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( OUR

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+Mn2 Mno2

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02
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Mno2 + 2 I- + 4H+ Mn2+ + I2 + 2H2O
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-I I2 .


.
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.
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NaN3 + 9H+ 3NH3 + Na+ + NH3 + NO2- + H+ N2 + N2O + H2O
HN3 + NO2- + H+ N2 + N2O + H2O
.
:
: 082 MnSO4.4H20 022
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Andrew, et )
.(al., 2005

In aerobic process oxygen must be continuously supplied in order to achieve acceptable

productivities, Since the role of oxygen in microorganism growth and its metabolism is of vital
importance, both the oxygen consumption by the cell and the oxygen transfer rate (OTR) into the
system have to be understood.
The main function of a properly designed bioreactor is to provide a controlled environment and a
concentration of nutrients (dissolved oxygen, mainly) sufficient to achieve optimal growth and/or
optimal product formation in a particular bioprocess. Dissolved oxygen in the broths is the result

of a balance of its consumption rate in the cells, and the rate of oxygen transfer from the gas to
the liquid phase. Monitoring dissolved oxygen in the broth is mandatory because often oxygen
becomes the factor governing the metabolic pathways in microbial cells.
In this work the oxygen uptake rate (OUR) in different fermentation broths is examined.
Experimental techniques have been compiled from the literature and their applicability to
microbial processes reviewed. The reciprocal influence of OUR and OTR is presented and an
analysis of rate-limiting variables is carried out.
Mathematical models are a fundamental tool in bioprocess design, optimisation, scale-up,
operation and control at large-scale fermentation. Kinetic models describing aerobic
bioprocesses have to include an oxygen balance taking into account OTR and OUR. Many
different specific rate expressions for cell growth, substrate consumption, product formation and
oxygen uptake have been developed and incorporated in the models, and simulations of different
bioprocess have been carried out. Some of them are presented here.

The best temperatures for wastewater treatment probably range from 77 to 95

degrees Fahrenheit (25C to 35C). In general, biological treatment activity
accelerates in warm temperatures and slows in cool temperatures, but extreme hot
or cold can stop treatment processes altogether. Therefore, some systems are less
effective during cold weather and some may not be appropriate for very cold
climates. Wastewater temperature also affects receiving waters. Hot water, for
example, which is a byproduct of many manufacturing processes, can be a
pollutant. When discharged in large quantities, it can raise the temperature of
receiving streams locally and disrupt the natural balance of aquatic life.