relationships with parents
C. cognitive beliefs
D. genetic makeup

89. Karen believes that her boyfriend is afraid of making commitments because of an unconscious hatred for his
mother. Her belief is closest to which psychological perspective?
A. humanistic
B. psychoanalytic
C. cross-cultural
D. cognitive

90. In Freuds theory, unconscious, threatening thoughts and feelings lead to:
A. unresolved sexual conflicts
B. anxiety
C. changes in the cerebellum
D. an inability to self-actualize

91. What personality traits may underlie test anxiety?

A. procrastination and depression
B. neuroticism and interpersonal conflict
C. neuroticism and external locus of control
D. susceptibility and external locus of control

92. Research on test anxiety from the ____ perspective focuses on the unconscious reason for ____.
A. psychoanalytic; procrastination
B. cognitive; gender differences
C. humanistic; cultural differences
D. psychoanalytic; differing explanations

93. I am a procrastinator. According to the psychoanalytic approach, my parents must have:

A. set goals that were too easy when I was a child.
B. ignored my successes.
C. loved me only when I did well in school.
D. gave me their procrastinating genes.

94. Working from the psychoanalytic perspective, a psychologist examining a students procrastination would
focus on:
A. brain chemical imbalance
B. unconscious personality problems
C. poor planning skills
D. how procrastination is reinforced

95. The psychoanalytic approach to understanding procrastination as a component of test anxiety would:
A. emphasize the role of habitual modes of thinking and problem solving
B. study brain scans of procrastinators while they think about schoolwork
C. compare school strategies used by students in different cultures
D. look beneath the obvious reasons and try to identify unconscious personality problems

96. Which school of thought discusses behavior in terms of a persons potential for growth and self-fulfillment?
A. psychoanalytical
B. behavioral
C. cognitive
D. humanistic

97. Professor Kaufman is showing a film describing the modern approaches to psychology. The video is
operating, but the sound is not. On the screen you see an individual named Abraham Maslow. If the sound was
turned on, which of the following words would you probably hear from Maslow as he describes his views?
A. ...potential for self-fulfillment is important...
B. ...their environment determines their behaviors...
C. ...the biology of the brain is critical for understanding...
D. ...importance of personal freedom and unconscious motives...

98. This years graduation speaker spoke of the graduates ability to control their future by becoming anything
that they wished. The speaker has most probably been influenced by which psychological perspective?
A. behavioral
B. cognitive
C. humanistic
D. psychoanalytic

99. You are listening to the radio when you hear a commercial that is trying to recruit students for the military. It
starts off with, Be all you can be. What approach is best illustrated by the commercial?
A. cross-cultural
B. behavioral
C. humanistic
D. psychoanalytic

100. Eric is trying to encourage himself to develop his full potential as a human being by learning that he is in
control of his fate. What psychological perspective has Eric adopted?
A. humanistic
B. psychoanalytic
C. behavioral
D. cross-cultural

101. The speaker for commencement announced her topic for the ceremony. Knowing that she adheres to the
humanistic approach, which of the following is the most likely title of her message?
A. Introspection: The Way of Wundt
B. Choosing to Become
C. Becoming a Better Person Through Rewards
D. Who We Are: Answers From the Unconscious

102. There are many behaviorists who argue that the humanistic approach is more of a philosophy of life rather
than a science of human behavior because humanists:
A. fail to use rigorous experimental methods
B. emphasize environmental effects on behavior
C. focus on genetic predisposition to temperament
D. do not believe that people have intrinsic worth

103. Miranda, a very good student, received an A on an exceptionally hard math exam. Her friend Thomas
asked, Why did you get such a good grade? According to the research cited in the textbook, Miranda is most
likely to reply:
A. The instructor likes me.
B. I guess its just luck.
C. I worked hard and I didnt procrastinate.
D. The test was too easy.

104. With your knowledge of how students explain their exam performance, what piece of advice would you
give to new teachers that is consistent with the research?
A. Set strict rules for classroom behavior
B. Try to ignore failure and recognize achievement
C. Be blunt and to the point about the future of students who do not do well in school
D. Be supportive and encourage those who perform poorly on tests to reach their highest potential.

105. An implication of the humanistic perspective for teachers is to:

A. reinforce appropriate behavior and punish inappropriate behavior
B. help students to develop more faith in their subjective feelings
C. help students identify unconscious motives for their procrastination
D. help students to explain success in terms of luck

106. About sixty years ago, a prevailing explanation of autism was:

A. cold parents
B. threatening unconscious feelings
C. biological causes
D. a lack of reinforcement in the childs school setting

107. Jared is a 12-year-old boy with autism. At what age was he most likely to have been diagnosed with
autism?
A. 6 months old
B. 1 year old
C. 30 months old
D. 6 years old

108. Why is an autistic child likely to receive a diagnosis of reactive attachment disorder in South Korea?
A. There is no governmental money for treatment for autism.
B. It is a subtle message to parents about their role in the disorder.
C. Physicians lack the training to make a diagnosis of autism.
D. Autism is a very stigmatizing diagnosis.

109. The cross-cultural approach adds a valuable dimension to psychology in suggesting that:
A. in order to be a fully developed person, you have to spend some time living with other groups
B. anthropology explains behavior better than psychology does
C. the culture in which you grow up affects your thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
D. what psychology learns about one race is probably not true about other races

110. The cross-cultural approach to psychology studies the influence of ____ on psychological functioning.
A. brain chemistry
B. information processing
C. cultural and ethnic similarities and differences
D. automatic behaviors and deeply ingrained habits

111. A young inexperienced teacher from the rural Midwest is hired to teach in an inner-city public school. In
her class, there are a number of cultures and races represented. She is confused by the differences between
students in regard to achievement and behavior. Which of the following approaches would most likely provide
insights into differences among her students?
A. cross-cultural
B. behavioral
C. ethological
D. psychoanalytic

112. Cross-cultural studies have indicated that test anxiety may be related to:
A. intelligence
B. cultural factors
C. brain function
D. genetics

113. Why dont American students experience as much test anxiety compared to students in India?
A. The parents of American students are more involved with their childrens schoolwork.
B. The parents of American students are less involved with their childrens schoolwork.
C. Egyptian students
D. Jordanian students

114. American students experience test anxiety through _____ symptoms, but Indians student experience it
through _____ symptoms.
A. behavioral; emotional
B. cognitive; emotional
C. cognitive; physical
D. physical; emotional

115. The ____ approach is the most recent of those presented in the textbook.
A. behavioral
B. evolutionary
C. structuralism
D. cognitive

116. With regard to the seven modern approaches to psychology discussed in your text, psychologists are most
concerned with:
A. which approach gives the best answer
B. which approach is more accepted by the psychological community
C. the likelihood of successfully reaching the goals of description, explanation, prediction, and control
D. the methodology by which the approach is tested

117. The evolutionary approach explains behavior and mental processes by focusing on:
A. unconscious factors
B. adaptation and natural selection
C. learned behavior
D. biological influences

118. Psychologists who use the eclectic approach:

A. decide which of the seven major approaches is best and stick to that choice
B. combine and use information from all seven approaches
C. rely on electric shock therapy
D. probably dont understand the differences between the seven major approaches

119. If you use different approaches to study the same behavior, you take a(n) _____ approach.
A. eclectic
B. structural
C. cognitive
D. developmental

120. Given the historical changes in the definition of psychology, which of the following definitions would have
been more likely to be used in the early years of psychology?
A. Psychology is the study of observable behavior.
B. Psychology is the study of behaviors and mental processes.
C. Psychology is the study of the basic elements of sensation and perception.
D. Psychology is the study of observable actions and cognitive functions.

121. Structuralists focused on ____, whereas functionalists focused on ____.

A. elements of the mind; adaptability of the mind
B. objective measurements; subjects self-reports
C. adaptability of the mind; introspection
D. the continuous flow of mental activity; breaking down mental structures into smaller units

122. The difference between structuralism and functionalism in the early years of psychology concerned a
choice between:
A. British or American psychology
B. Abraham Maslow or John B. Watson
C. studying the brain or the cultural setting of behavior
D. studying narrow sensations or general adaptations to our changing environment

123. Structuralism required subjects to introspect in order to:

A. report on the basic elements of their mental processes
B. complete objective measures of mental functioning
C. assemble sensations into meaningful perceptions
D. be psychoanalyzed

124. Which of the following relationships best illustrates introspection?

A. females to males
B. trees to leaves
C. letters to words
D. cars to airplanes

125. If Wilhelm Wundt asked you to report your sensations and perceptions by looking inward, you would be
engaging in:
A. functionalism
B. introspection
C. psychoanalysis
D. psychometrics

126. Introspection was later criticized as a research method because it:

A. required too many behavioral observations
B. focused solely on objective measurements and not on self-reports
C. was only useful with psychologically disturbed patients
D. was unscientific since it did not use objective measurement, but rather used only self-reports

127. Functionalism focused on:

A. having subjects look inward and report on the workings of their minds
B. the fact that perception was more than the sum of its parts
C. how the mind helped the organism to adapt to its surroundings
D. the objective, scientific analysis of observable behaviors

128. Wundt is to structuralism as:

A. Freud is to experimentation
B. James is to psychoanalysis
C. Skinner is to ethology
D. James is to functionalism

129. An article entitled, The Mind: Goals and Purposes would be most likely written by someone who
identifies with:
A. Wundt and structuralism
B. James and functionalism
C. Freud and Wertheimer
D. Watson and structuralism

130. What important book did William James publish in 1890?

A. Principles of Psychology
B. Introduction to Psychology
C. Psychology as a Behaviorist Views It
D. The Structure of Psychological Thought

131. The father of modern psychology is considered to be:

A. Sigmund Freud
B. George Sanchez
C. William James
D. B.F. Skinner

132. The term Gestalt refers to:

A. structuralism
B. observable behaviors
C. introspection
D. whole pattern

133. The ____ approach emphasizes looking at the whole, rather than the sum of its parts.
A. behavioral
B. functionalism
C. Gestalt
D. psychoanalytic

134. The phi phenomenon was explained by the Gestalt approach as the result of:
A. analyzing its basic structures
B. adding the two lights together
C. unresolved childhood conflicts
D. analyzing the whole pattern

135. By explaining perceptual phenomena like the phi phenomenon (apparent motion), Gestalt researchers gave
psychology the idea that:
A. the whole is more than the sum of its parts
B. research results could be profitable when applied to advertising
C. Wundt and the structuralists had been right about the importance of the individual parts
D. individual parts are more significant than resulting wholes

136. Gestalt psychologists study how sensations are:

A. experienced by the sensory organs
B. assembled into meaningful perceptual experiences
C. observed and recorded
D. composed of smaller elements

137. Of the following phenomena, which would be of the greatest interest to Max Wertheimer?
A. cultural differences in body language
B. how diseases of the brain affect behavior
C. seeing a light as moving when in fact individual lights are going on and off
D. a child being toilet trained

138. If Max Wertheimers gravestone had an epitaph written on it, which of the following would be most
appropriate given his contributions to psychology?
A. The function of life is to adapt to the environment.
B. He took a dozen healthy infants and made them great. What a guy!
C. His life was more than the sum of its parts.
D. Even he had unresolved childhood conflicts!

139. John Watson rejected structuralism and stated that psychology should study:
A. observable behaviors
B. unconscious fears and behaviors
C. sensations and perceptions
D. introspection

140. Simon, who is a TV producer, has an idea for a new TV show. It will ask contestants about John Watson
and award money for correct answers. What is the most likely title of this show?
A. Leipzig 90214
B. I Love Cognition
C. Who Wants to Be a Behaviorist?
D. Who Wants to Be a Gestalt?

141. The pioneering psychologist who offered the famous guarantee about being able to shape a baby into any
type of specialist you might want was:
A. William James
B. John B. Watson
C. Max Wertheimer
D. Wilhelm Wundt

142. Noelle refuses to study mental processes, and focuses her research solely on the objective, scientific
analysis of observable behaviors. Noelle is a:
A. structuralist
B. functionalist
C. Gestalt psychologist
D. behavioral psychologist

143. What did John B. Watsons famous quote regarding taking a dozen healthy infants really mean?
A. development of personality starts at an early age
B. manipulation of the environment causes changes in behavior
C. only well-trained professionals like psychologists should raise children
D. early training can unleash unconscious predispositions

144. If John B. Watson was alive today and had a website, which of the following would he select as his website
address?
A. WWW.gestalt.edu
B. WWW.biology.edu
C. WWW.behavior.edu
D. WWW.superego.edu

145. What approach has surpassed the popularity of behaviorism throughout the 1990s?
A. functionalism
B. gestalt approach
C. psychoanalytic approach
D. cognitive approach

146. Mary Calkins was denied a Ph.D. in psychology because:

A. she failed to complete her requirements
B. the administration declined to grant a Ph.D. to a woman
C. her professors did not like her work
D. she was a structuralist

147. As measured by membership in the American Psychological Association, minorities in psychology:

A. lag far behind other Americans
B. are about the same as their proportion of the general population
C. will soon exceed white Americans
D. may have lagged earlier, but are now rapidly catching up

148. If you were a woman with a Ph.D. living around the turn of the century, where would you most likely
work?
A. any college or university
B. most small, private liberal arts colleges in the east
C. women were not granted the Ph.D. until the 1940s
D. a womens college

149. ____ was the first African American woman to earn a Ph.D. in the United States.
A. Inez Prosser
B. Mary Calkins
C. Margaret Washburn
D. Beatrice Collins

150. Who conducted pioneering work on the cultural bias of intelligence tests?
A. William James
B. Mary Calkins
C. Margaret Washburn
D. George Sanchez

151. To remedy past discrimination in psychology and in higher education:

A. standards for program completion are lowered for minority students
B. the American Psychological Association actively recruits minority members
C. the American Psychological Association formed special interest groups for white males
D. membership fees for minorities in all professional associations have been lowered

152. Because minorities are unrepresented in psychology departments in colleges and universities, the American
Psychologist Association:
A. advocates a quota system
B. assists departments in providing salaries for minority faculty members
C. offers full scholarships to any minority student who wishes to major in psychology
D. visits high schools to tell students about careers in psychology

153. What important contribution to intelligence testing did George Sanchez make?
A. He served as research director of a large corporation that publishes intelligence tests.
B. Sanchez created the concept of IQ.
C. Sanchez developed the first valid and reliable test.
D. He showed that questions on the tests may be biased against minorities.

154. Even while more women earned Ph.D.s in psychology than men, women:
A. earn less money
B. are still stuck in teaching jobs at womens colleges
C. are still barred from teaching in the most the elite university training programs
D. are more likely to only teach part-time in universities

155. Despite an earlier history of discrimination, today women in psychology:

A. earn more money than men
B. are still stuck in teaching jobs at womens colleges
C. are still barred from the elite university training programs
D. earn more Ph.D. degrees than men

156. What happened after several states banned affirmative action programs?
A. Fewer Anglo-American students enrolled in universities.
B. More minority students enrolled in universities.
C. Fewer minority students enrolled in universities.
D. No change in the number of minority student enrollment.

157. Of the following subject groups, which did not appear in the study on taking lecture notes described in
your textbook?
A. note-taking plus preview
B. note-taking plus review
C. note-taking plus answering questions about notes
D. note-taking plus writing summary of notes

158. The group that used ____ scored significantly higher than any other group in a study of note taking
methods.
A. note-taking plus preview
B. note-taking plus review
C. note-taking plus answering questions about notes
D. note-taking plus concept maps

159. In general, a psychologist is someone who:

A. specializes in assessing the physical causes of mental problems
B. often prescribes drugs
C. works in secondary school settings
D. holds a doctorate in psychology

160. Barb, a college sophomore, is having relationship problems with her boyfriend. The best person for Barb to
consult would be a(n):
A. clinical psychologist
B. experimental psychologist
C. cognitive psychologist
D. psychiatrist

161. Dr. Falzal assesses a patients neurological functioning and finds that she is suffering from epilepsy. Dr.
Falzal is most likely a(n):
A. clinical psychologist
B. experimental psychologist
C. cognitive psychologist
D. psychiatrist

162. Franklin suffers from schizophrenia and requires medication. The best person for Franklin to consult would
be a(n):
A. clinical psychologist
B. experimental psychologist
C. cognitive psychologist
D. psychiatrist

163. Which of the following pairs of profession and degree is correct?

A. clinical psychologistM.D.
B. psychiatristPh.D.
C. clinical psychologistPh.D.
D. psychiatristmasters

164. Dr. Beenken spends most of his workday at a local clinic. He does individual therapy and tests patients for
psychological problems. Which of the following titles is Dr. Beenken most likely to have?
A. clinical psychologist
B. experimental psychologist
C. cognitive psychologist
D. social psychologist

165. Under what conditions can a psychologist prescribe drugs?

A. only in certain states and with specialized training
B. only psychotherapy proves to be ineffective
C. only when the patient suffers from severe depression
D. there are no conditionspsychologists do not prescribe drugs

166. Given the percentages presented in your textbook, which of the following settings would be most likely to
employ psychologists?
A. a school district
B. a mental health clinic
C. a public university
D. a large automobile manufacturer

167. The largest percentage of psychologists works in:

A. academic settings of universities and colleges
B. industrial settings
C. private practice or therapy settings
D. secondary schools

168. Dr. Ivers works in a school district as a psychologist. What is she most likely to do in her work?
A. increase production
B. improve job satisfaction among the staff
C. conduct academic and career testing
D. conduct therapy for those suffering from major psychological problems

169. A seventh grader wants to be a psychologist. She tells her mother about the career choice. The girl says that
itll take a long time to become one. She needs to realize that a long time may mean:
A. two to three years after high school
B. about five years after earning an undergraduate degree
C. five years in medical school
D. four years of college

170. In the last few decades, what trend has been seen in the settings in which psychologists work?
A. elementary and secondary schools are more likely to hire psychologists to design curriculum
B. businesses and industry are more likely to hire psychologists to increase worker productivity
C. increase in psychologists who provide therapy/health services
D. increase in psychologists who work in academic settings

171. You are reviewing a paper written by a friend on careers in psychology. One of the statements you read
does not appear correct. Which of the following statements in the paper would you identify as being wrong?
A. In the last 50 years, there has been a decrease in psychologists who provide therapy.
B. A psychiatrist is a medical doctor.
C. Employment opportunities for psychologists will grow much faster than average.
D. A psychologist usually has obtained a Ph.D. in psychology.

172. The research area of psychology most likely to study stereotypes, group behavior, and aggression is:
A. social psychology
B. psychometrics
C. clinical psychology
D. developmental psychology

173. Dr. Klees has her graduate students pretend to faint while in a subway car to see how many people come to
their aid. What type of psychologist is Dr. Klees?
A. clinical
B. social
C. developmental
D. industrial

174. Changes in self-esteem through puberty and adolescence would be studied by what type of psychologist?
A. clinical
B. experimental
C. developmental
D. social

175. If you wanted to learn more about the social, emotional, and cognitive changes over the entire lifespan, in
which class should you enroll?
A. PY 300 Biological Psychology
B. PY 250 Clinical Psychology
C. PY 220 Developmental Psychology
D. PY 210 Social Psychology

176. Dr. Gilpin and his research assistants are requesting subjects between the ages of four and nine years to
participate in a study at the local college. What area of psychology is most likely being investigated?
A. industrial
B. experimental
C. developmental
D. physiological

177. Dr. Yates studies motivation and perception. He is most likely which type of psychologist?
A. industrial
B. experimental
C. social
D. psychobiological

178. ____ psychology studies such areas as sensation, perception, and emotion.
A. Experimental
B. Social
C. Cognitive
D. Industrial/Organizational

179. Psychobiological psychologists investigate:

A. how we process, store, and retrieve information
B. development across the lifespan
C. how our genetic makeup interacts with our environment
D. which measures best assess behavior and abilities

180. Dr. Odland conducts studies on what brain pathways are most affected by alcohol consumption. What type
of psychologist is Dr. Odland?
A. psychobiological
B. social
C. clinical
D. developmental

181. If you are interested in the effects of stress on the body, what area of psychology is best to study?
A. psychometrics
B. social psychology
C. cognitive psychology
D. biological psychology

182. Which of the following research areas of psychology combines knowledge of the brains functions with
computer programming to attempt to duplicate human thinking and intelligence?
A. cognitive psychology
B. psychiatry
C. experimental psychology
D. psychometrics

183. Your friend attends a speech at the local university. She hears about the research of a psychologist. The
research centers on special techniques that are designed to increase creativity and problem solving. More than
likely, your friend was listening to a(n):
A. cognitive psychologist
B. psychiatrist
C. experimental psychologist
D. psychobiologist

184. Your research paper is on the thinking styles of college students. Which professor is probably the most
useful resource?
A. Dr. Campbella psychometrician
B. Dr. Buckbeea clinical psychologist
C. Dr. Karweicka cognitive psychologist
D. Dr. Colea psychiatrist

185. While working on his Ph.D., James developed a test to evaluate intelligence in children. James is probably
studying:
A. clinical psychology
B. psychobiology
C. humanistic psychology
D. psychometrics

186. Dr. Howarth is studying a personality test and has concluded that the test is invalid. He is most likely a
specialist in:
A. psychoanalysis
B. functionalism
C. biological psychology
D. psychometrics

187. Larry is interested in studying how businesses can select and train the best employees. What type of
psychology should Larry explore?
A. social
B. experimental
C. industrial/organizational
D. developmental

188. Which of the following journals would be of most interest to an industrial/organizational psychologist?
A. Journal of Disorders in Childhood
B. Journal of Behavior and Brain
C. Intelligence Testing
D. Personnel Selection and Testing

189. As you read your textbook, you notice that throughout each module there are a number of review
questions. These questions are actually very specific. Why did the author include these specific questions in
each module?
A. To allow you to estimate how ready you are for the exam.
B. The questions provide for previewing for the next section of the module.
C. These questions allow you to gain closure to the material.
D. The specific questions make you focus on the general themes of the module.

190. Abdul is a poor judge of what he thinks he knows. According to the textbook, Abdul is most likely to:
A. set too specific performance goals that are inflexible
B. be a victim of poor time management
C. base judgments on general knowledge rather than on specific knowledge
D. base judgments on specific knowledge rather than on general knowledge

191. In order to judge how prepared you are for an exam, you should:
A. ask yourself specific questions
B. re-read the book two or three times
C. ask yourself how well you think you know the material
D. spend time reviewing your notes

192. The three goals discussed in the textbook with regard to studying are:
A. time goal, specific goal, general performance goal
B. cognitive goal, specific goal, specific time goal
C. time goal, general goal, specific performance goal
D. rewarded goal, concrete goal, time goal

193. Tanner did very well on his final exam in his psychology course. Tanner probably:
A. set a time goal
B. set a general goal
C. set a specific performance goal
D. cheated

194. According to research cited in Module One, what is the relationship between how well students think they
know the class material and their exam performance?
A. almost none
B. weak
C. moderate
D. very strong

195. What is the best way to study based on the research described in Module One?
A. Study in one long session.
B. Study in two sessions with time between them.
C. Study in two sessions with no time between them.
D. Procrastinate and wait until the last moment to study.

196. What is not good advice to tell a college freshman to improve note-taking?
A. write down everything the instructor says
B. write down lecture material in your own words
C. use headings or an outline
D. ask yourself specific questions about the material

197. The best lecture notes:

A. include everything the professor has said
B. include terms or concepts that you dont understand
C. are in your own words and associated with information you already know
D. list terms that should be learned through sheer memorization

198. Of the following, which is not a good thing to do to stop procrastination?

A. get organized
B. set specific goals
C. reward yourself
D. think of the final goal

199. Youve been assigned a major research paper in one of your classes. You feel overwhelmed. But then you
recall what you learned in psychology, and the task seems less overwhelming. What did you remember?
A. thinking about the final goal of handing the paper in to your professor
B. reminding yourself about other papers and assignments
C. breaking down the assignment into smaller goals
D. visualizing getting an A on the paper

200. The case of Temple Grandin illustrates that:

A. autism limits the productivity of the individual
B. autistic individuals can make important contributions
C. autistic individuals have severe emotional problems
D. autism can be cured

201. What common characteristics of autism actually helped Temple Grandin design animal handling
equipment?
A. thinking in pictures
B. a sixth sense that allowed some type of communication with animals
C. the ability to take detailed notes
D. being able to perform memory calculations

202. Temple Grandin, an individual with autism, would be of particular interest to a cognitive psychologist
because of:
A. her ability to do calendar calculations
B. how she processes visual information
C. her love of animals
D. the effects of brain injury on attention and concentration

203. There is strong evidence for the role of childhood vaccinations in autism.
True False

204. Psychology is defined as the study of mental disorders.

True False

205. Palmar sweating occurs when the individual is experiencing excessive bodily warmth.
True False

206. The cognitive approach focuses on how information is stored, learned, and remembered.
True False

207. Research has found that autism is related to more activity in brain cells involved in empathy.
True False

208. Rewards and punishment play an important role in the psychoanalytic approach.
True False

209. Self-management is based on behavioral principles.

True False

210. Freud argued that people have great freedom in determining the future and have much potential for
personal growth.
True False

211. Procrastinators tend to have parents who place few demands on them.
True False

212. Test anxiety from the humanistic perspective is seen as being related to problems in developing potential.
True False

213. A researcher in the United States believed that autism was caused by cold parents.
True False

214. The evolutionary approach is the most recent of the approaches presented in Module One.
True False

215. Structuralism studied the basic elements of conscious mental experiences.

True False

216. Introspection was criticized for being too scientific.

True False

217. James saw mental activities as serving some adaptive function.

True False

218. Wilhelm Wundt is considered to be the father of modern psychology.

True False

219. The Gestalt psychologists were interested in how biology and behavior interact.
True False

220. The behavioral approach focused on mental processes.

True False

221. Inez Prosser played an important role in the development of psychoanalysis serving as Freuds secretary.
True False

222. Most psychologists work in private practice or therapy settings.

True False

223. A psychologist and a psychiatrist have the same training.

True False

224. Experimental psychology examines development throughout the lifetime.

True False

225. Students have a good sense of how well they know class material.
True False

226. An effective way to stop procrastination is to focus on the final goal.

True False

227. Temple Grandin was able to design equipment for animals because of her ability to think in pictures.
True False

228. Describe behavior and mental processes and how the definition changed over the years.

229. Contrast how autism is diagnosed in the United States and in South Korea.

230. What are the four goals of psychology? Give a real-life example for each goal.

231. Select two of the modern approaches to psychology (e.g., biological, cognitive) and explain what their
focus would be in studying depression or helping behavior.

232. Compare and contrast structural, functional, gestalt, and behavioral approaches.

233. Why are Mary Calkins, Inez Prosser, and George Sanchez important in the history of psychology?

234. Describe how note taking could be improved based on the research cited in Module One.

235. Describe the role played by culture in how American and Indian students experience test anxiety.

236. Discuss which of the eight general areas of psychology would interest you the most as a career.

237. Describe how Temple Grandin was able to design equipment to handle cattle.

Module 1--Discovering Psychology Key

1. Module One is introduced with a discussion of autism and test anxiety. In doing so, the author of your
textbook is suggesting:
A. that psychology attempts to answer questions about real-life problems
B. the importance of accurate diagnoses
C. that a careful definition of maladaptive behavior is important
D. that psychologys main focus is on abnormal behaviors

2. One thing that was different about Donna in school was that
A. when she made a friend, she tried to avoid getting a friendly hug.
B. when the teacher asked a question, she always had her hand up first.
C. when a student seemed sad, she was sympathetic and understanding.
D. when the school day ended, she always found a friend to walk home with.

3. Which of the following people is most likely to be diagnosed with autism?

A. Ryan, a five-year-old who is retarded but has a special ability to relate well with others
B. Paul, a two-year-old who avoids people and spends long periods of time flipping his fingers
C. Ben, a six-year-old who has a history of depression
D. Anne, a ten-year-old who just recently has begun to withdraw from others

4. According to Module One, some parents blame ____ for their childs autism.
A. prenatal viruses
B. diet
C. vaccinations during childhood
D. brain injury during childbirth

5. The disorder characterized by impaired development in social behavior, communication, and motor behavior
is:
A. childhood depression
B. attention deficit disorder
C. autism
D. Down syndrome

6. Who is most likely to be diagnosed with autism and why?

A. Perryautism is more likely to affect firstborn children
B. Daleeshaautism affects 10 times as many African Americans than other ethnic groups
C. Miautism affects 2 times as many girls than boys
D. Vanautism affects 3 to 4 times as many boys as girls

7. The local theater group is putting on a play depicting the struggles of a 16-year-old autistic male. Since the
director wants the acting to be as realistic as possible, he should tell the actor portraying the autistic child to:
A. show normal social behavior on stage
B. display moody behavior
C. demonstrate purposeful behavior
D. act aloof and not really there

8. Youve just read a case history of an individual. This person has a difficult time relating to other people, has
very serious problems in communication, and spends his time engaging in rocking back and forth. Which of the
following is the most appropriate title for this case history?
A. Autism: A Serious Developmental Disorder
B. Mental Retardation: Lower Than Average Intelligence
C. A Case History of Munchausen Syndrome
D. The Effects of Avoidance Disorder

9. While doing an internship at a group home for those with mental and physical disabilities, you meet a
resident who can tell you what day any date fell on for the past 100 years. This person is probably:
A. a shaman
B. a savant
C. schizophrenic
D. very good at critical thinking

10. You are on a game show that awards one million dollars to successful contestants. One of the questions asks
you for the term given to an autistic individual who possesses a special memory or artistic skill. You answer:
A. a savant
B. a Type II schizophrenic
C. a humanist
D. fragile X syndrome

11. Researchers working on the causes of autism have recently found:

A. a virus is involved
B. toxins in groundwater play a role
C. several genes are involved
D. poor health care is involved

12. Dr. Myerson, a noted authority on autism, argues that science is getting closer to understanding the cause of
the disorder. Which of the following suspected causes is among the most promising?
A. unconscious conflict
B. parenting styles
C. genetic link
D. childhood vaccinations

13. With only a couple of moments left in class, your professor says, Next class meeting we will discuss a
condition found in very few autistic people where they possess some unusual ability. Since you keep up on the
textbook reading, you know that the professor is referring to:
A. metacognition
B. savants
C. ritual behavior
D. ADHD

14. The prevalence of autism in the last 20 years has:

A. stayed about the same
B. increased, but only among girls
C. decreased
D. increased

15. You are trying to convince your friend, who is the mother of an autistic child, that psychology is a
worthwhile field of study. Which statement would be most effective?
A. Introduction to Psychology is a required course.
B. Most employers expect a class in psychology.
C. Psychology can provide insights into the causes of complex behavior.
D. The unconscious mind is the focus of study in psychology.

16. The increase in autism is most probably due to:

A. the breakdown of the family
B. increased air and water pollution
C. childhood vaccinations
D. better diagnosis

17. The definition of psychology presented in your textbook is:

A. the systematic, scientific study of behaviors and mental processes.
B. the study of abnormal behaviors and ways to psychoanalyze individuals.
C. the systematic application of science to helping people who are mentally disturbed.
D. the systematic, scientific study of human behavior.

18. Who is least likely to have taken a psychology course?

A. Kevin believes that behavior refers to observable actions.
B. Kyle argues that thinking and dreaming are examples of behaviors.
C. Karen who says, Psychology is the systematic, scientific study of behaviors and mental processes.
D. Kesha believes that Psychology is the study of how to analyze people.

19. Inez was attempting to recite the definition of psychology she read in her psychology textbook. She said that
psychology is the systematic study of behavior and mental processes. What important word did she omit?
A. rigorous
B. controlled
C. psychoanalytical
D. scientific

20. Based upon Module One, for a phenomenon to be studied in psychology, it must be:
A. a behavior or a mental process
B. an abnormal behavior or abnormal mental process
C. an unconscious mental process
D. approved by the American Psychological Association

21. In the definition of psychology presented in your text, the term behavior refers to:
A. mental processes
B. observable actions or responses
C. thinking
D. behaviors performed only by human beings

22. Professor Yates is lecturing on the definition of psychology. Which example of behavior should he use to
most effectively communicate the definition?
A. Behavior consists of activities such as thinking, forgetting, and problem-solving.
B. Acts like eating, walking, and running are examples of behavior.
C. Behavior is synonymous with internal processes like memory and learning.
D. We make no distinction between the observable and the unobservableanything that a person does is
behavior.

23. Mental processes are described in your textbook as:

A. directly observable
B. observable actions
C. not directly observable
D. only behaviors performed by human beings

24. As Professor Gilpin is lecturing on the definition of psychology, he asks a student, Rita, to think about an
example of a mental process. After thinking about it, Rita is still confused by the term mental processes. To
clarify the term, Professor Gilpin should:
A. ask a brighter student to define mental processes
B. point out to Rita that mental processes are emphasized by the cognitive approach
C. suggest that Rita use the SQ3R approach described in her text
D. suggest that Rita, in her attempt to think about mental processes, was in fact giving an example of a mental
process

25. The definition of psychology has evolved over time:

A. without much dissent or discussion
B. from specific to more general
C. from general to more specific
D. from a focus on humans to a focus on animals

26. Behavior is to mental processes as ____ is (are) to ____.

A. thinking; dreaming
B. thoughts; actions
C. observable; not directly observable
D. not directly observable; observable

27. Which one of the following is not one of the four goals of psychology?
A. to explain the causes of behavior
B. to predict behavior
C. to judge behavior
D. to control behavior

28. The four goals of psychology are to describe, explain, predict, and:
A. test
B. interact
C. observe
D. control

29. People smile. This statement best illustrates the ____ goal of psychology.
A. describe
B. analyze
C. explain
D. summarize

30. People smile because they are happy. This statement best illustrates the ____ goal of psychology.
A. describe
B. analyze
C. explain
D. summarize

31. I bet you will smile when you hear good news and this best illustrates the ____ goal of psychology.
A. predict
B. analyze
C. explain
D. summarize

32. An outdated idea of autism was that it was caused by cold and rejecting parents. This idea is most closely
related to which goal of psychology?
A. describe
B. explain
C. predict
D. control

33. Joseph said that several years ago in a long food line in the Soviet Union, an elderly woman fell to the
ground and died of a heart attack. No one helped her. He added that this lack of helping is probably due to
diffusion of responsibility. Joseph is fulfilling which goal of psychology?
A. to explain behavior
B. to predict behavior
C. to control behavior
D. to influence behavior

34. In a documentary on TV, you hear of juvenile delinquents who have a hard time managing their anger. A
psychologist has taught these troubled youths to think of how other people feel when they lose their temper.
This application of psychology illustrates which goal?
A. to explain behavior
B. to predict behavior
C. to control behavior
D. to influence behavior

35. A 4
th

grade teacher says to one of his students, The next time you get away from your desk, I am going to take
away 5 minutes from your recess time. This example best illustrates the ____ goal of psychology.
A. describe
B. explain
C. predict
D. control
36. You are participating in a field experience this semester in a local third grade class. One of the boys, Isaac,
has autism. During one of your visits, the regular teacher was gone and a substitute took her place. The most
likely reaction by Isaac to this new person would be:
A. he will take advantage of the situation and get his way
B. increase his focus on the lesson that the substitute is teaching
C. to ignore her
D. he will have a difficult time adjusting to the substitute and other new stimuli

37. Select the option that best illustrates an attempt to control behavior.
A. Mrs. Quinn, a third-grade teacher, is planning a new approach to reduce inattention in some of her students.
B. Short-term memory holds about seven pieces of information.
C. The brain structure called the thalamus relays sensory information to other parts of the brain.
D. Most people are likely to obey an authority figure.

38. When someone is presenting their focus or perspective in understanding behavior, their _______ is being
described.
A. goal
B. structuralism
C. approach
D. correlation

39. Professor Wrastler is presenting the modern approaches to psychology. As a well-prepared student, you
notice an error Professor Wrastler makes in his lecture. What was the error you noticed?
A. He says, The different approaches have different perspectives.
B. He writes on the chalkboard, Different approaches, same research methods.
C. He says, All of the modern approaches in psychology look at the same psychological phenomenon from
different viewpoints.
D. He says and writes on the chalkboard, The seven common approaches include biological, cognitive,
behavioral, psychoanalytic, humanistic, cross-cultural, and evolutionary.

40. The ____ approach studies how our genes, hormones, and nervous system interact with the environment to
influence behavior and mental processes.
A. biological
B. cognitive
C. behavioral
D. psychoanalytic

41. In her research, Dr. Zhing has found that the brain of many autistic children is abnormal. Dr. Zhing most
likely uses the ____ approach.
A. behavioral
B. evolutionary
C. biological
D. psychoanalytic

42. Which of the following brain areas seem to process both objects and human faces in the brains of autistic
individuals?
A. basal ganglia
B. cerebellum
C. fusiform gyrus
D. inferior temporal gyrus

43. Based on the research presented in the textbook, why would autistic individuals have difficulty
distinguishing objects from human faces?
A. The autistic brain uses the inferior temporal gyrus to process objects and the fusiform gyrus to process faces.
B. The autistic brain uses the same brain area to process objects and faces.
C. Autistic children have shortages of certain proteins in their brains.
D. The basal ganglia appears to be larger than normal in the autistic brain.

44. If there was some dysfunction in mirror neurons, what deficient might we see in a person?
A. Alzheimers disease
B. memory problems
C. linking action and thought
D. understanding emotions in other people

45. One of the most powerful new techniques in the biological approach is:
A. testing how people process, store, and use information
B. discovering how individuals learn new behaviors or modify existing ones
C. taking computerized photos of the activity of living brains
D. studying how the first five years affect later personality development

46. The research finding that autism is linked to defects in genes provides support for which modern approach?
A. biological
B. cognitive
C. behavioral
D. psychoanalytic

47. Mick and Mike are both 2-year old identical twins. Mick has autism. What are the odds that Mike will
develop autism?
A. 100%
B. 90%
C. 60%
D. 10%

48. According to the biological approach, why do autistic children often fail to understand the nonverbal
behavior of others?
A. there is less activity in mirror neurons which are involved in empathy
B. brain injury during childbirth
C. some unconscious conflict prevents them from experiencing empathy
D. these children never learned how to correctly read nonverbal behavior

49. A biological perspective of a mental disorder may suggest that:

A. a mental disorder is the result of traumatic experiences
B. distorted perception is the main cause of mental disorder
C. mental disorders can often be traced to brain dysfunction
D. poor stress management techniques are the main cause of most mental disorders

50. Dr. Walsh is a psychobiologist and has published her work in several scientific journals. Of the following,
which is the most likely journal to accept her papers?
A. Journal of Behavior and Brain
B. Journal of Clinical and Consulting Psychology
C. Journal of Cognitive Psychology
D. Psychometrics in Education

51. Stacey believes that, ultimately, the causes of all types of mental disorders will be traced to imbalances in
brain chemicals. This statement best represents which psychological perspective?
A. humanistic
B. cognitive
C. evolutionary
D. biological

52. Of the following activities, which is most likely to increase palmar sweating?
A. public speaking
B. crossing out all the ts in a newspaper article
C. watching a boring movie
D. sitting in a warm sauna

53. You shake hands with a person right before she speaks to a large audience. You notice that her hands are
sweaty. Assuming that she is nervous, her moist hands are called:
A. hypertrophism
B. empathetic sweating
C. palmar sweating
D. hypotrophism

54. One of the best measures of the emotional component of test anxiety is:
A. excessive worrying
B. procrastination
C. attributing success to external causes
D. palmar sweating

55. A cognitive psychologist may study the way we memorize a telephone number by:
A. investigating how we process and store the number in memory
B. analyzing the rewards available for successful memorization
C. researching the extent to which good memory skills are common in a family
D. interviewing to determine what unconscious motives may be associated with certain telephone numbers that
a person has memorized

56. Jerry is interested in discovering how people process, store, and use information. His interests reflect which
psychological perspective?
A. biological
B. humanistic
C. cognitive
D. evolutionary

57. Which set of words best fits with the cognitive perspective?
A. cerebellum, brain, biology
B. reinforcement, punishment, learning
C. process, memory, think
D. unconscious, fears, guilty

58. Dr. Sanchez reported in class that it is believed that autistic people do not process information properly. This
research finding supports the importance of the ____ approach.
A. biological
B. cognitive
C. behavioral
D. psychoanalytic

59. As the professor hands him the exam, Andre thinks to himself, Oh, if I dont do well on this exam, Ill lose
my scholarship. And if I lose my scholarship... Andre is clearly worrying about his performance. This is an
example of the ____ component of test anxiety.
A. biological
B. cognitive
C. behavioral
D. psychoanalytic

60. In your psych class tomorrow, a guest lecturer will be presenting her research on identifying the areas of the
brain that regulate planning leisure activities. She must specialize in:
A. cognitive neuroscience
B. clinical psychology
C. functionalism
D. structuralism

61. ____ studies cognitive skills by identifying the corresponding areas in the brain.
A. Gestalt psychology
B. Humanistic psychology
C. Cognitive neuroscience
D. Psychoanalysis

62. While a person with autism is listening to a conversation, what area of the brain is primarily used?
A. cortex
B. right side of the brain
C. medulla
D. temporal lobe

63. Why might autistic individuals have problems with language and communication skills?
A. The right and left side of the brain do not communicate with each other.
B. They tend to process language in both sides of the brain
C. They tend to process language in the right side of the brain.
D. The temporal lobe does not effectively share information with the frontal lobe.

64. These four students experience excessive worrying. Based on the textbook, which student is most likely to
increase her achievement?
A. Julieshe channels her worrying into exercise
B. Tiffanyworries so much that she has accused the professor of poor teaching
C. Sarashe complains about how hard the tests are
D. Ambershe channels her worrying into studying

65. Sam and Ellie are both worried about their upcoming psychology exam. Based upon the research on test
anxiety, what would you recommend Sam and Ellie do?
A. Sam and Ellie should provide support for each other
B. The research suggests that Sam and Ellie voice their concerns and complain to the professor
C. Both students should redirect their worry into studying
D. Talk to other students about their anxiety

66. A group of students is about to give a presentation for a class. Who in the group is most likely to experience
more worry and anxiety?
A. Derekmen are more susceptible to anxiety
B. Laurawomen are more likely to report anxiety
C. Philhe is the first to make his presentation
D. Ryanhe is the last to make his presentation and has more time to worry

67. If you had to write a book that describes the basic principle of behaviorism, which title would be best to
select?
A. Your Genes Are Your Friends
B. The Inner World
C. Studying the Unconscious
D. Rewards and Punishments

68. The rules that Donna, the autistic individual described in Module One, devised to control her unwanted
behavior, best illustrate the ____ approach.
A. behavioral
B. psychoanalytic
C. cross-cultural
D. humanistic

69. You hear a motivational speaker who suggests that people need to modify their environment to change
behavior. You detect a hint of the ____ perspective in the speech.
A. cognitive
B. behavioral
C. psychoanalytic
D. cross-cultural

70. Psychologists adopting a behavioral perspective to the study of psychology look for explanations in:
A. the hereditary background of a person
B. the persons environment
C. idiosyncrasies of the brain
D. unique physical characteristics that may influence thinking

71. Rob has taught his dog to roll over on command by rewarding the dog with food whenever she exhibits the
appropriate action. Robs approach to teaching his dog tricks is similar to which psychological perspective?
A. biological
B. behavioral
C. cognitive
D. psychoanalytic

72. The behavioral approach was influenced greatly by the work of ____ who stressed the study of observable
behavior and reinforcement and punishment.
A. Sigmund Freud
B. Abraham Maslow
C. B.F. Skinner
D. Erik Erikson

73. Who might have said, All that really matters in our study is how environmental reinforcers influence
observable behavior. Forget about mental processes!?
A. Sigmund Freud--the social cognitive theorist
B. Abraham Maslow--the strict behaviorist
C. B. F. Skinner--the social cognitive theorist
D. B. F. Skinner--the strict behaviorist

74. A revised approach to behaviorism, which examines mental or cognitive processes as well as observable
behaviors, is called the ____ approach.
A. psychoanalytic
B. cognitive
C. social cognitive
D. structuralism

75. Our understanding of behavior must include an understanding of observable behavior as well as cognitive
processes. Which theorist might have said that?
A. Albert Bandura
B. Sigmund Freud
C. Abraham Maslow
D. Carl Rogers

76. Some behaviorists, such as Albert Bandura, disagree with strict behaviorism because:
A. there are mysteries in psychology we will never understand
B. animals pressing levers are not the same as real people dealing with life
C. our behaviors are also influenced by observation, imitation, and thought processes
D. most psychologists like to take a position different from everyone else

77. Albert Bandura believed that our behaviors could be influenced by:
A. observations, imitation, and thought processes in addition to the environment
B. understanding our reflexive actions
C. introspection
D. dream analysis

78. Self-management is based on ____ principles.

A. humanistic
B. behavioral
C. structural
D. biological

79. Using the principles of behaviorism, study time can be increased using:
A. dream interpretation
B. relaxation exercises
C. self-management practices
D. social support techniques

80. Self-management has been used to increase study time. Which of the following is not one of the practices
found to be effective?
A. reward yourself for studying
B. punish yourself for failing to reach goal
C. establish priorities
D. keep a record of your study time

81. Select the set of words that are most closely related to the psychoanalytic approach?
A. cerebellum, palmar sweating, serotonin
B. personal growth, freedom, potential
C. unconscious, dream interpretation, anxiety
D. reinforcement, punishment, behavior

82. Sigmund Freud developed which of the following modern approaches?

A. behavioral
B. cognitive
C. humanistic
D. psychoanalytic

83. Seth claims that Juans anxiety originates from unresolved sexual conflicts residing in his unconscious.
Seths observation about Juan is most consistent with the ____ perspective.
A. behavioral
B. cognitive
C. humanistic
D. psychoanalytic

84. If Mark has thoughts which make him feel fearful and guilty, Freud would say these thoughts would be:
A. classically conditioned
B. totally normal and have no effect on Marks actual behavior
C. pushed into Marks unconscious
D. reinforced by negative thoughts

85. According to the psychoanalytic perspective, when is the most critical time of life in the development of
personality traits?
A. childhood
B. early adolescence
C. late adolescence
D. young adulthood

86. Which of the following schools of thought believes that our dreams could be interpreted to reveal
unconscious fears?
A. structuralism
B. functionalism
C. behaviorism
D. psychoanalytic

87. Consider this: It is the early 20th century and you are Freuds personal assistant. As you listen to him speak,
you can second-guess what he is about to say. One time, Freud is saying, Anxiety, fear, and psychological
problems are caused by... and he pauses as he thinks. You suddenly say to him what would ultimately become a
key concept in psychoanalytic thought. What did you say?
A. ...unfulfilled human potential!
B. ...imbalance in brain chemicals like serotonin!
C. ...Herr Freud, it is unconscious thoughts and feelings!
D. ...excessive rewards and punishments!

88. Freud believed that an examination of ones ____ would give insight into the adult personality and adult
problems.
A. culture
B. childhood relationships with parents
C. cognitive beliefs
D. genetic makeup

89. Karen believes that her boyfriend is afraid of making commitments because of an unconscious hatred for his
mother. Her belief is closest to which psychological perspective?
A. humanistic
B. psychoanalytic
C. cross-cultural
D. cognitive

90. In Freuds theory, unconscious, threatening thoughts and feelings lead to:
A. unresolved sexual conflicts
B. anxiety
C. changes in the cerebellum
D. an inability to self-actualize

91. What personality traits may underlie test anxiety?

A. procrastination and depression
B. neuroticism and interpersonal conflict
C. neuroticism and external locus of control
D. susceptibility and external locus of control

92. Research on test anxiety from the ____ perspective focuses on the unconscious reason for ____.
A. psychoanalytic; procrastination
B. cognitive; gender differences
C. humanistic; cultural differences
D. psychoanalytic; differing explanations

93. I am a procrastinator. According to the psychoanalytic approach, my parents must have:

A. set goals that were too easy when I was a child.
B. ignored my successes.
C. loved me only when I did well in school.
D. gave me their procrastinating genes.

94. Working from the psychoanalytic perspective, a psychologist examining a students procrastination would
focus on:
A. brain chemical imbalance
B. unconscious personality problems
C. poor planning skills
D. how procrastination is reinforced

95. The psychoanalytic approach to understanding procrastination as a component of test anxiety would:
A. emphasize the role of habitual modes of thinking and problem solving
B. study brain scans of procrastinators while they think about schoolwork
C. compare school strategies used by students in different cultures
D. look beneath the obvious reasons and try to identify unconscious personality problems

96. Which school of thought discusses behavior in terms of a persons potential for growth and self-fulfillment?
A. psychoanalytical
B. behavioral
C. cognitive
D. humanistic

97. Professor Kaufman is showing a film describing the modern approaches to psychology. The video is
operating, but the sound is not. On the screen you see an individual named Abraham Maslow. If the sound was
turned on, which of the following words would you probably hear from Maslow as he describes his views?
A. ...potential for self-fulfillment is important...
B. ...their environment determines their behaviors...
C. ...the biology of the brain is critical for understanding...
D. ...importance of personal freedom and unconscious motives...

98. This years graduation speaker spoke of the graduates ability to control their future by becoming anything
that they wished. The speaker has most probably been influenced by which psychological perspective?
A. behavioral
B. cognitive
C. humanistic
D. psychoanalytic

99. You are listening to the radio when you hear a commercial that is trying to recruit students for the military. It
starts off with, Be all you can be. What approach is best illustrated by the commercial?
A. cross-cultural
B. behavioral
C. humanistic
D. psychoanalytic

100. Eric is trying to encourage himself to develop his full potential as a human being by learning that he is in
control of his fate. What psychological perspective has Eric adopted?
A. humanistic
B. psychoanalytic
C. behavioral
D. cross-cultural

101. The speaker for commencement announced her topic for the ceremony. Knowing that she adheres to the
humanistic approach, which of the following is the most likely title of her message?
A. Introspection: The Way of Wundt
B. Choosing to Become
C. Becoming a Better Person Through Rewards
D. Who We Are: Answers From the Unconscious

102. There are many behaviorists who argue that the humanistic approach is more of a philosophy of life rather
than a science of human behavior because humanists:
A. fail to use rigorous experimental methods
B. emphasize environmental effects on behavior
C. focus on genetic predisposition to temperament
D. do not believe that people have intrinsic worth

103. Miranda, a very good student, received an A on an exceptionally hard math exam. Her friend Thomas
asked, Why did you get such a good grade? According to the research cited in the textbook, Miranda is most
likely to reply:
A. The instructor likes me.
B. I guess its just luck.
C. I worked hard and I didnt procrastinate.
D. The test was too easy.

104. With your knowledge of how students explain their exam performance, what piece of advice would you
give to new teachers that is consistent with the research?
A. Set strict rules for classroom behavior
B. Try to ignore failure and recognize achievement
C. Be blunt and to the point about the future of students who do not do well in school
D. Be supportive and encourage those who perform poorly on tests to reach their highest potential.

105. An implication of the humanistic perspective for teachers is to:

A. reinforce appropriate behavior and punish inappropriate behavior
B. help students to develop more faith in their subjective feelings
C. help students identify unconscious motives for their procrastination
D. help students to explain success in terms of luck

106. About sixty years ago, a prevailing explanation of autism was:

A. cold parents
B. threatening unconscious feelings
C. biological causes
D. a lack of reinforcement in the childs school setting

107. Jared is a 12-year-old boy with autism. At what age was he most likely to have been diagnosed with
autism?
A. 6 months old
B. 1 year old
C. 30 months old
D. 6 years old

108. Why is an autistic child likely to receive a diagnosis of reactive attachment disorder in South Korea?
A. There is no governmental money for treatment for autism.
B. It is a subtle message to parents about their role in the disorder.
C. Physicians lack the training to make a diagnosis of autism.
D. Autism is a very stigmatizing diagnosis.

109. The cross-cultural approach adds a valuable dimension to psychology in suggesting that:
A. in order to be a fully developed person, you have to spend some time living with other groups
B. anthropology explains behavior better than psychology does
C. the culture in which you grow up affects your thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
D. what psychology learns about one race is probably not true about other races

110. The cross-cultural approach to psychology studies the influence of ____ on psychological functioning.
A. brain chemistry
B. information processing
C. cultural and ethnic similarities and differences
D. automatic behaviors and deeply ingrained habits

111. A young inexperienced teacher from the rural Midwest is hired to teach in an inner-city public school. In
her class, there are a number of cultures and races represented. She is confused by the differences between
students in regard to achievement and behavior. Which of the following approaches would most likely provide
insights into differences among her students?
A. cross-cultural
B. behavioral
C. ethological
D. psychoanalytic

112. Cross-cultural studies have indicated that test anxiety may be related to:
A. intelligence
B. cultural factors
C. brain function
D. genetics

113. Why dont American students experience as much test anxiety compared to students in India?
A. The parents of American students are more involved with their childrens schoolwork.
B. The parents of American students are less involved with their childrens schoolwork.
C. Egyptian students
D. Jordanian students

114. American students experience test anxiety through _____ symptoms, but Indians student experience it
through _____ symptoms.
A. behavioral; emotional
B. cognitive; emotional
C. cognitive; physical
D. physical; emotional

115. The ____ approach is the most recent of those presented in the textbook.
A. behavioral
B. evolutionary
C. structuralism
D. cognitive

116. With regard to the seven modern approaches to psychology discussed in your text, psychologists are most
concerned with:
A. which approach gives the best answer
B. which approach is more accepted by the psychological community
C. the likelihood of successfully reaching the goals of description, explanation, prediction, and control
D. the methodology by which the approach is tested

117. The evolutionary approach explains behavior and mental processes by focusing on:
A. unconscious factors
B. adaptation and natural selection
C. learned behavior
D. biological influences

118. Psychologists who use the eclectic approach:

A. decide which of the seven major approaches is best and stick to that choice
B. combine and use information from all seven approaches
C. rely on electric shock therapy
D. probably dont understand the differences between the seven major approaches

119. If you use different approaches to study the same behavior, you take a(n) _____ approach.
A. eclectic
B. structural
C. cognitive
D. developmental

120. Given the historical changes in the definition of psychology, which of the following definitions would have
been more likely to be used in the early years of psychology?
A. Psychology is the study of observable behavior.
B. Psychology is the study of behaviors and mental processes.
C. Psychology is the study of the basic elements of sensation and perception.
D. Psychology is the study of observable actions and cognitive functions.

121. Structuralists focused on ____, whereas functionalists focused on ____.

A. elements of the mind; adaptability of the mind
B. objective measurements; subjects self-reports
C. adaptability of the mind; introspection
D. the continuous flow of mental activity; breaking down mental structures into smaller units

122. The difference between structuralism and functionalism in the early years of psychology concerned a
choice between:
A. British or American psychology
B. Abraham Maslow or John B. Watson
C. studying the brain or the cultural setting of behavior
D. studying narrow sensations or general adaptations to our changing environment

123. Structuralism required subjects to introspect in order to:

A. report on the basic elements of their mental processes
B. complete objective measures of mental functioning
C. assemble sensations into meaningful perceptions
D. be psychoanalyzed

124. Which of the following relationships best illustrates introspection?

A. females to males
B. trees to leaves
C. letters to words
D. cars to airplanes

125. If Wilhelm Wundt asked you to report your sensations and perceptions by looking inward, you would be
engaging in:
A. functionalism
B. introspection
C. psychoanalysis
D. psychometrics

126. Introspection was later criticized as a research method because it:

A. required too many behavioral observations
B. focused solely on objective measurements and not on self-reports
C. was only useful with psychologically disturbed patients
D. was unscientific since it did not use objective measurement, but rather used only self-reports

127. Functionalism focused on:

A. having subjects look inward and report on the workings of their minds
B. the fact that perception was more than the sum of its parts
C. how the mind helped the organism to adapt to its surroundings
D. the objective, scientific analysis of observable behaviors

128. Wundt is to structuralism as:

A. Freud is to experimentation
B. James is to psychoanalysis
C. Skinner is to ethology
D. James is to functionalism

129. An article entitled, The Mind: Goals and Purposes would be most likely written by someone who
identifies with:
A. Wundt and structuralism
B. James and functionalism
C. Freud and Wertheimer
D. Watson and structuralism

130. What important book did William James publish in 1890?

A. Principles of Psychology
B. Introduction to Psychology
C. Psychology as a Behaviorist Views It
D. The Structure of Psychological Thought

131. The father of modern psychology is considered to be:

A. Sigmund Freud
B. George Sanchez
C. William James
D. B.F. Skinner

132. The term Gestalt refers to:

A. structuralism
B. observable behaviors
C. introspection
D. whole pattern

133. The ____ approach emphasizes looking at the whole, rather than the sum of its parts.
A. behavioral
B. functionalism
C. Gestalt
D. psychoanalytic

134. The phi phenomenon was explained by the Gestalt approach as the result of:
A. analyzing its basic structures
B. adding the two lights together
C. unresolved childhood conflicts
D. analyzing the whole pattern

135. By explaining perceptual phenomena like the phi phenomenon (apparent motion), Gestalt researchers gave
psychology the idea that:
A. the whole is more than the sum of its parts
B. research results could be profitable when applied to advertising
C. Wundt and the structuralists had been right about the importance of the individual parts
D. individual parts are more significant than resulting wholes

136. Gestalt psychologists study how sensations are:

A. experienced by the sensory organs
B. assembled into meaningful perceptual experiences
C. observed and recorded
D. composed of smaller elements

137. Of the following phenomena, which would be of the greatest interest to Max Wertheimer?
A. cultural differences in body language
B. how diseases of the brain affect behavior
C. seeing a light as moving when in fact individual lights are going on and off
D. a child being toilet trained

138. If Max Wertheimers gravestone had an epitaph written on it, which of the following would be most
appropriate given his contributions to psychology?
A. The function of life is to adapt to the environment.
B. He took a dozen healthy infants and made them great. What a guy!
C. His life was more than the sum of its parts.
D. Even he had unresolved childhood conflicts!

139. John Watson rejected structuralism and stated that psychology should study:
A. observable behaviors
B. unconscious fears and behaviors
C. sensations and perceptions
D. introspection

140. Simon, who is a TV producer, has an idea for a new TV show. It will ask contestants about John Watson
and award money for correct answers. What is the most likely title of this show?
A. Leipzig 90214
B. I Love Cognition
C. Who Wants to Be a Behaviorist?
D. Who Wants to Be a Gestalt?

141. The pioneering psychologist who offered the famous guarantee about being able to shape a baby into any
type of specialist you might want was:
A. William James
B. John B. Watson
C. Max Wertheimer
D. Wilhelm Wundt

142. Noelle refuses to study mental processes, and focuses her research solely on the objective, scientific
analysis of observable behaviors. Noelle is a:
A. structuralist
B. functionalist
C. Gestalt psychologist
D. behavioral psychologist

143. What did John B. Watsons famous quote regarding taking a dozen healthy infants really mean?
A. development of personality starts at an early age
B. manipulation of the environment causes changes in behavior
C. only well-trained professionals like psychologists should raise children
D. early training can unleash unconscious predispositions

144. If John B. Watson was alive today and had a website, which of the following would he select as his website
address?
A. WWW.gestalt.edu
B. WWW.biology.edu
C. WWW.behavior.edu
D. WWW.superego.edu

145. What approach has surpassed the popularity of behaviorism throughout the 1990s?
A. functionalism
B. gestalt approach
C. psychoanalytic approach
D. cognitive approach

146. Mary Calkins was denied a Ph.D. in psychology because:

A. she failed to complete her requirements
B. the administration declined to grant a Ph.D. to a woman
C. her professors did not like her work
D. she was a structuralist

147. As measured by membership in the American Psychological Association, minorities in psychology:

A. lag far behind other Americans
B. are about the same as their proportion of the general population
C. will soon exceed white Americans
D. may have lagged earlier, but are now rapidly catching up

148. If you were a woman with a Ph.D. living around the turn of the century, where would you most likely
work?
A. any college or university
B. most small, private liberal arts colleges in the east
C. women were not granted the Ph.D. until the 1940s
D. a womens college

149. ____ was the first African American woman to earn a Ph.D. in the United States.
A. Inez Prosser
B. Mary Calkins
C. Margaret Washburn
D. Beatrice Collins

150. Who conducted pioneering work on the cultural bias of intelligence tests?
A. William James
B. Mary Calkins
C. Margaret Washburn
D. George Sanchez

151. To remedy past discrimination in psychology and in higher education:

A. standards for program completion are lowered for minority students
B. the American Psychological Association actively recruits minority members
C. the American Psychological Association formed special interest groups for white males
D. membership fees for minorities in all professional associations have been lowered

152. Because minorities are unrepresented in psychology departments in colleges and universities, the American
Psychologist Association:
A. advocates a quota system
B. assists departments in providing salaries for minority faculty members
C. offers full scholarships to any minority student who wishes to major in psychology
D. visits high schools to tell students about careers in psychology

153. What important contribution to intelligence testing did George Sanchez make?
A. He served as research director of a large corporation that publishes intelligence tests.
B. Sanchez created the concept of IQ.
C. Sanchez developed the first valid and reliable test.
D. He showed that questions on the tests may be biased against minorities.

154. Even while more women earned Ph.D.s in psychology than men, women:
A. earn less money
B. are still stuck in teaching jobs at womens colleges
C. are still barred from teaching in the most the elite university training programs
D. are more likely to only teach part-time in universities

155. Despite an earlier history of discrimination, today women in psychology:

A. earn more money than men
B. are still stuck in teaching jobs at womens colleges
C. are still barred from the elite university training programs
D. earn more Ph.D. degrees than men

156. What happened after several states banned affirmative action programs?
A. Fewer Anglo-American students enrolled in universities.
B. More minority students enrolled in universities.
C. Fewer minority students enrolled in universities.
D. No change in the number of minority student enrollment.

157. Of the following subject groups, which did not appear in the study on taking lecture notes described in
your textbook?
A. note-taking plus preview
B. note-taking plus review
C. note-taking plus answering questions about notes
D. note-taking plus writing summary of notes

158. The group that used ____ scored significantly higher than any other group in a study of note taking
methods.
A. note-taking plus preview
B. note-taking plus review
C. note-taking plus answering questions about notes
D. note-taking plus concept maps

159. In general, a psychologist is someone who:

A. specializes in assessing the physical causes of mental problems
B. often prescribes drugs
C. works in secondary school settings
D. holds a doctorate in psychology

160. Barb, a college sophomore, is having relationship problems with her boyfriend. The best person for Barb to
consult would be a(n):
A. clinical psychologist
B. experimental psychologist
C. cognitive psychologist
D. psychiatrist

161. Dr. Falzal assesses a patients neurological functioning and finds that she is suffering from epilepsy. Dr.
Falzal is most likely a(n):
A. clinical psychologist
B. experimental psychologist
C. cognitive psychologist
D. psychiatrist

162. Franklin suffers from schizophrenia and requires medication. The best person for Franklin to consult would
be a(n):
A. clinical psychologist
B. experimental psychologist
C. cognitive psychologist
D. psychiatrist

163. Which of the following pairs of profession and degree is correct?

A. clinical psychologistM.D.
B. psychiatristPh.D.
C. clinical psychologistPh.D.
D. psychiatristmasters

164. Dr. Beenken spends most of his workday at a local clinic. He does individual therapy and tests patients for
psychological problems. Which of the following titles is Dr. Beenken most likely to have?
A. clinical psychologist
B. experimental psychologist
C. cognitive psychologist
D. social psychologist

165. Under what conditions can a psychologist prescribe drugs?

A. only in certain states and with specialized training
B. only psychotherapy proves to be ineffective
C. only when the patient suffers from severe depression
D. there are no conditionspsychologists do not prescribe drugs

166. Given the percentages presented in your textbook, which of the following settings would be most likely to
employ psychologists?
A. a school district
B. a mental health clinic
C. a public university
D. a large automobile manufacturer

167. The largest percentage of psychologists works in:

A. academic settings of universities and colleges
B. industrial settings
C. private practice or therapy settings
D. secondary schools

168. Dr. Ivers works in a school district as a psychologist. What is she most likely to do in her work?
A. increase production
B. improve job satisfaction among the staff
C. conduct academic and career testing
D. conduct therapy for those suffering from major psychological problems

169. A seventh grader wants to be a psychologist. She tells her mother about the career choice. The girl says that
itll take a long time to become one. She needs to realize that a long time may mean:
A. two to three years after high school
B. about five years after earning an undergraduate degree
C. five years in medical school
D. four years of college

170. In the last few decades, what trend has been seen in the settings in which psychologists work?
A. elementary and secondary schools are more likely to hire psychologists to design curriculum
B. businesses and industry are more likely to hire psychologists to increase worker productivity
C. increase in psychologists who provide therapy/health services
D. increase in psychologists who work in academic settings

171. You are reviewing a paper written by a friend on careers in psychology. One of the statements you read
does not appear correct. Which of the following statements in the paper would you identify as being wrong?
A. In the last 50 years, there has been a decrease in psychologists who provide therapy.
B. A psychiatrist is a medical doctor.
C. Employment opportunities for psychologists will grow much faster than average.
D. A psychologist usually has obtained a Ph.D. in psychology.

172. The research area of psychology most likely to study stereotypes, group behavior, and aggression is:
A. social psychology
B. psychometrics
C. clinical psychology
D. developmental psychology

173. Dr. Klees has her graduate students pretend to faint while in a subway car to see how many people come to
their aid. What type of psychologist is Dr. Klees?
A. clinical
B. social
C. developmental
D. industrial

174. Changes in self-esteem through puberty and adolescence would be studied by what type of psychologist?
A. clinical
B. experimental
C. developmental
D. social

175. If you wanted to learn more about the social, emotional, and cognitive changes over the entire lifespan, in
which class should you enroll?
A. PY 300 Biological Psychology
B. PY 250 Clinical Psychology
C. PY 220 Developmental Psychology
D. PY 210 Social Psychology

176. Dr. Gilpin and his research assistants are requesting subjects between the ages of four and nine years to
participate in a study at the local college. What area of psychology is most likely being investigated?
A. industrial
B. experimental
C. developmental
D. physiological

177. Dr. Yates studies motivation and perception. He is most likely which type of psychologist?
A. industrial
B. experimental
C. social
D. psychobiological

178. ____ psychology studies such areas as sensation, perception, and emotion.
A. Experimental
B. Social
C. Cognitive
D. Industrial/Organizational

179. Psychobiological psychologists investigate:

A. how we process, store, and retrieve information
B. development across the lifespan
C. how our genetic makeup interacts with our environment
D. which measures best assess behavior and abilities

180. Dr. Odland conducts studies on what brain pathways are most affected by alcohol consumption. What type
of psychologist is Dr. Odland?
A. psychobiological
B. social
C. clinical
D. developmental

181. If you are interested in the effects of stress on the body, what area of psychology is best to study?
A. psychometrics
B. social psychology
C. cognitive psychology
D. biological psychology

182. Which of the following research areas of psychology combines knowledge of the brains functions with
computer programming to attempt to duplicate human thinking and intelligence?
A. cognitive psychology
B. psychiatry
C. experimental psychology
D. psychometrics

183. Your friend attends a speech at the local university. She hears about the research of a psychologist. The
research centers on special techniques that are designed to increase creativity and problem solving. More than
likely, your friend was listening to a(n):
A. cognitive psychologist
B. psychiatrist
C. experimental psychologist
D. psychobiologist

184. Your research paper is on the thinking styles of college students. Which professor is probably the most
useful resource?
A. Dr. Campbella psychometrician
B. Dr. Buckbeea clinical psychologist
C. Dr. Karweicka cognitive psychologist
D. Dr. Colea psychiatrist

185. While working on his Ph.D., James developed a test to evaluate intelligence in children. James is probably
studying:
A. clinical psychology
B. psychobiology
C. humanistic psychology
D. psychometrics

186. Dr. Howarth is studying a personality test and has concluded that the test is invalid. He is most likely a
specialist in:
A. psychoanalysis
B. functionalism
C. biological psychology
D. psychometrics

187. Larry is interested in studying how businesses can select and train the best employees. What type of
psychology should Larry explore?
A. social
B. experimental
C. industrial/organizational
D. developmental

188. Which of the following journals would be of most interest to an industrial/organizational psychologist?
A. Journal of Disorders in Childhood
B. Journal of Behavior and Brain
C. Intelligence Testing
D. Personnel Selection and Testing

189. As you read your textbook, you notice that throughout each module there are a number of review
questions. These questions are actually very specific. Why did the author include these specific questions in
each module?
A. To allow you to estimate how ready you are for the exam.
B. The questions provide for previewing for the next section of the module.
C. These questions allow you to gain closure to the material.
D. The specific questions make you focus on the general themes of the module.

190. Abdul is a poor judge of what he thinks he knows. According to the textbook, Abdul is most likely to:
A. set too specific performance goals that are inflexible
B. be a victim of poor time management
C. base judgments on general knowledge rather than on specific knowledge
D. base judgments on specific knowledge rather than on general knowledge

191. In order to judge how prepared you are for an exam, you should:
A. ask yourself specific questions
B. re-read the book two or three times
C. ask yourself how well you think you know the material
D. spend time reviewing your notes

192. The three goals discussed in the textbook with regard to studying are:
A. time goal, specific goal, general performance goal
B. cognitive goal, specific goal, specific time goal
C. time goal, general goal, specific performance goal
D. rewarded goal, concrete goal, time goal

193. Tanner did very well on his final exam in his psychology course. Tanner probably:
A. set a time goal
B. set a general goal
C. set a specific performance goal
D. cheated

194. According to research cited in Module One, what is the relationship between how well students think they
know the class material and their exam performance?
A. almost none
B. weak
C. moderate
D. very strong

195. What is the best way to study based on the research described in Module One?
A. Study in one long session.
B. Study in two sessions with time between them.
C. Study in two sessions with no time between them.
D. Procrastinate and wait until the last moment to study.

196. What is not good advice to tell a college freshman to improve note-taking?
A. write down everything the instructor says
B. write down lecture material in your own words
C. use headings or an outline
D. ask yourself specific questions about the material

197. The best lecture notes:

A. include everything the professor has said
B. include terms or concepts that you dont understand
C. are in your own words and associated with information you already know
D. list terms that should be learned through sheer memorization

198. Of the following, which is not a good thing to do to stop procrastination?

A. get organized
B. set specific goals
C. reward yourself
D. think of the final goal

199. Youve been assigned a major research paper in one of your classes. You feel overwhelmed. But then you
recall what you learned in psychology, and the task seems less overwhelming. What did you remember?
A. thinking about the final goal of handing the paper in to your professor
B. reminding yourself about other papers and assignments
C. breaking down the assignment into smaller goals
D. visualizing getting an A on the paper

200. The case of Temple Grandin illustrates that:

A. autism limits the productivity of the individual
B. autistic individuals can make important contributions
C. autistic individuals have severe emotional problems
D. autism can be cured

201. What common characteristics of autism actually helped Temple Grandin design animal handling
equipment?
A. thinking in pictures
B. a sixth sense that allowed some type of communication with animals
C. the ability to take detailed notes
D. being able to perform memory calculations

202. Temple Grandin, an individual with autism, would be of particular interest to a cognitive psychologist
because of:
A. her ability to do calendar calculations
B. how she processes visual information
C. her love of animals
D. the effects of brain injury on attention and concentration

203. There is strong evidence for the role of childhood vaccinations in autism.
FALSE

204. Psychology is defined as the study of mental disorders.

FALSE

205. Palmar sweating occurs when the individual is experiencing excessive bodily warmth.
FALSE

206. The cognitive approach focuses on how information is stored, learned, and remembered.
TRUE

207. Research has found that autism is related to more activity in brain cells involved in empathy.
FALSE

208. Rewards and punishment play an important role in the psychoanalytic approach.
FALSE

209. Self-management is based on behavioral principles.

TRUE

210. Freud argued that people have great freedom in determining the future and have much potential for
personal growth.
FALSE

211. Procrastinators tend to have parents who place few demands on them.
FALSE

212. Test anxiety from the humanistic perspective is seen as being related to problems in developing potential.
TRUE

213. A researcher in the United States believed that autism was caused by cold parents.
TRUE

214. The evolutionary approach is the most recent of the approaches presented in Module One.
TRUE

215. Structuralism studied the basic elements of conscious mental experiences.

TRUE

216. Introspection was criticized for being too scientific.

FALSE

217. James saw mental activities as serving some adaptive function.

TRUE

218. Wilhelm Wundt is considered to be the father of modern psychology.

FALSE

219. The Gestalt psychologists were interested in how biology and behavior interact.
FALSE

220. The behavioral approach focused on mental processes.

FALSE

221. Inez Prosser played an important role in the development of psychoanalysis serving as Freuds secretary.
FALSE

222. Most psychologists work in private practice or therapy settings.

TRUE

223. A psychologist and a psychiatrist have the same training.

FALSE

224. Experimental psychology examines development throughout the lifetime.

FALSE

225. Students have a good sense of how well they know class material.
FALSE

226. An effective way to stop procrastination is to focus on the final goal.

FALSE

227. Temple Grandin was able to design equipment for animals because of her ability to think in pictures.
TRUE

228. Describe behavior and mental processes and how the definition changed over the years.
Answer not provided.

229. Contrast how autism is diagnosed in the United States and in South Korea.
Answer not provided.

230. What are the four goals of psychology? Give a real-life example for each goal.
Answer not provided.

231. Select two of the modern approaches to psychology (e.g., biological, cognitive) and explain what their
focus would be in studying depression or helping behavior.
Answer not provided.

232. Compare and contrast structural, functional, gestalt, and behavioral approaches.
Answer not provided.

233. Why are Mary Calkins, Inez Prosser, and George Sanchez important in the history of psychology?
Answer not provided.

234. Describe how note taking could be improved based on the research cited in Module One.
Answer not provided.

235. Describe the role played by culture in how American and Indian students experience test anxiety.
Answer not provided.

236. Discuss which of the eight general areas of psychology would interest you the most as a career.
Answer not provided.

237. Describe how Temple Grandin was able to design equipment to handle cattle.
Answer not provided.