Feafe

TAMS79 / TASM65 - vt 2013
Formel- och tabellsamling i matematisk statistik

TAMS79 / TAMS65 - vt 2013
c
Martin
Singull
M
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Inneh
all
3.3
1 Sannolikhetsl
ara
Tukeys metod for parvisa jamforelser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4 Variansanalys
15
15
1.1
N
agra diskreta fordelningar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1
Enfaktorforsok Fix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
1.2
N
agra kontinuerliga fordelningar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2
Enfaktorforsok Varianskomponentmodell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
1.3
Kovarians och Korrelation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3
Randomiserad Block Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
1.4
Linjarkombinationer av slumpvariabler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4
Tv
afaktorforsok . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
1.5
Genererande funktioner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.5
Romersk kvadrat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
1.6
Centrala gransvardessatsen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.7
Approximationer mellan olika fordelningar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.8
Samband mellan betingade och obetingade vantevarden och varianser . .
11
1.9
Stokastisk vektor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
5-
vt
3
1
20
6
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2 Markovkedjor och k
oteori
9
7
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11
5
S6
vt
Multipel regression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19
5.2
Enkel linjar regression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21
M
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11
6.1
Fackinledning med k fack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.2
Homogenitetstest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Stationara fordelning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
2.2
Fodelsedods-process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
9
7
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7 Tabeller
2.3
Utnyttjande . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
2.4
M/M/1 system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
2.5
M/M/1/K system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
21
21
23
Normalfordelning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
7.2
t-fordelning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
7.3
2 -fordelning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25
7.4
F-fordelning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27
7.5
Studentized Range Statistic Tukey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33
15
7.6
Binomialfordelning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35
7.7
Poissonfordelning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39
M/M/c system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
2.7
Erlang formel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
3.1
Ett stickprov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
3.2
Tv
a stickprov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
21
7.1
2.6
3 Statistisk teori
19
5.1
6 2 -test
2.1
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5 Linj
ar regression
3
1
20
Sannolikhetsl
ara
1.2
N
agra kontinuerliga f
ordelningar
Likformig (rektangul
ar) f
ordelning p
a intervallet (a,b)
1.1
N
agra diskreta f
ordelningar
X U (a, b)
Binomialf
ordelning
X Bin(n, p)

pX (k) =
n
k
pk (1 p)nk ,
var(X) = np(1 p),
E[X] = np,
k = 0, 1, . . . , n
E[X] =
GX (s) = (1 + p(s 1))n
3
1
0
Poissonf
ordelning
X P o()
k
pX (k) =
E[X] = ,

e ,
k = 0, 1, 2, . . .
k!
var(X) = ,
GX (s) = e(s1)
Hypergeometriskf
ordelning
5
6
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A
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/
-v
t2
X Hyp(N, n, p)

Np
N (1 p)
k
nk

pX (k) =
,
k = 0, 1, . . . , n
N
n
N n
np(1 p)
E[X] = np,
var(X) =
N 1

9
7
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Geometrisk f
ordelning
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A
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F
or f
orsta-g
angen-f
ordelning
X F f g(p)
pX (k) = (1 p) p,
1p
1
E[X] = ,
var(X) =
,
p
p2
k = 1, 2, 3 . . .
GX (s) =
E[X] =
r(1 p)
,
p
var(X) =
r(1 p)
,
p
5
var(X) =
(b a)2
,
12
MX (p) =
epb epa
p(b a)
X Exp(),
dar betecknar intensiteten. Ibland anvands vantevardet =
fX (x) = ex ,
E[X] =
1
,
var(X) =
1
,
2
x0
MX (p) =
,
p
5
6
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Normalf
ordelning
t
v
> p.
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/
Observera att det ar variansen var(X) = 2 som ar angiven har och i resten av
formelsamlingen nar beteckningen for normalfordelning anvands.

1
(x )2
fX (x) =
exp
,
< x < +
2 2
2
9
7
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M
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E[X] = ,
var(X) = 2 ,

p2
MX (p) = exp p + 2
2
2 -f
ordelning
Y 2 (n)
Uppkomst: Om X1 , . . . , Xn ar oberoende, var och en N (0, 1), galler att Y = X12 +

. . . + Xn2 f
ar en 2 fordelning med n frihetsgrader.
fY (x) =
x(n/2)1 ex/2
,
2(n/2) (n/2)
x 0,
dar () ar gammafunktionen
Z
k = 0, 1, 2, . . .

r
p
GX (s) =
1 (1 p)s
3
1
20
som parameter.
X N (, 2 )
sp
1 (1 p)s
Negativ Binomialf
ordelning
X N B(r, p)

k+r1
pX (k) =
pr (1 p)kr
r1
a+b
,
2
axb
Exponentialf
ordelning
X Ge(p)
pX (k) = (1 p)k p,
k = 0, 1, 2, . . .
1p
1p
p
E[X] =
,
var(X) =
,
GX (s) =
p
p2
1 (1 p)s
k1
1
,
ba
fX (x) =
(c) =
xc1 ex dx,
dar c > 0.
E[Y ] = n,
var(Y ) = 2n,
MY (p) =
6
1
,
(1 p)n/2
p<1
1.4
t-f
ordelning
Linj
arkombinationer av slumpvariabler
Z t(n)
Uppkomst: Om X N (0, 1) och Y 2 (n) samt X och Y ar oberoende, s
a galler
X
att Z = p
f
ar en t-fordelning med n frihetsgrader.
Y /n

n+1
2
fZ (x) =
,
< x < +

2 (n+1)/2
n n2 1 + xn
F - f
ordelning
3
1
0
Y F (n1 , n2 )
1. Generellt galler att:

E[a1 X1 + . . . + an Xn + b] = a1 E[X1 ] + . . . + an E[Xn ] + b
2. For oberoende slumpvariabler X1 , . . . , Xn galler att
var(a1 X1 + . . . + an Xn + b) = a21 var(X1 ) + . . . + a2n var(Xn )
3. Generellt galler att:
var(a1 X1 + . . . + an Xn + b) =
Uppkomst: Om X1 2 (n1 ) och X2 2 (n2 ) samt X1 och X2 ar oberoende, s

a
X1 /n1
galler att Y =
f
ar en F -fordelning med n1 och n2 frihetsgrader.
X2 /n2
n1 +n2
2
n n1 /2
5
S6
x(n1 /2)1
fY (x) =

(n1 +n2 )/2 ,

n21 n22 nn12 x + 1
Gammaf
ordelning
1
n2
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2
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x0
Weibullf
ordelning
fX (x) =

E[X] = a
1.3
c+1
c

,
j=1
1.5
Genererande funktioner
5
6
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3
1
20
aj ak cov(Xj , Xk ).
1j<kn
t
v
-
En diskret icke-negativ, heltalsvard slumpvariabel X har sannolikhetsgenererande funktion
X
sk pX (k).
GX (s) = E[sX ] =
M
A
T
/
k=0
Uppkomst: Om X1 , . . . , Xn ar oberoende, var och en Exp(), s

a blir Y = X1 + . . . +
Xn gammafordelad med parametrarna n och .
(x)1 ex
,
fY (x) =
()
a2j var(Xj ) + 2
x0
Y (, )
9
7
S
n
X
c x c1 (x/a)c
e
,
x0
a a

2 !
c+2
c+1
var(X) = a2

c
c
Kovarians och Korrelation
En kontinuerlig slumpvariabel X har momentgenererande funktion

Z
epx fX (x)dx.
MX (p) = E[epX ] =
9
7
S
Om (Xj )
ar oberoende och likafordelade diskreta icke-negativa heltalsvarda slumpvaj=1
riabler, samma fordelning som X, och Z ar en diskret icke negativ, heltalsvard slumpvariabel, och Y = X1 + . . . + XZ , galler:
M
A
T
GY (s) = GZ (GX (s)).
Om (Xj )
ar oberoende likafordelade slumpvariabler, samma fordelning som X och Z
j=1
ar en diskret icke negativ, heltalsvard slumpvariabel, och Y = X1 + . . . + XZ , galler:
MY (s) = GZ (MX (s)).
1.6
Centrala gr
ansv
ardessatsen
Kovarians: cov(X, Y ) = E[(X X )(Y Y )], dar X = E[X] och Y = E[Y ]

Korrelation: (X, Y ) =
cov(X, Y )
2
, dar X
= var(X) och Y2 = var(Y )
X Y
7
L
at X1 , . . . , Xn vara oberoende och likafordelade slumpvariabler, var och en med vantevarde
n = 1 (X1 + . . . + Xn ). D
E[X] = och varians var(X) = 2 . L
at X
a galler, approximativt,
n
for stora n att
8
n )
n(X
N (0, 1),

2
2
n N , , d.v.s., var(X)
= ,
X
n
n
P

Pn
n
2
2
j=1 Xj N (n, n ), d.v.s., var

j=1 Xj = n .
Prediktering: E[(Y a bX)2 ] har minimum lika med var(Y )(1 2 ) for
b=
Approximationer mellan olika f

ordelningar
X Hyp(N, n, p) och
n
N
1
10
X Bin(n, p)
n
X Hyp(N, n, p) och N
np(1 p) 10
N 1
N n
d.v.s., var(X) = N 1 np(1 p)
t
v
-
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6
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/
X P o(np)
X Bin(n, p) och np(1 p) 10

d.v.s., var(X) = np(1 p)
X N (np, np(1 p)),
3
1
20

n
X N np, N
np(1 p) ,
N 1
X Bin(n, p) och n 10, p 0.1
X P o() och 15
X N (, ), d.v.s., var(X) = .
Observera att det ar vantevarde och varians som parametrar i normalfordelningen.
9
7
S
M
A
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1.8
Samband mellan betingade och obetingade v

antev
arden och
varianser
En stokastiskvektor X = (X1 , . . . , Xn )0 som har tathetsfunktionen

1
1
0 1
fX (x) =
(x
(x
)
,
exp
(2)n/2 ||1/2
2
var(X) = EY [var(X|Y )] + varY (E[X|Y ]).
3
1
20
dar x = (x1 , . . . , xn )0 , sags vara en normalfordelad stokastiskvektor och betecknas X

Nn (, ) med vantevardesvektor och kovariansmatris .
t
v
-
En normalfordelad stokastiskvektor har en momentgenererandefunktion som ges av

1
MX (p) = exp p0 + p0 p .
2
2
2.1
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6
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M
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Markovkedjor och k
oteori
Station
ara f
ordelning
9
7
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For tidshomogen Markovkedja i diskret tid, l

at
M
A
T
och
E[X] = EY [E[X|Y ]],
1.9
a = E[Y ] b E[X].
Normalf
ordelning
Observera att det ar vantevarde och varians som parametrar i normalfordelningen.
1.7
cov(X, Y )
,
var(X)
pij = p(X(n + 1) = j|X(n) = i)
P=
p00 p01 p02 . . .

p10 p11 p12 . . .
.
p20 p21 p22 . . .
..
..
..
..
.
.
.
.
L
at = (0 , 1 , 2 , . . .) beteckna stationara fordelning, s
adan att
Stokastisk vektor
(I P) = 0.
L
at X och X var vantevardesvektorn och kovariansmatrisen for en stokastisk vektor
X. D
a galler foljande raknelagar:
Y = AX + b
ger
Y = AX + b
P

n
0
0
Specialfall: var
j=1 aj Xj = var (a X) = a X a.
9
och
Y = AX A0 .
For tidshomogen ergodisk Markovkedja i kontinuerlig tid, l

at i beteckna intensiteten
for processen att lamna tillst
and i och l
at (qij )ij beteckna transitionssannolikheterna for
lagrad diskret tid Markovkedjan. L
at

i qij j 6= i
ij =
i j = i
10

och
2.5
00 01 02 . . .
10 11 12 . . .
.
20 21 22 . . .
..
..
..
..
.
.
.
.
M/M/1/K system
For en M/M/1/K ko och a =
ges sannolikheten att kon ar full av formeln

(1 a)aK
,
1 aK+1
Det foljer att
a 6= 1.
= 0
och den stationara fordelningen uppfyller:
2.6
n=0
2.2
F
odelsed
ods-process
vt
3
1
20
En fodelsedods-process ar en process dar ij = 0 for |i j| > 1. For en fodelsedods process,

l
at i = i,i+1 och i = i,i1 . Stationara fordelningen uppfyller:
n =
2.3
Utnyttjande
5
S6
0 1 . . . n1
0 .
1 2 . . . n
M
A
T
/
For ett M/M/c kosystem, l

at beteckna ankomstintensiteten och betjaningsintensiteten
for en server. Det finns c server. Utnyttjande definieras som
9
7
S
M
A
T
M/M/c system
n = 1.
.
c
Littles sats L
at N beteckna antalet kunder i systemet, ankomstsintensiteten och T den
totala tiden att en kund finns i systemet. Littles sats ar:
E[N ] = E[T ].
L
at Nq antalet som st
ar i kon och W vantetiden innan betjaning Littles sats ger:
Fordelningsfunktion for W (kotid) ar

FW (t) = p(W t) = 1
dar c = p(N = c) ar fr
an stationarfordelning.
2.7
5
6
S
Erlang formel
M
A
T
/
9
7
S
For en M/M/c/c ko, med ankomstintensitet och betjaningsintensitet for en betjaning

och a = , Erlang b formel ger sannolikheten att alla betjaningar ar upptagna:
M
A
T
ac /c!
.
B(c, a) = Pc
j
j=0 a /j!
M/M/1 system
Fordelningsfunktioner for W (vantetid) och T (total tid) ar

FW (t) = p(W t) = 1 e(1)t ,
t0
och
FT (t) = p(T t) = 1 e(1)t ,
11
t
v
-
3
1
20
For en M/M/c ko med ankomstintensitet och betjaningsintensitet for en betjaning,

l
at a = . Sannolikheten att alla betjaningar ar upptagna nar en kund anlander givs av
Erlang c formel:
c
1 ac
1
=
C(c, a) =
.
P
aj
ac 1
1
1 c! c1
j=0 j! + c! 1
E[Nq ] = E[W ].
2.4
c c(1)t
e
,
1
t 0.
12
Statistisk teori
3.1
och
Ett stickprov
L
at (X1 , . . . , Xn ) vara ett slumpmassigt stickprov, Xj har samma fordelning som X, med
vantevarde E[X] = och varians var(X) = 2 for j = 1, . . . , n.
3
1
20
1 Pn
n )2 skattar variansen 2 om ar okant, i
Stickprovsvariansen S 2 :=
(Xj X
n 1 j=1
1 Pn
(Xj )2 som skattning av variansen 2 .
annat fall anvands b2 =
n j=1
Om X N (, 2 ), d.v.s., var(X) = 2 , galler foljande:
)
n(X
N (0, 1),
Pn
2
(n 1)S 2
j=1 (Xj Xn )
2.
=
2 (n 1),
2
2

n(X )
3.
t(n 1).
S
1.
9
7
S
M
A
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/
5
6
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3.3
Tukeys metod f
or parvisa j
amf
orelser
2
Antag modellen
Yij = i +ij , dar ij N (0, ) oberoende, i = 1, . . . , a och j = 1, . . . , n.
D
a ges de a2 konfidensintervallen for i k av
:= 1 Pn Xj skattar vantevardet .
Stickprovsmedelvardet X
n j=1
3.2
Y ) (1 2 )
(X
q
t(m + n 2).
S m1 + n1
t
v
-
s
yi. yk. q (a, f ) ,
n
4
4.1
M
A
T
M
A
T
/
Enfaktorf
ors
ok Fix
9
7
S
M
A
T
SST OT = SST REAT + SSE ,

X
SST OT =
(yij y.. )2 ,
df = N 1,
ij
SST REAT =
ni (
yi. y.. )2 ,
E(SST REAT ) = (a 1) 2 +
X
(yij yi. )2 ,
E(SSE ) = (N a) 2 .
2. om 12 = 22 = 2 , s
a anvands den sammanvagda 2 - skattningen
(m 1)S12 + (n 1)S22
=
S =
(m 1) + (n 1)
Pm
j=1 (Xj
2 + Pn (Yj Y )2
X)
j=1
.
m+n2
Det galler att:

(m + n 2)S 2
2 (m + n 2)
2
13
ni i2 ,
ij
F (m 1, n 1),
df = a 1,
SSE =
t
v
-
L
at yij vara observationer fr
an Yij = i + ij , dar ij N (0, 2 ) oberoende, i = 1, . . . , a
P
och j = 1, . . . , ni . L
at N = i ni . D
a galler kvadratsummeuppdelningen
L
at (X1 , . . . , Xm ) vara ett slumpmassigt stickprov fr
an X N (1 , 12 ) och (Y1 , . . . , Yn ) ett
slumpmassigt stickprov fr
an Y N (2 , 22 ). De b
ada stickproven antas vara oberoende.
L
at S12 och S22 vara respektive stickprovsvarianser. Foljande galler,
1.
5
6
S
Variansanalys
Tv
a stickprov
S12 /12
S22 /22
3
1
20
dar s2 ar en skattning av 2 med f frihetsgrader. Intervallen har den simultana konfidensgraden exakt 1
14
df = N a,
4.4
Tv
afaktorf
ors
ok
L
at yijk vara observationer fr
an Yijk = + i + j + ( )ij + ijk , dar ijk N (0, 2 )
oberoende, i = 1, . . . , a, j = 1, . . . , b, k = 1, . . . , n och N = abn. D
a galler att
4.2
Enfaktorf
ors
ok Varianskomponentmodell
L
an Yij = + i + ij dar i N (0, 2 ) och ij N (0, 2 )
oberoende, i = 1, . . . , a och j = 1, . . . , n. D
a galler att
SST OT = SST REAT + SSE ,
X
SST REAT =
n(y i. y .. )2 ,
1)(n2
E(SST REAT ) = (a
+ ),
X
SSE =
(yij y i. )2 ,
df = a(n 1),
ij
E(SSE ) = a(n 1) 2 .
4.3
3
1
0
df = a 1,
5
6
S
M
A
T
/
-v
SST OT = SSA + SSB + SSAB + SSE ,

X
SST OT =
(yijk y... )2 ,
df = N 1,
ijk
t2
SSA = b
SSB = a
M
A
T
9
7
S
SST OT = SSA + SSB + SSE ,

X
SST OT =
(yij y.. )2 ,
df = ab 1,
ij
SSA = b
SSB = a
(
yi. y.. ) ,
df = a 1,
(
y.j y.. )2 ,
df = b 1,
SSE =
(yij yi. y.j + y.. )2 ,
ij
n(
y.j. y... )2 ,
df = b 1,
SSAB =
5
6
S
(
yij. yi.. y.j. + y... ) ,
ij
SSE =
X
ijk
4.5
9
7
S
(yijk yij. )2 ,
t
v
-
df = (a 1)(b 1),
df = ab(n 1).
M
A
T
/
M
A
T
Givet en Romersk kvadrat p p med observationer yij ges kvadratsummeuppdelningen

av
(yij y.. )2 ,
df = p2 1,
ij
df = (a 1)(b 1).
SSA = p
(
yi. y.. )2 ,
df = p 1,
(
y.j y.. )2 ,
df = p 1,
(
yk y.. )2 ,
df = p 1,
SSB = p
X
i
SSC = p
X
k
SSE =
(yij yi. y.j yk + 2

y.. )2 ,
ij
15
3
1
20
Romersk kvadrat
SST OT =
df = a 1,
Randomiserad Block Design
L
an Yij = + i + j + ij , dar ij N (0, 2 ) oberoende,
i = 1, . . . , a och j = 1, . . . , b. D
a galler att
n(
yi.. y... )2 ,
16
df = (p 1)(p 2).
5
5.1
Linj
ar regression
Kvadratsummeuppdelning
P
L
at y = n1 nj=1 yj . Det galler att
Multipel regression
SST OT =
n
X
(yj y)2 ,
df = n 1,
j=1
Modell
L
at Y = (Y1 , . . . , Yn )0 vara en normalfordelad stokastisk vektor med vantevarde X och
kovariansmatris 2 I, dar X : n (k + 1) ar en designmatris och = (0 , . . . , k )0 och 2
ar okanda parametrar. Modellen ges av
Y = X + ,
2
dar Nn (0, I).

Skattningar
De okanda parametrarna och 2 skattas med
t
v
-
3
1
20
= (X0 X)1 X0 Y Nk (, 2 (X0 X)1 ),

SSE
2 = s2 =
,
n (k + 1)
P
j )2 med n (k + 1) frihetsgrader.
dar SSE ar residualkvadratsumman SSE = nj=1 (yj
Det skattade regressionsuttrycket ges av
5
6
S
M
A
T
/
j = y(xj1 , . . . , xjk ) = 0 + 1 xj1 + . . . + k xjk .
9
7
S
SST OT = SSR + SSE ,

n
X
SSR =
(
yj y)2 ,
SSE =
Observera

att det ar vantevarde och varians som parametrar i normalfordelningen, d.v.s.,
b = 2 u0 (X0 X)1 u.
var u0
(yj yj )2 ,
Teststorhet: V =
5
6
S
t
v
-
SSR /k
F (k, n (k + 1)) om H0 ar sann.
SSE /(n (k + 1))
F -test f
or till
agg av p f
orklarande variabler
Modell 1: Y = 0 + 1 x1 + + k xk +
Modell 2: Y = 0 + 1 x1 + + k+p xk+p +
M
A
T
/
H0 : k+1 = . . . = k+p = 0 (nya forklaringsvariablerna meningslosa) mot

H1 : minst en av k+1 , . . . , k+p ar 6= 0.
9
7
S
(1)
(2)
(SSE SSE )/p
F (p, n (k + p + 1)) under H0 ,

(2)
SSE /(n (k + p + 1))
ar residualkvadratsumman for modell i = 1, 2.
M
A
T
(i)
dar SSE
Prediktering
b N (0, 2 (1 + u0 (X0 X)1 u)).
Predikteringsfelet ges av Y0
0 = Y0 u 0
Observera
att det ar vantevarde och varians som parametrar i normalfordelningen, d.v.s.,

b = 2 (1 + u0 (X0 X)1 u) .
var Y0 u0
17
df = n (k + 1).
F -test av alla f
orklaringsvariabler
H0 : 1 = = k = 0 (alla forklaringsvariablerna ar meningslosa) mot
H1 : minst ett i 6= 0 (minst en forklaringsvariabel gor nytta.)
Teststorhet: W =
M
A
T
df = k,
j=1
Konfidensintervall
L
at Y0 = u0 + 0 , dar u = (1 u1 . . . uk )0 och 0 N (0, 2 ).
b N (u0 , 2 u0 (X0 X)1 u) .

Vantevardet 0 = u0 skattas med
0 = u0
j=1
n
X
18
3
1
20
5.2
Enkel linj
ar regression
Modell
Vid enkel linjar regression ges modellen av
-test
6.1
Fackindelning med k fack
1. H0 : Fordelningsfunktioner ar F0 (x) (inga okand parametrar).
Yi = 0 + 1 xi + i ,
L
at pi = F0 (ai ) F0 (ai1 ) och Ni antalet xi i intervallet (ai1 , ai ].
dar i N (0, 2 ) i = 1, . . . , n och oberoende.
Teststorhet: T =
Skattningar
P

(xi x)Yi
2
P
1 = Pi
,
,
1
2
2
i (xi x)
i (xi x)
0 = Y 1 x N
b2 = S 2 =
0 , 2
1
x2
+P
2
n
(x
j x)
j
1 X
(Yj 0 1 xj )2 ,
n2 j
5
6
S
M
A
T
/
(n 2)S 2
=
2
(Yj 0 1 xj )2
2 (n 2).
2
!!
,
-v
3
1
0
Pk
i=1
2. H0 : Given parametrisk fordelningsklass med fordelningsfunktion F (x).
t2
Teststorheten: T =
Pk
i=1
9
7
S
j
M
A
T
Konfidensintervall
Konfidensintervall for 0 = 0 + 1 x0 ges av
s
1
(x0 x)2
0 + 1 x0 t s
+P
.
2
n
j (xj x)
Prediktering
Prognosintervall (prediktionsintervall) for Y0 = 0 + 1 x0 + ges av
s
1
(x0 x)2
0 + 1 x0 t s 1 + + P
.
2
n
j (xj x)
19
(Ni npi )2
,
npi
t
v
-
3
1
20
dar pi beraknas som i 1. sedan parametrarna i F (x) har skattats. T ar approximativt

2 (k 1 r)-fordelad under H0 dar r = antalet skattade parametrar i F (x).
5
6
S
For b
ade 1. och 2. kravs att alla npi 5.
M
A
T
/
De stokastiska variablerna Y , 1 och S 2 ar oberoende.
Kvadratsummeuppdelning
X
X
X
(yj 0 1 xj )2
(yj y)2 = 12
(xj x)2 +
(Ni npi )2
2 (k 1)-fordelad under H0 .
npi
6.2
Homogenitetstest
9
7
S
Datamaterial 1 N11 N12

2 N21 N22
.. ..
..
. .
.
r Nr1 Nr2
Summa N1 N2
Pr
Pr
N
dar n = i=1 ni , Nj = i=1 Nij , pj = nj .
M
A
T
. . . N1k
. . . N2k
..
..
.
.
. . . Nrk
. . . Nk
n1
n2
observationer
observationer
nr
n
observationer
H0 : Datamaterialen ar homogena, d.v.s., de kan anses komma fr

an samma fordelning.
Teststorhet: T =
Pr
i=1
Pk
j=1
(Nij ni pj )2
2 ((r 1)(k 1))-fordelad under H0 .
ni pj
Det kravs att alla ni pj 5.
20
Tabeller
7.1
7.2
t-f
ordelning
Tabell for F (x) = P (X x), dar X t(f ). For F (x) < 0.5, anvand att F (x) =
1 F (x).
Normalf
ordelning
Tabell for (x) = P (X x), dar X N (0, 1). For x < 0, anvand att (x) = 1 (x).
x
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0
0.5000
0.5398
0.5793
0.6179
0.6554
0.6915
0.7257
0.7580
0.7881
0.8159
1
0.5040
0.5438
0.5832
0.6217
0.6591
0.6950
0.7291
0.7611
0.7910
0.8186
2
0.5080
0.5478
0.5871
0.6255
0.6628
0.6985
0.7324
0.7642
0.7939
0.8212
3
0.5120
0.5517
0.5910
0.6293
0.6664
0.7019
0.7357
0.7673
0.7967
0.8238
4
0.5160
0.5557
0.5948
0.6331
0.6700
0.7054
0.7389
0.7704
0.7995
0.8264
5
0.5199
0.5596
0.5987
0.6368
0.6736
0.7088
0.7422
0.7734
0.8023
0.8289
6
0.5239
0.5636
0.6026
0.6406
0.6772
0.7123
0.7454
0.7764
0.8051
0.8315
7
0.5279
0.5675
0.6064
0.6443
0.6808
0.7157
0.7486
0.7794
0.8078
0.8340
8
0.5319
0.5714
0.6103
0.6480
0.6844
0.7190
0.7517
0.7823
0.8106
0.8365
9
0.5359
0.5753
0.6141
0.6517
0.6879
0.7224
0.7549
0.7852
0.8133
0.8389
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
0.8413
0.8643
0.8849
0.9032
0.9192
0.9332
0.9452
0.9554
0.9641
0.9713
0.8438
0.8665
0.8869
0.9049
0.9207
0.9345
0.9463
0.9564
0.9649
0.9719
0.8461
0.8686
0.8888
0.9066
0.9222
0.9357
0.9474
0.9573
0.9656
0.9726
0.8485
0.8708
0.8907
0.9082
0.9236
0.9370
0.9484
0.9582
0.9664
0.9732
0.8508
0.8729
0.8925
0.9099
0.9251
0.9382
0.9495
0.9591
0.9671
0.9738
0.8531
0.8749
0.8944
0.9115
0.9265
0.9394
0.9505
0.9599
0.9678
0.9744
0.8554
0.8770
0.8962
0.9131
0.9279
0.9406
0.9515
0.9608
0.9686
0.9750
0.8577
0.8790
0.8980
0.9147
0.9292
0.9418
0.9525
0.9616
0.9693
0.9756
0.8599
0.8810
0.8997
0.9162
0.9306
0.9429
0.9535
0.9625
0.9699
0.9761
0.8621
0.8830
0.9015
0.9177
0.9319
0.9441
0.9545
0.9633
0.9706
0.9767
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
0.9772
0.9821
0.9861
0.9893
0.9918
0.9938
0.9953
0.9965
0.9974
0.9981
0.9778
0.9826
0.9864
0.9896
0.9920
0.9940
0.9955
0.9966
0.9975
0.9982
0.9783
0.9830
0.9868
0.9898
0.9922
0.9941
0.9956
0.9967
0.9976
0.9982
0.9788
0.9834
0.9871
0.9901
0.9925
0.9943
0.9957
0.9968
0.9977
0.9983
0.9793
0.9838
0.9875
0.9904
0.9927
0.9945
0.9959
0.9969
0.9977
0.9984
0.9798
0.9842
0.9878
0.9906
0.9929
0.9946
0.9960
0.9970
0.9978
0.9984
0.9803
0.9846
0.9881
0.9909
0.9931
0.9948
0.9961
0.9971
0.9979
0.9985
0.9808
0.9850
0.9884
0.9911
0.9932
0.9949
0.9962
0.9972
0.9979
0.9985
0.9812
0.9854
0.9887
0.9913
0.9934
0.9951
0.9963
0.9973
0.9980
0.9986
0.9817
0.9857
0.9890
0.9916
0.9936
0.9952
0.9964
0.9974
0.9981
0.9986
3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
4.0
0.9987
0.9990
0.9993
0.9995
0.9997
0.9998
0.9998
0.9999
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
0.9987
0.9991
0.9993
0.9995
0.9997
0.9998
0.9998
0.9999
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
0.9987
0.9991
0.9994
0.9995
0.9997
0.9998
0.9999
0.9999
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
0.9988
0.9991
0.9994
0.9996
0.9997
0.9998
0.9999
0.9999
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
0.9988
0.9992
0.9994
0.9996
0.9997
0.9998
0.9999
0.9999
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
0.9989
0.9992
0.9994
0.9996
0.9997
0.9998
0.9999
0.9999
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
0.9989
0.9992
0.9994
0.9996
0.9997
0.9998
0.9999
0.9999
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
0.9989
0.9992
0.9995
0.9996
0.9997
0.9998
0.9999
0.9999
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
0.9990
0.9993
0.9995
0.9996
0.9997
0.9998
0.9999
0.9999
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
0.9990
0.9993
0.9995
0.9997
0.9998
0.9998
0.9999
0.9999
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
9
7
S
M
A
T
5-
6
S
M
A
T
/
21
vt
3
1
20
f
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0.75
1.00
0.82
0.76
0.74
0.73
0.72
0.71
0.71
0.70
0.90
3.08
1.89
1.64
1.53
1.48
1.44
1.41
1.40
1.38
0.95
6.31
2.92
2.35
2.13
2.02
1.94
1.89
1.86
1.83
0.975
12.71
4.30
3.18
2.78
2.57
2.45
2.36
2.31
2.26
F (x)
0.99
31.82
6.96
4.54
3.75
3.36
3.14
3.00
2.90
2.82
0.995
63.66
9.92
5.84
4.60
4.03
3.71
3.50
3.36
3.25
0.9975
127.32
14.09
7.45
5.60
4.77
4.32
4.03
3.83
3.69
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
0.70
0.70
0.70
0.69
0.69
0.69
0.69
0.69
0.69
0.69
1.37
1.36
1.36
1.35
1.35
1.34
1.34
1.33
1.33
1.33
1.81
1.80
1.78
1.77
1.76
1.75
1.75
1.74
1.73
1.73
2.23
2.20
2.18
2.16
2.14
2.13
2.12
2.11
2.10
2.09
2.76
2.72
2.68
2.65
2.62
2.60
2.58
2.57
2.55
2.54
3.17
3.11
3.05
3.01
2.98
2.95
2.92
2.90
2.88
2.86
3.58
3.50
3.43
3.37
3.33
3.29
3.25
3.22
3.20
3.17
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
0.69
0.69
0.69
0.69
0.68
0.68
0.68
0.68
0.68
0.68
1.33
1.32
1.32
1.32
1.32
1.32
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.72
1.72
1.72
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.70
1.70
1.70
2.09
2.08
2.07
2.07
2.06
2.06
2.06
2.05
2.05
2.05
2.53
2.52
2.51
2.50
2.49
2.49
2.48
2.47
2.47
2.46
2.85
2.83
2.82
2.81
2.80
2.79
2.78
2.77
2.76
2.76
3.15
3.14
3.12
3.10
3.09
3.08
3.07
3.06
3.05
3.04
3.85
3.82
3.79
3.77
3.75
3.73
3.71
3.69
3.67
3.66
M
A
T
30
40
50
60
100
0.68
0.68
0.68
0.68
0.68
0.67
1.31
1.30
1.30
1.30
1.29
1.28
1.70
1.68
1.68
1.67
1.66
1.65
2.04
2.02
2.01
2.00
1.98
1.96
2.46
2.42
2.40
2.39
2.36
2.33
2.75
2.70
2.68
2.66
2.63
2.58
3.03
2.97
2.94
2.91
2.87
2.81
3.65
3.55
3.50
3.46
3.39
3.29
9
7
S
M
A
T
/
5
6
S
22
0.9995
636.62
31.60
12.92
8.61
6.87
5.96
5.41
5.04
4.78
t
v
4.59
4.44
4.32
4.22
4.14
4.07
4.01
3.97
3.92
3.88
3
1
20
7.3
-f
ordelning
Tabell for F (x) = P (X x), dar X 2 (f ).
Tabell for F (x) = P (X x), dar X 2 (f ).
f
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0.0005
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.06
0.16
0.30
0.48
0.71
0.97
0.001
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.09
0.21
0.38
0.60
0.86
1.15
0.005
0.00
0.01
0.07
0.21
0.41
0.68
0.99
1.34
1.73
0.01
0.00
0.02
0.11
0.30
0.55
0.87
1.24
1.65
2.09
0.025
0.00
0.05
0.22
0.48
0.83
1.24
1.69
2.18
2.70
F (x)
0.05
0.00
0.10
0.35
0.71
1.15
1.64
2.17
2.73
3.33
0.10
0.02
0.21
0.58
1.06
1.61
2.20
2.83
3.49
4.17
0.20
0.06
0.45
1.01
1.65
2.34
3.07
3.82
4.59
5.38
0.30
0.15
0.71
1.42
2.19
3.00
3.83
4.67
5.53
6.39
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
1.26
1.59
1.93
2.31
2.70
3.11
3.54
3.98
4.44
4.91
1.48
1.83
2.21
2.62
3.04
3.48
3.94
4.42
4.90
5.41
2.16
2.60
3.07
3.57
4.07
4.60
5.14
5.70
6.26
6.84
2.56
3.05
3.57
4.11
4.66
5.23
5.81
6.41
7.01
7.63
3.25
3.82
4.40
5.01
5.63
6.26
6.91
7.56
8.23
8.91
3.94
4.57
5.23
5.89
6.57
7.26
7.96
8.67
9.39
10.12
4.87
5.58
6.30
7.04
7.79
8.55
9.31
10.09
10.86
11.65
6.18
6.99
7.81
8.63
9.47
10.31
11.15
12.00
12.86
13.72
7.27
8.15
9.03
9.93
10.82
11.72
12.62
13.53
14.44
15.35
8.30
9.24
10.18
11.13
12.08
13.03
13.98
14.94
15.89
16.85
9.34
10.34
11.34
12.34
13.34
14.34
15.34
16.34
17.34
18.34
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
5.40
5.90
6.40
6.92
7.45
7.99
8.54
9.09
9.66
10.23
5.92
6.45
6.98
7.53
8.08
8.65
9.22
9.80
10.39
10.99
7.43
8.03
8.64
9.26
9.89
10.52
11.16
11.81
12.46
13.12
8.26
8.90
9.54
10.20
10.86
11.52
12.20
12.88
13.56
14.26
9.59
10.28
10.98
11.69
12.40
13.12
13.84
14.57
15.31
16.05
10.85
11.59
12.34
13.09
13.85
14.61
15.38
16.15
16.93
17.71
12.44
13.24
14.04
14.85
15.66
16.47
17.29
18.11
18.94
19.77
14.58
15.44
16.31
17.19
18.06
18.94
19.82
20.70
21.59
22.48
16.27
17.18
18.10
19.02
19.94
20.87
21.79
22.72
23.65
24.58
17.81
18.77
19.73
20.69
21.65
22.62
23.58
24.54
25.51
26.48
19.34
20.34
21.34
22.34
23.34
24.34
25.34
26.34
27.34
28.34
30
40
50
60
100
10.80
16.91
23.46
30.34
59.90
11.59
17.92
24.67
31.74
61.92
13.79
20.71
27.99
35.53
67.33
14.95
22.16
29.71
37.48
70.06
16.79
24.43
32.36
40.48
74.22
18.49
26.51
34.76
43.19
77.93
20.60
29.05
37.69
46.46
82.36
23.36
32.34
41.45
50.64
87.95
25.51
34.87
44.31
53.81
92.13
27.44
37.13
46.86
56.62
95.81
29.34
39.34
49.33
59.33
99.33
9
7
S
M
A
T
5
6
S
M
A
T
/
23
0.40
0.27
1.02
1.87
2.75
3.66
4.57
5.49
6.42
7.36
0.50
0.45
1.39
2.37
3.36
4.35
5.35
6.35
7.34
8.34
t
v
-
3
1
20
f
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0.60
0.71
1.83
2.95
4.04
5.13
6.21
7.28
8.35
9.41
0.70
1.07
2.41
3.66
4.88
6.06
7.23
8.38
9.52
10.66
0.80
1.64
3.22
4.64
5.99
7.29
8.56
9.80
11.03
12.24
0.90
2.71
4.61
6.25
7.78
9.24
10.64
12.02
13.36
14.68
F (x)
0.95
0.975
3.84
5.02
5.99
7.38
7.81
9.35
9.49
11.14
11.07
12.83
12.59
14.45
14.07
16.01
15.51
17.53
16.92
19.02
0.99
6.63
9.21
11.34
13.28
15.09
16.81
18.48
20.09
21.67
0.995
7.88
10.60
12.84
14.86
16.75
18.55
20.28
21.95
23.59
0.999
10.83
13.82
16.27
18.47
20.52
22.46
24.32
26.12
27.88
0.9995
12.12
15.20
17.73
20.00
22.11
24.10
26.02
27.87
29.67
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
10.47
11.53
12.58
13.64
14.69
15.73
16.78
17.82
18.87
19.91
11.78
12.90
14.01
15.12
16.22
17.32
18.42
19.51
20.60
21.69
13.44
14.63
15.81
16.98
18.15
19.31
20.47
21.61
22.76
23.90
15.99
17.28
18.55
19.81
21.06
22.31
23.54
24.77
25.99
27.20
18.31
19.68
21.03
22.36
23.68
25.00
26.30
27.59
28.87
30.14
23.21
24.72
26.22
27.69
29.14
30.58
32.00
33.41
34.81
36.19
25.19
26.76
28.30
29.82
31.32
32.80
34.27
35.72
37.16
38.58
29.59
31.26
32.91
34.53
36.12
37.70
39.25
40.79
42.31
43.82
31.42
33.14
34.82
36.48
38.11
39.72
41.31
42.88
44.43
45.97
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
20.95
21.99
23.03
24.07
25.11
26.14
27.18
28.21
29.25
30.28
22.77
23.86
24.94
26.02
27.10
28.17
29.25
30.32
31.39
32.46
25.04
26.17
27.30
28.43
29.55
30.68
31.79
32.91
34.03
35.14
28.41
29.62
30.81
32.01
33.20
34.38
35.56
36.74
37.92
39.09
31.41
32.67
33.92
35.17
36.42
37.65
38.89
40.11
41.34
42.56
34.17
35.48
36.78
38.08
39.36
40.65
41.92
43.19
44.46
45.72
37.57
38.93
40.29
41.64
42.98
44.31
45.64
46.96
48.28
49.59
40.00
41.40
42.80
44.18
45.56
46.93
48.29
49.64
50.99
52.34
45.31
46.80
48.27
49.73
51.18
52.62
54.05
55.48
56.89
58.30
47.50
49.01
50.51
52.00
53.48
54.95
56.41
57.86
59.30
60.73
30
40
50
60
100
31.32
41.62
51.89
62.13
102.95
33.53
44.16
54.72
65.23
106.91
36.25
47.27
58.16
68.97
111.67
40.26
51.81
63.17
74.40
118.50
43.77
55.76
67.50
79.08
124.34
46.98
59.34
71.42
83.30
129.56
50.89
63.69
76.15
88.38
135.81
53.67
66.77
79.49
91.95
140.17
59.70
73.40
86.66
99.61
149.45
62.16
76.09
89.56
102.69
153.17
9
7
S
M
A
T
20.48
21.92
23.34
24.74
26.12
27.49
28.85
30.19
31.53
32.85
5
6
S
M
A
T
/
24
t
v
-
3
1
20
7.4
F-f
ordelning
Tabell for F (x) = P (X x), dar X F (r1 , r2 ).

F (x) = 0.95

1
For F (x) < 0.5 utnyttjar man att
F (r2 , r1 ).
X
r1
F (x) = 0.90
r1
r2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
12
14
16
18
20
30
40
50
100
1
39.86
8.53
5.54
4.54
4.06
3.78
3.59
3.46
3.36
3.29
3.18
3.10
3.05
3.01
2.97
2.88
2.84
2.81
2.76
2.71
2
49.50
9.00
5.46
4.32
3.78
3.46
3.26
3.11
3.01
2.92
2.81
2.73
2.67
2.62
2.59
2.49
2.44
2.41
2.36
2.30
r2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
12
14
16
18
20
30
40
50
100
12
60.71
9.41
5.22
3.90
3.27
2.90
2.67
2.50
2.38
2.28
2.15
2.05
1.99
1.93
1.89
1.77
1.71
1.68
1.61
1.55
14
61.07
9.42
5.20
3.88
3.25
2.88
2.64
2.48
2.35
2.26
2.12
2.02
1.95
1.90
1.86
1.74
1.68
1.64
1.57
1.51
M
A
T
9
7
S
3
53.59
9.16
5.39
4.19
3.62
3.29
3.07
2.92
2.81
2.73
2.61
2.52
2.46
2.42
2.38
2.28
2.23
2.20
2.14
2.08
4
55.83
9.24
5.34
4.11
3.52
3.18
2.96
2.81
2.69
2.61
2.48
2.39
2.33
2.29
2.25
2.14
2.09
2.06
2.00
1.95
5
57.24
9.29
5.31
4.05
3.45
3.11
2.88
2.73
2.61
2.52
2.39
2.31
2.24
2.20
2.16
2.05
2.00
1.97
1.91
1.85
16
61.35
9.43
5.20
3.86
3.23
2.86
2.62
2.45
2.33
2.23
2.09
2.00
1.93
1.87
1.83
1.71
1.65
1.61
1.54
1.47
18
61.57
9.44
5.19
3.85
3.22
2.85
2.61
2.44
2.31
2.22
2.08
1.98
1.91
1.85
1.81
1.69
1.62
1.59
1.52
1.44
20
61.74
9.44
5.18
3.84
3.21
2.84
2.59
2.42
2.30
2.20
2.06
1.96
1.89
1.84
1.79
1.67
1.61
1.57
1.49
1.42
6
58.20
9.33
5.28
4.01
3.40
3.05
2.83
2.67
2.55
2.46
2.33
2.24
2.18
2.13
2.09
1.98
1.93
1.90
1.83
1.77
7
58.91
9.35
5.27
3.98
3.37
3.01
2.78
2.62
2.51
2.41
2.28
2.19
2.13
2.08
2.04
1.93
1.87
1.84
1.78
1.72
8
59.44
9.37
5.25
3.95
3.34
2.98
2.75
2.59
2.47
2.38
2.24
2.15
2.09
2.04
2.00
1.88
1.83
1.80
1.73
1.67
30
62.26
9.46
5.17
3.82
3.17
2.80
2.56
2.38
2.25
2.16
2.01
1.91
1.84
1.78
1.74
1.61
1.54
1.50
1.42
1.34
40
62.53
9.47
5.16
3.80
3.16
2.78
2.54
2.36
2.23
2.13
1.99
1.89
1.81
1.75
1.71
1.57
1.51
1.46
1.38
1.30
50
62.69
9.47
5.15
3.80
3.15
2.77
2.52
2.35
2.22
2.12
1.97
1.87
1.79
1.74
1.69
1.55
1.48
1.44
1.35
1.26
5
6
S
M
A
T
/
9
59.86
9.38
5.24
3.94
3.32
2.96
2.72
2.56
2.44
2.35
2.21
2.12
2.06
2.00
1.96
1.85
1.79
1.76
1.69
1.63
10
60.19
9.39
5.23
3.92
3.30
2.94
2.70
2.54
2.42
2.32
2.19
2.10
2.03
1.98
1.94
1.82
1.76
1.73
1.66
1.60
100
63.01
9.48
5.14
3.78
3.13
2.75
2.50
2.32
2.19
2.09
1.94
1.83
1.76
1.70
1.65
1.51
1.43
1.39
1.29
1.19
63.32
9.49
5.13
3.76
3.11
2.72
2.47
2.29
2.16
2.06
1.90
1.80
1.72
1.66
1.61
1.46
1.38
1.33
1.22
1.03
t
v
-
r1
25
3
1
20
r2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
12
14
16
18
20
30
40
50
100
1
161.45
18.51
10.13
7.71
6.61
5.99
5.59
5.32
5.12
4.96
4.75
4.60
4.49
4.41
4.35
4.17
4.08
4.03
3.94
3.84
2
199.50
19.00
9.55
6.94
5.79
5.14
4.74
4.46
4.26
4.10
3.89
3.74
3.63
3.55
3.49
3.32
3.23
3.18
3.09
3.00
3
215.71
19.16
9.28
6.59
5.41
4.76
4.35
4.07
3.86
3.71
3.49
3.34
3.24
3.16
3.10
2.92
2.84
2.79
2.70
2.60
4
224.58
19.25
9.12
6.39
5.19
4.53
4.12
3.84
3.63
3.48
3.26
3.11
3.01
2.93
2.87
2.69
2.61
2.56
2.46
2.37
5
230.16
19.30
9.01
6.26
5.05
4.39
3.97
3.69
3.48
3.33
3.11
2.96
2.85
2.77
2.71
2.53
2.45
2.40
2.31
2.21
r2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
12
14
16
18
20
30
40
50
100
12
243.91
19.41
8.74
5.91
4.68
4.00
3.57
3.28
3.07
2.91
2.69
2.53
2.42
2.34
2.28
2.09
2.00
1.95
1.85
1.75
14
245.36
19.42
8.71
5.87
4.64
3.96
3.53
3.24
3.03
2.86
2.64
2.48
2.37
2.29
2.22
2.04
1.95
1.89
1.79
1.69
16
246.46
19.43
8.69
5.84
4.60
3.92
3.49
3.20
2.99
2.83
2.60
2.44
2.33
2.25
2.18
1.99
1.90
1.85
1.75
1.64
18
247.32
19.44
8.67
5.82
4.58
3.90
3.47
3.17
2.96
2.80
2.57
2.41
2.30
2.22
2.15
1.96
1.87
1.81
1.71
1.60
20
248.01
19.45
8.66
5.80
4.56
3.87
3.44
3.15
2.94
2.77
2.54
2.39
2.28
2.19
2.12
1.93
1.84
1.78
1.68
1.57
6
233.99
19.33
8.94
6.16
4.95
4.28
3.87
3.58
3.37
3.22
3.00
2.85
2.74
2.66
2.60
2.42
2.34
2.29
2.19
2.10
7
236.77
19.35
8.89
6.09
4.88
4.21
3.79
3.50
3.29
3.14
2.91
2.76
2.66
2.58
2.51
2.33
2.25
2.20
2.10
2.01
8
238.88
19.37
8.85
6.04
4.82
4.15
3.73
3.44
3.23
3.07
2.85
2.70
2.59
2.51
2.45
2.27
2.18
2.13
2.03
1.94
9
240.54
19.38
8.81
6.00
4.77
4.10
3.68
3.39
3.18
3.02
2.80
2.65
2.54
2.46
2.39
2.21
2.12
2.07
1.97
1.88
10
241.88
19.40
8.79
5.96
4.74
4.06
3.64
3.35
3.14
2.98
2.75
2.60
2.49
2.41
2.35
2.16
2.08
2.03
1.93
1.83
30
250.10
19.46
8.62
5.75
4.50
3.81
3.38
3.08
2.86
2.70
2.47
2.31
2.19
2.11
2.04
1.84
1.74
1.69
1.57
1.46
40
251.14
19.47
8.59
5.72
4.46
3.77
3.34
3.04
2.83
2.66
2.43
2.27
2.15
2.06
1.99
1.79
1.69
1.63
1.52
1.39
50
251.77
19.48
8.58
5.70
4.44
3.75
3.32
3.02
2.80
2.64
2.40
2.24
2.12
2.04
1.97
1.76
1.66
1.60
1.48
1.35
100
253.04
19.49
8.55
5.66
4.41
3.71
3.27
2.97
2.76
2.59
2.35
2.19
2.07
1.98
1.91
1.70
1.59
1.52
1.39
1.24
254.31
19.50
8.53
5.63
4.37
3.67
3.23
2.93
2.71
2.54
2.30
2.13
2.01
1.92
1.84
1.62
1.51
1.44
1.28
1.00
5
6
S
M
A
T
/
t
v
-
3
1
20
r1
M
A
T
9
7
S
26
F (x) = 0.975
F (x) = 0.99
r1
r2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
12
14
16
18
20
30
40
50
100
1
647.79
38.51
17.44
12.22
10.01
8.81
8.07
7.57
7.21
6.94
6.55
6.30
6.12
5.98
5.87
5.57
5.42
5.34
5.18
5.02
2
799.50
39.00
16.04
10.65
8.43
7.26
6.54
6.06
5.71
5.46
5.10
4.86
4.69
4.56
4.46
4.18
4.05
3.97
3.83
3.69
3
864.16
39.17
15.44
9.98
7.76
6.60
5.89
5.42
5.08
4.83
4.47
4.24
4.08
3.95
3.86
3.59
3.46
3.39
3.25
3.12
4
899.58
39.25
15.10
9.60
7.39
6.23
5.52
5.05
4.72
4.47
4.12
3.89
3.73
3.61
3.51
3.25
3.13
3.05
2.92
2.79
5
921.85
39.30
14.88
9.36
7.15
5.99
5.29
4.82
4.48
4.24
3.89
3.66
3.50
3.38
3.29
3.03
2.90
2.83
2.70
2.57
r2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
12
14
16
18
20
30
40
50
100
12
976.71
39.41
14.34
8.75
6.52
5.37
4.67
4.20
3.87
3.62
3.28
3.05
2.89
2.77
2.68
2.41
2.29
2.22
2.08
1.94
14
982.53
39.43
14.28
8.68
6.46
5.30
4.60
4.13
3.80
3.55
3.21
2.98
2.82
2.70
2.60
2.34
2.21
2.14
2.00
1.87
16
986.92
39.44
14.23
8.63
6.40
5.24
4.54
4.08
3.74
3.50
3.15
2.92
2.76
2.64
2.55
2.28
2.15
2.08
1.94
1.80
18
990.35
39.44
14.20
8.59
6.36
5.20
4.50
4.03
3.70
3.45
3.11
2.88
2.72
2.60
2.50
2.23
2.11
2.03
1.89
1.75
20
993.10
39.45
14.17
8.56
6.33
5.17
4.47
4.00
3.67
3.42
3.07
2.84
2.68
2.56
2.46
2.20
2.07
1.99
1.85
1.71
M
A
T
9
7
S
6
937.11
39.33
14.73
9.20
6.98
5.82
5.12
4.65
4.32
4.07
3.73
3.50
3.34
3.22
3.13
2.87
2.74
2.67
2.54
2.41
r1
30
1001.41
39.46
14.08
8.46
6.23
5.07
4.36
3.89
3.56
3.31
2.96
2.73
2.57
2.44
2.35
2.07
1.94
1.87
1.71
1.57
r1
7
948.22
39.36
14.62
9.07
6.85
5.70
4.99
4.53
4.20
3.95
3.61
3.38
3.22
3.10
3.01
2.75
2.62
2.55
2.42
2.29
8
956.66
39.37
14.54
8.98
6.76
5.60
4.90
4.43
4.10
3.85
3.51
3.29
3.12
3.01
2.91
2.65
2.53
2.46
2.32
2.19
9
963.28
39.39
14.47
8.90
6.68
5.52
4.82
4.36
4.03
3.78
3.44
3.21
3.05
2.93
2.84
2.57
2.45
2.38
2.24
2.11
10
968.63
39.40
14.42
8.84
6.62
5.46
4.76
4.30
3.96
3.72
3.37
3.15
2.99
2.87
2.77
2.51
2.39
2.32
2.18
2.05
r2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
12
14
16
18
20
30
40
50
100
1
4052.2
98.50
34.12
21.20
16.26
13.75
12.25
11.26
10.56
10.04
9.33
8.86
8.53
8.29
8.10
7.56
7.31
7.17
6.90
6.63
2
4999.5
99.00
30.82
18.00
13.27
10.92
9.55
8.65
8.02
7.56
6.93
6.51
6.23
6.01
5.85
5.39
5.18
5.06
4.82
4.61
3
5403.4
99.17
29.46
16.69
12.06
9.78
8.45
7.59
6.99
6.55
5.95
5.56
5.29
5.09
4.94
4.51
4.31
4.20
3.98
3.78
4
5624.6
99.25
28.71
15.98
11.39
9.15
7.85
7.01
6.42
5.99
5.41
5.04
4.77
4.58
4.43
4.02
3.83
3.72
3.51
3.32
5
5763.6
99.30
28.24
15.52
10.97
8.75
7.46
6.63
6.06
5.64
5.06
4.69
4.44
4.25
4.10
3.70
3.51
3.41
3.21
3.02
40
1005.60
39.47
14.04
8.41
6.18
5.01
4.31
3.84
3.51
3.26
2.91
2.67
2.51
2.38
2.29
2.01
1.88
1.80
1.64
1.48
50
1008.12
39.48
14.01
8.38
6.14
4.98
4.28
3.81
3.47
3.22
2.87
2.64
2.47
2.35
2.25
1.97
1.83
1.75
1.59
1.43
100
1013.17
39.49
13.96
8.32
6.08
4.92
4.21
3.74
3.40
3.15
2.80
2.56
2.40
2.27
2.17
1.88
1.74
1.66
1.48
1.30
1018.26
39.50
13.90
8.26
6.02
4.85
4.14
3.67
3.33
3.08
2.72
2.49
2.32
2.19
2.09
1.79
1.64
1.55
1.35
1.00
r2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
12
14
16
18
20
30
40
50
100
12
6106.3
99.42
27.05
14.37
9.89
7.72
6.47
5.67
5.11
4.71
4.16
3.80
3.55
3.37
3.23
2.84
2.66
2.56
2.37
2.18
14
6142.7
99.43
26.92
14.25
9.77
7.60
6.36
5.56
5.01
4.60
4.05
3.70
3.45
3.27
3.13
2.74
2.56
2.46
2.27
2.08
16
6170.1
99.44
26.83
14.15
9.68
7.52
6.28
5.48
4.92
4.52
3.97
3.62
3.37
3.19
3.05
2.66
2.48
2.38
2.19
2.00
18
6191.5
99.44
26.75
14.08
9.61
7.45
6.21
5.41
4.86
4.46
3.91
3.56
3.31
3.13
2.99
2.60
2.42
2.32
2.12
1.93
20
6208.7
99.45
26.69
14.02
9.55
7.40
6.16
5.36
4.81
4.41
3.86
3.51
3.26
3.08
2.94
2.55
2.37
2.27
2.07
1.88
5
6
S
M
A
T
/
27
t
v
-
3
1
20
6
5859.0
99.33
27.91
15.21
10.67
8.47
7.19
6.37
5.80
5.39
4.82
4.46
4.20
4.01
3.87
3.47
3.29
3.19
2.99
2.80
7
5928.4
99.36
27.67
14.98
10.46
8.26
6.99
6.18
5.61
5.20
4.64
4.28
4.03
3.84
3.70
3.30
3.12
3.02
2.82
2.64
8
5981.1
99.37
27.49
14.80
10.29
8.10
6.84
6.03
5.47
5.06
4.50
4.14
3.89
3.71
3.56
3.17
2.99
2.89
2.69
2.51
9
6022.5
99.39
27.35
14.66
10.16
7.98
6.72
5.91
5.35
4.94
4.39
4.03
3.78
3.60
3.46
3.07
2.89
2.78
2.59
2.41
10
6055.8
99.40
27.23
14.55
10.05
7.87
6.62
5.81
5.26
4.85
4.30
3.94
3.69
3.51
3.37
2.98
2.80
2.70
2.50
2.32
30
6260.6
99.47
26.50
13.84
9.38
7.23
5.99
5.20
4.65
4.25
3.70
3.35
3.10
2.92
2.78
2.39
2.20
2.10
1.89
1.70
40
6286.8
99.47
26.41
13.75
9.29
7.14
5.91
5.12
4.57
4.17
3.62
3.27
3.02
2.84
2.69
2.30
2.11
2.01
1.80
1.59
50
6302.5
99.48
26.35
13.69
9.24
7.09
5.86
5.07
4.52
4.12
3.57
3.22
2.97
2.78
2.64
2.25
2.06
1.95
1.74
1.52
100
6334.1
99.49
26.24
13.58
9.13
6.99
5.75
4.96
4.41
4.01
3.47
3.11
2.86
2.68
2.54
2.13
1.94
1.82
1.60
1.36
6365.9
99.50
26.13
13.46
9.02
6.88
5.65
4.86
4.31
3.91
3.36
3.00
2.75
2.57
2.42
2.01
1.80
1.68
1.43
1.00
5
6
S
M
A
T
/
t
v
-
3
1
20
r1
M
A
T
9
7
S
28
F (x) = 0.995
F (x) = 0.999
r1
r2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
12
14
16
18
20
30
40
50
100
1
16211
198.50
55.55
31.33
22.78
18.63
16.24
14.69
13.61
12.83
11.75
11.06
10.58
10.22
9.94
9.18
8.83
8.63
8.24
7.88
2
19999
199.00
49.80
26.28
18.31
14.54
12.40
11.04
10.11
9.43
8.51
7.92
7.51
7.21
6.99
6.35
6.07
5.90
5.59
5.30
3
21615
199.17
47.47
24.26
16.53
12.92
10.88
9.60
8.72
8.08
7.23
6.68
6.30
6.03
5.82
5.24
4.98
4.83
4.54
4.28
4
22500
199.25
46.19
23.15
15.56
12.03
10.05
8.81
7.96
7.34
6.52
6.00
5.64
5.37
5.17
4.62
4.37
4.23
3.96
3.72
5
23056
199.30
45.39
22.46
14.94
11.46
9.52
8.30
7.47
6.87
6.07
5.56
5.21
4.96
4.76
4.23
3.99
3.85
3.59
3.35
r2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
12
14
16
18
20
30
40
50
100
12
24426
199.42
43.39
20.70
13.38
10.03
8.18
7.01
6.23
5.66
4.91
4.43
4.10
3.86
3.68
3.18
2.95
2.82
2.58
2.36
14
24572
199.43
43.17
20.51
13.21
9.88
8.03
6.87
6.09
5.53
4.77
4.30
3.97
3.73
3.55
3.06
2.83
2.70
2.46
2.24
16
24681
199.44
43.01
20.37
13.09
9.76
7.91
6.76
5.98
5.42
4.67
4.20
3.87
3.64
3.46
2.96
2.74
2.61
2.37
2.14
18
24767
199.44
42.88
20.26
12.98
9.66
7.83
6.68
5.90
5.34
4.59
4.12
3.80
3.56
3.38
2.89
2.66
2.53
2.29
2.06
20
24836
199.45
42.78
20.17
12.90
9.59
7.75
6.61
5.83
5.27
4.53
4.06
3.73
3.50
3.32
2.82
2.60
2.47
2.23
2.00
r1
6
23437
199.33
44.84
21.97
14.51
11.07
9.16
7.95
7.13
6.54
5.76
5.26
4.91
4.66
4.47
3.95
3.71
3.58
3.33
3.09
7
23715
199.36
44.43
21.62
14.20
10.79
8.89
7.69
6.88
6.30
5.52
5.03
4.69
4.44
4.26
3.74
3.51
3.38
3.13
2.90
8
23925
199.37
44.13
21.35
13.96
10.57
8.68
7.50
6.69
6.12
5.35
4.86
4.52
4.28
4.09
3.58
3.35
3.22
2.97
2.74
9
24091
199.39
43.88
21.14
13.77
10.39
8.51
7.34
6.54
5.97
5.20
4.72
4.38
4.14
3.96
3.45
3.22
3.09
2.85
2.62
10
24224
199.40
43.69
20.97
13.62
10.25
8.38
7.21
6.42
5.85
5.09
4.60
4.27
4.03
3.85
3.34
3.12
2.99
2.74
2.52
r2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
12
14
16
18
20
30
40
50
100
1
405284
998.50
167.03
74.14
47.18
35.51
29.25
25.41
22.86
21.04
18.64
17.14
16.12
15.38
14.82
13.29
12.61
12.22
11.50
10.83
2
499999
999.00
148.50
61.25
37.12
27.00
21.69
18.49
16.39
14.91
12.97
11.78
10.97
10.39
9.95
8.77
8.25
7.96
7.41
6.91
3
540379
999.17
141.11
56.18
33.20
23.70
18.77
15.83
13.90
12.55
10.80
9.73
9.01
8.49
8.10
7.05
6.59
6.34
5.86
5.42
4
562500
999.25
137.10
53.44
31.09
21.92
17.20
14.39
12.56
11.28
9.63
8.62
7.94
7.46
7.10
6.12
5.70
5.46
5.02
4.62
5
576405
999.30
134.58
51.71
29.75
20.80
16.21
13.48
11.71
10.48
8.89
7.92
7.27
6.81
6.46
5.53
5.13
4.90
4.48
4.10
30
25044
199.47
42.47
19.89
12.66
9.36
7.53
6.40
5.62
5.07
4.33
3.86
3.54
3.30
3.12
2.63
2.40
2.27
2.02
1.79
40
25148
199.47
42.31
19.75
12.53
9.24
7.42
6.29
5.52
4.97
4.23
3.76
3.44
3.20
3.02
2.52
2.30
2.16
1.91
1.67
50
25211
199.48
42.21
19.67
12.45
9.17
7.35
6.22
5.45
4.90
4.17
3.70
3.37
3.14
2.96
2.46
2.23
2.10
1.84
1.59
100
25337
199.49
42.02
19.50
12.30
9.03
7.22
6.09
5.32
4.77
4.04
3.57
3.25
3.01
2.83
2.32
2.09
1.95
1.68
1.40
25464
199.50
41.83
19.32
12.14
8.88
7.08
5.95
5.19
4.64
3.90
3.44
3.11
2.87
2.69
2.18
1.93
1.79
1.49
1.01
r2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
12
14
16
18
20
30
40
50
100
12
610668
999.42
128.32
47.41
26.42
17.99
13.71
11.19
9.57
8.45
7.00
6.13
5.55
5.13
4.82
4.00
3.64
3.44
3.07
2.74
14
614303
999.43
127.64
46.95
26.06
17.68
13.43
10.94
9.33
8.22
6.79
5.93
5.35
4.94
4.64
3.82
3.47
3.27
2.91
2.58
16
617045
999.44
127.14
46.60
25.78
17.45
13.23
10.75
9.15
8.05
6.63
5.78
5.20
4.80
4.49
3.69
3.34
3.14
2.78
2.45
18
619188
999.44
126.74
46.32
25.57
17.27
13.06
10.60
9.01
7.91
6.51
5.66
5.09
4.68
4.38
3.58
3.23
3.04
2.68
2.35
20
620908
999.45
126.42
46.10
25.39
17.12
12.93
10.48
8.90
7.80
6.40
5.56
4.99
4.59
4.29
3.49
3.14
2.95
2.59
2.27
5
6
S
M
A
T
/
t
v
-
3
1
20
r1
M
A
T
9
7
S
29
6
585937
999.33
132.85
50.53
28.83
20.03
15.52
12.86
11.13
9.93
8.38
7.44
6.80
6.35
6.02
5.12
4.73
4.51
4.11
3.74
7
592873
999.36
131.58
49.66
28.16
19.46
15.02
12.40
10.70
9.52
8.00
7.08
6.46
6.02
5.69
4.82
4.44
4.22
3.83
3.47
8
598144
999.37
130.62
49.00
27.65
19.03
14.63
12.05
10.37
9.20
7.71
6.80
6.19
5.76
5.44
4.58
4.21
4.00
3.61
3.27
9
602284
999.39
129.86
48.47
27.24
18.69
14.33
11.77
10.11
8.96
7.48
6.58
5.98
5.56
5.24
4.39
4.02
3.82
3.44
3.10
10
605621
999.40
129.25
48.05
26.92
18.41
14.08
11.54
9.89
8.75
7.29
6.40
5.81
5.39
5.08
4.24
3.87
3.67
3.30
2.96
30
626099
999.47
125.45
45.43
24.87
16.67
12.53
10.11
8.55
7.47
6.09
5.25
4.70
4.30
4.00
3.22
2.87
2.68
2.32
1.99
40
628712
999.47
124.96
45.09
24.60
16.44
12.33
9.92
8.37
7.30
5.93
5.10
4.54
4.15
3.86
3.07
2.73
2.53
2.17
1.84
50
630285
999.48
124.66
44.88
24.44
16.31
12.20
9.80
8.26
7.19
5.83
5.00
4.45
4.06
3.77
2.98
2.64
2.44
2.08
1.73
100
633444
999.49
124.07
44.47
24.12
16.03
11.95
9.57
8.04
6.98
5.63
4.81
4.26
3.87
3.58
2.79
2.44
2.25
1.87
1.49
636619
999.50
123.47
44.05
23.79
15.75
11.70
9.33
7.81
6.76
5.42
4.60
4.06
3.67
3.38
2.59
2.23
2.03
1.62
1.01
5
6
S
M
A
T
/
t
v
-
3
1
20
r1
M
A
T
9
7
S
30
7.5
Studentized Range Statistic Tukey
q0.05 (a, f )
a
Tabell for q(a, f ), dar a ar antalet parametrar och f ar frihetsgraderna for s2 .

q0.10 (a, f )
a
f
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
24
30
40
60
120
2
8.929
4.129
3.328
3.015
2.850
2.748
2.679
2.630
2.592
2.563
2.540
2.521
2.504
2.491
2.479
2.469
2.460
2.452
2.445
2.439
2.420
2.400
2.381
2.363
2.344
2.326
3
13.44
5.733
4.467
3.976
3.717
3.558
3.451
3.374
3.316
3.270
3.234
3.204
3.179
3.158
3.140
3.124
3.110
3.098
3.087
3.077
3.047
3.017
2.988
2.959
2.930
2.902
4
16.36
6.773
5.199
4.586
4.264
4.065
3.931
3.834
3.761
3.704
3.658
3.621
3.589
3.563
3.540
3.520
3.503
3.487
3.474
3.462
3.423
3.386
3.348
3.312
3.276
3.240
M
A
T
9
7
S
5
18.49
7.538
5.738
5.035
4.664
4.435
4.280
4.169
4.084
4.018
3.965
3.921
3.885
3.854
3.828
3.804
3.784
3.766
3.751
3.736
3.692
3.648
3.605
3.562
3.520
3.478
6
20.15
8.139
6.162
5.388
4.979
4.726
4.555
4.431
4.337
4.264
4.205
4.156
4.116
4.081
4.052
4.026
4.003
3.984
3.966
3.950
3.900
3.851
3.802
3.755
3.707
3.661
7
21.51
8.633
6.511
5.679
5.238
4.966
4.780
4.646
4.545
4.465
4.401
4.349
4.304
4.267
4.235
4.207
4.182
4.161
4.142
4.124
4.070
4.016
3.963
3.911
3.859
3.808
8
22.64
9.049
6.806
5.926
5.458
5.168
4.971
4.829
4.721
4.636
4.567
4.511
4.464
4.424
4.390
4.360
4.334
4.310
4.290
4.271
4.213
4.155
4.099
4.042
3.986
3.931
9
23.62
9.409
7.062
6.139
5.648
5.344
5.137
4.987
4.873
4.783
4.711
4.652
4.602
4.560
4.524
4.492
4.464
4.440
4.418
4.398
4.336
4.275
4.215
4.155
4.096
4.037
10
24.48
9.725
7.287
6.327
5.816
5.499
5.283
5.126
5.007
4.913
4.838
4.776
4.724
4.679
4.641
4.608
4.579
4.553
4.530
4.510
4.445
4.381
4.317
4.254
4.191
4.129
5
6
S
M
A
T
/
31
11
25.24
10.01
7.487
6.494
5.965
5.637
5.413
5.250
5.126
5.029
4.951
4.886
4.832
4.786
4.746
4.712
4.681
4.654
4.630
4.609
4.541
4.474
4.408
4.342
4.276
4.211
12
25.92
10.26
7.667
6.645
6.100
5.762
5.530
5.362
5.234
5.134
5.053
4.986
4.930
4.882
4.841
4.805
4.774
4.746
4.721
4.699
4.628
4.559
4.490
4.421
4.353
4.285
t
v
-
13
26.54
10.49
7.831
6.783
6.223
5.875
5.637
5.464
5.333
5.229
5.145
5.076
5.019
4.969
4.927
4.890
4.857
4.829
4.803
4.780
4.707
4.635
4.564
4.493
4.422
4.351
f
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
24
30
40
60
120
3
1
20
f
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
24
30
40
60
1200
2
17.97
6.085
4.501
3.926
3.635
3.460
3.344
3.261
3.199
3.151
3.113
3.081
3.055
3.033
3.014
2.998
2.984
2.971
2.960
2.950
2.919
2.888
2.858
2.829
2.800
2.772
3
26.98
8.331
5.910
5.040
4.602
4.339
4.165
4.041
3.948
3.877
3.820
3.773
3.734
3.701
3.673
3.649
3.628
3.609
3.593
3.578
3.532
3.486
3.442
3.399
3.356
3.314
4
32.82
9.799
6.825
5.757
5.218
4.896
4.681
4.529
4.415
4.327
4.256
4.199
4.151
4.111
4.076
4.046
4.020
3.997
3.977
3.958
3.901
3.845
3.791
3.737
3.685
3.633
9
7
S
5
37.08
10.88
7.502
6.287
5.673
5.305
5.060
4.886
4.755
4.654
4.574
4.508
4.453
4.407
4.367
4.333
4.303
4.276
4.253
4.232
4.166
4.102
4.039
3.977
3.917
3.858
6
40.41
11.73
8.037
6.706
6.033
5.628
5.359
5.167
5.024
4.912
4.823
4.750
4.690
4.639
4.595
4.557
4.524
4.494
4.468
4.445
4.373
4.301
4.232
4.163
4.096
4.030
7
43.12
12.43
8.478
7.053
6.330
5.895
5.606
5.399
5.244
5.124
5.028
4.950
4.884
4.829
4.782
4.741
4.705
4.673
4.645
4.620
4.541
4.464
4.388
4.314
4.241
4.170
8
45.40
13.03
8.852
7.347
6.582
6.122
5.815
5.596
5.432
5.304
5.202
5.119
5.049
4.990
4.940
4.896
4.858
4.824
4.794
4.768
4.684
4.601
4.521
4.441
4.363
4.286
32
10
49.07
13.99
9.462
7.826
6.995
6.493
6.158
5.918
5.738
5.598
5.486
5.395
5.318
5.253
5.198
5.150
5.108
5.071
5.037
5.008
4.915
4.824
4.735
4.646
4.560
4.474
5
6
S
M
A
T
/
M
A
T
9
47.36
13.54
9.177
7.602
6.801
6.319
5.997
5.767
5.595
5.460
5.353
5.265
5.192
5.130
5.077
5.031
4.991
4.955
4.924
4.895
4.807
4.720
4.634
4.550
4.468
4.387
11
50.59
14.40
9.717
8.027
7.167
6.649
6.302
6.053
5.867
5.722
5.605
5.510
5.431
5.364
5.306
5.256
5.212
5.173
5.139
5.108
5.012
4.917
4.824
4.732
4.641
4.552
12
51.96
14.76
9.946
8.208
7.323
6.789
6.431
6.175
5.983
5.833
5.713
5.615
5.533
5.463
5.403
5.352
5.306
5.266
5.231
5.199
5.099
5.001
4.904
4.808
4.714
4.622
t
v
-
13
53.20
15.09
10.15
8.373
7.466
6.917
6.550
6.287
6.089
5.935
5.811
5.710
5.625
5.554
5.492
5.439
5.392
5.351
5.314
5.282
5.179
5.077
4.977
4.878
4.781
4.685
f
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
24
30
40
60
120
3
1
20
7.6
q0.01 (a, f )
a
f
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
24
30
40
60
120
2
90.02
14.04
8.260
6.511
5.702
5.243
4.949
4.745
4.596
4.482
4.392
4.320
4.260
4.210
4.167
4.131
4.099
4.071
4.046
4.024
3.955
3.889
3.825
3.762
3.702
3.643
3
135.0
19.02
10.62
8.120
6.976
6.331
5.919
5.635
5.428
5.270
5.146
5.046
4.964
4.895
4.836
4.786
4.742
4.703
4.669
4.639
4.546
4.455
4.367
4.282
4.200
4.120
4
164.3
22.29
12.17
9.173
7.804
7.033
6.542
6.204
5.957
5.769
5.621
5.502
5.404
5.322
5.252
5.192
5.140
5.094
5.054
5.018
4.907
4.799
4.695
4.594
4.497
4.403
9
7
S
5
185.6
24.72
13.32
9.958
8.421
7.556
7.005
6.625
6.347
6.136
5.970
5.836
5.726
5.634
5.556
5.489
5.430
5.379
5.334
5.293
5.168
5.048
4.931
4.818
4.708
4.603
6
202.2
26.63
14.24
10.58
8.913
7.972
7.373
6.959
6.657
6.428
6.247
6.101
5.981
5.881
5.796
5.722
5.659
5.603
5.553
5.510
5.373
5.242
5.114
4.991
4.872
4.757
7
215.8
28.20
15.00
11.10
9.321
8.318
7.678
7.237
6.915
6.669
6.476
6.320
6.192
6.085
5.994
5.915
5.847
5.787
5.735
5.688
5.542
5.401
5.265
5.133
5.005
4.882
8
227.2
29.53
15.65
11.54
9.669
8.612
7.939
7.474
7.134
6.875
6.671
6.507
6.372
6.258
6.162
6.079
6.007
5.944
5.889
5.839
5.685
5.536
5.392
5.253
5.118
4.987
M
A
T
/
M
A
T
9
237.0
30.68
16.21
11.92
9.971
8.869
8.166
7.680
7.325
7.054
6.841
6.670
6.528
6.409
6.309
6.222
6.147
6.081
6.022
5.970
5.809
5.653
5.502
5.356
5.214
5.078
10
245.6
31.69
16.69
12.26
10.24
9.097
8.367
7.863
7.494
7.213
6.992
6.814
6.666
6.543
6.438
6.348
6.270
6.201
6.141
6.086
5.919
5.756
5.599
5.447
5.299
5.157
11
253.2
32.59
17.13
12.57
10.48
9.300
8.548
8.027
7.646
7.356
7.127
6.943
6.791
6.663
6.555
6.461
6.380
6.309
6.246
6.190
6.017
5.848
5.685
5.528
5.375
5.227
5
S6
12
260.0
33.40
17.53
12.84
10.70
9.485
8.711
8.176
7.784
7.485
7.250
7.060
6.903
6.772
6.660
6.564
6.480
6.407
6.342
6.285
6.105
5.932
5.764
5.601
5.443
5.290
13
266.2
34.13
17.89
13.09
10.89
9.653
8.860
8.311
7.910
7.603
7.362
7.166
7.006
6.871
6.756
6.658
6.572
6.496
6.430
6.370
6.186
6.008
5.835
5.667
5.505
5.348
f
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
24
30
40
60
120
2
t
v
3
1
0
Binomialf
ordelning
Tabell for P (X k) dar X Bin(n, p).

For p > 0.5, anvand att P (X k) = P (Y n k) dar Y Bin(n, 1 p).
p
n
2
3
k
0
1
0
1
2
0
1
2
3
0
1
2
3
4
0
1
2
3
4
5
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0.05
0.9025
0.9975
0.8574
0.9928
0.9999
0.8145
0.9860
0.9995
1.0000
0.7738
0.9774
0.9988
1.0000
1.0000
0.7351
0.9672
0.9978
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
0.6983
0.9556
0.9962
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.6634
0.9428
0.9942
0.9996
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.6302
0.9288
0.9916
0.9994
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
9
7
S
M
A
T
8
33
0.10
0.8100
0.9900
0.7290
0.9720
0.9990
0.6561
0.9477
0.9963
0.9999
0.5905
0.9185
0.9914
0.9995
1.0000
0.5314
0.8857
0.9842
0.9987
0.9999
1.0000
0.4783
0.8503
0.9743
0.9973
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
0.4305
0.8131
0.9619
0.9950
0.9996
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.3874
0.7748
0.9470
0.9917
0.9991
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.15
0.7225
0.9775
0.6141
0.9392
0.9966
0.5220
0.8905
0.9880
0.9995
0.4437
0.8352
0.9734
0.9978
0.9999
0.3771
0.7765
0.9527
0.9941
0.9996
1.0000
0.3206
0.7166
0.9262
0.9879
0.9988
0.9999
1.0000
0.2725
0.6572
0.8948
0.9786
0.9971
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
0.2316
0.5995
0.8591
0.9661
0.9944
0.9994
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.20
0.6400
0.9600
0.5120
0.8960
0.9920
0.4096
0.8192
0.9728
0.9984
0.3277
0.7373
0.9421
0.9933
0.9997
0.2621
0.6554
0.9011
0.9830
0.9984
0.9999
0.2097
0.5767
0.8520
0.9667
0.9953
0.9996
1.0000
0.1678
0.5033
0.7969
0.9437
0.9896
0.9988
0.9999
1.0000
0.1342
0.4362
0.7382
0.9144
0.9804
0.9969
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
0.25
0.5625
0.9375
0.4219
0.8438
0.9844
0.3164
0.7383
0.9492
0.9961
0.2373
0.6328
0.8965
0.9844
0.9990
0.1780
0.5339
0.8306
0.9624
0.9954
0.9998
0.1335
0.4449
0.7564
0.9294
0.9871
0.9987
0.9999
0.1001
0.3671
0.6785
0.8862
0.9727
0.9958
0.9996
1.0000
0.0751
0.3003
0.6007
0.8343
0.9511
0.9900
0.9987
0.9999
1.0000
0.30
0.4900
0.9100
0.3430
0.7840
0.9730
0.2401
0.6517
0.9163
0.9919
0.1681
0.5282
0.8369
0.9692
0.9976
0.1176
0.4202
0.7443
0.9295
0.9891
0.9993
0.0824
0.3294
0.6471
0.8740
0.9712
0.9962
0.9998
0.0576
0.2553
0.5518
0.8059
0.9420
0.9887
0.9987
0.9999
0.0404
0.1960
0.4628
0.7297
0.9012
0.9747
0.9957
0.9996
1.0000
5
6
S
M
A
T
/
34
0.35
0.4225
0.8775
0.2746
0.7183
0.9571
0.1785
0.5630
0.8735
0.9850
0.1160
0.4284
0.7648
0.9460
0.9947
0.0754
0.3191
0.6471
0.8826
0.9777
0.9982
0.0490
0.2338
0.5323
0.8002
0.9444
0.9910
0.9994
0.0319
0.1691
0.4278
0.7064
0.8939
0.9747
0.9964
0.9998
0.0207
0.1211
0.3373
0.6089
0.8283
0.9464
0.9888
0.9986
0.9999
0.40
0.3600
0.8400
0.2160
0.6480
0.9360
0.1296
0.4752
0.8208
0.9744
0.0778
0.3370
0.6826
0.9130
0.9898
0.0467
0.2333
0.5443
0.8208
0.9590
0.9959
0.0280
0.1586
0.4199
0.7102
0.9037
0.9812
0.9984
0.0168
0.1064
0.3154
0.5941
0.8263
0.9502
0.9915
0.9993
0.0101
0.0705
0.2318
0.4826
0.7334
0.9006
0.9750
0.9962
0.9997
0.45
0.3025
0.7975
0.1664
0.5747
0.9089
0.0915
0.3910
0.7585
0.9590
0.0503
0.2562
0.5931
0.8688
0.9815
0.0277
0.1636
0.4415
0.7447
0.9308
0.9917
0.0152
0.1024
0.3164
0.6083
0.8471
0.9643
0.9963
0.0084
0.0632
0.2201
0.4770
0.7396
0.9115
0.9819
0.9983
0.0046
0.0385
0.1495
0.3614
0.6214
0.8342
0.9502
0.9909
0.9992
t
v
-
0.50
0.2500
0.7500
0.1250
0.5000
0.8750
0.0625
0.3125
0.6875
0.9375
0.0313
0.1875
0.5000
0.8125
0.9688
0.0156
0.1094
0.3438
0.6563
0.8906
0.9844
0.0078
0.0625
0.2266
0.5000
0.7734
0.9375
0.9922
0.0039
0.0352
0.1445
0.3633
0.6367
0.8555
0.9648
0.9961
0.0020
0.0195
0.0898
0.2539
0.5000
0.7461
0.9102
0.9805
0.9980
3
1
20

p
n
10
11
12
k
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
0.05
0.5987
0.9139
0.9885
0.9990
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.5688
0.8981
0.9848
0.9984
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.5404
0.8816
0.9804
0.9978
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.5133
0.8646
0.9755
0.9969
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
9
7
S
M
A
T
13
0.10
0.3487
0.7361
0.9298
0.9872
0.9984
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.3138
0.6974
0.9104
0.9815
0.9972
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.2824
0.6590
0.8891
0.9744
0.9957
0.9995
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.2542
0.6213
0.8661
0.9658
0.9935
0.9991
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.15
0.1969
0.5443
0.8202
0.9500
0.9901
0.9986
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.1673
0.4922
0.7788
0.9306
0.9841
0.9973
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.1422
0.4435
0.7358
0.9078
0.9761
0.9954
0.9993
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.1209
0.3983
0.6920
0.8820
0.9658
0.9925
0.9987
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.20
0.1074
0.3758
0.6778
0.8791
0.9672
0.9936
0.9991
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
0.0859
0.3221
0.6174
0.8389
0.9496
0.9883
0.9980
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0687
0.2749
0.5583
0.7946
0.9274
0.9806
0.9961
0.9994
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0550
0.2336
0.5017
0.7473
0.9009
0.9700
0.9930
0.9988
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.25
0.0563
0.2440
0.5256
0.7759
0.9219
0.9803
0.9965
0.9996
1.0000
1.0000
0.0422
0.1971
0.4552
0.7133
0.8854
0.9657
0.9924
0.9988
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
0.0317
0.1584
0.3907
0.6488
0.8424
0.9456
0.9857
0.9972
0.9996
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0238
0.1267
0.3326
0.5843
0.7940
0.9198
0.9757
0.9944
0.9990
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
p
0.30
0.0282
0.1493
0.3828
0.6496
0.8497
0.9527
0.9894
0.9984
0.9999
1.0000
0.0198
0.1130
0.3127
0.5696
0.7897
0.9218
0.9784
0.9957
0.9994
1.0000
1.0000
0.0138
0.0850
0.2528
0.4925
0.7237
0.8822
0.9614
0.9905
0.9983
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
0.0097
0.0637
0.2025
0.4206
0.6543
0.8346
0.9376
0.9818
0.9960
0.9993
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
0.35
0.0135
0.0860
0.2616
0.5138
0.7515
0.9051
0.9740
0.9952
0.9995
1.0000
0.0088
0.0606
0.2001
0.4256
0.6683
0.8513
0.9499
0.9878
0.9980
0.9998
1.0000
0.0057
0.0424
0.1513
0.3467
0.5833
0.7873
0.9154
0.9745
0.9944
0.9992
0.9999
1.0000
0.0037
0.0296
0.1132
0.2783
0.5005
0.7159
0.8705
0.9538
0.9874
0.9975
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
5
6
S
M
A
T
/
35
0.40
0.0060
0.0464
0.1673
0.3823
0.6331
0.8338
0.9452
0.9877
0.9983
0.9999
0.0036
0.0302
0.1189
0.2963
0.5328
0.7535
0.9006
0.9707
0.9941
0.9993
1.0000
0.0022
0.0196
0.0834
0.2253
0.4382
0.6652
0.8418
0.9427
0.9847
0.9972
0.9997
1.0000
0.0013
0.0126
0.0579
0.1686
0.3530
0.5744
0.7712
0.9023
0.9679
0.9922
0.9987
0.9999
1.0000
0.45
0.0025
0.0233
0.0996
0.2660
0.5044
0.7384
0.8980
0.9726
0.9955
0.9997
0.0014
0.0139
0.0652
0.1911
0.3971
0.6331
0.8262
0.9390
0.9852
0.9978
0.9998
0.0008
0.0083
0.0421
0.1345
0.3044
0.5269
0.7393
0.8883
0.9644
0.9921
0.9989
0.9999
0.0004
0.0049
0.0269
0.0929
0.2279
0.4268
0.6437
0.8212
0.9302
0.9797
0.9959
0.9995
1.0000
t
v
-
0.50
0.0010
0.0107
0.0547
0.1719
0.3770
0.6230
0.8281
0.9453
0.9893
0.9990
0.0005
0.0059
0.0327
0.1133
0.2744
0.5000
0.7256
0.8867
0.9673
0.9941
0.9995
0.0002
0.0032
0.0193
0.0730
0.1938
0.3872
0.6128
0.8062
0.9270
0.9807
0.9968
0.9998
0.0001
0.0017
0.0112
0.0461
0.1334
0.2905
0.5000
0.7095
0.8666
0.9539
0.9888
0.9983
0.9999
3
1
20
n
14
15
16
k
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
0.05
0.4877
0.8470
0.9699
0.9958
0.9996
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.4633
0.8290
0.9638
0.9945
0.9994
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.4401
0.8108
0.9571
0.9930
0.9991
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.10
0.2288
0.5846
0.8416
0.9559
0.9908
0.9985
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.2059
0.5490
0.8159
0.9444
0.9873
0.9978
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.1853
0.5147
0.7892
0.9316
0.9830
0.9967
0.9995
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
M
A
T
9
7
S
0.15
0.1028
0.3567
0.6479
0.8535
0.9533
0.9885
0.9978
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0874
0.3186
0.6042
0.8227
0.9383
0.9832
0.9964
0.9994
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0743
0.2839
0.5614
0.7899
0.9209
0.9765
0.9944
0.9989
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.20
0.0440
0.1979
0.4481
0.6982
0.8702
0.9561
0.9884
0.9976
0.9996
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0352
0.1671
0.3980
0.6482
0.8358
0.9389
0.9819
0.9958
0.9992
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0281
0.1407
0.3518
0.5981
0.7982
0.9183
0.9733
0.9930
0.9985
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.25
0.0178
0.1010
0.2811
0.5213
0.7415
0.8883
0.9617
0.9897
0.9978
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0134
0.0802
0.2361
0.4613
0.6865
0.8516
0.9434
0.9827
0.9958
0.9992
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0100
0.0635
0.1971
0.4050
0.6302
0.8103
0.9204
0.9729
0.9925
0.9984
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.30
0.0068
0.0475
0.1608
0.3552
0.5842
0.7805
0.9067
0.9685
0.9917
0.9983
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0047
0.0353
0.1268
0.2969
0.5155
0.7216
0.8689
0.9500
0.9848
0.9963
0.9993
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0033
0.0261
0.0994
0.2459
0.4499
0.6598
0.8247
0.9256
0.9743
0.9929
0.9984
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
5
6
S
M
A
T
/
36
0.35
0.0024
0.0205
0.0839
0.2205
0.4227
0.6405
0.8164
0.9247
0.9757
0.9940
0.9989
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
0.0016
0.0142
0.0617
0.1727
0.3519
0.5643
0.7548
0.8868
0.9578
0.9876
0.9972
0.9995
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
0.0010
0.0098
0.0451
0.1339
0.2892
0.4900
0.6881
0.8406
0.9329
0.9771
0.9938
0.9987
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.40
0.0008
0.0081
0.0398
0.1243
0.2793
0.4859
0.6925
0.8499
0.9417
0.9825
0.9961
0.9994
0.9999
1.0000
0.0005
0.0052
0.0271
0.0905
0.2173
0.4032
0.6098
0.7869
0.9050
0.9662
0.9907
0.9981
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
0.0003
0.0033
0.0183
0.0651
0.1666
0.3288
0.5272
0.7161
0.8577
0.9417
0.9809
0.9951
0.9991
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
0.45
0.0002
0.0029
0.0170
0.0632
0.1672
0.3373
0.5461
0.7414
0.8811
0.9574
0.9886
0.9978
0.9997
1.0000
0.0001
0.0017
0.0107
0.0424
0.1204
0.2608
0.4522
0.6535
0.8182
0.9231
0.9745
0.9937
0.9989
0.9999
1.0000
0.0001
0.0010
0.0066
0.0281
0.0853
0.1976
0.3660
0.5629
0.7441
0.8759
0.9514
0.9851
0.9965
0.9994
0.9999
1.0000
t
v
-
0.50
0.0001
0.0009
0.0065
0.0287
0.0898
0.2120
0.3953
0.6047
0.7880
0.9102
0.9713
0.9935
0.9991
0.9999
0.0000
0.0005
0.0037
0.0176
0.0592
0.1509
0.3036
0.5000
0.6964
0.8491
0.9408
0.9824
0.9963
0.9995
1.0000
0.0000
0.0003
0.0021
0.0106
0.0384
0.1051
0.2272
0.4018
0.5982
0.7728
0.8949
0.9616
0.9894
0.9979
0.9997
1.0000
3
1
20
7.7
Tabell for P (X k) dar X P o().
p
n
17
18
k
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
0.05
0.4181
0.7922
0.9497
0.9912
0.9988
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.3972
0.7735
0.9419
0.9891
0.9985
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.3774
0.7547
0.9335
0.9868
0.9980
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
9
7
S
M
A
T
19
0.10
0.1668
0.4818
0.7618
0.9174
0.9779
0.9953
0.9992
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.1501
0.4503
0.7338
0.9018
0.9718
0.9936
0.9988
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.1351
0.4203
0.7054
0.8850
0.9648
0.9914
0.9983
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.15
0.0631
0.2525
0.5198
0.7556
0.9013
0.9681
0.9917
0.9983
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0536
0.2241
0.4797
0.7202
0.8794
0.9581
0.9882
0.9973
0.9995
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0456
0.1985
0.4413
0.6841
0.8556
0.9463
0.9837
0.9959
0.9992
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.20
0.0225
0.1182
0.3096
0.5489
0.7582
0.8943
0.9623
0.9891
0.9974
0.9995
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0180
0.0991
0.2713
0.5010
0.7164
0.8671
0.9487
0.9837
0.9957
0.9991
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0144
0.0829
0.2369
0.4551
0.6733
0.8369
0.9324
0.9767
0.9933
0.9984
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.25
0.0075
0.0501
0.1637
0.3530
0.5739
0.7653
0.8929
0.9598
0.9876
0.9969
0.9994
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0056
0.0395
0.1353
0.3057
0.5187
0.7175
0.8610
0.9431
0.9807
0.9946
0.9988
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0042
0.0310
0.1113
0.2631
0.4654
0.6678
0.8251
0.9225
0.9713
0.9911
0.9977
0.9995
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.30
0.0023
0.0193
0.0774
0.2019
0.3887
0.5968
0.7752
0.8954
0.9597
0.9873
0.9968
0.9993
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0016
0.0142
0.0600
0.1646
0.3327
0.5344
0.7217
0.8593
0.9404
0.9790
0.9939
0.9986
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0011
0.0104
0.0462
0.1332
0.2822
0.4739
0.6655
0.8180
0.9161
0.9674
0.9895
0.9972
0.9994
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.35
0.0007
0.0067
0.0327
0.1028
0.2348
0.4197
0.6188
0.7872
0.9006
0.9617
0.9880
0.9970
0.9994
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
0.0004
0.0046
0.0236
0.0783
0.1886
0.3550
0.5491
0.7283
0.8609
0.9403
0.9788
0.9938
0.9986
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0003
0.0031
0.0170
0.0591
0.1500
0.2968
0.4812
0.6656
0.8145
0.9125
0.9653
0.9886
0.9969
0.9993
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
5
6
S
M
A
T
/
37
Poissonf
ordelning
0.40
0.0002
0.0021
0.0123
0.0464
0.1260
0.2639
0.4478
0.6405
0.8011
0.9081
0.9652
0.9894
0.9975
0.9995
0.9999
1.0000
0.0001
0.0013
0.0082
0.0328
0.0942
0.2088
0.3743
0.5634
0.7368
0.8653
0.9424
0.9797
0.9942
0.9987
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
0.0001
0.0008
0.0055
0.0230
0.0696
0.1629
0.3081
0.4878
0.6675
0.8139
0.9115
0.9648
0.9884
0.9969
0.9994
0.9999
1.0000
0.45
0.0000
0.0006
0.0041
0.0184
0.0596
0.1471
0.2902
0.4743
0.6626
0.8166
0.9174
0.9699
0.9914
0.9981
0.9997
1.0000
0.0000
0.0003
0.0025
0.0120
0.0411
0.1077
0.2258
0.3915
0.5778
0.7473
0.8720
0.9463
0.9817
0.9951
0.9990
0.9999
1.0000
0.0000
0.0002
0.0015
0.0077
0.0280
0.0777
0.1727
0.3169
0.4940
0.6710
0.8159
0.9129
0.9658
0.9891
0.9972
0.9995
0.9999
t
v
-
0.50
0.0000
0.0001
0.0012
0.0064
0.0245
0.0717
0.1662
0.3145
0.5000
0.6855
0.8338
0.9283
0.9755
0.9936
0.9988
0.9999
0.0000
0.0001
0.0007
0.0038
0.0154
0.0481
0.1189
0.2403
0.4073
0.5927
0.7597
0.8811
0.9519
0.9846
0.9962
0.9993
0.9999
0.0000
0.0000
0.0004
0.0022
0.0096
0.0318
0.0835
0.1796
0.3238
0.5000
0.6762
0.8204
0.9165
0.9682
0.9904
0.9978
0.9996
3
1
20
k
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0.1
0.9048
0.9953
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.2
0.8187
0.9825
0.9989
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.3
0.7408
0.9631
0.9964
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.4
0.6703
0.9384
0.9921
0.9992
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.5
0.6065
0.9098
0.9856
0.9982
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
k
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1.1
0.3329
0.6990
0.9004
0.9743
0.9946
0.9990
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.2
0.3012
0.6626
0.8795
0.9662
0.9923
0.9985
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.3
0.2725
0.6268
0.8571
0.9569
0.9893
0.9978
0.9996
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.4
0.2466
0.5918
0.8335
0.9463
0.9857
0.9968
0.9994
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.5
0.2231
0.5578
0.8088
0.9344
0.9814
0.9955
0.9991
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
k
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
2.1
0.1225
0.3796
0.6496
0.8386
0.9379
0.9796
0.9941
0.9985
0.9997
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
2.2
0.1108
0.3546
0.6227
0.8194
0.9275
0.9751
0.9925
0.9980
0.9995
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
2.3
0.1003
0.3309
0.5960
0.7993
0.9162
0.9700
0.9906
0.9974
0.9994
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
2.4
0.0907
0.3084
0.5697
0.7787
0.9041
0.9643
0.9884
0.9967
0.9991
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
2.5
0.0821
0.2873
0.5438
0.7576
0.8912
0.9580
0.9858
0.9958
0.9989
0.9997
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
0.6
0.5488
0.8781
0.9769
0.9966
0.9996
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.7
0.4966
0.8442
0.9659
0.9942
0.9992
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
0.8
0.4493
0.8088
0.9526
0.9909
0.9986
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
0.9
0.4066
0.7725
0.9371
0.9865
0.9977
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0
0.3679
0.7358
0.9197
0.9810
0.9963
0.9994
0.9999
1.0000
1.6
0.2019
0.5249
0.7834
0.9212
0.9763
0.9940
0.9987
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.7
0.1827
0.4932
0.7572
0.9068
0.9704
0.9920
0.9981
0.9996
0.9999
1.0000
1.8
0.1653
0.4628
0.7306
0.8913
0.9636
0.9896
0.9974
0.9994
0.9999
1.0000
1.9
0.1496
0.4337
0.7037
0.8747
0.9559
0.9868
0.9966
0.9992
0.9998
1.0000
2.0
0.1353
0.4060
0.6767
0.8571
0.9473
0.9834
0.9955
0.9989
0.9998
1.0000
2.6
0.0743
0.2674
0.5184
0.7360
0.8774
0.9510
0.9828
0.9947
0.9985
0.9996
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
2.7
0.0672
0.2487
0.4936
0.7141
0.8629
0.9433
0.9794
0.9934
0.9981
0.9995
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
2.8
0.0608
0.2311
0.4695
0.6919
0.8477
0.9349
0.9756
0.9919
0.9976
0.9993
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
2.9
0.0550
0.2146
0.4460
0.6696
0.8318
0.9258
0.9713
0.9901
0.9969
0.9991
0.9998
0.9999
1.0000
3.0
0.0498
0.1991
0.4232
0.6472
0.8153
0.9161
0.9665
0.9881
0.9962
0.9989
0.9997
0.9999
1.0000
5
6
S
M
A
T
/
t
v
-
3
1
20
M
A
T
9
7
S
38
k
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
3.2
0.0408
0.1712
0.3799
0.6025
0.7806
0.8946
0.9554
0.9832
0.9943
0.9982
0.9995
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
3.4
0.0334
0.1468
0.3397
0.5584
0.7442
0.8705
0.9421
0.9769
0.9917
0.9973
0.9992
0.9998
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
3.6
0.0273
0.1257
0.3027
0.5152
0.7064
0.8441
0.9267
0.9692
0.9883
0.9960
0.9987
0.9996
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
3.8
0.0224
0.1074
0.2689
0.4735
0.6678
0.8156
0.9091
0.9599
0.9840
0.9942
0.9981
0.9994
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
4.0
0.0183
0.0916
0.2381
0.4335
0.6288
0.7851
0.8893
0.9489
0.9786
0.9919
0.9972
0.9991
0.9997
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
4.2
0.0150
0.0780
0.2102
0.3954
0.5898
0.7531
0.8675
0.9361
0.9721
0.9889
0.9959
0.9986
0.9996
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
k
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
5.2
0.0055
0.0342
0.1088
0.2381
0.4061
0.5809
0.7324
0.8449
0.9181
0.9603
0.9823
0.9927
0.9972
0.9990
0.9997
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
5.4
0.0045
0.0289
0.0948
0.2133
0.3733
0.5461
0.7017
0.8217
0.9027
0.9512
0.9775
0.9904
0.9962
0.9986
0.9995
0.9998
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
M
A
T
9
7
S
5.6
0.0037
0.0244
0.0824
0.1906
0.3422
0.5119
0.6703
0.7970
0.8857
0.9409
0.9718
0.9875
0.9949
0.9980
0.9993
0.9998
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
5.8
0.0030
0.0206
0.0715
0.1700
0.3127
0.4783
0.6384
0.7710
0.8672
0.9292
0.9651
0.9841
0.9932
0.9973
0.9990
0.9996
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
6.0
0.0025
0.0174
0.0620
0.1512
0.2851
0.4457
0.6063
0.7440
0.8472
0.9161
0.9574
0.9799
0.9912
0.9964
0.9986
0.9995
0.9998
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
39
4.6
0.0101
0.0563
0.1626
0.3257
0.5132
0.6858
0.8180
0.9049
0.9549
0.9805
0.9922
0.9971
0.9990
0.9997
0.9999
1.0000
5
6
S
6.5
0.0015
0.0113
0.0430
0.1118
0.2237
0.3690
0.5265
0.6728
0.7916
0.8774
0.9332
0.9661
0.9840
0.9929
0.9970
0.9988
0.9996
0.9998
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
M
A
T
/
4.4
0.0123
0.0663
0.1851
0.3594
0.5512
0.7199
0.8436
0.9214
0.9642
0.9851
0.9943
0.9980
0.9993
0.9998
0.9999
1.0000
7.0
0.0009
0.0073
0.0296
0.0818
0.1730
0.3007
0.4497
0.5987
0.7291
0.8305
0.9015
0.9467
0.9730
0.9872
0.9943
0.9976
0.9990
0.9996
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
4.8
0.0082
0.0477
0.1425
0.2942
0.4763
0.6510
0.7908
0.8867
0.9442
0.9749
0.9896
0.9960
0.9986
0.9995
0.9999
1.0000
5.0
0.0067
0.0404
0.1247
0.2650
0.4405
0.6160
0.7622
0.8666
0.9319
0.9682
0.9863
0.9945
0.9980
0.9993
0.9998
0.9999
8.0
0.0003
0.0030
0.0138
0.0424
0.0996
0.1912
0.3134
0.4530
0.5925
0.7166
0.8159
0.8881
0.9362
0.9658
0.9827
0.9918
0.9963
0.9984
0.9993
0.9997
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
8.5
0.0002
0.0019
0.0093
0.0301
0.0744
0.1496
0.2562
0.3856
0.5231
0.6530
0.7634
0.8487
0.9091
0.9486
0.9726
0.9862
0.9934
0.9970
0.9987
0.9995
0.9998
0.9999
1.0000
t
v
-
7.5
0.0006
0.0047
0.0203
0.0591
0.1321
0.2414
0.3782
0.5246
0.6620
0.7764
0.8622
0.9208
0.9573
0.9784
0.9897
0.9954
0.9980
0.9992
0.9997
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
3
1
20
k
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
9.0
0.0001
0.0012
0.0062
0.0212
0.0550
0.1157
0.2068
0.3239
0.4557
0.5874
0.7060
0.8030
0.8758
0.9261
0.9585
0.9780
0.9889
0.9947
0.9976
0.9989
0.9996
0.9998
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
9.5
0.0001
0.0008
0.0042
0.0149
0.0403
0.0885
0.1649
0.2687
0.3918
0.5218
0.6453
0.7520
0.8364
0.8981
0.9400
0.9665
0.9823
0.9911
0.9957
0.9980
0.9991
0.9996
0.9999
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
M
A
T
9
7
S
10.0
0.0000
0.0005
0.0028
0.0103
0.0293
0.0671
0.1301
0.2202
0.3328
0.4579
0.5830
0.6968
0.7916
0.8645
0.9165
0.9513
0.9730
0.9857
0.9928
0.9965
0.9984
0.9993
0.9997
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
11.0
0.0000
0.0002
0.0012
0.0049
0.0151
0.0375
0.0786
0.1432
0.2320
0.3405
0.4599
0.5793
0.6887
0.7813
0.8540
0.9074
0.9441
0.9678
0.9823
0.9907
0.9953
0.9977
0.9990
0.9995
0.9998
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
12.0
0.0000
0.0001
0.0005
0.0023
0.0076
0.0203
0.0458
0.0895
0.1550
0.2424
0.3472
0.4616
0.5760
0.6815
0.7720
0.8444
0.8987
0.9370
0.9626
0.9787
0.9884
0.9939
0.9970
0.9985
0.9993
0.9997
0.9999
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
13.0
0.0000
0.0000
0.0002
0.0011
0.0037
0.0107
0.0259
0.0540
0.0998
0.1658
0.2517
0.3532
0.4631
0.5730
0.6751
0.7636
0.8355
0.8905
0.9302
0.9573
0.9750
0.9859
0.9924
0.9960
0.9980
0.9990
0.9995
0.9998
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
15.0
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0002
0.0009
0.0028
0.0076
0.0180
0.0374
0.0699
0.1185
0.1848
0.2676
0.3632
0.4657
0.5681
0.6641
0.7489
0.8195
0.8752
0.9170
0.9469
0.9673
0.9805
0.9888
0.9938
0.9967
0.9983
0.9991
0.9996
0.9998
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
5
6
S
M
A
T
/
40
14.0
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0005
0.0018
0.0055
0.0142
0.0316
0.0621
0.1094
0.1757
0.2600
0.3585
0.4644
0.5704
0.6694
0.7559
0.8272
0.8826
0.9235
0.9521
0.9712
0.9833
0.9907
0.9950
0.9974
0.9987
0.9994
0.9997
0.9999
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
16.0
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0004
0.0014
0.0040
0.0100
0.0220
0.0433
0.0774
0.1270
0.1931
0.2745
0.3675
0.4667
0.5660
0.6593
0.7423
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t
v
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TAMS79 / TASM65 - vt 2013

Formel- och tabellsamling i matematisk statistik

TAMS79 / TASM65 - vt 2013

TAMS79 / TASM65 - vt 2013

Tukeys metod for parvisa jamforelser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Kovarians och Korrelation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Randomiserad Block Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Approximationer mellan olika fordelningar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Samband mellan betingade och obetingade vantevarden och varianser . .

Enkel linjar regression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Fackinledning med k fack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Studentized Range Statistic Tukey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

TAMS79 / TASM65 - vt 2013

TAMS79 / TASM65 - vt 2013

var(X) = np(1 p),

GX (s) = (1 + p(s 1))n

Uppkomst: Om X1 , . . . , Xn ar oberoende, var och en N (0, 1), galler att Y = X12 +

TAMS79 / TASM65 - vt 2013

TAMS79 / TASM65 - vt 2013

1. Generellt galler att:

Uppkomst: Om X1 2 (n1 ) och X2 2 (n2 ) samt X1 och X2 ar oberoende, s

En diskret icke-negativ, heltalsvard slumpvariabel X har sannolikhetsgenererande funktion

Uppkomst: Om X1 , . . . , Xn ar oberoende, var och en Exp(), s

Kovarians och Korrelation

En kontinuerlig slumpvariabel X har momentgenererande funktion

GY (s) = GZ (GX (s)).

Kovarians: cov(X, Y ) = E[(X X )(Y Y )], dar X = E[X] och Y = E[Y ]

TAMS79 / TASM65 - vt 2013

TAMS79 / TASM65 - vt 2013

j=1 Xj N (n, n ), d.v.s., var

Approximationer mellan olika f

X Bin(n, p) och np(1 p) 10

X N (np, np(1 p)),

X Bin(n, p) och n 10, p 0.1

Observera att det ar vantevarde och varians som parametrar i normalfordelningen.

Samband mellan betingade och obetingade v

En stokastiskvektor X = (X1 , . . . , Xn )0 som har tathetsfunktionen

var(X) = EY [var(X|Y )] + varY (E[X|Y ]).

dar x = (x1 , . . . , xn )0 , sags vara en normalfordelad stokastiskvektor och betecknas X

En normalfordelad stokastiskvektor har en momentgenererandefunktion som ges av

For tidshomogen Markovkedja i diskret tid, l

E[X] = EY [E[X|Y ]],

Observera att det ar vantevarde och varians som parametrar i normalfordelningen.

pij = p(X(n + 1) = j|X(n) = i)

p00 p01 p02 . . .

For tidshomogen ergodisk Markovkedja i kontinuerlig tid, l

TAMS79 / TASM65 - vt 2013

TAMS79 / TASM65 - vt 2013

For en M/M/1/K ko och a =

ges sannolikheten att kon ar full av formeln

Det foljer att

En fodelsedods-process ar en process dar ij = 0 for |i j| > 1. For en fodelsedods process,

For ett M/M/c kosystem, l

Fordelningsfunktion for W (kotid) ar

For en M/M/c/c ko, med ankomstintensitet och betjaningsintensitet for en betjaning

Fordelningsfunktioner for W (vantetid) och T (total tid) ar

For en M/M/c ko med ankomstintensitet och betjaningsintensitet for en betjaning,

TAMS79 / TASM65 - vt 2013

TAMS79 / TASM65 - vt 2013

SST OT = SST REAT + SSE ,

Det galler att:

TAMS79 / TASM65 - vt 2013

TAMS79 / TASM65 - vt 2013