RECORD OF POVERTY REDUCTION

POPULATION BELOW POVERTY LINE (% OF TOTAL POPULATION)

27.5 PLANNING COMMISSION (2005)

37.2 TENDULKAR COMMITTEE (2009)

50 - N C SAXENA COMMITTEE (2010)
(METHODOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES)

MEASURES FOR POVERTY REDUCTION

TRICKLE DOWN
DIRECT INTERVENTION
INITIAL INTERVENTIONS MOSTLY FOCUSED ON INCOME ENHANCEMENT
SHIFT TO EXPENDITURE TPDS; INDIRA AWAS YOJANA; DIRECT CASH TRANSFER
NRHM FOCUSED ON EXPENDITURE OF THE POOR
ILLNESS DOUBLE WHAMMY FOR THE POOR : LOSS OF INCOME & UNAFFORDABLE
EXPENDITURE

NATIONAL (RURAL) HEALTH MISSION

GOAL : REDUCE HOUSEHOLD OUT-OF-POCKET EXPENDITURE ON TOTAL HEALTH CARE
(2006)
CORE VALUE : SAFEGUARD THE HEALTH OF THE POOR, VULNERABLE AND
DISADVANTAGED
EMPHASIS ON SAFE DRINKING WATER AND SANITATION
DEVIATIONS :
1. RSBY LED TO INSURANCE LED TREATMENT
2. EMPHASIS ON NON -COMMUNICABLE DISEASES

POOR DIE OF COMMUNICABLE DISEASES

Cause of death
8

53

39

NCD

CD

others

SOME FIGURES TO SHAKE YOU UP

EVERY 10TH DEATH IN INDIA IS DUE TO POOR SANITATION

EVERY 6TH DEATH IS THAT OF AN INFANT
MORE THAN 186000 CHILDREN UNDER AGE 5 DIE OF DIARRHEAL DISEASES CAUSED BY UNSAFE WATER
23 PERSONS PER LAKH OF POPULATION DIE OF TUBERCULOSIS IN INDIA EVERY YEAR
2 MILLION NEW TB CASES EACH YEAR IN INDIA
2 PER 1000 POPULATION AFFLICTED WITH MALARIA IN INDIA
51% OR 626 MILLION INDIANS DEFECATE IN THE OPEN (60% OF WORLDS OPEN DEFECATORS)

INFRASTRUCTURE OR BEHAVIOR?
THE GOVERNMENT INTENDS TO COVER EVERY HOUSEHOLD BY TOTAL SANITATION BY THE

YEAR 2019, THE 150TH YEAR OF THE BIRTH ANNIVERSARY OF MAHATMA GANDHI
THROUGH SWACHH BHARAT ABHIYAN. BUDGET SPEECH OF FM JULY 2014
25% OF THOSE WHO HAVE LATRINES IN RURAL NORTH INDIA (5 STATES) STILL PREFER OPEN
DEFECATION
IDEA OF PURITY AND POLLUTION MANY PREFER LATRINES TO BE FAR AWAY OR OD TO
ATTACHED LATRINE
IN BIHAR MODERN TOILETS COEXIST WITH DRY LATRINES PERPETUATING CASTE
HIERARCHY
SCAVENGING PROHIBITED BY LAW IN 2013 BUT HOUSES WITH DRY LATRINES STILL BEING
PERMITTED

SQUAT SURVEY RESULTS (CONTD.)

40% OF HOUSEHOLDS THAT HAVE A WORKING LATRINE HAVE AT LEAST ONE PERSON
WHO REGULARLY DEFECATES IN THE OPEN.

LESS THAN HALF OF PEOPLE WHO OWN A GOVERNMENT LATRINE USE IT REGULARLY.
47% OF PEOPLE WHO DEFECATE IN THE OPEN SAY THAT THEY DO SO BECAUSE IT IS
PLEASURABLE, COMFORTABLE AND CONVENIENT.

DISPOSAL OF NIGHTSOIL FROM DRY LATRINES EQUALLY POLLUTING

POLLUTION MOST IN UNPROTECTED WATER SOURCES THE POOR DEPEND ON.
ARMY, RAILWAYS NEGATIVE EXTERNALITY

INDIAS ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY 2025

MCKINSEY REPORT OCTOBER 2014

QUESTIONS FOR YOU

GIVEN THE ABOVE SITUATION, HOW DOES ONE DESIGN A SWACHH BHARAT ABHIYAN?
HOW TO ENSURE THAT TOILETS ARE NOT ONLY BUILT BUT USED ALSO?
EVEN IF 100% POPULATION USE TOILETS, HOW TO MANAGE SLUDGE AND
WASTEWATER?

WILL SWACHH BHARAT FLOUNDER ON TOILETS?