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1OI ! UV- !1 =; 3 =4 ,2%" 1!& !5
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)( -(4I !9> ,!'"; !1FZ rO ! ! =( % 9!'"; !& =1 =;= h4I
!1 !) "'e (%55 ;= r 1%) "I ,F!'"; ! rO *[ ; =<(.
)( ( 3 F3 ! = aCm k4Z h! ! &V*>9R !& &' <I! aC`%
=.h4I
)( h5! ,XV V1I !(e >(d9 !12 !.( B9> ,V(5
= h f-!(Q = ;= ,%1.> ,) , X(Z ; 2I QP ,R*(iP * x2 ! (RP!<(=
*)()& * " 5!(d95 !& ,) &F<I(iP " 1O "2% &!(r= .(
1g ! x31!
!-(% = r f-!(d95 .!& * =; ! <e!1e '& (P( % , 3
1eG% ! * 5! &P!(d95 !
*(F -'! ,) ;2(%.
1FZ !!(% 45 ,g &V*(5I !1 1OI Single pass instant ( ( V ,
( (d9> 5 !12 &!(!(%( &V x3! 45 ( 5I & (R4 45I
!12 !1(4X !( ., P1P( 5 `; aZ*(P >9 !" !12 !'(,QV
'& 1Z .,X
u 1'% !
1 &V!'"; ! "3 rO!m . 45 [ &V
f-!I ,F !"'1 [( ! 5 "O! ,5 P 45!(d95 1g V !. 45
,g( ! g !Rewetting or agglomeration process h5

12= Ì j"2 !'"; ,F%! ,F% f Ì Agglomeration! !<(.,

`4!12 =; 1P = k4G! ! a)1!- ! =<(= (% = k4G! ;= :
! R! Q!& 5!( B95 1I ,"2P> (56 ! h 5I .,4'G!( B95 !4,
(<5I UV 1%)% gI , ' ,F> <5! &4OI ,) (R`<% h= je'I % ,>9! (RF
!
= :9R>6 ! UV ,=G2 f-! (R`<% ; 'GI ,F(V
Z " 2!i,
! ,5 3!1% g) ,F!"(G !( !'"; !4 ~% ;= r =; f-!B()1
!<% a'G )(! -:
)((Z !12 !1 ( % =; !1R !& 5 < ! ( =`( =; (G% =( V
!(..
F3 =; !(
)( 1%) ,F(Z !"(G '& !12 !1 1R!(% [( ) f Z!1) .
)( !(2 !'12 12!(% '& () O f=( ;= X!(4 (R= hV!"(G.
)( (d9> I !12 ( I &V =; (. ( I h= =(Z % Z !( !. g
! !- e! ,! g =( ; %( UV!% ,%1g 1 3!& 1!&
10=< Q!F 1OI !(9 1 .aV 1< ["( !
O m! x4[( ! 45
! '& !1 !( ,Q! F)q! &B!
= :*!(e.
g! ( ,F% (%-! 1V 45! !'"; ,(X

(6) Oi! h= 1FG! h%(I
Agglomeration h 5! Rewetting g! ( -1

loading (1) =G= &! !'"; 12= (R V
[ &O P(O ! ! ,F)1% 1R! ( =; I ,F)1% hopper
(2) O! 9> &! ( = 4) =; 12!
12! g g! ( Agglomeration section
13 (I ,F)1% g!( R'OI I( B9> jX
! &4OI ,>!
e4I !< % (3) ,X(Z ,G`= ;= 2= ,%1g! h4I= 1R!=;
(UV ! 1R! ( I ;= ,X1% 2/1 &! 4/1 ;= F! O!
(B95! O! I ( % Wet collector (4) g! h 5!
!< (h 5! '& ( ,%1"P
Z 5! UV 36
.(5)g! 1R! h= g!

(6) O (P =12 1V !-(% ,F%( ! g
Redrying : 45! ( -2
g! h 5!( ( 3 ;= O! g! 12! 2
) 149 132 ,>; !G2! 1R! =; 13 (I ,F)1%
&! 45! ( , ' I .(6 ,X(Z ; G2I (4'= UV ; G2!
, ) !,%1"P6 UV ( 3.6 2.8) ,%1.! ,%1g! ,"2P
h 5! ( UV 45! !'"; h5 [ (7)Redrying section
.Dry collector (8) (5!
Cooling : "! -3
<(5! I (5! h 5! ( UV (5! 12! h 5I <%
Rotary powder (9) (Z (X
Z (1! 4) =; ,V(5!
f`= ; "(1 shaker table (10) 9R! !& !" valve
,9 , I 3 15 2 (R(2= 1'(P ;= z 2% (FC=
( 4GP \ !& -! !" 1( R'4) =; hV
e4= h5 !( > 12!( F 74 43 &! 12!

;= G= >1 "! f`= ,(RP UV .(11) !<(h 5I (UV
1% (G! 95!
! !& Z ;= O! I e'! %(! . 'e!
.(12) 5!

1I -4!Sizing : 5
&/ ` E J Clusters

3 . * 1&1 (12) T QM5+ ,"V
1" E# d ?3< , *<< *T
T E&/ 1J e .`<J
. . , ,J < 1

&0 g , H0 . (14), (13) LQ* 1) 1J
U 8 ZB ,j F M&; H0 T ) K-
;5 ,) H0< ,; K V&5&/ ,
* / 1- T T 18
1 ?- * ,j EJ5
". Tray type drier+
! &' 45 ,d jB(3 1i3 ) ,g!(jB(3

!C =; )G f-! ,F 1(P !"; = 45 -'! , !( , '%(3(% 3
= (R% ;O!1X1 !& (I ' ,! zI(P &F(d9 i
= =(2! V1" )<= F !'( *)>( , ' !-% R2
!"'.
&V- !I ,F 9!'"; !& > ," eI!& V j4G [ 5 h%
!1R *(Z " , ' ,(RP &V e % ,! j4G!& .,5 <m
!'"; !14G <%! '& ) ;= f e! '2! r - !&V 2
=1X &' 45 < j4P !'"; !'1R ! ;= ;Z(2) 4=; '&
!1e% 45 = ,Q 1X ! 2!& ,(RP!1O j4 !'"; I 3
9 V 4 45I =; '& ! 2 O &' 1 jB(3 1i3 =; !'"; !45
. Fine milk flakes!( &V zI f-!1O ,F = :=
! &=(2)F
! ; G2!<(! 9I* ,> , 78 ; I '& ! 1OI -'! '%(3(%
" G2I* . f-!1 ;"! 45I &V ,F '& ; QP ! "O ,
!1R ! V 'Z( ) P9I ,!(.zI
,g!1. !!(% ,445
Puff spray drying process
g k<% (P =12 !'"; 1V !-(% 3 a'Z (R V

!'"; ! ~% rO!(C !('! ,'% &F (R
1= ,V(m =1.'! ,"r .! ! u1 !'"; ! =(O!45
,F%!1. ! 1Z = ;= 2!((iP
! , '%
) ,!-(%.
1FZ (P !"; (= = ,F% 45!1.

UV g - !Q( * I< !; ;"'!(%!& [ 3.3

2 ;G!& 73 ! G2I) , P([ 15 ; ="5 [ (&Bm xI :aC
2500 ,X1% / g! [ ,<% 9!& 1= % 50 Z &O! ,"'X
!'"; ! O &' rO1. !& 5 ! UV 45 f-! ,F
>9 (Z "( ; ;= ,%1"P! . 'e!(e'! % =( ,G`= ; %
hV!'"; ! rO ! 1g . f- ,X1% 25 ,%1"P6F3( 1
3 ,X1% %(. ; ,X1% 5 <% &' (R !> ; aCm xI
2000 ,<%= ,X1% / g ,) QI(X jg ; !1Z
(Z `" a(G . !'"; !(C!(% <% rO '& O1.
=; !F Z ! ,%1"Pq! Z6!& ! ! Atomizer5 Z
!!(% 45 .

3> f-!\I ,F !& 1'= ;2I , X(Z &V*(iP ) ,!-(% t4!(%
xI! O)1O ! u1>1 " ;= ( "2P!(d95 !2 " ! 5( ! u1
" =; f-!(d95 !O ,[( ! 451O
OI !-> f-!(d95
!2 FI* (RI(<5I[( ! <%! 45 [( !<" .,d=( !(d95 ! "O !&
&V u
I! ,F!<( h>V ,!& *!(e "2%! ,%1g!<(! ,[( ! 451OI >(d9
= ,g :O<% ,F2!1. 1OI !(d95 = , =(2= V15.i

u ( ,!> ; !1
Z !\I 45 !&-:
,'3 -1 ,!'"; ! rO!& .(R4 45I
tP-2! ,V(rO!12'! , 'O !(.zI
-3( !((iP
! , '%.
-4( ,!; !.
-5( 5!(d95.
! ! u1 " ( , X(Z &V!(-'! , '%(% ( ; % xP!12 !- ! ; (C!(% ; %
! !- )< V12= 3 =; !> ;.
(7) O!<
; % ,3 ,!(C !((iP
! , '%
!!(% 45 '& =,`4G

3 45! ,g 1968 .Hussmann!1 !-C , B!&

% ,2% [~I>( ! !Heat sensitive material ,<4I
(i3 * ,-.! &',1; ! ; jg !( !
ZI (R4 45I!& ,V.! O &' 45 h= %(I!(C
!(5 ) ' ,! 45 ! ,%1g! , "2!;= ' (= ,<4I
=< !" G!"F'! &B =
=(C'! (R2 ;O !-%!(,QV
'& !F 54I( '& 1i3 O = &V h5I F2!
*Z =; ! 451OI >(d9 =12 !i3 (R =, F) ,F2
V &' .4= &'Z! ! 45!F'! &5 h= (R2=
%
(. ! 45! ;= &!(G! ,%1g > , =<! ,)*(%
&V hV!(C !& = ,F! 45 eV!( zI!.45
!12 !(-R% zI !1O ,F (2 !' ;O

,P~% ,4X =(2 '& 1 O >(d9 =f<5
Shriveled f=(mWrinkled ;= &!(Z!154 !(, B
)1 Z!95 &V! ,"F! , F2 !-!(d95 ! :
!i3 (R (Z> Crust ,*
Z &V! !"(&B
! RQ! t4! O)(d95'! &%1O !-R% 445
! ; ,F! ,F!' z ,)()( =; !" G!"F
!- *1'! 2OI "2 !
"2(= ,X`( *(4
%"( ! .,RO- !( zI!1O 45 ) h!-(% &V
!( %> , ;= `V!( zI!([ F% !!(% 45.
12=
rV !'"; ! =(O!(-R% zI ! ,F(iP&V f
!( 1[ 10-1 ; % ( V 12= ( % !'"; ! =(O!(5
( !& 2 &' , 3* 3> h- !4 ,) &V
!-(% !& ! !"( &B! &=(2! "O["( *!*(41)
!1 > '3 !& * ( %1( ,< "g CI!"; I
- !12 !(<% zI %100( 9 I- !,F
Z ,P~% =' ,! 45*!& ~(. &I !;= 45

!(d95 !& 1!(%
= (RV(4> I !( F ' (R!&
!(d95 *'Z !& ) .(R4 45I! , ' I &O! 45
(4O% 5 ( I !1R % &V ( "2P d F% ,2%
! 45!- (% 9 (4I .!<(.
iP! B(2! &V ,4 45I :O f(5I1Z !1RCountercurrent&V

F3 = 5 = %(i 1OI !F = a)1= &V 2P(5! 5! ;
jg>9R ! `4 1OI ! )% ,3 4 !% 45
= 5-31OI )Z , !F =(/= 3 0.1 ; %!/= 2 `4 ) , P(r
( `4 1O ! &FC % F3!" ,"F% ;= ,Q= ,V(r
!( !(G !i <% a2! &' 45 ;= ,F3() ,"g ,d!(d95
=(' ( B(RP( (". !( f! V(5( !1R ! ,%1g!(% h"2!-

=F3 : ! ,Q! B(2! 1 g%!(d95 !> , 3 ! ,V(5(
= (RI Z = h!F &V =' ,! 45' (V !1O 3(4 3
=( ;O1O ! ;= ' e!( &V zI f-!("I %99.5-99 ,F
F3!F ( =(O = 1000-300 ; % .( I ,) a"m ;O
!1R 5!(d95 , ' I %!V &V 45 =()"I , =(-10 ; %
., P([ 120
5 <(= (. ! % ( B"= 45*1 '& r

=; %10 ,%1g 31! '& > , I& I
=(18 4X ; % 5 )<( >( f'& =;
30 ! ,!(. ;= ,%1g ! 45=( &' ) 5!(%
=' ; *!& 40- &V!70- , P(r( =(%&' f
"( !1 2!(O ! ,V(5 "( !1 2C ! V(5
*! >( =1 ! >(O' 2 ;= f .!1G . !1R =;
!" = %95-65 ; %(= &' (11O ,%1g !" '&
O)1F &P e 3 = 50-40 ; %(= (4I!& 200
= ! 5 CI = &V d>(4 ! ,'= ;= ,Q! 45
!)"F'! ,.
(ReP* k4G!(!; % 12!( d9> 'CI ,g

Coating powder particles with lower melting point fat
h) 45= =( !"; ,(X &V (i! u

! =;
;"! (P(% ,X(G!' I ; !& V ,%1<X r 1OI (%-!
&V ;"'!> ; 1I ; (i! f- Q<= zI V
;= 9> >1 37 ;= 3 ,>< V 12!
&V <2! !( 1O(= ("!(.'" e= ,!( &' ;!
( (% ,> !f- =; 3 ,>*)>( '&
(d9> F)( V *)>(x3' B() !( &' ;!
'" ="'' g= (1O (!% 45!(= O!!'";
, '%(3 &V 1'= (4GP z ;' !eI (V
.'"'! ((d95! F) ) 12!

'& - (V =( ( xP> , !12 !( *[ ; '&

=; ,FP(ReP !; (V )>( !'"; ! =(O! ,X(Z ) 45
=( ( 3 I(d9> xP x"X" r= (= ,F%( ! g
(Single pass ,!1R2%% m !'' !9.B
!(V !- )" ; !'"; %; ,FP ! Z(ReP =2 ,`4G
..(m(4GP
12= `% ) h*(iP r(m(4GP
)% 1965 ,)J. J. Mourey 5 Z !R = (R(P
=12 !"; 1OI <% I(d9> V!!(% 45 = 4'C!( B9> 1
'& *(% 3 1OI =; ! !95 =; ; !'"; !-
B() Q
>( ! !16 ,`4G - !( u1! zI ,4X = &4GI P
Hydrophobic ! a)1'! fO!( (=(I &B1V "e !-(% &V
!( 20
tG'I!:&'( V ,F
<-1 !; &V!'"; !1 % =(O !12 !(&' zI
%28; &' 2I)( !12!(% ,%1g .%3
) ( xP ,!'"; ! =(O!& ) (R= e4 100 (R4 45I
35.64I !'1e '& i3 %35 (R%; <( !'";
!4 !( ;= zI f-!<' ,!& &3(% ,!'"; (64.4
4I -2 !i = Z !'1e '& i3 ) %80 (R% O
; '& * ) 3!'"; !4 `( !& !'"; !.(&'O
` -3; !'"; !& >(% ' eV [ : 5I ,!,"F
!( , B! , '42(Ì !& &3(% ,!'"; !(F.
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!12 (R'eV!& ; 23( "'1 16 ;= %8 r
- !1 ( %! 2* Z!- ;= %2 r !12 1O
=; >9 !; !- 16 B() Q - !95 *(" Z ;
!( !(G !& (d9> 'CI , ' &V <2I !12 !& I
!1FG..
,(RP &V!1FG
a'GI -5 ,!'"; !(F !4 &' ,14 9> !- !; !"'1
'& 16 50 &' fRX <% 2= ,F% (<= 2 I '& 90
! 1[ 5-2 <% &P! 9!'"; w4I xI =),`4G
45 = (
r!& !& ,"2P eI!15= %!& 1!(% %40.
<% -6! ; G2!& 60 :5!( ; '= &' :5= &V zI ( Z
!` aC!() ,< "g 2!'"; & *9! 9I> ,!( zI!; 9
=< ,
45 -7!( 45= &V zI! f2= ,F% e= a"m ! % ; G2
* a)1= 9 !1R Z!(R5 ; 70 * 9I! ,%1g!" &V ,
!12 ; .% 6- 5.5
<% -8! !12 !( ,(<% zI!& 5 =G(I*Cyclone , g ' ,
!95!(% 'C ! ;= B(2!; ) ;= %2 rI ,!12(.
1= k4G! -9 !12 =; ! ,%1g!& %3 (V 3 !12 &' 45
= G9 =(% ( I =; !1R !1 ) ;Z(2!& 100( . ;O> ' ,
! 45! , ' "3 , B(R!., FC
5 -10 <%! 12'! &B(RP "I '& = G9 Z=(% ( I =; !1R
!(5 [ <"~ 1" &V =()".
!'"; ! =(O!) !( f-R% zI!~% 9 ,F ! -'! , '%(3(% !14 &V!(
'& >25 , f-R% u4= Q! <% & , X(G!4! ;9G '1g*;O
9 I 1> CI &V!
Z ,RO f-!4.
,g ,V(m!1 !(i !&F2

*(P !"; (= !) 1V !-(% ,V(m(%!1 !(i !&F2
! u1 a'Z ,P!' h= ; r 2!( zI! 45!1 '& !;
)1 a'G!(%! ; P1O'! &< "F % !' &' ; r 2!(d95 !4,
!'"; !!(% 45 [ <(= - !12 1O ! ,F%
OI (V
!( zI! ,!1R2% e &B(R!((iP
! , '% !"' %
!..,P1O
[~I (m ,ROP &' f!1 !,P1O
") &' -1!(r ,(X!'"; ! 45! =(O!) a'G!'";
!!(% 45 (> 1 1%!& 1!(% %1.5-0.1 =; !' ; r 23
> 1!(% %0.5 "<I! ,"2!()" ,- ! a'G!(5 ;O
= 1% ( O P(O)(R> ,F )(= a'Z ;G2 3! ! ; r2>,
(9! k4G! , V> ! &O `
Z ;= aC [ 1V j m
=12 !'"; *% &B <%! ' !1'G > & ;`P
1I :P(5I h!' (d9> h > &' ; r2 !12.
hV -2!12 <%! !& 1FZ !Instantizing 1!&

(R!
Z(d9> a% =12 !'"; !
OI O &V (R`<% h= =(O
(<5I 1i , B' ,! 1=(% I f- !1'G
Z =,F
)I (R V!(d95 !& ! !- <5) ,>9! (RF,'%(3
!
!(e ) %12-10.(("I ,%1g
<%-3! k ,130-82 ;= I( & "e!12
1'! ,%(F= ,%1g(4X !%2.5) ,%1'F.(,%1g
(2 ' ,! 45!* % , B(R [( > (RB
'! 2OI ; % a%!(d95 !4 ,!
O'! ,P1O.
"! ,F)1% ;"'! 45I

Drying of milk by application of cold
G"I &' ( ' *!"(45I ,(e! (5! 1F!& %

=(*x> ( . !,F)1% ( =; =(R%(=
( )<(R ' &% &! :)* !" ,F)1% ;"'! 45!
-: & 45!& V "!
;"'! !( =; 1''% eV [ !(5I ,F)1% 45! -1
.9 !F! ,F)1%
,'O! !( =; G"I [ ;"'! 5I ,F)1% 45!-2
(Freeze drying 45!(=& ) 2! ,F)1% 5!
45I!'"; 5%!( F!(% ,'eV !9

tG'I! &V ,F hm!'"; !4 1X &V5 &O! , . &P

=; '& !& ) F<= 4!i !5 * (% 1%) ,F!'
! &V(O!& "e =(1 ! ,'O! R%(i= , e! z'r!R
&V f-!(!1OI , !"''1 "( ; =( =5
Snow&VSnow- like
=(1> ;= , 5 ,"F% ,g= !'"; '& (!5= . , '& !
k1I h= , !( , ) ;= h!"(G '& ! ,'O!., 5'r
\I - !<(=' ,!& !1> ,= !'"; " !&' ;= ,'B(2

!"''1 ! , 5'r!& 1e= &"I Z!(R5 GI ( %
>1= !'"; ! f912!(% (R! 2 '& ,"g O, 3
'& 3 =" ! <% 5I &O! 1> aiOI= !'"; =;
'& ! ! '& 1i3 ,d -Z\Iw4I xI 45I
'& = ,F)1 =<! .,[( ! 45 (` ,'"3
!& !15= !1i3 O &' ) ,<5( ;= ,!i
!< <! &4OI ,! ! &B(R!& ! !1'F.
! 5% 45!'"; [ G"I!( ) &=(2!(%!( 45

`; )( - ! k k4G! &4OI ,> , I!& > , Eutictic
temperature! % ,X(G& > ,! !& 5( (=(I
> (P1O= h !'"; & 5I ,FP ;= 3!(.'& - (V =( I
k<I!'"; !& aCm*(4GP ) =;= 1/50 j'F= aCm
r
!"(V (,X1 !( ;
e4= 5!'"; '& 1''% ,d [', 5
CX > 1> &"I= !'"; '& I ,d (> &B(% ,"i!O R
!< &Q =( ) - !` aC! &' k4G!( [ )' xF ,
=; ! '& ! ,'O!5 (V !1) z'r &=(2 1 =;
[' 5= z!& (G% =( % ! '& !(! ,! ,'B(2(% >1=
!'"; >(.V
5 , ' I!('! 5 !-C(`! ,2% , B 1''% 5 CX !z'r

! ,P1O!
&3 1Z &V CI &P !( zI) ,!1R)>( 3
!(R> &V 5 ! 455 5I!( * (Z !(R5 1O ! 5
'& > , 29- .*= !(% =e ! &V ; G2 f-!1O ,F
; jg!(<*(% ; G2 ! X1!Conduction or &%RO
Radiation.
=(I <" 1*)( 45I &V!'"; =; !(! ,!5 .! j "F!<'&
!( f-R! zI! ;
`V ;` ,F!
!'(i ! ;= t'G'! , )R! 5
!(G"! B(R !( !- h= z!( &' ,QV!` aC! i*(4GP;V .
!< (G% !( <" =( '! ,'%(3 i% (4GP(% !`(V aC ! 5
!(G"'! Specific volume &1 )1 9 g!(V!1 =; (G% !(
!` aC!15 1!& 3 13 = . <O ,P!` aC!&V k4G
(!( (V (j'F= aCm 1/50 f- ;= g!( !1'F !1) = t'G
330000
= 5 !-! ("<O! ,- !(G% ;= 5 !( 5% P1OI

)(% =((% &' ,QV('! ;O !` aC! k4G!- <"
)( !(5 ' ,! k<% &V 45 ,QP>9R ! 45
! ;= t'G ,!"(G !=(% (e(4'= &' f "I
(R% 1V !'30- &' 5 ' (G% (R !(
1 !& [' .z! <% = t'G*(RP =; ' ,
! &V . 45>9R Z !"(G !(G '& =( =(,X
<% (R G2I ;O ,F%*(RP =; !<' ;= t'G'! ,
! ,%1g! (R% ,e( )G=.(R
xX>9R - ! Ci'! ,F! % 2 ! 45

;= =(O!(%1Z !'"; !& Z "1 !12 ( . &V I
*1= 'I h= ; 52 ! &V ,%1g!'"; !& > ,
*(4GP ;
`V . >,! ! ,`4G!hI ,=G2
(= x* ! 45!1 !<`-R% ,1 !,F
(5I zB(P xm ;= r!"(14I ; r >1 !1 !-C, B
!& ;= 45I!(! ,!5 9 = ;= .!(% - ! ,F*
! j "F!(5 !(= (R = *(4I !. !(O
(R> i ! 45!(G (%!i( !- < ,F%
=2 *>9 !(! -:,
5-1 Ci!(% 2I ,F% e= k4G= aCm xI 45I

(4O% aCm xI*(4GP.
,")(= w4I ,G`=-2 (4 =* ,<4I! ,!1R ' ;= ("I
5 !. 45
;=,15=-3)( B =(e ! ; G2 (Z eI %(R'Z
) a!; G2
;= ) -4!e'! %(3 . 'e r= ,m !(G2 )O
;= 0.015!" &V O% &' j!9 ,X1
! ; "P(5&' (e'= j!9
! F2!<'1 !'(G2.
-5 1'= "! "I =( ;= &B'1 !' 1 r.
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3 27500 =.<O
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% &< "g>1I h= ,4 4Z ,> !(d95 ,!'1 , O%
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& &V U.S. Extra!'"; !4 ! 45!(,g ;= zI
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!> U.S. Extra , 12% = ,ROP9 = ,3 !'>,

U.S. Standard( =12 1%> =1 " =;
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=( !
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Z ,". ; !'";.
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("Z* ,"! () ,5 P &F
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* ,"2P 9I!.%5 &' ,%1g
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I ,"2P!) %1,5 ; %.%26 ;= 3

* ,"2P 9I!.%5 &' ,%1g
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* ,"2P 9I!) ; . %1,5

* ,"2P 9I!.%5 &' ,%1g
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=9 !) ' ( '& . % 1 . 5
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* 9!< ! &V (O"'! &'O! z!< !
)
R !"( '& >/, 'Z 10000
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1OI O = ;= , !(Z !' : >1 )1P1= (2).(R=1

1OI ='! ,%(F !12 ;= (R%!12 !.,F4
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! t4*<(& '& !1 =; ! ! % : B
!1 1186 3
:( B9
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,"2P!
1 &V .%53
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B
= ! (2P(5!1G !.;"'! , 2
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! ,F% 45! .
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( 2I 1Z ("!6 ! ,445!& [

(23 :
!1G !, < "F
5 iI O) F!( B95 ! ,V(rO!(( 2P
! , '%
!((iP
! , '% UV!1R '& (". O !(! ,!(P1O'! , < "F
! UV ,"'e!( B95 =( 1) ;= (R% B(. =. ,e
!1G !( O ,! ,1
! C !( [~I ;= ,5I! '& !(P1O ! ,4'G[( !,(e
!
(4 ! I U[( ! ;9G *)<(.
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& UV ,!'"; ! 45 ;Ì! ,RO!,V(m(% RQ
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!: ,%1g

Moisture
( =1 ("!6 ! ;= ,445! ,%1g! ;= rO6(

Z
' ,! 45 ;= r 1= Z ! !<(
!' UV ,%1g!'"; !4 =; 4 - 3=; ;"'! 3 2!=(O
! 45 ,V(m(%!& =( !' [~I ;= ,%1g '& !
1 !(!,
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'3
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Density
: ,V(rO!
;= ,(5! , (! =; ,=(R! 1G! !'"; =; 12= ,V(r<" I

(2I (RP; ! ( 9G! 9 1"<! 5 &' (~[ I
; =(UV 1R! UV ,!1= "eI &! ( B95! , UV ="(
(m ,'Oi= "< 15! UV ;"'!"( . >1I ! G! 45!
: h =(5= !& [
,V(rO! 2I .(e36 =; [( r
(B95! ,V(r - Bulk density , (, ' ,V(r
Particle density
True density , ! ,V(rO! - >
,V(rO! 12! ,V(r Bulk density ,(Q! ,V(rO!
=< ; 9 Ci -! 12! & "( ; ,d"<!
,V(r !& 2I & ='' ' / 5!(% (R "< 15!
Ioose bulk ,OO4= ,V(r Packed bulk density ,)1"O=
. density
( 3 6!& g <% !< ,!& "e!x%([ 5

.( "2P=( ! ,V(rO!(Q ,!I V ,OO4( "3!F
I ! ,V(rO! ;"'! Packed bulk density , 'O!4 =(
0.18 ; % ( % = / > 1.25!'"; ! =(O!) !45
,F%! I 0.5 ;= V(r!& =/ > 0.6!'";
!4 ! ,F% 45*)1F(P 1OI 0.3 ; % (= V(r
u
.=/ > 0.5 !'"; ! ,F% 45!1. !(% !
3 ;"! ' ,V(r*)1F(P =( ,g!!(% 45
&F<V" ,V(r( > ' ,! ,(X UV O!'";
1V !-(% k4GI!<% ,V(rO 40 . ("I 60

I ,V(r!( B95 !'12 ! ,F% 45!( ! &' ,1= C1 ; % (= True density
1.26 ;"'! =/ > 1.32(= !) 1.44 ;"'! = / > 1.48!9 = !; (<!(% (R%(2 ;O!,
!(! :,
!= ,V(rO
110

+ SNF +
1 1.6
0.93
31I ,V(r!( B95 &' Particle density ,!1R ! 95 Z!( B95

=; !<1= !& 9! (R ' [\I> ,!'"; hV!1R UV! B(2!"3 9
!. 45
[\I =; ,g ! &' h e! ,V(rO!12'! , 'O %>,

" ;= ,X(Z!~[ '& =1 !( B95 =; !1R ;V (R5
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(9V !1 ! UV ,"'e!'"; ! 9 aCm 'I hV! )<( 3 "
! ;= 9! ,V(rO!(Q) ,!12'! (, 'O !( . zIV !- !( B95
! Ce 1OI (RV(r" '& )( CiI (RP!<"9 ,d UV ( CX
(! ,!( B95 ! "O V !- =1'G !( B95 ! "O ! Ce 1O ,V(r
" - ;= zI(P !4(. !& 1OI ; %!( B95 ! "O (R'CiI!( B95
CX !. 5
!(( 2P
! , '% :
Flowability
;= r!1 !-C 5 , B 1O ! ,X(Z (R( 2P

> & I ;O! (R)<(! ;= ,!1R2% (R f-!1
("!6 !V ,445 ,!12 UV Z>9R ![~I 45
f-R%! , X(GV !- )<( !(Re z! "O ((P
! ;9G!12 ;= *%6 ( = m1 ,f-
!., X(G
;= ; 1P >1*( 2P 6 < '& ,!, B95

! &P(r 1( 2P ! ,15!'"; !4 !(r= 45 !'1
6 =( !'"; (= !) !(2 Q<V 45 h =(5= UV
.
=; 1Z !'"; ! 45!& &' [\I!(( 2P

! , '% 1
5 O ,V(r ,< "g! F2! ,i*)(, O I
!'( B95!(V ., B95 ! "O (2I ; ,!1R2%!( B95
CX6'& ! ;= PV! h5I 4!" "( ! Ce UV
= h =(5" Agglomeration ;= !-! `4 1OI
!" "( [(= 5 >1 UV ;("I!15
\ !&
!( B95 ! Ce !'4(. =( ; %!( B95
! "O ; z! =12 >( B9 (= (X
I r
9*(O I !( B95 ! Ce ! "O &!(!(%
' =; ( 2P
! '%(3.
=; !V Oi ! Oi!O 1O ! 1Z ( 2P ;= `V

! . Oi! Q!- ; z!1F)*(% 45(P V !-
!( B95 ! ,V(rO6" ) ["( ! I ( 5!& *( 2P ,2%
( ! F2 ;= ' :'=6*(O 2 &!(!(% =; *( 2P.
=( >1 ; !'"; PV!& ,) 'I*( 2P 9 -
!~[ >( ! !& "2I(ReP !; =( f [~% ,P
>8 , .3
=; !V ,%1g (1R "2I (RI >9 =,<5
=( ' =; , X(Z*( 2P !'12 ~iI f-! O=( ; jg
!(45 !( !"<( B9> k !'"; !V !- 1= ,V(m tI
! ,%1g =( 1<!(% &2= !(2 '& *( 2P Free flowing
agents!& !'"; ! , X(Z ;= ;2I 45*( 2P =; f-!1
)' (O !12 !(O (Ì 1.5 ,"2%)' (O !1e1
1 P1!6 (Ì 0.5 ;= ,"2% . 1.0
!'1 :
Colour
5 1O !1 !12 k % i3 =([ 3 . UV CI

!1 !( ,!( UV ,X(Z zI!12 ! ,F% he*)1F(P (
=( (e- !1R C ! ,RO! ,Z1"F ~i- !,5 P C
( ! x31!-
= V :!12 ) F*)1F(P ! ,Z(2
,5 P( aCm!"(G Z*)1F(P ( 1 3 .!12 >9
=% (<"= '<5I ,3> , ,m- `( = UV i("!6
! ,F% ,445*)1F(P ;= z ! aiO! jB(3! =(O!'";
!(5 I >9 = F)q! :=
Q (R! ,Z(2 [\ 3- '&
!((>)
! , '% ,ROP!(.zI
,!( UV!12 !( ; zI!!(% 45 * ("!(CV

% RQ!'1 !"& ! ,RO! ,Z1"F* , (! ,V. UV ,! . 45 ((P
G2 3 1 =; Z!(R> CiI UV he
!(". ) ~i (= 45 !'"; !1>1 1> UV
! he( z V G2I>1 >9 =,3
UV!12 ( ,!( UV P ! a'G!( !1R
! h= 45 !'"; V k<%9>6
! ,=(I C!(45 5% je'I 5 ! 45I

"2I>1 >9 ,!'1 UV!( zI!.45
2O 3!12 !'1 !"& [( ! ;9G!
9Z '& > , = h= ,<4I( ,"2P
! 1> UV ,%1g!9G - )1 (
!12 ,F% zI(P! *)1F(P ,5 P
!' ; % (4!
1 !" ; I(4% &2 (= 1
=
. Maillard reaction
!,RO
Flavour
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=; ,<g ,%1.= . B! G)(% !";
)((g B , . ,ROP 5I)G !"; % B
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! r= ;= t'G f-! B ,X(Z!( ;= ,5I,B
!<' [( ! w4I xI 9 1FZ UV !RQI . 45
`( ;"'!(%! k<% 45 ,<g6Z6 ,5 P!<(=
! ,[( ! r= h e! <F!1"F !

)!(a(i
11R r UV("!6 ! ,F% ,445*)1F(P

* UV!'"; ! ,F% 45! *
) x=G>( = ,V. UV ,<4I! 45
<g!12 !(1F)*(% zI(P ~[ , '<%
!1O ( % 45 !~[ 6" !' UV C! <F
!12 ! !> , ! ; G2!"RQI .&B
k<%!(RO 12= UV !'"; [( !;= zI ;9G
(4I!
1 !"
= (4I) ; I( =; >,R
2 !; =; > ,RZ .
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: *)>(
!'"; !
)>(12= , '%(3 "( , ' UV (!(%
(iP* Solubility (%-'! , '%(! =; O!
'"! Sinkability :FC! Dispersibility
Wettability
9 = ,4X ! (R=; !<

=( ! 5 ! f-R!(4e
1O =12 !'"; ) h*("I (!(% % 'I
:4P <2!1G ! 9 !'"; ! B(2!<(
,!1R2V!((>)
! , '% &' [\I;= r
*)<(* = Ì r!i(% )< ,!`
Beverages!'"; !<( I " Recombined
milk(5= k<% I ("!6 !15% ,'B(2=
!'"; ..!.
=; !<1= !& &' [\I!((>)

! , '% 5 O,< "g
) F ,V(r!( B95 (R'[(I=1( =; !1R I ",X(Z (R
! ; % ,"2!15= !'" . ,! ,!; >1 k<%(V(m
!1G !( O ,!& iI ,!" ; I!rP
*)>( = r> , =; !'"; ! 45!( ,,< "g
..
2!( ,g!'
( , X(Z [~I!((>)* , '% !'"; ! 45`( Q%
>9R 1FZ !1P r= h e ! 45(QP ! > ,!("r
! !'"; =<(=' ,! ; G2!" ;"'! &B! 9!15= !, 'O
!'( zI! 9> , !1R !(G = =
=12'! 2
>1 (". !'"; , ' ,3! G 5 [(I!( B95 ! g
>1 >9 = ,<5> , = !;9G
!((iP
! , '% :
Dispersibility
& ) ,(iP 1I( B9> h !12 UV)a

*)>( =; *"( !'1e '& ,<4I= , '%(3
!
(iP !-(% & !<(=
! ;9 O'! ,[(
!(9V h e !<(=' ,! h= ,( !15= "2I(
,! C!
><& )!P( xI *)>(
!<( ,- ! ;9 O!- ! 1O * fP =<'x%([ j
<" =<(= !-(% ( = Solubility index !';9 O
!.P
,!( UV!1F)*(% 45(P < (i. !'"; !>(

(R ~i( ,!"( I !P =( ! 45
!(% ( % ,< "g UV CI 3!" ; I= 9
! C!- ; G2%!'"; ! 9!& >(
= ,<4I! ,'1g ( B9 !'"; !& 1 45I
= h4I! (R> UV ! 45=; !< 1 ! ,<B(i*(iP
! C(= !" F (% ," =; !15= UV!(
'& ! F2 >1 ;= ((%!1. '& ) F(P.
!(: '"'! , '%

Wettability
& 'GI!( !& Z!( B95 = >( B9 !'";

!(<5I ;1O! 45 ('! V(m '%(3 <m rI
!'"' !-(% ! 5!( B95 &' [~I!(CeV '"'! , '%
5!( B95 CX ~i (R'[(I!4(. !" ,
)2I ,!1R !(
Z !(<5 &' .!< ;= :O!
!( B95 ! "O ! ,Q= C! . Oi( >1 !15=
!(-'! ,'%(% F) , (P!( B95 ;2!('"'! , '%
V !- =(O >1 >( B9 !; ,FP(ReP( \[
`( '& !( '"'! , '%*(iP.
!(: :FC'! , '%
Sinkability
I '& , '%(3!( B95 *> ( = ,F!-5 !&F2

!' a)1!( &B& = '"'! , '%(!(% (=(I ,F"I=; !<1=
! ,=(R!\[ ' (R& =1 !( B95 =; !1R ('OV
'( , '%(3 x'3!( B95 !' :FC` - !~[ ,!( UV
!'"; ! ,F% 45!1. > ,4 <m :FC'! , '%(3 'V.
, ' ;2I ( %! O ! ;"'! h5!!(% 45
!<( Oi% , '%(3 m!( B95 !(,5 P :FC'! ,5I
( !(<5.
!"(6 j (2= '"I *)>( :)

Wettability and reconstitutability principles principles
31( !
)>( R '%(3 ,) UV !"(6 j (2= 'GI
Structure of the (d95'! UB("! ! -:&' !
participle
12= ,'O% ( (R !( i ,445!( !'"; 5= h >
! ..i! 12= (= O! !'"; 12= r= Powder
!12= r= ,4'G= F% 45! ,!( UV (
Roller (P1F)* 12= Spray Powder
<2I "Powder 12=" ,' V
% .Powder
,V(> ,'O! '& ,X(Z ,4e% !( RQ= &' !
. >CX ,4! ( B95!
- U"2P =6'& > ," =; *

Z 'G V
F3!( B95 !4 ; % (= ,O = 5 ;= 3 !& ;= r
O = 1000 * ! UV!12 !1 1O ;= 3
! . rO%=12 !'"; !!(% 45 I( B9> 9 I
!4 (RP~% , ,! ,=( ,4e% Oi! 11OI (RP .
= UV ,Q! Oi!F3 "i (= (R= hB(i != h =(
1O = ;= F2 >1 "P 3 ,g UV! !<(,
k<%! Q<! O !' =; !( B95 h> (%! !&
(eI !( B95 ! '% (R1OI <% ( B9> x4> U(! (
> 12'! OI ! ,F% 45! !<(;= "< ,
!<' ( ! , (e! j (2= , X(Z ;"2! ,%1.!'";
!
(iP UV!( .Dispersibility
!( B95 !4 ;"'! ,!!(% 45 1OI 3 ,"'X

"= ",F2! ;O! hB(i 11 (
Z &' (RB1 , B
V(. f-! (
G !4(. :;= ~iI 3

Z F3 ! !(C% ,'B(2 '& O1. ! ,Q!
- ()6 > <2 .spray-dried puff
1OI (i. F) &' fG%q! -4= .!F !- \
!& (4P !( B95 V ;1OI(. =( G"I!,%1g
! ,%1g!% U (R'Z h!(iC )Z ,> (R'& -
V ! ,V(rO! j (2'! bulk density , 'O!(1= ;= ,5I
!= (R '& r= ;1OI f- , i.6! I , F2'(
x<4I> , 1 ! 45!G2 1V .(R!1Z
a'GI V! h 3(4!1R( B95!(% , B ! ,Q13 1 Z

! B(2!1[ ;= ,<V ! !1 !-5 !UF22
!1( !& F3 ,( !12 !!(% 45
!- I! 1 aC`!(% V '& 3 ;= 3!(
G
!1RQP , B ! 5 Ce!( B95 ; ! !- I! V
F!(% !9.
1OI >( B9 =12 ,g*)1F(P =Flat ,F2
,Q= .! Oi (R5 'G ( V
Z" ! ( <"I>,
! <% ;F!. 45
2I 3!(! ,! , < "F , )()6!1I U> ' ( P1O= (R

!'"; ( UV U!( B95 !'! '2= "< ;"'!(V ,445;
UV!'1 !( O2! UB!
1 k<%
=6 !<, P
1 ` ( '& !"( I k<%
=6 !<&' , P
. j'<= O (5= UV !'"; !4 !i 1OI
,!; CX !-R V >( B9 !'"; !1OI 45
)() ( =; *1 =i% 9 '& ) Syrup O(
'& 1''% ,d CX ,! Oi!"''1 glass
state% Z- !
1 iI!"( I k<%
=6
!<. ,!( &' , P,
1> >9 !; '& .'2= O1 3> >9 =;

) O!
1 '& 1''% ,d ( 1OI =; !1e (4!6
!( -hydrate , B*( k<% UV ,' '3)1OI , B(r
=; !1e ( %!
=(.-anhydride , B
1! ,"2!(%(" " h !; (! ,>1( ;V!<
(" " 5 !; ( < "g 'G ( V
Z" k<% f-
!" "( 1> '& ) F!( B95 ;= ( "3! F2
= ,(2!9I F2 ! O =; !12 =CX h
5!( B95 V ,"2P!; !- 1O '& ;= 3
!9I F2 = 5 t3(I h!( B95Oi!(% tG ( V
!"''1 !" "( !; V ; !'";
"'1 !" < = !"'1 O!"''1 UV

=12 !'"; '& ) ,!" > ,! ! U!"
! (R ! t4! O) k =1% U%1O!1'4)x
! fluorescente)( B9> , !'"; ! 45> UV P!'";
! ,F% 45! ! =(O!) ! ,(e !9G
> (" " RQI !; =1(QP(% , UV!( ! . ,"'e
! .,
=( ( ( 1 UV! ,(e ! ;9G! V
I >'! UB9; 1R "2 (<5I =; !; ! ; %
!( B95 .=( UV!'"; ! =(O! ,F% 45*)1F(P V
!; (" " &' RQ "
OI UV h5I = ,'e4Z
(Z >( B9 !12 -<% UV( 6 F3 h5I "
=; !; ! (Z >( B9 !12.
! !~ =; >9 =; =12 !'"; ! :4P

! = r!12 . (% !"" G =; !'1 [(
! =; !) F2!-R V !(V (( <"i= "e F2 -
\ !& I 1''! h) 9 '& ) F!( B95 (P
!1 !-C , B!& ! .F2= I !1 !(-'! ,'%(%
!& !
Z(% 'G F2 !Q ( =1 k<%
! kC%! 5 ; Q!( B95 = 1'"I !
1
3 k<% m!"( ; rG)(% ,P g !
! j )( B9> F !'"; !4 ! ;= 45!1
) h!-(% 1I '& I 9 (! ;= ,!1 !-C, B
(!(% F)~% ,P!'"; !4 !45
!<( ( P k<%*(P !'1 !1

! UB95! k4G[( ! ,F% 45! !(.
!1O ! RO =; (5
; % ,3=(; 1I> =(P1O
!'"; ( B9> UV !12 ; %!((iP
! , '%
.Dispersibility
[~I>1 (! ,!; '& !('"'! , '%
! u1 ) F!( B95 !4 ;= O! ,!'"; !4 !45
!i ! ..45! 1OI ) ,'R!"' Readily
wettable > ,!"' f-((9% I xP =1
!; !("[ ;O ,"2P!;
Z% 'GI !(! ,!U
(R ' >1!;V !-! . ) F!( B95 !1I U '&
; )(1OI B 'I ; '"'! , '%(3 r!&' ' ,1
(!.,"'e= ,
( > !" !12'! h2 <%! 45 !12

!<( UF< ,dVI( , '%(3 UV ; '"'! F)6!"
!" FV !- )( B9> F !'"; ! 45! =(O!
! ,(e !<( dVI!& '& =; ,FP(ReP !;
1O ) R!"' ('! 2=
= readily wettable .=(
!" V !( B95 i% '"'! (R '%(3 k4GI.
1'"I !; V (" " ,4'. !; 9I %>(
="() ,=( %> , 9> hV% 2 (= (,4 4Z =;
!; ! UV) F!( B95 ; z! UV tP
!( '"'! , '% ( !V ,dV , '%(3) F!( B95
!'"' 1( & ) F',
!12 ! F) :!( B95 !4 ,1O ) F!,'O
- =; ) F!( B95 =; !1R !1>1 UV!4(. ; %
F)6!(5 ( % F3 :=
I , !(
! &' ,1m1) F>9 !12 !> UV ,! 5
)!1% ,!1e4) (Z(= ,15= ,F m1! Oi!(! U
>1P ( UV!& =1 F3 a)1!10 U
= O '& ! F)6(V!( B9> ;= ,P1O !a)1= (R
= aO = 9 ;= 3 1OI .'"'! ,'%(3 .
( 8)O!<
5 ; % ,3!(d95 !( &V '"'! , '%!'"; ! 45!4
1#r N< ,; E @M5

?3 Q M# R5 H H8; 60 , E#
; E< # d u0 ?3 &/ 1#
; E5 @M5< E; ,&/ ;; E @M5
T* V</ E< E# d?3 u0 eB @M5
&/ ; E< EF * 155O ) /
85n.
O4I , '%(3' ,!12 !

(iP
Disintigration ordispersibility of the powder mass
F) '"I!12 * ( P'( ((" " xP !12 CX r '(
) ,!1R!-(% ! & O = 75 F3 ( "I=(
( ! ; 4e- ! 1.= . PV >( B9
= - !12 -I '& ) F!
O ! Ce 1OI
UI , 5!( B95 Z6 !( ,!% U Z!
O
! :O<%!12 6 '% ,P1iZ r!- (4% 2
!(
Z ' ,!12 3> =150 F3 a)1
= O 16.(8 O) ,")(= r
( UV ;= Peebles 5) 1958!(*1 ! % , O=6

Z ; ( B9> h 5! ,g !'"; !4 ! 45!<( ;1OI
(<5I " =(2 < , f-!(2 ;OI!( =;
Z ' ,!12 ,2%[" x! hm1%! UV j (2 %("P
>(> , . f- ;= %(P6!F !("-= UV U'42 = ,4'G*u
(..
'GI!("- !'(2 ! "2% 31(4P !( B95
(<)(% )(! = m1! ,4'G !4(. ! ,'O! , 'Z!12
! x2& aV! ( ) (R V O ,!1G !12'! ,( UV
! ! ,( )!-R !9! QI "2> =.(,`4G
[~I' U!<
5) ; 3!( B95 !4(. !" UV (,
! j (2!( B9> &' ,1 " (iP(% 2 )h
!'( B95 =; ! ,'O(% '
= :! F2 B() ," =(
"2(4I ) ,*)>( .! ;= O!1 m
!( B95 ! Ce =( -I (RPV iI ,2%" ( UV
(! ,!( B95 ! "O U"I Z6 k<%!i= x31 "3
(I !-(% .! j (2!( B9> ;= ,P1O CX -I
1V ,2% (iP( ! B() ;O*)>( * ;= ;O!(4 !&
Z! & ,'O*(iP =( 'F> ' ,!'
! *(I *(iP.
=( ( eP! F! R! 4'! UO(. !" ,"

%> ,( , V !1 =( ) ,!-(% PV
(iP UI- e% fI ;O! F! R! UO
(4e% !-(% F)6!( B95.
!..i
! h= 31!'"; (= !) ! k<% 'G= 45!i
<V>( ! 'eI ,FP ;= 36!; F
!( B95 * 1O (= !( & '"'! , '% ( xP!( B95
5" . k<% RQI!(i UV*)>( ,5 P
1OI !1. ! "2I ) , F2['! UB9> kG;(
; 2I ;O!( j (2! '"'! , '%!'"; !,2% =(O
"I!12 ( B9> , FC% !- !12 (%
(iP ) r= UF!' .; r2
45! !'"; ,1 ! , (O! C!

h e!( !'"; [( P1O= 'G! !',5 P I U! C!
.; *)<(9G!
Proteins (I!"
,(!! ( 1 %1'> Casein ;9 O! ( !'"; =; I% 1OI
- ; =1 "!(O!(4! Antibody protein immunoglobulins
; =1 "! -lactaglobulin ; !1 %1'>(O!( % lactalbumin
, I !". , I/ =; !"( , B. serum al -) !
1X &' ;"'! UV ;9 O!> 1 ,F 2% (O% >1I U!
=,P1O= O ''= 300 &! 30 F3 micelles (2>
;= 1 2C= 2!( 4)14! 1 2!(O! '& 1 <=
=; 1O :P(5= . ; I% ;9 O!!< ` (

1P =; !"( I B. casein & s (R( '&

> ;= , !( ,!(P1~% h5'! , )(2 !1 2!(O =( !1
! 1RV !(r!(%(O -casein ;9 (% 9= !')
xI xI!Q ! % ,%(2 < P( =( 25! ,"r
!(O; UV!'"; ;= (R!) . 9!1P~% ;9 O
! ,4'G !-! ; =1 "!(O! (4 RP~% ; !1 %1'>(O! ( %
. UV R1OI V !'"; UV!` ;= RP!(P1O
! (R% 9 U!'"; ; UV >'( !1 %1 !( ,!" ; =1
! u1! eB(Q! ; '[(= RP UV!.
! '& =31 , !,'=(<!(% ;"'! ( I% [~I

G) 3 .(RI ,'=(<'! ; I !",= =(, )(2
~[ !I ;= ~iI U! 1G! 1Q! k<% I
<I U! , !,'=(<! I UV ;"'! ( I% &'
!
)<(*z! - ,")(= !'"; =12= (R!
(4'2! h =(5= (iP ( =3 1G! f- =; .,4'G!
(I% , '%(3 Activity of sulfhydryl group
h5I solubility of whey proteins (%-'! i!
[~! V Aggregation of casein ;9 O!) I
(i! V Loss of antigenicity =q! !`(
.(6 ; P! 9P~% ;"5'! , '%(! ,'3 U9P6
( 4'2! h =(5= (iP

Activity of sulfhydrul groups
! -(4'2! h =(5= (iP ,> I )<(rO% G2
( ( 4X !( F! !< =; 3 ; I !"P'&
:&! ,=G2! ,V(rO! 1! 2I (
O-iodoiaobenzoate, 1 ! r= Oxidizing 2 =\1=
(DTH) 5, 5 Thiamine disulfide, iodine
dithionitrobenzoic acid
N-ethylmaleimide, r= Alkylating agents ,1'3 1=
iodoacetamid, iodoacetetate
Silver, organic r= Meroaptide-forming agents
mercurials, meroury P-chloromercuribenzoate

! ;= :!` UF<I!1 ! ,V(rO!1! ,'[(= zB(P ,4'G

!" ; I! h =(5= ;= U< "F!(4'2 ;V .!\ ="!(% -SH h =(5; I
1OI > ,( (iP =' h= )(I ,!( O ! ,4'G! 12 !'1
! ,4iO! .,4'G( ! C!
><"'! U) ; I!V( < UF( (iP UV
f-!.h =(5
<" !" ( ! ; !1 %1'>(O! ji!" U I! UV U2 B!'"; !- 1 '&
,"2P" =; = h =(5!(4'2 1 V !95 )!1( =; ; !1 %1'> ( %
)!1 !95 > 35.500( '& = -SH ;= ; 15& %50 rI ,"2P
;= ( "I! h =(5!1>1 1'G= UV %( I !i .UV -SH h =(5= >1I
!" ( ! ; !1 %1'>(O!(I) .( "2P ,FiP . ,!( &' fP= C f-!h =(5
!(= h= (R'(4%! 1()( 3 - 1= (, ,'=(<!(%! aiI ,f-
! h =(5(3 "eI '& ! h= (4!1 ! ,%() ,V(iO!- =r
!%) UP([ " !.Thiamine disulfide ; =( r
!) !(! m1 (9 O) U!(9 (iP UV f-! h =(5!(; G2I ;= ,5I
!'"; !4 !& >( =! ,4'G )( ;.
( 9 ) O!<
; % ,3!(9 UV! *9Z! ;"'! ,!4 = !; G2
24*(4GP !
,5 P u( ! ; G2 !h =(5
!<( 1OI -SH ;= (Rg(iP ) ,'R62 6(% ; 52!15
<V! 2I ; G2!(9 UV!(i !& =< ; "I f<%
UV! t>( ! 6 r ( (4I! ,5 P
62 f-! h =(5!>( ! .,<4I!(4
()( !(% ! h =(5'! ,<4I!5I ,Fi ' ,!UV ; G2
> ;= 1!> ; . !- > x!<(=' ,!! ,>,
=. e3 x31! ,<4I
(% = h =(5!(4'2 ! UV ,Fi!'"; 1OI r

,

!("!q! ,'B(2 . 3> <V
!I U ( " ( UV h =(5= ,!(4'2
9I! =(= ,; !'"; !'9 zP xF"I f-!h =(5
!!(% % ,Fi P-chloromercuribensoate N-
V ethylmaleimide =< !'! zP9; 1O ) .!-

u ! <F!1"F I ;= ( 5!(5 !'" ,
! ,'B(2!<(='!(% , !~ h =(5= 2!(4'2 !,Fi
6(% % ; 52!- B "e! z.zP9'! ( m ; R

! <F!1"F 78-76 ( Q! ( G2I 76-74
Z 3
72-70 30 <% .- 9! 3 ,!( UV!'"; !4 hV>,
! ; ! ! .j") (! [(= CI=( ,!( UV!i V
( ( = ! 'I! C '& >( =,`4G
,X(Z'( ,"2P x<4I!; .9 3 - !~[ !& %( I
. " " ,!; )!1OI 3 U * 1OI ="! ( B9> ,R%(i( I

= e!'";( '! , )(2 r 1R ! h =(5!;= ,Fi
!(4'2 UF< V! !(%%) ,5 P(i! , %(5 f-
! UV h =(5!i ; G2!(%!& >71 , ! ( Q &' Z &<%
>1 I ,!7 U ( ,!( UV!'";.
<" 2 1!\2 > ; ( B9! <F!1"F <
=e f!(= k UV Cysteine ; d2) U =6! ; =1 "!(O!(4( %
>' ; !1 %11O 3 =; !"( I
. UV " " ,!;.

!<(* !(! m1I ,4P SH2 [( !<(=' ,!"! ,( I !i:
HOOC-CHNH2-CH2SH + H2O HOOC-CHNH2-CH2OH+H2S
2HOOC-CHNH2CH2SH (HOOC-CHNH2-CH2)2S + H2S
UV!'"; !45
5P =12 !'"; ! =(O!<(= '& >( = ,<4I!1
'& h =(5= ;= ,<4I= ,"2P!(4'2 !1O ai =( !'' !~2
!'; UV P f-!(! ,! ! ,V(5 (iP UV CI ! ,5 P h =(5!~2
.,%([ (R"2P QV ;9G!(%(42 =; f-!(Q UV(P !"; = 45(=
!) 13 ,<4I= u4! ; (3
= jg !< UV!! ; G2>(
! ! ,<4I! U ( 62 ! h =(5!(4'2 -
FP
V H2O !i UV &.!1 !<
(P% ,3 1Z =`( !q2
V3 =; !( ,!<' V , !'"; > ' I , "3 UB"= 9!;"'! 45
!4 [ ( !i ! ,G2!& !'"; !4 ! [ 9! 45- `;
V!95 6" =; !"( !( F !1G !(q! ,<P2.
(%-'! i! ( I% , '%(3

Solubility of whey protein nitrogen
( *"( %-'! i! ( I% , '%(3 UV C!<"

)I * (RP 1! ( )I !"f- ,< "g UV C! '& ,=(R! B*!
(45!( !'"; %( iP ( , ' UV ZI *=; !'";
4.6 &! k !; 9 O!)"( % )I (R'<5 C! -
, '%(3 UV -! C! .11e! 1'O% h"i! pH
k<% ; % U'Z( 4I &! ( B9> h> (%( %-'! i! ( I%
.(9 O! ; % i! ( I%
UV 'G= )(aP UF< ;9 (%(O! h= ; G2I P >
.f &' ; G) 1! ( U%RO!( 5!

N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) > =1I x"[ (

( [(f4! -SH h =(5= h= a"I -!( iO! 15!)
(P6; 1OI h ; I ; =; !"i!; -R! ; G2!
U'Z( !4! ' ` -U%RO! e4! UV 5!
( 4'2!( -SH) h =(5= ; % (4! i -!
;9 ( %(O! UV (-CH2S-S CH2-) x"O! , B([ a%!
, B([ a%; 1O! .(f SH h =(5= ;9 ( %(O! 1 *)
(4! - r= ; ` ( O! > =; Z x"O!
! (1 %1'>= ; 1 "!(O!(4! ,X(Z Z6 ( !'"; I% h=
.x"O! , B(r! a% '& !< =; !1I (R' ,(!
1) (%-! UV C!( R% !& , 4 O! ; Q! kC%
4= (B95! ,< "g UV C! jg ; !(
` )( I &RV , 'Z(!I
(4!(%
(3 ! =(5 ("!6 !<(='!(% , ; I jg

% ,( I !i ! C= C !I U UV!
!( ;= zI!) k=(!(% !' !( F ; ( ! ;= = 100 O!'"; ( ,!( UV
! !( ;= zI!) .'!(%
( !1 %1'> "' [ ; !1 %1 .; =1 "!(O! (4!6 !<(=',
! ,!1OI U ( , V 1! )I!;= %50 U

%( I !i ,FP!<( ! ) U%RO(
("I >'( !1 %1 !( ;= ) * ( % ,(4!6
! .; =1 "!(O'& ! V I !1'G !"% U V
<% denstured =<(=' ,= &' 31 ,
f-!<(='.,
1O 3 !< '& = !<(=' ,! ,=( ;
% I jg( I !i !P= C ; I jg
!95 !- ! CI !"( I !P I ,
%( I !() , Z6 ,'=(<= 3~% (R" )! , ' .
.(,
)( ( 3 % ,( I !i !P= C

* x3 f-! ,F) ( P(2" ! !<(=' ,! ,)<(
("!6 ! ,445& )I &' <I! ;9 O%( I !i
!V 1%) ,F'1 !1e1 [ I % ,( I !i ! C
=V !" UV ,! B(2! ); ( 3 jg !< O
-4P [ .(Turbidimetrically f-! xI ,F , )(3>
> zB(P UF<I (RP ' ;= x"X!F !! R<= UV ,("!6
! ,445.ADMI UO=6
(% f-!( 3 &' , Low-heat products ,<4I= .!* U
(R VP * !95 % ;= CX( I !i.
P! i! ( I% , ( 3
P! i! ( I% ! (,g &! X1! I

S-S- h =(5= jg ; ! 4!(% : !="(
4.6 B-! . U I !"2! UV SH
Sodium 11e! 1% ,F)1% ,'=(<!(V
h =(5= 9Z" 2I Borohydride (Na BH4)
U' SH &! > < ( 2 !~Z6 1e! S-S(iO! 15! ,F)1% -SH !h =(5= ( 3 !
5,5-dithiobis (DTNB) (2-nitrobenzoic
UV (-S-S-) h =(5! f- r! 1! e! acid)
;9 ( %(O! jP 1O k=(!(% " )I (G!!'";
1O -!
>(2= , CX ( "2P% [( x%u1! 3

9I SH h =(5= , UV!) !(=Ù
( g h= ,( !<(=' ,!,5 P ;"'! ,
!'% ,< "g UV C( I !i .= r f-!F =;
! 1O ! (R I UV , % ,( I
!i UV!1 ! )I (eI U!;9 O
Coprecipitates of Caseins % UV( I
!i )! `2!(5 6 =; (; [6
Ì =; !'"; !4 !<(= !(% ! >,
(P =. R
P I> ; %( I !(,
["(5!(% x I ; !1 %1'> 9!( UV ( "2P x%([ (Ig) ,!'";

!(G I 9- !" UV ; I!i !( ;= zI!) k=(!(%
<" = ( (2 !i !<(=' ,! ,! P ,> ; 1m1% )(I Ig = h! ,F!,X(G
9 %!'"; !4 =; 1P ) Low heat!( 3 &' ; %( I !i UV .(SnF > 1 ;O"( ,g
Ig
=(<'! , )(2 r ! ,!(mild heat, low ,4 4G
)P CI ; heat> ; !i WPN! (R! : ! ;O)<( =h
!<(=
! ,!<(! 6 , Ig ! (RP !(% !, V(O
*9Z P> ; %( I !i % .SnF > / 5''= 5
Aggregation of Caseins ;9 O! h 5I

1(( O! '& , !'<(=
!,=(R! =; !~[
The 1 2!(O!( (( 4)1V <= (2> ["(
complex Calcium phosphate caseinate micelles
150-105 ; % (= (F! UV (!% ;"'! ,'=(<=
"(r!( 9 !- !,> -x31! '& 31 -!)
U"P(> &' i% pH =; !j m (FP UV f(e3 w'"
>1 * hg(! m1! pH ( =; !F! - .(F!
1I U!' I ! ; 1 %1'>(O!( "! =; , !(G! !< ( UV
h =(5= , !(<V " 2 -!N-ethylmaleimide &'
; !1 %1'>(O!( "!(% ,X(G!( 4'2!
.! ; G2!"! UB> , eI!& 87.6 "3! \ 9

!& ,'3!("r !'"; .! 9!("[ "2 O !'"; !,"2% 9
1:2 m 1:3! ;"5! ." - !~[ ! x"r Z6
`; (4I U'Z (I ; % U'Z!" (!; !1 %1'>(O
!(%(O ;9!- " ;O P =( ;G2!'"; .
! 9! ,!( UV a"r ;O!'"; ! .9 [~ !-!("r !
!'(O( i%
=~% !'";(=1 . V ,V(m!1 2!(O ;= 'I
!("r ! ,V(m!(4)14 !2 ;= ;2I!("r
! . f-!~[ ! ) > (R ! ;O(4)1V '= ,V(m
[( UB!1e1 rO% <2 Disodium phosphate ,(X UV
!'"; !") G! 9! <! (U'= C!("r ! !'.z
! ((O'! "( !r! V ,445!!"( 6( 5= tG ( V

Water (!(% "(I '& *h>2! zI(! % tG ( V ,
&4V Solubility index (%-! =<(= holding capacity
product baked Z6 9%(G!( 5= Bread 9"G! ,(X
! 45= ;"! ` )<(4! =; Sausage j52! ,(X &V !-
,F% 45! !'"; j (2V .(!(% (I '& *, !( =
f-R% &4I xP( 9 "G! ,(X &V ( %() G2I xP(( !& P1F)*
( =R! !,g j (2= & ; V ., !( ,> !& ,4e!
&! 9 ; !'"; !G2I I 3 (!( * (% "(I '& *,`4G=
; G2! - r= ;= &)()6 C! . 45!" 3 , !( ,>
imcipient &B%*!& 6"; 5! 1 i!
U[
[ UO" UB(% I ;= 1O -!(( O'! coagulation
a% ! = " '& Three dimensional net work <(%6
.!(
=; !1 m *("I h > ; %!<1= !(i ! ) (R> ,! 9

> , = ! ; G2! ; G2!" UB! ,m1*9I ; %
=6( 1!- > , !("r 3> ( ("!6

!4 'GI ,!& > ," UV) f-R! (R%(5!<1= V U!(!(%
(P ;= "< [(= zI(P1=6 !.,"<e
( 3 ;O ! '& a%!( ; Water holding capacity
( 3 jg !9> ,! <% z*)>( !& I ; <= 9 = =;
!1 ! .,"'e 3)< >(R ( 3 !9> ,!<Farinograph ; 5
! ( !9> , 5 ,!'"; ! h= 45!( (F'Z !< ;B(5!,P1O
=; !"; = 45=( .j 3( G2 :4P!(R5 ! !, O
!1e =; !( ! "3 (RF'Z ;O U (RI !'9> ; ,
( 3 ;O( Z.(f
=( =<(= !-(% 5 r 1RV Solubility index

!) F!(% !9 xI <% ,X(Z , )( 3
)>( ! .z< - !<(= '& > , ["(
!(O( ; G2!(V .!9 r=) B! ; G2!& (! ,!;"5
6!&( !'"; I <% f9 "3! "2 3 45( =<(=
!-(% ! ;O!<(= 6 [~I r 1! ; G2!- UV
! Z6 =; ' ,!1O (= 45 I 9!1
! h4I= ,"'e1OI !(O( <! ,)(2 ,X(Z ,4e%
!("r . 3 1950 ,) Tounley =<(= !-(%
! k<% j (21P !(445 !(% 9 ( !(.1 ,
= h( > , !1R !(G ; =< ; .'GI
f-!<
,3 (
Z(% 1P ! 45!1G !.;"'! , 1
Clottability ;"5'! , '%(! -

,5I(! , `=(! rG!() I 13 ;= , !,'=(<!' I
((%O !< V ,5 P ,m1! UV (9!( )O"!~[ I ;=
(I !"P h= ( i= 1O [~! - 3
(I%; 9 O! ; % (4! =; z P " i!
;9 O! h= P! i! ( I% )I ;= i!
(R! ;"5'! , '%(! k ! Coprecipitation
45! 4! !'"; ,445!!"( 6( 5= UV (R
1P k<% ,(X UV ,'<2! ,445!( 5! r=;
*(1! UV i= X) Cottage cheese r= ;"5!
5 P ; !& r("! =; ,15= X1I 3 .(!
,'=(<'! &P)<(
! ,(X UV ,!'"; !4 ! 45!- )1 ,(X UV Z

! ;"5 3 V ;"! <2 (= ( "!(. P =1P ;= 45 Low-
heat!- 1 '& =( * ; =''P ;= 5> ; %( I
!i .!P !> O =; !12 ) tP!; , O
!-1 < U( !<(=' ,! ,( WHC"eI U!(!(%
!rG &' [\ (= ,OO4= ,g(4 ' ,! (h e 3> P
;O! X1!& >"; 1Z > =; !"; V =1P ;= 45
jg ; high heat! , ' UV O! UV ,X(Z ,(e> ,!
1FZ pH ! UV .h F f-!(! , Z6 V !rG !(,5I
% ;Ì( I !i !P 9I U!(!(% !% UV(e>,
.,m
! 3 )G ( 3 13 >- !rG Curd tension 13 )(I!rG

;"'! gel strength! <% h>2 r= ;"5I =( ,V(m 9P!""k=( h= ; 2
9P! ; P! !<= ,V =
,B!'"; ! ,(e! 45! .;"5* P
>1I (m '& )G ( 3 13 )(I!rG ( ( 6 13
)(I!rG 'GI!& " UV!'"; !(G ( 'GI("!6 !UV ,4'G
> [~I ,( ; G2!(% !-> Stone=
1960 ,) f 13 )(I
!rG ! 15% ( =(I ,F"I= ;OI ! ;"5! Cottage! &' .he( , V
( Voss 1970> 13 rZ ! ; P!(% ;"5 ( 4I xF; % ( m
( 1P !'"; ! &' 45 =C! ,`4G ;"> ,(X! Cottage`V
=; ( 3 P> ; %( I !i > ("I 13 ; % !G ! WPN
!' & 1! . > / 5'= 6 U! UV ;O1P6 ! ,`4G! ! 6r
=; > / 5'= 6( *("I !<
,3.3
!<(=' ,! 9P~% ;"5'! '%(3 <Ì ;"'! ,!G2) ; P !'"; !4
! (O ,V(m!& '= )I
(4)1V !1 2!(O.
<% ,P1O! rG! 13 ;= 'I ~[ !I ; ,5I(! C!

i! Z ;= 'I U!(!(%( R(OP`< =; I ,G4! ,V(m
1OI rG!() I 13 '! ; !
G2! Synereses
.i! ( I% P \[ '& -! ! ! UV ,<3
Loss of antigenicity
!`(Z &<%( Ig) ,(! V = q! !~[ !`(V
P!( Q= <" allergicity , )(2!""( = 2= &'
!"(6 UV " , ( R! (Q! f- ( !'"; I !",!
>1 P; !< V .(4g6 ,-.` I UV <2I U! ,445!
(%6 ( !"; I !"Sensitive , )(2 R! (4g6 =; CX 23
' R-CI , m= R ' RQI

G2I I -! !'"; 1I (4g6 \* , "!(. h F2

R! (4g6 ( " \* I% P! , V( ,>!
,('! 1! ( !~[ I !'"Sensitive , )(2
e= ; =1 "! The strongly antigenic proteins
,(!! ( 1 %1'> Blood serum albumin !
* U!(! % ~[I r 1OI Z6 !'"; UV 1>1!
;"'! )<( no allergenicity R! , )(2!" 2I
.,() eP ' !. I -! !'"; G"!
&P6 ; ! 12 = (P( % zB(P >1 * P "
""(2= &' !'`(, V(O! , !`, !,'=(<'!
1OI =; !` : ! (RP allergenicity , )(2!
: (!(% (R ' 2 U! )P'! ,= !' !
,R%(i=
.(Z6
*( k<% = ! ;= , )(2!'"; h>I 3!& !(O! ( "'! , )(2

>' ; !1 %1 ; =1" ! (4!61 k<% ! ;9 O f-!(* 1OI
1FZ r = ! , )(2!( ; f-!"( I 1O
=( !' ; G2! ") &'<V .i!(r ["(5!(% x !<' ,
= ! , )(2! ;O! detectable antigenic iO!(G
; !1 %1'>(O!( "!(% UV f [~I ; =1 "!(O! (4!6!'"; !4 !-
) ;G!& 99 ! (() 3 UV!`2 ! ,'B(2!<% ,445
*)>( ! ; G2!& 110 ! 10 99 ! 30., 3
!- ,'[(= zB(P xm !( ;9 O !! ; G2 120
! ; =1 "!(O!(4!" ( ! <% antigenic
Q ; !1 %1'>(O!; G2
!& 100 ! 15 '& .36= h = r f-!<(=
CI
%> ," 1e% .>< ,
! !"( f-R! UB!"( I * ! !4U.

Configuration!\2 ; f-!&" antigenicity , )(2
[ f , O%(9 I ;O , V( I( .( UV 1968["x
Blevmik and Young & P!<(=' ,! ,!r= ,F)1
!"2 !<(1P zI , =; ! '5'! , )(2! ; % (4'! ,5 P
!
1 !" ( !
= (4I UV ; !1 %1'>(O 9 I 3 1P =;
!" ( ! ;= ; !1 %1'>(O!'"; !" [~I ! 2" '& , )(2
! UV '5(G6 !'! ; )(2 ! =(; !1 %1'>(O!( "!(% ,P
!"'1 !<9 =; !'"; !(G =("% ,P( I !'"; Z6
!<9! ;= ,!'"; !" .2! h= :!<'1 UV! x31!( m!&
= 1P "2I
= (4I zI 1R UV !(5= UV , )(2 !'";
! ;= .!(% 45 >1 * P( )" *3 >1
Z
(5= ; % ("!6 ! ,445 ; %!'"; !.B(2
In activation of enzymes (9P6( iP V a "rI
,'=(<! ! = , 1m1= : (= ; "!

UV (9P6 -Z =; !() P~V !"(6( 5! ,!
CI (RP = F% (I ;O! =; P*"(
1Z ~ , !(<!>( ! % denatured (R< "g
UV -Z\ 3 Xanthine oxidase !9P~V (I !"P
C P !'"; UV i% C f9 I ; > O!*"(
(R!(<); O!' I ;= r ; G2I " < g
,=' !
I ; 3 Low heat !1P ;= j (2'!
!'1P ;= j (2 High heat( ;= P! 1O 9P6

! 9 I(4)14!(=` k<% acid phosphatase U6 ,! '&
!<(=
! ,!<(! .,
UV ("Z `; I (9P6 1O P~V ( (
=1> k<% ,R!(%1<e = ,'=(<= h!'"; HTST ,F% !"2
'& > , = "2% e3 x31! ,<4I)<( <% g(i! 9P6
!<(=' ,! 3 ,= ,Q
= ;O! = h =; (9P !'";.
;= .!(% )<( !(i 1O % (= CX(i!(% ,P UV
!'"; !(G * h= P- 1O ( UV ((F%6 ( P )<( *("Z.
!1%O Carbohydrate
) O!
1

Lactose
r 1!( !1%O , I UV , )()6!'"; <" !

1 =; ="( !'";
,' '3!V (R"2P UV C >1 .%6-4.5 ; % (= "2P!
1 ' !(= UV
'& 1X ; I!1O!(4 1O! ( % UV!(! ,!"'1
[ >1 1X !"'1
!
1 & !1O!(4 =( UB1O! ( % * =( UB k<% UV!(5 >1I!1e
! , >(>9& . 1''% O =.
<" !
1 =; !<1= ! ;= I U)<( !'"; -C !"< k!(B(O ! ,
! !' ' ,-C'! R'I , zI f-!(! ;= , 4( iP( 9P
UV ((<=6 ! , 3!
* !'
!
-galactosidase Lactase) 9
!( O2! &B!
1 !& >'11 >(!1O . [~ !-! ,5 P!
1 <4%
!" &V (O! ,F!~Z )! &'42 * Z( =; !( ! h= , `R(P (.
(e'I cramps)(R .diarrhea
Q<= &V!(* 1> !

( O% 9 ( ('r= , V!( &V*(4g
!I ;O 9*(% 9P( !< . u1! 3 !(">1 !&
1I '& !'
1 * h5iI(P !'
9!<1 *hI
&V ,m(4GP*V !' '& ! ! O2!
1 !<
! 1
!< (! ( !' &' 'C- ! ,!(G& 'I ! O) ,!
1
=; !-C . ;O(= !-= ,! ! !()*(% j%(2!1[ ,1
= ; % i!1 ; g!12 &V= (O! ; 3i k<%!"(B
*. , V
=; !1 m k<% I*V ! O2!
1 Oi!< =;
!<('! 3* !& I ! ; 2! 31!-C1<i'! &B
*(5= eI jg ; , V !'"; ! ;= 45! !, 2 B
!("!
! ,5 ,"2P eI .!
1

&V!'"; ! 45(= !) !& 1 rI( % %40!& &V %70!i

! 45 &' >1 1!1e !"'1 ( &' >1!(! ,! , >(>9
amorphous phase* Z 1OI , f(5I=(e !(= ,%1g
,) "2=(e !'"; ! 45!( 15'! m(>9
;5<I!( zI! 451R ! caking O! xG"X) [~I ,
!<' ,! O) &' ,!
1 &V!'"; =1m1 ! ;= rO!"1 !(, Z
!& ) (R% R( & ! O) ; % (4!
1 !"( I ;1OI
. lactulose
! ; % (4! O2!": ; I
Sugar protein interaction :
" ! O) ; % (4!
1 %( I !'"; *<% &' ,!
! . 9 ;` 1* *("I h =(5= ; % 1:1 ,"2%! P1%O!,X(G
h =(5= h= O2!(%*= 1!"!(% ,X(G( I '& ! ( II,B95I
\I !& = ;= ,1!1 zI=; !1Q ! (R% ,X(G! &V (4!'";
! 4 1!'1 !"& CI! ,RO1OI !1 !redcing ,!9G
substances
( 10 ) O!<
,) ; % ,3(P !1 ! ,!9GI 9!15= ; G2I!'"; !4
83 ! )(,

=1 ! (R= fluorescent material k &V V! ,r!-C, B

!'". ; I
,) <I- !% (4> ," '& I 9!1 ! ,'(4w'"I
(e3( 1!& 1= %90 &V ,"'X!(5 ! ;= , !(G!;
'& ! (V - ! (4 !& = " ; G2I!(5
! ,'B(2! ,<4I! 9[( ! 45[( ;9GI!(5 !,44
! ;= , !( ,"2P &' ,1!. (10 O) ,%1g
(FP &' <2 " *("Z !" &' ,9Z =' !
) ( fricyanide P>( ph ! 7 ;= 3!"(
! ,!9G!& (4I ;= I! O!" . ; I 3>k<% x
!(* !' ; % j4!1 ! ,!9G!( [~I ;= ,5I! ; %
'I!1>1 &V
X!'"; .! ;G2( I( 1FI!,F
(R' ) ,(P !1 !acid ferricyanide ,!9G
) h= reducing substance (afrs( ! w'"I & 9!
*1 &e3!&

1= %90 I [ ,"'X ~5V =( >(4 !(. zI

'& ! V "<I AFRS! (2 (Z ,'=(<!(%! ,!& <I !(R
! z[( ! rO ! . 45*("Z * <3 &F 4X ,9Z! h= ,
!"( I & &V!'"; !(G ;V .!< ("I k<%!1 !h= ,!9G
!"( I & &V!'"; !(G .& "( ; =1 [ anionic materials , %1
;O P!1e '& &V 4X , 3!'"; !(G j'<= ,'=(<%!"&V ; I
! 1( ~%!"(* * &V anionic exchange resin I1 P !"1 !&
> xI Minnesota (I12 = ,<=(> &V x)= , = , P(O)G ("Z
APRS~)( !1(4X !'"; !4 ! 45!- )1 G2 !< !15=
&V!'"; ! ;O ! ( "V .B(2(
APRS ; % ,3! ,RO* !(zB
R )% =
12= ,`%(3 ,ROP ,Q AFRS'& =; . 5'= 5.0
'& - ;O!1 ~% 1= hm(4X ! ; 9- ! !-1 =;
! AFRS =( (2 ;= , = ( ! Z> ,!'1 1'!(% !"& ) 1O (( V
!'(2 (<)*(% <I &V!'"; !.B(2
5- 1V1V (r = &2 5 ! ,g 1g

,5I(! !"( 1 )hydroxymethyl furfural
'(4I zI(! 1OI ,F)1% (&P1'!( !"& 4!=;
f- Thiobarbituric a. 1 "I(%1 r! k=( h=
1'!( 4I ;= fO"! ! 9 I (RP " ,F!
!,g ; i! k<% , )(2!& V 3( RO!
&V ,X(Z , ; !<(=
!% (V
Z*( R& V P( )
. 45! , '
> !1 ! ,!9G! (4'! ,5 P ,P1O!'<I &P1

'& ( ,!; &V!'"; ! ;= 4562 !- ., I-
!1 !`( !q2 ! (R ;= (R!( ,!,Q
)!) (5= Q<= &V aV (, !'"; ! 45! *
!9( !& ) (R ' &4F (R z!(RO .!,%1.
!( (4I ;= ,5I!'1 1'!(% !"& .=( (5= k<% &V
!< ;B(5=(5 !'1 )!O=' (,!1. r= (R Vf-
!(RO V !~[ !`( !q2 ! f-R!1 !"< ,!9G
=; ! 9.
=; !<(! Z6 !' (4!"& ! &V &e! ,!-C, B
!'"( I "2%(I !(= k & =6*)()& ;= Iysine
Z O) h= amino groups!

1
,3
>1I P R .= (4)! 1 = . "e &!(!(%
invivo (5! dV ,-CI &' ,B(!"( Z* ; %
invitro , '<! ; ! ()( % ; I( !"4 ,V<! tests
~% !, "! ; 2 '! , O! measurements
; 2 '! , O! An enzymatic test , 9P* F!
an
, 9P* F!~ % !, "!
;9% P 1'4! ,F% enzymatic test
&V R! =; The fluorodi nitrobenzene method
; 2 '! !~ =; in vivo ,-C! '& ,B(!!
.-C!& V , =6( 6 ,15! < !<(= !4!(% 1
, '<! % 1=(3 ~% f =
.Mauron ! x"[!
k=(!(%*= & = ) ; P1r r(6 *= ,*)() ,

!1>1 [~I ;"'!(%
=(<!(% ! (,!- <" !<(=
! !(q , =6!"% ,X(G( I !'"; )!i f [~I
=(<!(% ,'3!.(, O

!5 != ; " j%(2 ! &V 4 ,!' ; 2! 12 !<
("!6..
=; =(5 ("!6
;O!1 ~% !<(=
!<( r= ,! &V 95!"2
!72) HTST ,<2 (, P([15-! rO!!(% 45
*)1F(P * "2 &V ,!' ; 2! 12 %>,
FZ " :O<%! ; G2! &' i!(! ,! ,4rO
;9GI! j (2! &' ,1 ,%1g'& =; 1O 3 %5
! [~I (R!`.
;=) ,'[(= zB(P &V! , O!14 =; !(=k

*= &( j (2= ,!( &V & P!'"; !45
(P1F)*(% !& &' %16 (R% "X6 ;= r!' ; 2
12 = . 1OI =( !(< (= &' ,1= x 2.5!& 3
= ! *(>( ! &P ! -R! , =1 !(= k*= & -
;..
=( xI! &' ,-C!( O !
=(4gq! , !<( ;
&V) ,Z > ( !(V1 !") ;
!~% tI ! ; P1 r =; !<(=
! ( V ,'<2
!12 !(5 !( ,F% zI*)1F(P !12
!( ,F% zI*)1F(P ! &V ~FZ ,5 P)
'3
! &V V R! (,(e f-(6 &V %11 ,"2%
!(! ,6!& &V %20 !(! ,!., P(r
1OI !
!11 Lactulose formation :
!
1!1 4-0-B-D-galactopyranosyl-D 1
fructose &V >1* 1!'"; !" .!;G2
!1O ;O
=(<!(% !100 , r
! > &V!'"; !"G!(5 ( O% I ; %
%0.9-0.4( = ;O!< '& 1I> &V f!'";
!4 ! 45!9G '& 55 %70 , "2P ,%1g
! 1 21 ! ;= :!< !12 !<( !O2
!
(= 1O P 3 .,4'G! ,445!!"( 6( 5= &V 1!1 !
II (,F)1% ; I !"h= O2!( 4I

Z ;=
1! h 5i! '%(3 &V ;OI 1!1 !
, rearrangement
, `R!& !( V Lactobacillus bifidus (O"! 1.!
.(4gq!
(` I [ 1!1 =; !
,4'G= 9( =4g6 ,-C! 3!
; 12 ! 1=( 1'<! !' =; .i! 1 ; !
G2I ;=
1!1 =; !
,<4I= 2P (R% ,445= , "! (5= ,(X , P(O=
(i! k<% (RV .(4gq! ,X(Z ,-.` I &V (R!(<)*
= ! P > 1!1 =; !
,<4I= ,"2P (R% j (2= ,(X
xI 1O P ( hygroscpic ,%1g!( e= 13
.&"! 1'!(% 1'! 1R &!\ I
<2I 3; G2!& !'"; V 1!1 ! !
,)(2 ,g
.h e! , ' &V x"g &! , !,'=(<! I &V
FAT
;!
!<' (,5 P ;"'! '& ; FI &! , (O! C!<" I

( V " , ( R! ! =; .!(% ;O! .( CX 45! ,(X
;= h>2!(= !) O! ; !'"; % ( 29 ! 3 .,RO!(% j'<
G) -! rO! =; !'"; h>2! ; ! % 45!!";
. 45!& V
(R4X; O * (Dry milk flavour f- 45! !'"; ,ROP
[(I (
4I =; ,F'Z rI (RO!(= ( I , (RP~%
; I !"O2! ; % &"! 1'!(% 1'!( 4I (R % ;= 45!
.; !2
, i! ,RO! 1R h= Autoxidation , I-! 26<" I
.45! !'"; ,(X &V , 2 B! ,'Oi! & Tallowy flouvor
26 1V 3 % ; !', I-! 26 1FI I h"I ;O
k=( ,g r= !-% ,X(G! F!~ % The peroxide Value
: !()< % ( >Thiobarbituric acid 1 "I(%1 r!
&V 2 !" 3' '& 3 [~I R! : ! rO!& B"! ; G2! u1!

f =
Hobbs ! - .,1'= ,>% (4I" 2% (!% 45! ;
h 3(V 1X &' 45! ,g 45! ,F% j'< ( V !<"(f- 1957
, '
Z ; !2~I =I &!= 1<! a"`!(% =; !<: ! Puff
;= Z6& ! V ; G2! = 1g ,>( % 1!; O 45!
. " , ( R! 45!
Coconut-lik flavour Keeney R! 1> ,RO! ,R%(i= ,ROP 9 I ;O=
RO= S-decalactone % a"I= ,RO! f- 1956 (and Patton
;= ,(5I , (Rm ;= R! 1> ,ROP (R% , <= (5= ;= !- 9
(6(!" ( . ! ,RO! f- e= .45= )!!"; (=
!(*k<% &V .;"'!& ; V 1>1! 5-hydroxy 1P ;= , ' 2 R!
S- > =1I &! dry milk flavour 45! !'"; ,RO% &2 (= 9< 3
. CX 9 % decalactone
!(5 !'" ,!,445

>1!< =; !(5 !'" ,! ,445! ,V(m(% ,X(G!&
!'"; !% 45 =; !'"; !4 !& !'"; ! &!( 45!) .
=; f-!(5 !i ! a !(G= ,445 :6 !45
;"! ! x!1!(O; )(( 1X1 (( (!1 2(
! ;"5! 45!(5 = ,`4G! ,3(F!(5 !<f
!'(d4 ! ,X(G=(5 (4g6 ! ,445 k<%!i(%
!'" ,!i !'"; !.kG
45I ;O!(5 !G)(% ,%(2 >9R ! 45
!(% !(G ;"'!(% !(I 3 ;O k<%!(5 1ma%
=< , r= , 3> ,!1R ! Z!(G ! ,4!jF
!' !(R5'! &'Z
!5 !(!& m1! !( O !(5 ("!6 !,445

!1O
!"; (=
!)
!"; V
!"; kZ

!") ; I
(6.38
26
36
34
12.5
*1
38
51
48
72.5
26.75
0.7
1.0
,%1g
2.25
5.0
=(
8.2
7.9
9.0
!i !!(% ,445
& = ,"2P &V h4I= &"! z!; "' w!

! ,"2!; &V!i ! %70-40 ;= ,445;
!";.
9 I!i !9 % ,445 !'"; ! =(O !4
! 45& 1OI (RP ( 4'I 3 (R5[(
! ;9G! ;i( 1OI (RP (e3 &V ,!1h
*)GI . !i ! %60-50 ;= ,445;
1> %48-40 = !" * , %2 , 3.,%1g
,g!,(e
G2 &V!i3 h e = ,<4I!15 1 !9I u4 !<(=',
! ,!& 85 ! 15I [ . 9!i !& %50-40
>1= ' ,<( ! ; G2!& 71-65 [ !!(% 45
!& %1 u* ,%1g ,V!G 1OI ) h>,
!1R !(G ; 3!G2 45I &V!'"; !4
3! ; G2!" ;"'! &B!4 [ 9`(

!'i !" f2!.,25
& 45I &V!i ) ,! ,!12 =;

,V.! <% 45 ; ) a!1R ! ;Z(2
\ ! !& 1> ;2I !( 5 !-! zI eI
,V.!% 2I ,F% 45! ,!i !,445
&' uV(I %3 3 =;
(4I !, g(F
Rubbing!& 1OI (= aiI !i )( ,Z
1O !; '& !(! ,!.,'B(2
`( ( ,!; ! &V!( zI!45

!- "2( &V!(Gr )[ !1 !(, g(F
[( ! !1 ! &i( ~i` ( ; !
!.O
5 1O "I!( zI!& > ,,FP ;= 3
*(ReP !'; ! 1 ; !'"; =; )( B!& .'X

u !i ! ,445!( I ,5I!& ! O[(
! ,!( &V C!; (R 4I ;O 1I! 5
F!(% ! <% ,O!".
!;9G
( ~"<I!i ! &V ,445 ( "1 =<, P
`4! (R= Ce &V f-!(! 'I ;O ,
6 &V ; 52!4 !<'1 !& %0.75 3&V
= r f-!Q ;9GI ;O!12 ! eI!&
&' R 12>32 , 5 . 1O ;9GI!i
! &' ,445> , ,FP ;= 3(ReP !;
'! (R%! C &V!1 )
(4I !(, g(F
(4I *2.
*)<(*

<" )G !i ! &V ,445!= ,(e !1RQ !,RO

! , ("F ,%1<X*( 2P ! !& ! O!
&V!< Z6
`( ;= ,!*(41 .( <" (P !i ! ;= ,445!(5
= ,<4I! ;= (= ,4'O)G=.(R
j (2= <2I 3!i k<%(X ! &!( ;"5!; &V!(5'r ! ,13 ,i! , FC! ,RO! ,RO! , ("F!.,445
>(!& ! &V!a)1
%60-50;
SNF %48-20
%2%1g.,
= a !(G* : !45

! a !(G!(5'r !9 = :4P ,445 !(5 !'" ,
! !(OI tP ;= ,445! ;i!1 ,%() h!-
)!95 !(G ;"'!(%! .(45! % <% (R>(P!
!<(! ,! CX , O% , P(r [ &V! x31!(!&.
!(P1O Ingredients
I !(P1O =; =e ; !'"; !15= !
,
! O2=1'G ! x"r! '2! O2*)()& 1O
!O2 "2 3 !(%2 ) (%25 >1=
!- .=( = a !(G! x"r! (RV '2!CMC ; I
5
!( 5 !1e1 !O ; !P1 ! >'2
` ( !' ; 2(` 3
;= ,' dm ,"2P(( !1e1 >1= !'"; !kG

!(4X ; 2 ! j4G( (` 3 ) ;= ,' dm ,
!1e1
=6 !([' .,=; 6 1 ;= %20 ,! O2! ,%1'Fa'G
!"& 1X &V 1''% <%! 45 I 3 !,".
! (RV(m* 'R2*)<(.
&' >1!12 !(5 !< =; !(F'G =,1
! !& &' <I!(P1O !V1 !1 ; P!,Q
! ,(e!'1 .,F!(%
,g!h e

Processing procedure
1'G= hm1 !(P1O % , )()6 1> %40-35 9= ' &V ,
!(1 = h!' ! a'G! &V(O :P(5I!(P1O < !1'G =;
,"2P!; !15= !'" ,!
,! O2!15= ! , 'O
!9 .=6
&B"= ;G2!& >71-65 , 2500 &' :5 [ 2,X1%/g
hVI! !& 88-82 ! 10-5 [ .jB(3!!(% 45 &
%2.5-20 ,%1g" )< ( !& 38-32 G<" (.
( (Ì =1 ! r= ,RO! ( 'P(4*)>( (Ì 3 =h
!1'G !9> h= 45 =; ! O2! ;O- .`4= .
! ;9G!< 1
1'G= ;9GI :6 5* ,"2P 9I!; % ,%1g
%2!<"(. xI ,d =(Z*<I ,"2P6 &V ; 52!4
!<'1 !'<"1 ; .%2
<" !'1 !"& )=
( 62 ! <F! & !< 1
! ,<B(i[( !.;9G
Dry grated cheese 45! 1i"!"; 5!
h! ,(<% ;"5! hFI :;"5! =; 1! - h eI ,g

&V ,VC! '& I& P1X &' hm1I [ x 4I
&!( R%1g eI & (%35 ;= 3 ),%1g! k4G=1>
(4I*( 445= &V 45! ,> hVI [ %15-12
-10 &! [ !" %6-3 ,%1g & 45'! 65-62 &!
.,d"<! 5! 1I ,B95! 12
! ;"5!!(% 45

! h e! ;"5!!(% 45 <2I! ;"5(= =a)1
! h FI ,12!1% ;"5)(O) ,F ; &V ,X(Z
1 !(` [ ;"5 =( '& >32-26 , !'
!15= ! , 'O!& j'<!(% %45-35( (Ì =1 ="r
=) r !1e1 (4)1V [( &B!1e1 <%(R%
&V!( "3 (RV(m!& =(1 !1= ;(" .
)G f-!("r =; ;= %2.5-1.5 ! ;"5-
< )() ( '& > ,12I ,1P ! .;"5 ,V(m!x"r
=1 *)
&' (2I eV!(P1O ;1OI
= :P(5= '2 5)<( ! , O! ;= , V(O!x"r
<5I (RP!1 ! (P1R ;= hI !".
`( !'1 !& !) ;"5!<'("'F= h= &i ! (j !12

` ( * !(5 ! 5 ,445 1OI !1 .j.
( (` 3 =' !(<F (F* %0.5 "2% ! . <F!%
!' ;G2 [ .;"5!& > ,!"2 x31'! 95I!f2"'! &V(O
5!<(R% , ! ,X(Z f1FG hV>( !
&V(
!'9> , !., g(F
[ !60 &' :5 '& =' ; 6!&
2500-1500 2,X1% /g! 500 , P(r.2,X1%/g
<% 45! =<' j!!(% ;"5 =;

Z ,V)<h= ,
)G '! k4G= aCm ,!(d95 ! ,445! Ce
> 45I .! ;"5!& %3.5-2.5 ) [ ,%1g!;"5
!)% 45 =; 5 ! 45!" &V!( !&
32-29 [ ! ,B95 1I! 5!<" &V ,d ( ="F
= h(O !.4
1> " " &V ,d ) =(Z!> ;( (Ì 3 k<%
=;
=`( 62 '3 Z\I (RPV %0.08-0.5 ,"2%
' ,62 !' iI ;"5!!(% ,445.
)G ,g! f1.!(% 45!!(% ,445 !';"5
iI ;"> &F ( [ (5I ( 45I

! ;"5!95 !- '& ,d B(445= &V ,< V
1e!(% &P =(445 =2 '& ) = f e,
45I ( r! ;"5= ,F% (RI(5! *)<(!(R
( = ,RO'! ,"2O !'1 !(5 ! h= 9%(G!":g(F
*1= >1I(4X r! ,X(Z!(5 I %!2 ,(e
,".! hP(e !i f-R! <2 .!(5 !;"5
= a)1 (= ! ,12=; r(X6 ;"> ( 1
iI.

I "( !"( (4g6 !,445

,V(m(%!& !(5 )( ,%!- 5 3 '& !'"; k<%!<(=
(V(m (P 1P =; ("!6 )(I * (>( !&m'! ,4'G

!( ; R3 ,-CI(4g6 "9 = !(%1 ,FP*(ReP
! ,"2P hV! ,`4G(6 ! , , )()6) ,!1R*=(e
<= hV *)(4 hV! ,!-C ., B!1 ! &V ,=G2!"(
(4g6 1OI 3 =; &I("P X ;= a 'Z!1 !"( , I! 1, P
,FP "eI %(ReP( = ;"'% '! ,R%(i6 .`( 3

,"2P hVI!"( I !-%) ,"B( I !i( 5 3
` !& (9P6(% * (F rZ ,'R) ,4 <m!. `R
((Ì ( P k<%!"( I !"(1V r= , I ! .(1e(
hVI`( ,"2P!1 !1%O , I! (4GP ,"2P
!
1 ;"'!(%!") ;"! &V ( (4.56 )(` V (7
!O2 !
1 k<% &V! "( (` 3 ! (i
>1= !- ,"2P 'I " ; =( V
!5 !(!& I m1 =; !"; 6 !'"; !":

!1O
!"; 6
!"; %
!(
87.43
86.61
!;
3.75
4.14
!"; I
1.63
3.58
!
1
6.98
4.96
!=(
0.21
0.71
!15= !'" ,!
,
8.82
9.25
!15= !, 'O
12.57
13.39
1 !15 &V("!6 ,r! 45

Quality defects in fresh dry milk

!Moisture ,%1g
"<I!(9 &V! ;= ,%1g r(")6 &V ( 1 = ,%(F!12
!(1! zI(4X !15 ! ,<4I=; !<1= !& \I !& !1e '& =12
= h4I! &V %4-3) ,%1g!'"; !4 &V %3-2 (= !) (.
(4GP > , 1 !. 45
! &V C ,%1g!1R !15 = ('r &V(6 ! :F! V=( "<;= (R
( &V! ,%1g!' ,m hV> , 1 !1X1'! 45 !&
> ,! 45!.,%1'F
( )= , 1 ! 45 ( hV!'"; !& ,V.!. 45
5 ,'3!1R ! Z!& ,V.! 45 2! (4!(d9> ;= ,%1g
!'"; !1X1 !& > ,! 45! ,%1'F1O 3 - ,5 P2P =(
!1R [~I( '& )() , !1R !.Z
9>6 !Scorched Particles ,3

9>6 ! &V ,3!12 I ,5 P( ' ,

! ; G2 k<%9>6 I &V!'1 =; !"&
! I(4!& 1)6 G2I !'< '& > ,!'1 !9>q
! ;= ,15= ,336 !'(1R &' (2 .,P
9>6 !12= &V ,3 !'"; !< =; !<1= r(
[~I !< 1 (FZ6 , ' &V! 45!& (R ~i
>1 k<%9>6 .(=' ,! 45!& 5!(% je'I
! ,VC! ,Z(2! 45 &!(!(% ! &V C!'1 ,5 P
=
= F)q! (R2!= [ ,Z(2( = &3(% h!12
!( zI1R >9 ,!'1 =; ( )<( 1
(<= 45I )G (O6 !9R>6 5 ! 45
(4 I!1R !G2 &V!~i 45
1R 9>6 ! ,3 = C !'1 !'1
!; &V!12 ! 5 !-("Z ( (4
!( ! ,=G2( ( h> 3>1 9>6
! ,3!& !(9 &V> , !R% 45 !1e
'& =1 &%1g 3 ( ,) &V> ' ,
!. 45
1OI 3 9>6 !(" ,3 ; >9 =; !1%O

( xP! ,' )1! ; G2I &V ,=G2!1R & !' R!"(.
( k<% ,FP! h 5(!G2 (R V6 ( 2P
`( >1 = r f-9>6 !12 &' (RP1! 31
V 1R'! ,m<= (RB(% ! ;Z(2!(G =; . ! 45
!& 6 ( 9>6(V !1R'! ,m<= QI , 3 !;Z(2
'& V h= I! ( 12!(% a2I5 !-! .
! Q! f-R! &=16 ( ai!(% ! w4 !-!( &V
!(P1O' 2 ! ! ;= Q9>6 !" ;= ,
!12 (QP(%
g &V !1F)*(% 45(P > h>1 9>6 !,3

!&:
- )"<( 9>6 6!& =; ' ,! 45!& 3
1OI (9! xm ->1 15V '& ) F*)1F.,P
- (4 )(O ; ! aiOI >9 '& ) F*)1F.,P
(i. ) ,'3 - !'"; ( aCm!"(G.
! &V C!'1 Discoloration

! C!1! &V &'O !12 ; ~i)G >(

= , ' &V ,<4I!1e'! 45 '& =1 &%1g3
))1 ,!( &V!1F)*(% 45(P !9( ( !2
! ,V. ;= h2! 45!" ` ( "2( &V!1! &V C
!12 ( V (i. ;= j 3!12 ,V. &V!<! ,5 P 45
(4 ,QP! 2( V F)q! m9R ! . 45(
,m1!'"; ! z(!'"; ! kG!4 ! "2 45(
&V!< !' &V C!'1 5(GI ((g (R4 45I ,X(Z
!'1e '& = 45= z >1 = , (P ;= ,<4I!'1.
! &V t!(-'! , '%(% Decreased solubility

!(9 &V =(<= 3!-(% tP SI!(9 &V ,

!(P1O ! C ,"B ! C 12= &V !'"; !& rI
)()( &V! ,< "g &V C! ;9 O!& "2I 1OI =<'j
[( x%( ("I !12 (!(% !& !)&V ,%1
!(.
!<1= !& =(<= &' [\I!-(% !'12 !(!(% zI:
-!<(=' ,! ,! .,<4I -!'"; >1 =.,`4G
> k<% -(V(m
- !(QP eI h= , )( 3 x2 ! 45 >(R !. 45
- ! ;9G((4I > ,! 1g !4 ; ~i
( =(<= &V!-(%.
-! ; G2!"1X1'! ;"'! &B !& &e3>("[ , ' >,

!"'! C
Z ; I ' ,! 45 [~I RQI ( !; G2
1m1% '( !15= &V!'"; e (= ,X(Z! 9!&
>13 %(iI , !<) , 5 !'9> ,!> ,4I( a% ' ,
! 45 f-!' &V ,) z ,! ,< "g &V C!"; I
Z &<% (4I ! ( !< ! &V (R! Z6
=; ! "2 45( &V! ,< "g &V C!" ; I &!(!(%(
.SI
-( 5 !'"; ! &'Z!& ,V.! 45 =( (4
=< !(R5 \ !& ( =<(= !-(% ( !F
( x31g !'1X1 !& > ,!(45 ! ,%1. &!(!(%(
1= !'"; =' ;= ,== ,! ! 9>(
=.,<4I
!1Z &V C I !'"; 13= \[ ` ( '& !&V C

,< "g!" ; I(!(9 &V!1G ! &V C!1
!'&.
,!( &V!1F)*(% 45(P ( =
=(i. ,2 !'"; !'F2
!1F)
! ;Z(2 "2% ,P( =' &V ,1 ,!"; I
! C ,!( &V ,X(Z!1F)*(% 45(P &V! 15!<(.
-5!:Lumpiness O
;= 1!< 1 1'! , )()6 ! &V("!6

! .,445 f-!(1O &V 'GI! 5!.firmness ,(iR
- !< ; ~i( ! ,%1g ( !<(=' ,!,
a% ' ,!" <%! 45!<".,d
&V("!6 ! ,X(Z ,445!'"; !4 1P6 !&V ,<4I

,"2P!
1 1OI (e=* , ! ,%1g'& ! V
! O!- > h!& ( ! ;= : ! ,%1g!` 1O
> h!&
(4 !1O 3 % 45 > h!& =(e !12 !'<% ,%1g

' ,! 45' V ,%1g! 15' ( ! !<" ,d!;9G
1OI . [~I
,d"<I!12 '& > , = ( "2P ,<4I (RB(%-O (
V !
1 ( 1O '& (! ,'B() " , = ,<5"2
OI RQI f-!1m1% ,'Oi &V R6! ;= ,dV! ,2
"I!<"1 &V (R)OI(=6; ! &' (RB(% ") (= ,dV
= ,<4I Z~I!" .V !- =; !<1= !(2 '& !OI O
6 ( !(e j !<"1 ! "O =( )" >1 [ '&
!12 !( &V zI! r) Z6! &V
! &'42! "I 5!12
!& 38 ;= 3 "3!<" &V ,d!<"1 !(5 ,(!(e j 6 (
*)1F(P.
! . ,RO!,%1.
Off-flavour
12= ,ROP "2=( ! '& !(! ,!= 1RV ,V(5 ! &V .,
! z!(F !V 45 !<(= 6 ,!"O 1
>1 !( !(G '& ! (mV !'"; V &< "g
! C !" , >1!1O!( O ,!& I [( !h e
!1OI ;9G 1OI &' [~I 1R !(RO .
!.,%1.
[\I!1FG ! , < e ,g! &' 45 !,RO
! &V ,Z1"F!'"; !4 = h4I!<(=' ,!1>1V ,
! ,RO! &V &< "g "< ,Z1"F!12 = h4I!<(=',
!5= ( % , &V V(i!'"; = k4G!<(='"< ,
;= .
1 ! ,RO! &V ,<B(i!'"; !4 !P(5% ( r he

! ,RO! ,Z1"F!(=` k<% &V) ,!(5 !(,X(G
k<%!(RO Z6 = ,ROP r!<' , (i6 !`(
! 6 , !(RO ! ,"C m!& ! !,RO
!..kG
!\2 !12= &V ,GP9 !'"; (= !) !'"; !kG
!
(V !(RO ! &V ,%1.= C!( zI! 45!(F 5
)"<( !'"; !(G !- ! ,%1.= . ,ROP 'I ;O
= r f-!(RO u4!'"; '& > , 7 !4 "3
!.h e
>1 !("!q! u4 !,445

Keeping quality of dry milks
1> x"X u4!'"; ! 45 9I ,&V f

!12 Z6 h> (%! !& ( ( !9G
)( =; !'"; !4 ! (45 ,( V Q4
!( > ,!(% ' ,QV ( * f(5I!& j12I-
! kB(4!& ! !(= &V ,!<(! &V (RV
Z!Q
! ,15*=(P(O ;= 96 ,!1e '& =12
>1 . !( u4
= h &V P!1OI (= a)1 ,d"<I!'"; !4 !45
= ;O V 1O [( C'! ( "2P x% !& ;O I
V % k<% ,V(m* ((g !( 2 !Q'! ,"2
! ! ,F .

! C !& I [( V ! ;Ì ;9G)() ( ! &V C!,RO

!'1 !(-'! , '%(% !' z! 45<= 31 f-! C
'& I >1 !'"; !(G !<( ,[( (P ! !<(=',
! 31! C !( O ,!" , >1!1O1P !<(=' ,(RV
,X(Z!<(=
! ,=1 !12 =; ! ,%1g!'1
(<!(% ! ,F!"< &V ,!<" ,d=1 !<" ,d!;9G'! ,=G2
!- ! ;= ;9G> ,! ! ,%1g< ,!`1.
=; !( ,!(5 ,!<' V , !
r 1= 6 ,&:
!1 =; !; )! (.
! ,"2!.,%1g'! ,1d
> , !.;9G
(% - ! &V 'r; !'"; V ,2% &V!'";

! 45!4 5 1OI = % %1.25 (=<V 3
1OI ' eV ,!; =; !'"; (4O% xI 3 V !3 ,"2
eI!& %0.8 ;= 3'( f-!(= ,X(Z ,"2
1OI V %1.5 ;= r ! '& !,2% I u4
Oi% m( !12 !(j%(F= . "e zI
!4..
!1(4X !12 !4
-V !- =1 !'"; ! ;= 45!:O )( ,%1g
=1> h ! u4 ! .;9G'( =1 !; ,%1g
%4 1! &V ,%1g'! &e36!> ,!( Extra
grade!
&V=(e !12 !' ,%1g[( V
! 5 ;9G 1OI !<"1 -4= . !'.,%1g
!< R ;"'! &O=6! 45 =1 !<"9I * ,d

(4P37.5 2,X1% 20.35/100 ; ,%1g'! (R
%90 , "2P ,%1g( X1I &V Z.
&' tI =1 !<"(P(% 2I * ,d ! B!( F
(2 ! z(4P zB f 1OI = ,P>( =; -
4 !& 49 (5I( <2!<"1 !"(iC% ,F !"&!1
(FP &' ; 'r ).h
' -! &' ;9G> , =1> ;= ,<4I aCm
! z "24 , =()" ,G2 3 !" !';9G
!4 &V ,'1g1>6 !(.
! C !& I [( !:;9G

!'"; !4 !:45

;"! ;= ,(<% < eI I >1 = ,<4I1" &V d"1 ,<4I= u4 =( 9Z '& > ,
21 ( "I* &V CI! ( V ,RO V!9F> ,!& ;O
=
&' (RQ f-!>V <% , 1!& ,) 1.5 .r! C
! &V hB(i! ,RO!- Q
= ;O 1! ,RO!Storage or ,
stole =( R f-!(RO '& V e3 &V!12 V
! "2!"( &V! 1O (4I ! &V ,%1g! z! 45(4I
> , !.;9G
!'"; (= !) !:45
=; ! C ! &V ,<B(i!12 (= !) 62 !-! ,"B;
!'"; ! P! ,RO! ,! &V 4!(-'! , '%(% !&V C
!'1.
-162 !-! , I; !'"; :Autoxidation
1 !'"; (= !) k<%!(5 ! ,445Z6

'& ;= ,!; ;O ~I 'I (R%2 3
&2!' ! Tallowy F. &i[( ! .;9G ~i-
!< =; >1 6 ; 522 (6 ! ,(P
!" 2 *! !( F ="( Z.
(= ,!( &V (mV Q >1 !'"; !<' (
!V ,F)1= , < e > ,1m ! ,RO!\2 ! C
=("Z*(% ,1'= "eI ,%1. !
[ <% , 2 1Rm
( "I =( ((5= xP ("!6 (=' ,!) =<" &V ,d!15
!<( = &' ,14>24-21 ,.
=; !<1= !& <= &' [\I 2 ; !'";:

->1 [( =; !<( !:,' r

<" = !'1 !< ;= &P!( ! =; !<1= < f-
(P16 <I<1= =(2 !'( &' ,QV! !12 f-R! ( P1P(3 %
!<( )9> 1.5 1 &V!' 1 =; !(9> 10 &V!' 1 =; !(
5 1OI F)6!< , P!&
= (R2!'"; [( (P6 ! !h e
=; !e'! %(3 . 'e.
(= &V! ,>( (1943)Lea et al m &' P> , !"e ,VC
=12 !'"; (= !) V <% ,ROP =; R 10-9 1 '&
=; 9> 1 0.7 &V!' 1 =; !( 1= R 7-5 <% 9> 7-3 &V
!' 1 &V1 50 ;= 3 =12 9> 15-10 &V!' 1 .
1m - ! :i1V ,<6 !"2I , 524 =; 2 !; &V!'"; !45
,) 31I!' >1R , &' f ! ,3(F!` , B1!& < !(R
! . z xI!Q !<( ,d"<'! ,! . ;= ;9G! h31 1O !'`1
1<= [~I 1R &V ! ,RO!. , i
> "< -!'1> &' [\= =( ; r2 u4 =; =12

!'"; (= !) !i ( &V . Dahle & ` 1943
(5= Josephson !" 1I ,445= , '& 0.48 0.75
> 100 O! ; r2! > 0.37 ; *1Q 1'= tP
<= &V 62 !; '( 1= 3 !' . ; r2'& (
V !' ; r2!'! (e; < <(= =`( !q2 .
-! ; G2!"'! &B> ,! V(O!()" !'"; \ Z
! C !~ &V ,2!'"; (= !) =(5 !i [(
! 5 . ;9G 1OI > , ! ; G2!" &B'&
=; 76 . 3> x )( '& [~I> ,
! ; G2!" (= (R= &B. (1945) Mattick et al m
! ; G2!"! &B> ,'& =; 87 -!(=,
!1RQ ! ,RO! , i
`( (1945) Crossley> ! ; G2!& 87 1> ;2f

! u4( 1> &' (1952) Harland et al e u4'&
!' z! ; G2!(% 45!" &B!& 96-90 ! [~I 80-60
(%% (RP 96-77 ! 30. , 3
> h! "21> ; 2I &V &)()6 ! ; G2!(% u4!" &B!&
4P = h =(5!(4'2 !& <I`( !q2 . I`(
!~[ ! '& !"( I .( = Z = -
!`( ! &' =(O(9P6 !\2 !1>1 &V
X!'"; !&
4I( ! O(% [( 1P( .=; !
u = j (2!'";
! ,F% 45! (R% RQ- !< ) =; !~[ ,F%
1F)6(P .
(`= - 62

Antioxidants
,V(m ( CX =; !1 !`(q! f2 !' z!"3 B(2

! 451O (% ! k<%!~[ *= ,!(g ! . ;9G 'GI
!( !`(q! f2 !~[
Z% 1P !( / !;9G
. f-!1 ! (<V [~I (R! : ([ [~I! ,6 ;= ; 52!<" f1
!<"( . w4I xI ,d ! , O!()" !~[ =; =`(
62 1R "2I &V ,1'= ROP! z( !1(4X *iI
* &' tI ,V(m!1 !(12! ,QV !'"; (= !) .
G2I k<%!`( '& (FP k=( r= &"5I*)1O %
(= k*)1O) + % !1e1 j 3!(V1i !1 V
k=( VE!*(> !(5 *[ wX!15(% ..... .( .
zB(P 'GI!"( &V ; r- !~i > h!
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h= (` RQI ,RO! f- ( . ,RO!& V 4 4Z f( =F6
(V1i! j 3< 2 ( . ( !(5! k=( (* )=
5! ,V(m
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1= ;= (B(2! )'& )( !'"; %0.05
ethylene, Sonbitan monostearate, Glycerol
1> ;= ;2 monostearate , Sonbitan monostearate
1! f-~[ I 4 30-29 9G!(= O! !'"; u4
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. (;!'

Oxygen limitation
1= 'I 6; 52<" 1= 'I ! z! ;= 456 ;= ; 52 r!F !<' ,
!i (5I( ! ; 2= V ! u4> 'I ,
6 ; 52!& %2 5 ;= 3!(C &V!4 !<'1 =; !<"f1
`( >1 !12'! u4 ! ,d"<%!1X1'! w4I xI z
!& =1 = ;= k4G6 ,!( &V . ; 52!'"; (= !) !-
1 = 0.0112= >/; 52 = &' 9GI ;O> ,
! ,VC- '& >( = ,<4I'& ! %
V !<' (
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; 52 0.02 ;= 3=>/ =12 .
&V!12 Z6 )< k<%!1 ! h 5!;= t'G
6 ; 52 'I &V ,!5( !<"~ " &V1 ;= . f-4= .
f-!1 "1 1I '& The glucose oxidase cotalas
! (R%1 ;= ;O 2O'! ,'%(3 (RP ,g . ,d F%Z !(<V)<(
(. *> ; h= %10 ,"2%!> ; !'<" ;= 1> &V ,d!(C .
!- hm ( CX (R%3 =( &V ,%1g'! X!<"1 .

Rancidity
-2!P9
"2 3! P9!! &''G; !'"; &V("!6 !1R ,445 . ,ROP
= %1. "<I(9P !' " 9& !\2! ; ! zI
( f ,1O - !< (P ! =( )G >,
( , '<! V!"2 .- ! ; G2!" &B!& >(
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"3!<(=' !V , (6 ! ,!)* fV1= "eI f
62 &V!( zI!. 45
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-3! ,RO!) ,!< (
1OI 3 &V("!6 !
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( !< =; !"( ; r!& >1 ("I =( ; %; !'"; - !< .
( = ,15Z !& h>I (RP!& !
(4 =( ; %!"; I
) O!
1 ,r!([ ,15= ! ; G2!"&' &B
90-87 \1R -Z - !< =(73 &' ; G2!(% ,P &V
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1R Z~ 3 ! ,RO!< k4G% ,> , ! V ;9G>
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; ! ! 45!(F ;
7 ! ( ( &V `V! '3 ,RO
! !<"~ (. xI (= =9G '& 30 ! ( .
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r=) B(2!& 93 ! )( (, k<I
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!< , ! ,[( !. ;9G
V !- =(5 !'"; ! 45 !1 ! &%1g;= &'6
!<( 1R h= f("= ,3
&F
)!(= O!& !'"; V =; ! =( :O<! '& , 2! X1Z &V
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,%1.! . (RO! . (F!(= O! " !'"; 1"= . '<5I
V1% " ,>% (R[' I ;O ; !2~I ;= ,5I(!
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1OI

( h! V!(RO .! %1.!& ;= zI!

(4 .
!~ ,2 f-!(RO .! . ,%1.!~X1I ,2
( 1> ,RO% ! R!%9 Buttery coconut
falvour9 I ;O( ( . ,X(Z ,!1R2% !,RO
!~ . ,2! ,%1.! (4!- \ !& 1R -
!< &V! ;= ,RO!1 .!~2 !- F iI
!(% ~%* ,2% (R%[( ! &' ;9G>,
! ,VC Z~I ;O[ (G= &V ;9G!(% ="
* - 1O = (4'O .(e3 .( ! rf-
!(RO a iI) ,'=(<!(%! ,' !& G2I
&V!F !<( ,! 45! ,=G2!'"; !(% .
! R !"1 >9 *~% ;= %! . ,RO!~,2

!- [( ;9GI!(5 !'" ,! &' ,1; > h!&
;1OI!
(P1 =; 1P !( 1O! (O Delta decalactone
=; ! `( !'(P1O ! ,R%(i !-V == ,15"(
(P1 ! (r! <'I ,R%(i 1R &V ! . ,RO
!~ ,2[( !. ;9G
! > 1R f-!(RO .!% ' 'I ;O ,%1.> ,"
! k<%; !'"; !4 !~[ !"(G xI =; !w4
! . i< [~I f-!<(=' h> ,!& !95! (R *~% %
=; !"( ! j%(2(6 ! ;= (R!
(P1 !(P1 O !-
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.
!: ,F
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kGI . ("I!i '& >12-10 , 2CI!%9
!((!(% ,5I !"( )'& >7-5 ,( (2= = 5%
!' 5*i'! &'X .
(2I -2 ! &' %9>50 , 1% 2CI!& (R5 <m
=; !( ! &' ;Z(2>55-50 , (1 a iI &V f62 [ hm1!; &V(
>; %) a! ; G2 !" =9 '%
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Z ; !'"; ! 3
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Eastman Tenax `2= r= 2q! f =( =`(1!(% %0.1
Propyle gallate ( >
%% %20 &' 1 - S1
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'& ( , e% !1P ; Q ! !V <2
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!<(= !- 12= ,ROP '1 !'1R
!15 . 3= ;O! ,* =; 1 ! 45&!(!(%
[~I &3
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(! [(. %

tG'I f-! &V ,F)" =(1 ,%I6

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!(5 !F !!(% 45 (% =; ! 4
! . ai f-!( Z6 ,V(m(%!& (RP
95I ,%I6(2>6 ! ,"C*Z =; !1R
! Z!& ! 'I (RPV 45* =; !1R !&
=12 ! . 4e=( "e1 !;= &!(Z 45
* V !12 !( "e zI , !( ,ROP
!15 .

Insolubility
-4 !-(%
( =< =<(= !-(% )! &V (fP!'"; !1OI 45
,3
="( = h! x31> ,! ! ;9G=1 !12 =;
! . ,%1g ,! &V fP!12 ! 5!1 '& %3,%1g
!9G '& !1OI ,VC ,' '3! ;= ,) <%! . ;9G=(
( xP! ,%1g !(<4I= ;9G ;= PV!\
1R <% fP . ' '3
Color
CI -5 !'1
change
!'1 1'!(% !"&
Z V ! ;9G!(5 ( * <" =. 'Oi
(<V * ! &V C!'1 * a"%
Z V ! ;9G! 1F!;O
(i ! ,2% C =( ( !1 =; ! h4I= ,%1g
! ;9G( "I Z~I "< . ,<4I= xP!12 <%! 45
(= = ,) &' (2!'1 ( "<I! C !& I &V
I1 !1 ,RO * "3 B ! &V C!'1 %>,
='. ,1
<9 !'1 !"&

Z ! ;9G!& !h =(5= ; % (= (4
; =6!
1 -Z\I!<"P xI ,d> ; = r- !(4
( !Q !& 1R Z\I ! ,RO! ,& (R24P
Z~I &V [~I!'1 1'!(% !"& .
- !< h > &V1P ! j (2! u1! ;O Pr
1R &V!'"; !4 ! 45 !-!'"; !,F% 45
1F)6(P .
!> h!<, %

! '& % " ! " ,!< !" 5 ) ( >1!1OI (1996*!"(

! ,4rO! ,445' ,!9 : ; ,<=(> ,!(
! '& % " ! g( = ,!C ,! " 2!<' !"i 15P ,
=( )'(F = ,>< " ,!< !" 5 ) ( >1!1OI (2001*!"( -' ,
!9 - : ; ,<=(> ,!( = 9!<' !14
!1(4X ! () ,! 2005/1648 ,e("!6 !,445
! ,d R! ,e!<(=1'! ,(4X !151R> , e= ,!<., %
, ">* h>!
American Dry Milk Institute (1961). Non fat Dry Milk in the
Manufacture of Cultured Buttermilk, Cottage Cheese and
Dairy Products, Bulletin No.651, 41 Pages., Chicago 1 ,
Illinois, USA.
American Dry Milk Institute (1965). Standards for Dry Milks,
Including Methods of Analysis, Bulletin 916 ( Reirisal), 51,
Pages., Chicago , Illinois, USA.
Coulter, S.T., and Jenness, R. (1973), Dry Milk Products, in Food
Dehydration, ed. By Van Arsdel,W.B.;Copley, M.J and
Morgan . Jr., A.I., pp. 290-346. The AVI publishing Co.,
Inc., New York.
Fox, P.F. (1983). Developments in Dairy Chemistry-2 Lipids,

Elsevier Applied. Sci., London & New York.
Hall, C.Carl and Hedrich, T. I. (1966). Drying Milk and Milk
Products. The AVI publishing Company, Inc., New York.
Marjana- Caric (1994). Concentrated and Dried Dairy Products.
VCH publishers, Inc., New York.
Renner, E (1983). Milk and Dairy Products in Human Nutrition .
Wgmbhn, Volkwirschaftlicher Verlag. Munchen.
Robinson, R.K (1986). Modern Dairy Technology, Vol 2,
Advances in milk Products. Elsevier Applied. Sci., New York.
! =( & V1I* (%

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