TOADOKG

TRAN S TUNG
---- & ----
TI LIU N THI I HC CAO NG
Nm 2012
Trn S Tng
PP to trong khng gian

TKG 01: VIT PHNG TRNH MT PHNG
Dng 1: Vit phng trnh mt phng bng cch xc nh vect php tuyn
Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho hai im A(2;4;1), B(1;1;3) v mt phng
(P): x 3y + 2 z 5 = 0 . Vit phng trnh mt phng (Q) i qua hai im A, B v vung
gc vi mt phng (P).
r
r
r uuur
(Q) i qua A, B v vung gc vi (P) (Q) c VTPT n = nP , AB = (0; -8; -12) 0
(Q) : 2 y + 3z - 11 = 0 .
Cu hi tng t:
a) Vi A(1; 0; 1), B(2; 1; 2), ( P ) : x + 2 y + 3z + 3 = 0 .
S: (Q) : x - 2 y + z - 2 = 0
Cu 1.
Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, vit phng trnh mt phng (P) i qua hai im
x = -1 + t
A(2;1;3), B(1; -2;1) v song song vi ng thng d : y = 2t

.
z = -3 - 2t
uur
r
Ta c BA = (1;3;2) , d c VTCP u = (1;2; -2) .
uur
nr ^ BA
r
r uur r
Gi n l VTPT ca (P) r r chn n = BA, u = (-10; 4; -1)
n ^ u
Phng trnh ca (P): 10 x - 4 y + z - 19 = 0 .
Cu 2.
Cu 3.
Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho 2 ng thng (d1 ) v (d2 ) c phng trnh:
x -1 y +1 z - 2
x - 4 y -1 z - 3
=
=
, (d2 ) :
=
=
. Lp phng trnh mt phng (P) cha
2
3
1
6
9
3
(d 1 ) v (d2 ) .
(d1 );
Chng t (d1) // (d2). (P): x + y 5z +10 = 0

Cu 4.
2
Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz,

2
cho mt cu (S) c phng trnh:
x + y + z - 2 x + 6 y - 4 z - 2 = 0 . Vit phng trnh mt phng (P) song song vi gi ca

r
vc t v = (1;6;2) , vung gc vi mt phng (a ) : x + 4 y + z - 11 = 0 v tip xc vi (S).
r
(S) c tm I(1; 3; 2) v bn knh R = 4. VTPT ca (a ) l n = (1; 4;1) .
r
r r
VTPT ca (P) l: nP = [ n, v ] = (2; -1;2) PT ca (P) c dng: 2 x - y + 2 z + m = 0 .
m = -21
V (P) tip xc vi (S) nn d ( I ,(P )) = 4
.
m = 3
Vy: (P): 2 x - y + 2 z + 3 = 0 hoc (P): 2 x - y + 2 z - 21 = 0 .
Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho im M(1; 1; 1) v hai ng thng
x y +1 z
x y -1 z - 4
(d1 ) : =
=
v (d2 ) : =
=
. Chng minh rng im M , d1, d2 cng
1
-2
-3
1
2
5
nm trn mt mt phng. Vit phng trnh mt phng .
r
r
d1 qua M1(0; -1;0) v c u1 = (1; -2; -3) , d2 qua M2 (0;1; 4) v c u2 = (1;2;5) .
r uuuuuur
r r uuuuuur
r r
u1; u2 = (-4; -8; 4) 0 , M1M2 = (0;2; 4) u1; u2 .M1M2 = 0 d1, d2 ng phng.
r
Gi (P) l mt phng cha d1, d2 (P) c VTPT n = (1;2; -1) v i qua M1 nn c
Cu 5.
phng trnh x + 2 y - z + 2 = 0 . Kim tra thy im M(1; 1;1) (P).

Trang 1
Trn S Tng
Dng 2: Vit phng trnh mt phng lin quan n mt cu

Cu 6.
Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho ng thng d:
x -3 y -3 z
=
= v mt cu
2
2
1
(S): x 2 + y 2 + z2 - 2 x - 2 y - 4 z + 2 = 0 . Lp phng trnh mt phng (P) song song vi d v

trc Ox, ng thi tip xc vi mt cu (S).
r
(S) c tm I(1; 1; 2), bn knh R = 2. d c VTCP u = (2;2;1) .
r r r
(P) // d, Ox (P) c VTPT n = [ u , i ] = (0;1; -2) PT ca (P) c dng: y - 2 z + D = 0 .
(P) tip xc vi (S) d ( I ,( P )) = R
(P): y - 2 z + 3 + 2 5 = 0
hoc
1- 4 + D
12 + 22
D = 3 + 2 5
= 2 D -3 = 2 5
D = 3 - 2 5
(P): y - 2 z + 3 - 2 5 = 0 .
Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho mt cu (S): x 2 + y 2 + z2 + 2 x - 4 y - 4 = 0 v

mt phng (P): x + z - 3 = 0 . Vit phng trnh mt phng (Q) i qua im M(3;1; -1)
vung gc vi mt phng (P) v tip xc vi mt cu (S).
r
(S) c tm I(1; 2; 0) v bn knh R = 3; (P) c VTPT nP = (1; 0;1) .
Cu 7.
PT (Q) i qua M c dng: A( x - 3) + B( y - 1) + C (z + 1) = 0, A2 + B 2 + C 2 0

(Q) tip xc vi (S) d ( I ,(Q)) = R -4 A + B + C = 3 A2 + B2 + C 2
r r
(Q) ^ ( P ) nQ .nP = 0 A + C = 0 C = - A
(**)
(*)
T (*), (**) B - 5 A = 3 2 A2 + B 2 8B 2 - 7 A2 + 10 AB = 0 A = 2 B 7 A = -4 B
Vi A = 2B . Chn B = 1, A = 2, C = 2 PT (Q): 2 x + y - 2 z - 9 = 0
Vi 7 A = -4 B . Chn B = 7, A = 4, C = 4 PT (Q): 4 x - 7 y - 4 z - 9 = 0
Cu hi tng t:
a) Vi (S ) : x 2 + y 2 + z2 - 2 x + 4 y - 4 z + 5 = 0 , (P ) : 2 x + y - 6 z + 5 = 0, M (1;1;2) .
S: (Q) : 2 x + 2 y + z - 6 = 0 hoc (Q) :11x - 10 y + 2z - 5 = 0 .
Trong khng gian vi h trc Oxyz, cho mt cu (S): x 2 + y 2 + z2 2 x + 4 y + 2z 3 = 0 .
Vit phng trnh mt phng (P) cha trc Ox v ct mt cu (S) theo mt ng trn c
bn knh r = 3 .
(S) c tm I(1; 2; 1), bn knh R = 3. (P) cha Ox (P): ay + bz = 0.
Mt khc ng trn thit din c bn knh bng 3 cho nn (P) i qua tm I.
Suy ra: 2a b = 0 b = 2a (a 0) (P): y 2z = 0.
Cu 8.
Cu 9.
Trong khng gian vi h trc Oxyz, cho mt cu (S): x 2 + y 2 + z2 + 2 x - 2 y + 2 z 1 = 0
x - y - 2 = 0
v ng thng d :
. Vit phng trnh mt phng (P) cha d v ct mt cu
2 x - z - 6 = 0
(S) theo mt ng trn c bn knh r = 1 .
(S) c tm I(-1;1; -1) , bn knh R = 2.
PT mt phng (P) c dng: ax + by + cz + d = 0 (a2 + b2 + c 2 0) .
Chn M (2;0; -2), N (3;1;0) d .
Trang 2
Trn S Tng
M (P)
a = b,2c = -(a + b), d = -3a - b
(1)
Ta c: N (P )

17a = -7b,2c = -(a + b), d = -3a - b (2)
2
2
d ( I ,(P )) = R - r
+ Vi (1) (P): x + y - z - 4 = 0
+ Vi (2) (P): 7 x - 17y + 5z - 4 = 0
Cu 10. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho hai ng thng D1 :
x y -1 z
=
= ,
2
-1 1
x -1 y z
v mt cu (S): x 2 + y 2 + z2 2 x + 2 y + 4 z 3 = 0 . Vit phng trnh
= =
-1 1 -1
tip din ca mt cu (S), bit tip din song song vi hai ng thng D1 v D1.
D2 :
(P): y + z + 3 + 3 2 = 0 hoc (P): y + z + 3 - 3 2 = 0

Cu 11. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho mt cu (S) c phng trnh
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 - 2 x + 4 y - 6 z - 11 = 0 v mt phng (a) c phng trnh 2x + 2y z + 17 = 0.

Vit phng trnh mt phng (b) song song vi (a) v ct (S) theo giao tuyn l ng trn
c chu vi bng 6p.
Do (b) // (a) nn (b) c phng trnh 2x + 2y z + D = 0 (D 17)
(S) c tm I(1; 2; 3), bn knh R = 5. ng trn c chu vi 6p nn c bn knh r = 3.
Khong cch t I ti (b) l h =
Do
2.1 + 2(-2) - 3 + D
R 2 - r 2 = 52 - 32 = 4
D = -7
= 4 -5 + D = 12
D = 17 (loai)
22 + 22 + (-1)2
Vy (b) c phng trnh 2x + 2y z 7 = 0.
Trang 3
Trn S Tng
Dng 3: Vit phng trnh mt phng lin quan n khong cch

Cu 12. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, vit phng trnh mt phng (P) qua O, vung
gc vi mt phng (Q): x + y + z = 0 v cch im M(1; 2; 1) mt khong bng
PT mt phng (P) qua O nn c dng: Ax + By + Cz = 0 (vi A2 + B 2 + C 2 0 ).

V (P) ^ (Q) nn: 1. A + 1.B + 1.C = 0 C = - A - B (1)
A + 2B - C
d ( M ,( P )) = 2
= 2 ( A + 2 B - C )2 = 2( A2 + B 2 + C 2 )
A2 + B2 + C 2
B = 0
(3)
T (1) v (2) ta c: 8 AB + 5B 2 = 0
8 A + 5B = 0 (4)
T (3): B = 0 C = A. Chn A = 1, C = 1 (P): x - z = 0
T (4): 8A + 5B = 0. Chn A = 5, B = 8 C = 3 (P): 5x - 8y + 3z = 0 .
2.
(2)
x -1 y - 3 z
=
= v
1
1
4
im M(0; 2; 0). Vit phng trnh mt phng (P) i qua im M, song song vi ng
thng D, ng thi khong cch d gia ng thng D v mt phng (P) bng 4.
Cu 13. Trong khng gian vi h trc ta Oxyz, cho ng thng D :
Phng trnh mp (P) i qua M(0; 2; 0) c dng: ax + by + cz + 2b = 0 ( a2 + b2 + c2 0 )

r
D i qua im A(1; 3; 0) v c mt VTCP u = (1;1;4)
a + b + 4c = 0
D P ( P )
a = 4c
a + 5b
.
Ta c:

=
4
(
;(
))
=
a
=
2
c
d
A
P
d
2
2
2
a +b +c
Vi a = 4c . Chn a = 4, c = 1 b = -8 Phng trnh (P): 4 x - 8y + z - 16 = 0 .
Vi a = -2c . Chn a = 2, c = -1 b = 2 Phng trnh (P): 2 x + 2 y - z + 4 = 0 .
Cu hi tng t:
x y z -1
a) Vi D : = =
; M (0;3; -2), d = 3 .
1 1
4
S: ( P ) : 2 x + 2 y - z - 8 = 0 hoc ( P ) : 4 x - 8y + z + 26 = 0 .
x = t
Cu 14. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho ng thng (d ) : y = -1 + 2t v im
z = 1
A(-1;2;3) . Vit phng trnh mt phng (P) cha ng thng (d) sao cho khong cch t
im A n mt phng (P) bng 3.
r
r
(d) i qua im M(0; -1;1) v c VTCT u = (1;2;0) . Gi n = (a; b; c) vi a2 + b2 + c2 0
l VTPT ca (P) .
PT mt phng (P): a( x - 0) + b( y + 1) + c( z - 1) = 0 ax + by + cz + b - c = 0 (1).
rr
Do (P) cha (d) nn: u.n = 0 a + 2b = 0 a = -2b (2)
- a + 3b + 2c
5b + 2c
d ( A,(P ) ) = 3
=3
= 3 5b + 2c = 3 5b2 + c2
2
2
2
2
2
a +b +c
5b + c
2
4b2 - 4bc + c2 = 0 ( 2b - c ) = 0 c = 2b
(3)
T (2) v (3), chn b = -1 a = 2, c = -2 PT mt phng (P): 2 x - y - 2 z + 1 = 0 .

Trang 4
Trn S Tng
Cu 15. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho cc im M (-1;1; 0), N (0; 0; -2), I (1;1;1) . Vit
phng trnh mt phng (P) qua A v B, ng thi khong cch t I n (P) bng
3.
PT mt phng (P) c dng: ax + by + cz + d = 0 (a2 + b2 + c2 0) .

M (P)
a = - b,2c = a - b, d = a - b (1)
Ta c: N (P )

.
5a = 7b,2c = a - b, d = a - b (2)
d ( I ,(P )) = 3
+ Vi (1) PT mt phng (P): x - y + z + 2 = 0
+ Vi (2) PT mt phng (P): 7 x + 5y + z + 2 = 0 .
Cu 16. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho t din ABCD vi A(1; -1;2) , B(1;3;0) ,
C(-3; 4;1) , D(1;2;1) . Vit phng trnh mt phng (P) i qua A, B sao cho khong cch t C
n (P) bng khong cch t D n (P).
PT mt phng (P) c dng: ax + by + cz + d = 0 (a2 + b2 + c 2 0) .

A (P)
a - b + 2c + d = 0
Ta c: B (P )
a + 3b + d = 0
-3a + 4b + c + d
d (C ,(P )) = d ( D,(P ))
a + 2b + c + d
=
a2 + b2 + c2
a2 + b2 + c2
b = 2a, c = 4a, d = -7a

c = 2a, b = a, d = -4a
+ Vi b = 2a, c = 4a, d = -7a (P): x + 2 y + 4z - 7 = 0 .
+ Vi c = 2a, b = a, d = -4a (P): x + y + 2z - 4 = 0 .
Cu hi tng t:
a) Vi A(1;2;1), B(-2;1;3), C (2; -1;1), D(0;3;1) .
S: ( P ) : 4 x + 2 y + 7z - 15 = 0 hoc ( P ) : 2 x + 3z - 5 = 0 .
Cu 17. Trong khng gian vi h trc ta Oxyz , cho cc im A(1;2;3) , B(0; -1;2) ,
C(1;1;1) . Vit phng trnh mt phng ( P ) i qua A v gc ta O sao cho khong cch
t B n ( P ) bng khong cch t C n ( P ) .
V O (P) nn ( P ) : ax + by + cz = 0 , vi a2 + b2 + c2 0 .
Do A (P) a + 2b + 3c = 0 (1) v d ( B,( P )) = d (C ,( P )) - b + 2c = a + b + c (2)
T (1) v (2) b = 0 hoc c = 0 .
Vi b = 0 th a = -3c (P ) : 3x - z = 0
Vi c = 0 th a = -2b ( P ) : 2 x - y = 0
Cu hi tng t:
a) Vi A(1;2; 0), B(0;4;0), C (0;0;3) .
S: -6 x + 3y + 4 z = 0 hoc 6 x - 3y + 4 z = 0 .
Cu 18. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho hai ng thng d1, d2 ln lt c phng
x -2 y -2 z-3
x -1 y - 2 z -1
=
=
, d2 :
=
=
. Vit phng trnh mt phng cch
2
1
3
2
-1
4
u hai ng thng d1, d2 .
r
r
Ta c d1 i qua A(2;2;3) , c ud1 = (2;1;3) , d2 i qua B(1;2;1) v c ud 2 = (2; -1; 4) .
r
r r
Do (P) cch u d1, d2 nn (P) song song vi d1, d2 nP = ud1, ud 2 = (7; -2; -4)
PT mt phng (P) c dng: 7 x - 2 y - 4z + d = 0
trnh d1 :
Trang 5
Trn S Tng
Do (P) cch u d1, d2 suy ra d ( A,( P )) = d (B,(P ))
7.2 - 2.2 - 4.3 + d
7.1 - 2.2 - 4.1 + d
d - 2 = d -1 d =
69
69
Phng trnh mt phng (P): 14 x - 4 y - 8z + 3 = 0
3
2
Cu 19. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, vit phng trnh mt phng (P) i qua hai im
A(0; -1;2) , B(1; 0;3) v tip xc vi mt cu (S): ( x - 1)2 + ( y - 2)2 + (z + 1)2 = 2 .
(S) c tm I(1;2; -1) , bn knh R = 2 .

PT mt phng (P) c dng: ax + by + cz + d = 0 (a2 + b2 + c 2 0)
A (P )
a = - b, c = - a - b, d = 2a + 3b
Ta c: B (P )

3a = -8b, c = -a - b, d = 2a + 3b
d ( I ,(P )) = R
(1)
(2)
+ Vi (1) Phng trnh ca (P): x - y - 1 = 0

+ Vi (2) Phng trnh ca (P): 8 x - 3y - 5z + 7 = 0
Cu 20. Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho im A(10; 2; 1) v ng thng d c
x -1 y z -1
= =
. Lp phng trnh mt phng (P) i qua A, song song vi d
2
1
3
v khong cch t d ti (P) l ln nht.
Gi H l hnh chiu ca A trn d d(d, (P)) = d(H, (P)). Gi s im I l hnh chiu ca
H ln (P), ta c AH HI HI ln nht khi A I . Vy (P) cn tm l mt phng i qua A
uuur
v nhn AH lm VTPT (P): 7 x + y - 5z - 77 = 0 .
phng trnh:
Cu 21. Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho ng thng (d) c phng trnh tham s
{ x = -2 + t; y = -2t; z = 2 + 2t . Gi D l ng thng qua im A(4;0;1) song song vi (d)
v I(2;0;2) l hnh chiu vung gc ca A trn (d). Vit phng trnh ca mt phng cha
D v c khong cch n (d) l ln nht.
Gi (P) l mt phng cha D, th ( P ) P (d ) hoc (P ) (d ) . Gi H l hnh chiu vung
gc ca I trn (P). Ta lun c IH IA v IH ^ AH .
d (d ,(P )) = d ( I ,(P )) = IH
Mt khc
H (P)
Trong (P), IH IA ; do maxIH = IA H A . Lc ny (P) v tr (P0) ^ IA ti A.
r uur
r
Vect php tuyn ca (P0) l n = IA = ( 6; 0; -3) , cng phng vi v = ( 2;0; -1) .
Phng trnh ca mt phng (P0) l: 2( x - 4) - 1.( z + 1) = 2 x - z - 9 = 0 .
x -1 y z - 2
= =
v im
2
1
2
A(2;5;3) . Vit phng trnh mt phng (P) cha d sao cho khong cch t A n (P) l ln
nht.
Cu 22. Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho ng thng d :
PT mt phng (P) c dng: ax + by + cz + d = 0 (a2 + b2 + c2 0) .

r
r
(P) c VTPT n = (a; b; c) , d i qua im M(1; 0;2) v c VTCP u = (2;1;2) .
M (P)
a + 2c + d = 0
2c = -(2a + b)
V (P) d nn r r
. Xt 2 trng hp:
n.u = 0
2a + b + 2c = 0
d = a + b
Trang 6
Trn S Tng
TH1: Nu b = 0 th (P): x - z + 1 = 0 . Khi : d ( A,( P )) = 0 .

TH2: Nu b 0. Chn b = 1 ta c (P): 2ax + 2 y - (2a + 1)z + 2a + 2 = 0 .
9
9
Khi : d ( A,( P )) =
=
3 2
2
2
8a + 4a + 5
1 3
2 2a + +
2 2
1
1
Vy max d ( A,( P )) = 3 2 2a + = 0 a = - . Khi : (P): x - 4 y + z - 3 = 0 .
2
4
Cu hi tng t:
x -1 y +1 z - 2
a) d :
, A(5;1;6) .
=
=
S: (P ) : 2 x + y - z + 1 = 0
2
1
5
x -1 y + 2 z
b) d :
=
= , A(1; 4;2) .
S: (P ) : 5 x + 13y - 4 z + 21 = 0
-1
1
2
Cu 23. Trong khng gian to Oxyz, cho hai im M(0; -1;2) v N(-1;1;3) . Vit phng
trnh mt phng (P) i qua M, N sao cho khong cch t im K(0; 0;2) n mt phng (P)
l ln nht.
PT (P) c dng: Ax + B( y + 1) + C ( z - 2) = 0 Ax + By + Cz + B - 2C = 0
( A2 + B2 + C 2 0)
N (-1;1;3) ( P ) - A + B + 3C + B - 2C = 0 A = 2 B + C
(P ) : (2 B + C ) x + By + Cz + B - 2C = 0 ;
d ( K , ( P )) =
B
2
2
4 B + 2C + 4 BC
Nu B = 0 th d(K, (P)) = 0 (loi)

Nu B 0 th d ( K ,(P )) =
2
2
C
2 + 1 + 2
B
Du = xy ra khi B = C. Chn C = 1. Khi PT (P): x + y z + 3 = 0 .
4B 2 + 2C 2 + 4BC
Trang 7
Trn S Tng
Dng 4: Vit phng trnh mt phng lin quan n gc

Cu 24. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho mt phng (a) cha ng thng ():
x -1 y
z
v to vi mt phng (P) : 2 x - 2 y - z + 1 = 0 mt gc 600. Tm ta giao
=
=
1
-1 -2
im M ca mt phng (a) vi trc Oz.
ur
r
() qua im A(1;0;0) v c VTCP u = (1; -1; -2) . (P) c VTPT n = (2; -2; -1) .
uuuur
ur uuur ur
Giao im M(0;0;m) cho AM = (-1; 0; m) . (a) c VTPT n = AM , u = (m; m - 2;1)
(a) v (P): 2 x - 2 y - z + 1 = 0 to thnh gc 600 nn :
1
1
1
r r
cos ( n, n ) =
= 2m 2 - 4m + 1 = 0 m = 2 - 2 hay m = 2 + 2
2
2m2 - 4m + 5 2
Kt lun : M(0; 0;2 - 2) hay M(0; 0;2 + 2)
Cu 25. Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho hai mt phng (P ) : 5 x - 2 y + 5z - 1 = 0 v
(Q) : x - 4 y - 8z + 12 = 0 . Lp phng trnh mt phng ( R) i qua im M trng vi gc ta

O, vung gc vi mt phng (P) v to vi mt phng (Q) mt gc a = 450 .
Gi s PT mt phng (R): ax + by + cz + d = 0 (a2 + b2 + c2 0) .

Ta c: ( R) ^ ( P ) 5a - 2b + 5c = 0
(1);
cos((
R),(Q)) = cos 450
a - 4b - 8c
2
(2)
2
9 a2 + b2 + c 2
a = -c
T (1) v (2) 7a2 + 6ac - c2 = 0
c = 7a
Vi a = -c : chn a = 1, b = 0, c = -1 PT mt phng ( R) : x - z = 0
Vi c = 7a : chn a = 1, b = 20, c = 7 PT mt phng ( R) : x + 20 y + 7z = 0
Cu hi tng t:
a) Vi ( P ) : x - y - 2 z = 0,(Q) (Oyz), M (2; -3;1),a = 450 .
S: ( R) : x + y + 1 = 0 hoc ( R) : 5 x - 3y + 4 z - 23 = 0
Cu 26. Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho hai im A(-1;2; -3), B(2; -1; -6) v mt
phng ( P ) : x + 2 y + z - 3 = 0 . Vit phng trnh mt phng (Q) cha AB v to vi mt

phng (P) mt gc a tho mn cos a =
3
.
6
PT mt phng (Q) c dng: ax + by + cz + d = 0 (a2 + b2 + c2 0) .

A (Q)
- a + 2b - 3c + d = 0
a = -4b, c = -3b, d = -15b
Ta c: B (Q)
2a - b - 6c + d = 0

a = -b, c = 0, d = - b
a + 2b + c
3
cos a = 3
6
6
a2 + b2 + c 2 1 + 4 + 1
Phng trnh mp(Q): 4 x - y + 3z + 15 = 0 hoc (Q): x - y - 3 = 0 .
Cu hi tng t:
1
a) A(0;0;1), B(1;1; 0) , (P ) (Oxy),cos a =
.
6
S: (Q): 2 x - y + z - 1 = 0 hoc (Q): x - 2 y - z + 1 = 0 .
Trang 8
Trn S Tng
x + y + z - 3 = 0
. Vit
2 x + y + z - 4 = 0
phng trnh mt phng (P) cha ng thng d v to vi mt phng (Oxy) mt gc
a = 600 .
S: (P ) : 2 x + y + z - 2 - 2 = 0 hoc (P ) : 2 x - y - z - 2 + 2 = 0
Cu 28. Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho hai ng thng c phng trnh:
D1 :
x -1 y +1 z -1
x
y z
=
=
v D2 : =
= . Vit phng trnh mt phng (P) cha D1 v
1
3
1 -2 1
-1
to vi D2 mt gc a = 300 .
p s: (P): 5x + 11y + 2 z + 4 = 0 hoc (P): 2 x - y - z - 2 = 0 .

Cu hi tng t:
x y-2 z
x -2 y -3 z+5
a) Vi D1 : =
= , D2 :
=
=
, a = 300 .
1
-1 1
2
1
-1
S: (P): x - 2 y - 2 z + 2 = 0 hoc (P): x + 2 y + z - 4 = 0
x -1 y z + 1
x y - 2 z +1
b) D1 :
= =
, D2 : =
=
, a = 300 .
1
1
1
1
-2
-1
S: (P): (18 + 114) x + 21y + (15 + 2 114)z - (3 - 114) = 0
hoc (P): (18 - 114) x + 21y + (15 - 2 114)z - (3 + 114) = 0
Cu 29. Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, vit phng trnh mt phng (P) i qua im
M(1;2;3) v to vi cc trc Ox, Oy cc gc tng ng l 450 , 30 0 .

r
r
r
Gi n = (a; b; c) l VTPT ca (P). Cc VTCP ca trc Ox, Oy l i = (1;0; 0), j = (0;1; 0) .
2
sin(Ox ,(P )) =
2 a = 2 b
Ta c:
c = b
sin(Oy,( P )) = 1
2
PT mt phng (P):
2( x - 1) + ( y - 2) ( z - 3) = 0 hoc - 2( x - 1) + ( y - 2) (z - 3) = 0
Cu 30. Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho mt phng (Q): x + 2 y - z + 5 = 0 v ng
x +1 y +1 z - 3
=
=
. Vit phng trnh mt phng (P) cha ng thng d v to
2
1
1
vi mt phng (Q) mt gc nh nht.
thng d :
PT mt phng (P) c dng: ax + by + cz + d = 0 (a2 + b2 + c2 0) . Gi a = ((

P ),(Q)) .
M ( P ) c = - a - b
Chn hai im M (-1; -1;3), N (1;0; 4) d . Ta c:
N (P)
d = 7a + 4b
3
a+b
(P): ax + by + (-2a - b)z + 7a + 4b = 0 cos a =
.
6 5a2 + 4ab + 2b2
TH1: Nu a = 0 th cos a =
3
6
b
2b2
3
a = 300 .
2
Trang 9
Trn S Tng
TH2: Nu a 0 th cos a =
3
.
6
1+
b
a
b
b
5 + 4 + 2
a
a
. t x =
b
v f ( x ) = cos2 a
a
9 x2 + 2x + 1
Xt hm s f ( x ) = .
.
6 5 + 4x + 2x2
Da vo BBT, ta thy min f ( x ) = 0 cos a = 0 a = 900 > 300
Do ch c trng hp 1 tho mn, tc a = 0. Khi chn b = 1, c = 1, d = 4 .
Vy: (P): y - z + 4 = 0 .
Cu hi tng t:
x -1 y + 2 z
a) Vi (Q): x + 2 y + 2 z 3 = 0 , d :
.
S: ( P ) : x + 2 y + 5z +3 = 0 .
=
=
1
2
-1
x -1 y + 2 z
b) Vi (Q) (Oxy), d :
=
= .
S: ( P ) : x - y + z - 3 = 0 .
-1
1
2
x = -t
S: ( P ) : x + y + z - 3 = 0 .
c) Vi (Q) : 2 x - y - z - 2 = 0 , d : y = -1 + 2t .
z = 2 + t
Cu 31. Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho hai im M (-1; -1;3), N (1; 0; 4) v mt phng
(Q): x + 2 y - z + 5 = 0 . Vit phng trnh mt phng (P) i qua M, N v to vi (Q) mt gc

nh nht.
S: (P ) : y - z + 4 = 0 .
Cu hi tng t:
a) M (1;2; -1), N (-1;1;2),(Q) (Oxy ) .
S: ( P ) : 6 x + 3y + 5z - 7 = 0 .
x = 1 - t
Cu 32. Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho ng thng d : y = -2 + t . Vit phng

z = 2t
trnh mt phng (P) cha ng thng d v to vi trc Oy mt gc ln nht.
PT mt phng (P) c dng: ax + by + cz + d = 0 (a2 + b2 + c2 0) . Gi a = ((

P ), Oy ) .
Chn hai im M (1; -2; 0), N (0; -1;2) d .
a-b
M ( P ) 2c = a - b
Ta c:
(P): ax + by +
z - a + 2b = 0 .
2
N (P )
d = - a + 2b
sin a =
2b
5a2 + 5b2 - 2ab
TH1: Nu b = 0 th a = 00 .
TH2: Nu b 0 th sin a =
2
2
. t x =
a
a
5 + 5 - 2
b
b
Xt hm s f ( x ) =
4
2
a
v f ( x ) = sin2 a .
b
. Da vo BBT, ta c max f ( x ) =
5
1
x = a > 00 .
6
5
5x - 2 x + 5
a 1
Vy a ln nht khi = . Chn a = 1, b = 5, c = -2, d = 9 (P): x + 5y - 2 z + 9 = 0 .
b 5
Trang 10
Trn S Tng
Cu 33. Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho hai ng thng d1 :
x -1 y + 2 z
v
=
=
1
2
-1
x + 2 y -1 z
=
= . Vit phng trnh mt phng (P) cha d1 sao cho gc gia mt phng
2
-1 2
(P) v ng thng d2 l ln nht.
r
d1 i qua M(1; -2; 0) v c VTCP u = (1;2; -1) .V d1 (P ) nn M ( P ) .
d2 :
PT mt phng (P) c dng: A( x - 1) + B( y + 2) + Cz = 0 ( A2 + B2 + C 2 0)

rr
Ta c: d (P ) u.n = 0 C = A + 2B .
Gi a = ((
P ), d2 ) sin a =
TH1: Vi B = 0 th sina =
TH2: Vi B 0. t t =
Xt hm s f (t ) =
1
(4 A + 3B)2
= .
2
2
3. 2 A2 + 4 AB + 5B2 3 2 A + 4 AB + 5B
2 2
3
1
(4t + 3)2
A
, ta c: sina = .
B
3 2t 2 + 4t + 5
(4t + 3)2
2
4 A + 3B
2 t + 4t + 5
5 3
Khi sin a = f (-7) =
.
9
. Da vo BBT ta c: max f (t ) =
25
A
khi t = -7 = -7
7
B
5 3
A
khi = -7 .
9
B
Phng trnh mt phng (P) : 7 x - y + 5z -9 = 0 .
So snh TH1 v TH2 a ln nht vi sin a =
x +1 y - 2 z +1
=
=
v im
1
1
-1
A(2; -1;0) . Vit phng trnh mt phng (P) qua A, song song vi d v to vi mt phng
(Oxy) mt gc nh nht.
S: (P ) : x + y + 2z - 1 = 0 .
Cu 35. Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho mt phng (Q): 2 x - y + z + 2 = 0 v im
A(1;1; -1) . Vit phng trnh mt phng (P) i qua im A, vung gc vi mt phng (Q) v
to vi trc Oy mt gc ln nht.
S: (P ) : y + z = 0 hoc ( P ) : 2 x + 5y + z - 6 = 0 .
Trang 11
Trn S Tng
Dng 5: Vit phng trnh mt phng lin quan n tam gic

Cu 36. Trong khng gian vi h trc ta Oxyz, cho im A(4; 5; 6). Vit phng trnh mt
phng (P) qua A, ct cc trc ta ln lt ti I, J, K m A l trc tm ca tam gic IJK.

x y z
Gi I(a;0;0), J(0;b;0), K(0;0;c) ( P ) : + + = 1
a b c
4 5 6
uur
uur
a + b + c = 1
77
77
77
IA
JA = (4;5 - b;6)
uur= (4 - a;5;6), uur
-5b + 6c = 0 a = ; b = ; c =
4
5
6
JK = (0; - b; c),
IK = (-a; 0; c)
-4a + 6c = 0
Vy phng trnh mt phng (P): 4 x + 5y + 6z - 77 = 0 .
Cu hi tng t:
a) Vi A(1; 1; 1).
S: (P): x - y - z + 3 = 0
Cu 37. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho A(2; 0; 0) M(1; 1; 1). Mt phng (P) thay i
qua AM ct cc trc Ox, Oy ln lt ti B(0; b; 0), C(0; 0; c) (b > 0, c > 0). Chng minh
rng: b + c =
bc
. T , tm b, c din tch tam gic ABC nh nht.
2
x y z
1 1 1
bc
PT mp (P) c dng: + + = 1. V M ( P ) nn + + = 1 b + c = .
2 b c
2 b c
2
uuur
uuur
Ta c AB(-2; b; 0) , AC (-2; 0; c). Khi S = b2 + c2 + (b + c)2 .
V b2 + c2 2bc; (b + c)2 4bc nn S 6bc .
M bc = 2(b + c) 4 bc bc 16 . Do S 96 . Du "=" xy ra b = c = 4 .
Vy: min S = 96 khi b = c = 4 .
Cu 38. Trong khng gian to Oxyz, cho im A(2;2;4) v mt phng ( P ) : x + y + z + 4 = 0 .
Vit phng trnh mt phng (Q) song song vi (P) v (Q) ct hai tia Ox, Oy ti 2 im B,
C sao cho tam gic ABC c din tch bng 6.
V (Q) // (P) nn (Q): x + y + z + d = 0 (d 4) . Gi s B = (Q) Ox , C = (Q) Oy

1 uuur uuur
B(-d ;0; 0), C (0; -d ;0) (d < 0) . S ABC = AB, AC = 6 d = -2
2
(Q) : x + y + z - 2 = 0 .
Cu 39. Trong khng gian to Oxyz, cho cc im A(3; 0;0), B(1;2;1) . Vit phng trnh mt
phng (P) qua A, B v ct trc Oz ti M sao cho tam gic ABC c din tch bng
S: ( P ) : x + 2 y - 2z - 3 = 0 .
Trang 12
9
.
2
Trn S Tng

Dng 6: Cc dng khc v vit phng trnh mt phng
Cu 40. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, vit phng trnh mt phng (P) i qua im
M(9;1;1) , ct cc tia Ox, Oy, Oz ti A, B, C sao cho th tch t din OABC c gi tr nh

nht.
Gi s A(a;0; 0) Ox, B(0; b; 0) Oy, C (0; 0; c) Oz (a, b, c > 0) .
x y z
Khi PT mt phng (P) c dng: + + = 1 .
a b c
9 1 1
1
Ta c: M (9;1;1) (P ) + + = 1 (1);
VOABC = abc (2)
a b c
6
(1) abc = 9bc + ac + ab 33 9(abc)2 (abc)3 27.9(abc)2 abc 243
a = 27
9bc = ac = ab
x y z
Du "=" xy ra 9 1 1
b = 3 (P):
+ + = 1.
27 3 3
c = 3
a + b + c = 1
Cu hi tng t:
x y z
a) Vi M(1;2; 4) .
S: ( P ) : + +
=1
3 6 12
M(1;2;3) , ct cc tia Ox, Oy, Oz ti A, B, C sao cho biu thc
OA
OB
OC 2
c gi tr
nh nht.
S: ( P ) : x + 2 y + 3z - 14 = 0 .
M(2;5;3) , ct cc tia Ox, Oy, Oz ti A, B, C sao cho biu thc OA + OB + OC c gi tr nh

nht.
x
y
z
S: ( P ) :
+
+
=1.
2 + 6 + 10 5 + 10 + 15 3 + 6 + 15
Trang 13
Trn S Tng
TKG 02: VIT PHNG TRNH NG THNG

Dng 1: Vit phng trnh ng thng bng cch xc nh vect ch phng
x +1 y -1 z - 2
=
=
v mt
2
1
3
phng P : x - y - z - 1 = 0 . Vit phng trnh ng thng D i qua A(1;1; -2) , song song
vi mt phng ( P ) v vung gc vi ng thng d .
uur uur
x -1 y -1 z + 2
r
r
u = ud ; nP = (2;5; -3) . D nhn u lm VTCP D :
=
=
2
5
-3
Cu 1.
Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho ng thng d :
Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho ng thng (d) c phng trnh:

{ x = -t ; y = -1 + 2t ; z = 2 + t ( t R ) v mt phng (P): 2 x - y - 2 z - 3 = 0 .Vit phng
trnh tham s ca ng thng D nm trn (P), ct v vung gc vi (d).
Gi A = d (P) A(1; -3;1) .
Phng trnh mp(Q) qua A v vung gc vi d: - x + 2 y + z + 6 = 0
Cu 2.
D l giao tuyn ca (P) v (Q) D: { x = 1 + t; y = -3; z = 1 + t
Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho im M(2; 1; 0) v ng thng D:

x -1 y +1 z
=
=
. Lp phng trnh ca ng thng d i qua im M, ct v vung gc
2
1
-1
vi D.
uuuur
r
uD = (2;1; -1) . Gi H = d D. Gi s H (1 + 2t; -1 + t; -t ) MH = (2t - 1; t - 2; -t ) .
uuuur r
uuuur
2
r
MH ^ uD 2(2t - 1) + (t - 2) - (-t ) = 0 t = ud = 3MH = (1; -4; -2)
3
x = 2 + t
d: y = 1 - 4t .
z = 2t
Cu 3.
Trong khng gian vi h trc to Oxyz, cho mt phng (P): x + 2y 2z + 1 = 0 v hai

im A(1;7; 1), B(4;2;0). Lp phng trnh ng thng (D) l hnh chiu vung gc ca
ng thng AB trn (P).
Gi (Q) l mt phng qua A, B v vung gc vi (P) (Q): 8x + 7x + 11z 46 = 0.
(D) = (P) (Q) suy ra phng trnh (D).
Cu 4.
Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, vit phng trnh hnh chiu vung gc ca
x - 2z = 0
ng thng d :
trn mt phng P : x - 2 y + z + 5 = 0 .
3x - 2 y + z - 3 = 0
Cu 5.
x = 4t
3
r
PTTS ca d: y = - + 7t . Mt phng (P) c VTPT n = (1; -2;1) .
2
z
=
2
t
11
3
3
Gi A = d (P ) A 4; ;2 . Ta c B 0; - ;0 d , B 0; - ;0 (P ) .
2
2
4 7 4
Gi H ( x; y; z) l hnh chiu vung gc ca B trn (P). Ta tm c H - ; ; - .
3 6 3
Trang 14
Trn S Tng
Gi D l hnh chiu vung gc ca d trn (P) D i qua A v H

x = 4 + 16t
uuu
r
11
r
D c VTCP u = 3HA = (16;13;10) Phng trnh ca D: y = + 13t .
2
z
=
2
+ 10t
Cu hi tng t:
x = 1 + 23m
x +1 y -1 z - 2
a) Vi d :
=
=
, ( P ) : x - 3y + 2 z - 5 = 0 .
S: D : y = 2 + 29m
2
1
3
z = 5 + 32m
Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, gi A, B, C ln lt giao im ca mt phng
( P ) : 6 x + 2 y + 3z - 6 = 0 vi Ox, Oy, Oz. Lp phng trnh ng thng d i qua tm
ng trn ngoi tip tam gic ABC ng thi vung gc vi mt phng (P).
Ta c: ( P ) Ox = A(1; 0;0); (P ) Oy = B(0;3;0); (P ) Oz = C (0; 0;2)
Gi D l ng thng vung gc (OAB) ti trung im M ca AB; (a) l mt phng trung
1 3
trc cnh OC; I tm mt cu ngoi tip t din OABC. Ta c: I = D (a ) I ; ;1 .
2 2
Gi J tm ng trn ngoi tip DABC th IJ ^ (ABC) , nn d chnh l ng thng IJ .
1
x = 2 + 6t
Phng trnh ng thng d: y = + 2t .

2
z = 1 + 3t
Cu 6.
Trang 15
Trn S Tng
Dng 2: Vit phng trnh ng thng lin quan n mt ng thng khc

Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho im M(2; 1; 0) v ng thng d c phng
x -1 y +1 z
trnh d :
. Vit phng trnh ca ng thng D i qua im M, ct v
=
=
2
1
-1
vung gc vi ng thng d v tm to im M i xng vi M qua d.
Cu 7.
x = 1 + 2t
r
PTTS ca d: y = -1 + t . d c VTCP u = (2;1; -1) .

z = -t
uuuur
Gi H l hnh chiu ca M trn d H (1 + 2t; -1 + t; -t ) MH = (2t - 1; -2 + t; -t )
uuuur r
7 1 2 uuuur 1
2
4
2
Ta c MH ^ d MH .u = 0 t = H ; - ; - , MH = ; - ; -
3
3
3
3 3 3
3
x - 2 y -1 z
Phng trnh ng thng D:
=
=
.
1
-4
-2
8 5 4
Gi M l im i xng ca M qua d H l trung im ca MM M ; - ; - .
3 3 3
Cu 8.
Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho ng thng d :
x y -1 z +1
=
=
v hai im A(1;1; -2) ,
1
2
-1
B(-1;0;2) . Vit phng trnh ng thng D qua A, vung gc vi d sao cho khong cch
t B ti D l nh nht.
r
d c VTCP ud = (1;2; -1) . Gi (P) l mt phng i qua A v vung gc vi d. Gi H l
hnh chiu vung gc ca B ln (P) khi ng thng D i qua A v H tha YCBT.
Ta c: (P): x + 2 y - z - 5 = 0 . Gi s H ( x; y; z) .
H (P)
1 8 2
Ta c: uuur r
H ; ;
3 3 3
BH , ud cung phng
uuur
x -1 y -1 z + 2
r
uD = 3 AH = (-2;5;8) Phng trnh D:
=
=
.
5
8
-2
x +1 y z +1
= =
v hai im
2
3
-1
A(1;2; -1), B(3; -1; -5) . Vit phng trnh ng thng d i qua im A v ct ng thng
D sao cho khong cch t B n ng thng d l ln nht.
uuur
uuur
Gi s d ct D ti M M (-1 + 2t;3t; -1 - t ) , AM = (-2 + 2t;3t - 2; -t ), AB = (2; -3; -4)
Cu 9.
Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho ng thng D :
Gi H l hnh chiu ca B trn d. Khi d ( B, d ) = BH BA . Vy d ( B, d ) ln nht bng BA

uuur uuur
H A AM ^ AB AM . AB = 0 2(-2 + 2t ) - 3(3t - 2) + 4t = 0 t = 2
x -1 y - 2 z +1
M(3;6; -3) PT ng thng d :
=
=
.
1
2
-1
Cu 10. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho hai im A(1; 5; 0), B(3; 3; 6) v ng
x +1 y -1 z
thng D:
=
= . Vit phng trnh ng thng d i qua im B v ct ng
2
-1 2
thng D ti im C sao cho din tch tam gic ABC c gi tr nh nht.
Trang 16
Trn S Tng
x = - 1 + 2t
Phng trnh tham s ca D: y = 1 - t . im C D nn C (-1 + 2t;1 - t;2t ) .

z = 2t
uuur
uuur
uuur uuur
AC = (-2 + 2t; -4 - t;2t ); AB = (2; -2;6) ; AC , AB = (-24 - 2t;12 - 8t;12 - 2t )
uuur uuur
1 uuur uuur
AC , AB = 2 18t 2 - 36t + 216 S = AC , AB = 18(t - 1)2 + 198 198
2
x -3 y -3 z-6
Vy Min S = 198 khi t = 1 hay C(1; 0; 2) Phng trnh BC:
=
=
.
-2
-3
-4
x +1 y - 2 z - 2
=
=
v mt
-2
3
2
phng (P): x + 3y + 2z + 2 = 0. Lp phng trnh ng thng D song song vi mt phng
(P), i qua M(2; 2; 4) v ct ng thng (d).
Cu 11. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho ng thng d :
x = -1 + 3t
r
ng thng (d) c PTTS: y = 2 - 2t . Mt phng (P) c VTPT n = (1; 3; 2)

z = 2 + 2t
uuuur
Gi s N(-1 + 3t ; 2 - 2t ; 2 + 2t) d MN = (3t - 3; -2t;2t - 2)
uuuur r
MN // (P) th MN .n = 0 t = 7 N(20; -12; 16)
x -2 y -2 z-4
=
=
9
-7
6
Cu hi tng t:
x y -1 z - 2
x -1 y - 3
a) d : =
=
, ( P ) : x + 3y + 2 z + 2 = 0 , M(2;2;4) . S: D :
=
=
1
2
1
1
-1
x -2 y z+2
x -1 y - 2
= =
, (P ) : 2 x + y - z + 1 = 0 , M(1;2; 1) . S: D :
=
=
b) d :
1
3
2
2
-9
z-3
1
z +1
-5
Cu 12. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho mt phng (P): x + 2 y - z + 5 = 0 , ng
x + 3 y +1 z - 3
=
=
v im A(-2;3;4) . Vit phng trnh ng thng D nm
2
1
1
tren (P), i qua giao im ca d v (P), ng thi vung gc vi d. Tm im M trn D sao
cho khong cch AM ngn nht.
r
r
uD ^ nP
D ( P )
Gi B = d (P) B(-1; 0;4) . V
nn r
r .
D ^ d
uD ^ ud
x = -1 + t
1 r r
r
Do ta c th chn uD = nP , ud = (1; -1; -1) PT ca D: y = -t
.
3
z = 4 - t
thng d :
1 26
26
Gi s M (-1 + t; -t; 4 - t ) D AM = 3t - 2t + 9 = 3 t - +
3
3
3
2 1 11
2 1 11
1
Du "=" xy ra t = M - ; - ; . Vy AM t GTLN khi M - ; - ; .
3
3 3 3
3 3 3
2
x - 3 y + 2 z +1
=
=
v mt phng
2
1
-1
(P): x + y + z + 2 = 0 . Gi M l giao im ca d v (P). Vit phng trnh ng thng D
Cu 13. Trong khng gian to Oxyz, cho ng thng d:
Trang 17
Trn S Tng
nm trong mt phng (P), vung gc vi d ng thi khong cch t M ti D bng 42 .

x = 3 + 2t
r
PTTS ca d: y = -2 + t M(1; -3; 0) . (P) c VTPT nP = (1;1;1) , d c VTCP

z = -1 - t
r
ud = (2;1; -1)
r
r r
V D nm trong (P) v vung gc vi d nn VTCP uD = ud , nP = (2; -3;1)
uuuur
Gi N(x; y; z) l hnh chiu vung gc ca M trn D , khi MN = ( x - 1; y + 3; z) .
uuuur
MN ^ ur
x + y + z + 2 = 0
D
2 x - 3y + z - 11 = 0
N(5; 2; 5) hoc N(3; 4; 5)
Ta c N ( P )
MN = 42
( x - 1)2 + ( y + 3)2 + z2 = 42
x -5 y +2 z+5
=
=
2
-3
1
x +3 y +4 z-5
Vi N(3; 4; 5) Phng trnh ca D :
=
=
.
2
-3
1
Vi N(5; 2; 5) Phng trnh ca D :
Cu 14. Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho mt phng ( a ): x + y - z - 1 = 0 , hai ng
x -1 y z
x y z +1
=
= , (D):
= =
. Vit phng trnh ng thng (d) nm
-1
-1 1
1 1
3
trong mt phng ( a ) v ct (D); (d) v (D) cho nhau m khong cch gia chng bng
thng (D):
6
.
2
r
r
(a) c VTPT n = (1;1; -1) , (D) c VTCP uD = (-1; -1;1) (D) ^ (a).
uuur
Gi A = (D) (a ) A(0; 0; -1) ; B = (D) (a ) B(1;0; 0) AB = (1;0;1)
V (d) (a) v (d) ct (D) nn (d) i qua A v (D) ^ (a) nn mi ng thng nm trong
(a) v khng i qua B u cho vi (D).
r
r r
Gi ud = (a; b; c) l VTCP ca (d) ud .n = a + b - c = 0 (1)
uuur
r
v ud khng cng phng vi AB (2)
uuur
AB, ur
2b2 + (a - c)2
6
6
d
Ta c: d (d , D) = d (B, d )
=
=
(3)
r
2
2
ud
a2 + b2 + c2
a = 0
T (1) v (3) ac = 0
.
c = 0
x = 0
r
Vi a = 0 . Chn b = c = 1 ud = (0;1;1) d : y = t
z = -1 + t
x = t
r
Vi c = 0 . Chn a = - b = 1 ud = (1; -1;0) d : y = -t .
z = -1
Trang 18
Trn S Tng
Dng 3: Vit phng trnh ng thng lin quan n hai ng thng khc
Cu 15. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, vit phng trnh ng vung gc chung ca hai
x = 3 + 7t
x -7 y -3 z-9
=
=
v D2 : y = 1 - 2t .
1
2
-1
z = 1 - 3t
x = 7 + t '
Phng trnh tham s ca D1 : y = 3 + 2t '

z = 9 - t '
Gi M v N ln lt l giao im ca ng vung gc chung vi D1 v D2
M(7 + t;3 + 2t;9 t) v N(3
r 7t;1 + 2t;1 + 3t)
r
VTCP ln lt ca D1 v D2 l a = (1; 2; 1) v b = (7;2;3)
uuuur r
uuuur r
MN ^ a
MN .a = 0
Ta c: uuuur r uuuur r
. T y tm c t v t To ca M, N.
MN ^ b
MN .b = 0
ng vung gc chung D chnh l ng thng MN.
Cu hi tng t:
x = 3 + t
x = -2 + 2 t '
2 x y + 10z 47 = 0
.
S: D :
a) Vi (D1 ) : y = -1 + 2t , (D2 ) : y = 2 t '
x + 3y 2 z + 6 = 0
z = 4
z = 2 + 4t '
ng thng: D1 :
Cu 16. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, vit phng trnh ng thng d i qua im
x - 2 y + 1 z -1
2 x + 3y + 11 = 0
M ( -4; -5;3) v ct c hai ng thng: d1 :
v d2 :
=
=
.
2
3
-5
y - 2z + 7 = 0
x = 5 - 3t1
x = 2 + 2t2
Vit li phng trnh cc ng thng: d1 : y = -7 + 2t1 , d2 : y = -1 + 3t2 .

z = t
z = 1 - 5t
1
2
Gi A = d d1, B = d d2 A(5 - 3t1; -7 + 2t1; t1 ) , B(2 + 2t2 ; -1 + 3t2 ;1 - 5t2 ) .
uuur
uuur
MA = (-3t1 + 9;2t1 - 2; t1 - 3) , MB = (2t2 + 6;3t2 + 4; -5t2 - 2)
uuur uuur
MA, MB = (-13t t - 8t + 13t + 16; -13t t + 39t ; -13t t - 24t + 31t + 48)
12
1
2
12
2
12
1
2
uuur uuur
uuur uuur
r
t = 2
M, A, B thng hng MA, MB cng phng MA, MB = 0 1
t2 = 0
uuur
A(-1; -3;2), B(2; -1;1) AB = (3;2; -1)
x = -4 + 3t
uuur
ng thng d qua M(4; 5; 3) v c VTCP AB = (3;2; -1) d : y = -5 + 2t

z = 3 - t
Cu hi tng t:
x = t
x y-2 z
a) M(1;5;0), d1 : =
=
, d2 : y = 4 - t .
S:
1
-3
-3
z = -1 + 2t
b) M(3; 10; 1) , d1 :
x - 2 y +1 z + 3
x - 3 y - 7 z -1
=
=
, d2 :
=
=
3
1
2
1
-2
-1
Trang 19
x = 3 + 2t
S: d : y = 10 - 10t
z = 1 - 2t
Trn S Tng
x = 1+ t
Cu 17. Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho ng thng d1 : y = 1 + 2t , ng thng d2

z = 1 + 2t
l giao tuyn ca hai mt phng (P): 2 x y 1 = 0 v (Q): 2 x + y + 2z 5 = 0 . Gi I l giao

im ca d1, d2 . Vit phng trnh ng thng d3 qua im A(2; 3; 1), ng thi ct hai
ng thng d1, d2 ln lt ti B v C sao cho tam gic BIC cn nh I.
PTTS ca d2 : { x = t '; y = -1 + 2t '; z = 3 - 2t ' . I = d1 d2 I (1;1;1) .

Gi s: B(1 + t;1 + 2t;1 + 2t ) d1,C (t '; -1 + 2t ';3 - 2t ') d2 (t 0, t ' 1)
IB = IC
t = 1
DBIC cn nh I uuur uuur ur
Phng trnh d3 : { x = 2; y = 3; z = 1 + 2t
t ' = 2
[ AB , AC ] = 0
Cu 18. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho mt phng (P): 4 x 3y + 11z = 0 v hai
x
y -3
z +1 x - 4
y
z-3
=
=
,
=
=
. Chng minh rng d1 v d2 cho
-1
2
3
1
1
2
nhau. Vit phng trnh ng thng D nm trn (P), ng thi D ct c d1 v d2.
To giao im ca d1 v (P): A(2;7;5). To giao im ca d2 v (P): B(3;1;1)
x+2 y-7 z-5
=
=
.
5
-8
-4
ng thng d1:
Cu 19. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho hai mt phng v hai ng thng c phng
trnh (P): 3 x + 12 y - 3z - 5 = 0 v (Q): 3 x - 4 y + 9 z + 7 = 0 , (d1):
x + 5 y - 3 z +1
=
=
, (d2):
2
-4
3
x - 3 y +1 z - 2
=
=
. Vit phng trnh ng thng (D) song song vi hai mt phng (P),
-2
3
4
(Q) v ct (d1), (d2).
r
r
(P) c VTPT nP = (1; 4; - 1) , (Q) c php vect nQ = (3; - 4; 9)
r
r
(d1) c VTCP u1 = (2; - 4; 3) , (d2) c VTCP u2 = (-2; 3; 4)
(D1) = ( P ) (Q)
(P ) (d ),(P ) P ( P )
1
1
Gi: 1
(D) = (P1) (Q1) v (D) // (D1)
(Q1 ) (d2 ),(Q1 ) P (Q)
r r
u = uD1
r 1 r r
(D) c vect ch phng u = [nP ; nQ ] = (8; - 3; - 4)
4
r
r
r r
r
(P1) c cp VTCP u1 v u nn c VTPT: nP1 = [u1; u ] = (25; 32; 26)
Phng trnh mp (P1): 25(x + 5) + 32(y 3) + 26(z + 1) = 0 25 x + 32 y + 26 z + 55 = 0

r
r
r
r r
(Q1) c cp VTCP u2 v u nn c VTPT: nQ1 = [u2 ; u ] = (0; 24; - 18)
Phng trnh mp (Q1): 0( x - 3) + 24( y + 1) - 18( z - 2) = 0 4 y - 3 x + 10 = 0
25x + 32 y + 26 z + 55 = 0
Ta c: (D) = ( P1 ) (Q1 ) phng trnh ng thng (D) :
4 y - 3z + 10 = 0
Cu 20. Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho mt phng (P): 2 x y + 2 z 3 = 0 v hai
Trang 20
Trn S Tng
x - 4 y -1 z
x+3 y+5 z-7
=
=
v
=
=
.
2
2
-1
2
3
-2
Vit phng trnh ng thng ( D ) song song vi mt phng (P), ct (d1) v (d2 ) ti A v
B sao cho AB = 3.
A (d1) A(4 + 2t;1 + 2t; -t ) ; B (d2 ) B(-3 + 2t; -5 + 3t;7 - 2t)
uuur
r
AB = (-7 + 2t - 2t; -6 + 3t - 2t; 7 - 2t + t ) , nP = (2; -1;2) .
uuur
uuur
AB.nr = 0
t = 2
P
T gi thit ta c:
A(2; -1;1), AB = (-1;2;2) .

t = -1
AB = 3
x - 2 y +1 z -1
Phng trnh ng thng (D):
=
=
.
-1
2
2
ng thng (d1), (d2) ln lt c phng trnh
Cu 21. Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho mt phng (P): 2 x - y + z + 1 = 0 v hai
x -1 y + 2 z - 3
x +1 y -1 z - 2
=
=
, d2 :
=
=
. Vit phng trnh ng
2
1
3
2
3
2
thng D song song vi (P), vung gc vi d1 v ct d2 ti im E c honh bng 3.
r
r
r
d1 c VTCP u1 = (2;1;3) , d2 c VTCP u2 = (2;3;2) , (P) c VTPT n = (2; -1;1) .
r
Gi s D c VTCP u = (a; b; c) , E d2 c x E = 3 E(3; -1;6) .
rr
D P ( P )
u.n = 0
r
2 a - b + c = 0
a = -c
Ta c:
r r

Chn u = (1;1; -1)

2a + b + 3c = 0
b = -c
u.u1 = 0
D ^ d1
x = 3 + t
PT ng thng D: y = -1 + t .
z = 6 - t
ng thng d1 :
Cu 22. Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho hai ng thng (d1 ),(d2 ) v mt phng (P) c phng
x +1 y + 2 z
x - 2 y -1 z -1
=
= , ( d2 ) :
=
=
; ( P ) : x + y - 2 z + 5 = 0 . Lp phng
1
2
1
2
1
1
trnh ng thng (d) song song vi mt phng (P) v ct (d1 ),(d2 ) ln lt ti A, B sao cho
di on AB nh nht.
uuur
t A(-1 + a; -2 + 2a; a), B(2 + 2b;1 + b;1 + b) AB = (-a + 2b + 3; -2a + b + 3; - a + b + 1)
uuur r
uuur
Do AB // (P) nn: AB ^ nP = (1;1; -2) b = a - 4 . Suy ra: AB = (a - 5; - a - 1; -3)
trnh: (d1 ) :
AB = (a - 5)2 + (-a - 1)2 + (-3)2 = 2a2 - 8a + 35 = 2(a - 2)2 + 27 3 3

uuur
a = 2
Suy ra: min AB = 3 3
, A(1;2;2) , AB = (-3; -3; -3) .
b = -2
x -1 y - 2 z - 2
Vy d :
=
=
.
1
1
1
Cu 23. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho hai ng thng (d1 ) :
x + 8 y - 6 z - 10
=
=
2
1
-1
x = t
v (d2 ) : y = 2 - t . Vit phng trnh ng thng (d) song song vi trc Ox v ct (d1)
z = -4 + 2t
ti A, ct (d2) ti B. Tnh AB.
Trang 21
Trn S Tng
Gi s: A(-8 + 2t1;6 + t1;10 - t1 ) d1, B(t2 ;2 - t2 ; -4 + 2t2 ) d2.

uuur
AB = (t2 - 2t1 + 8; -t2 - t1 - 4);2t2 + t1 - 14) .
uuur r
-t - t - 4 = 0
t = -22
AB, i = (1; 0;0) cng phng 2 1
1
2t2 + t1 - 14 = 0
t2 = 18
A(-52; -16;32), B(18; -16;32) .
Phng trnh ng thng d: { x = -52 + t; y = -16; z = 32 .
x = -23 + 8t
Cu 24. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho hai ng thng: (d1): y = -10 + 4t v (d2):
z = t
x -3 y +2 z
=
= . Vit phng trnh ng thng (d) song song vi trc Oz v ct c hai
2
-2
1
ng thng (d1), (d2).
Gi s A(-23 + 8t1; -10 + 4t1; t1) d1, B(3 + 2t2 ; -2 - 2t2 ; t2 ) d2.
uuur
AB = (2t2 - 8t1 + 26; -2t2 - 4t1 + 8; t2 - t1 )
17
uuur r
t1 = 6
2t2 - 8t1 + 26 = 0
1 4 17

A - ; ;
AB // Oz AB, k cung phng
3 3 6
-2t2 - 4t1 + 8 = 0
t2 = - 5
3
1
4
17
Phng trnh ng thng AB: x = - ; y = ; z = + t
3
3
6
Cu 25. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho cc im A(2,0,0); B(0,4,0); C(2,4,6) v
6 x - 3 y + 2 z = 0
ng thng (d):
. Vit phng trnh ng thng D // (d) v ct cc
6 x + 3y + 2 z - 24 = 0
ng thng AB, OC.
Phng trnh mt phng (a) cha AB v song song d: (a): 6x + 3y + 2z 12 = 0
Phng trnh mt phng (b) cha OC v song song d: (b): 3x 3y + z = 0
6 x + 3y + 2z - 12 = 0
D l giao tuyn ca (a) v (b) D:
3 x - 3y + z = 0
Cu 26. Trong khng gian vi h trc ta Oxyz, cho bn im A(4;5;6); B(0;0;1); C(0;2;0);
D(3;0;0). Chng minh cc ng thng AB v CD cho nhau. Vit phng trnh ng

thng (D) vung gc vi mt phng Oxy v ct cc ng thng AB, CD.
Gi (P) l mt phng qua AB v (P) ^ (Oxy) (P): 5x 4y = 0
(Q) l mt phng qua CD v (Q) ^ (Oxy) (Q): 2x + 3y 6 = 0
Ta c (D) = (P)(Q) Phng trnh ca (D)
Cu 27. Trong khng gian vi
h to Oxyz, cho
hai ng thng c phng trnh:
x = -1 - 2t
x y z
d1 : y = t
v d2 :
= = . Xt v tr tng i ca d1 v d2. Vit phng trnh
1 1 2
z = 1 + t
ng thng d qua M trng vi gc to O, ct d1 v vung gc vi d2.
uuur
ng thng D cn tm ct d1 ti A(12t; t; 1+t) OA = (12t; t; 1+t)
Trang 22
Trn S Tng
x = t
uuur r
d ^ d2 OA.u2 = 0 t = -1 A(1; -1; 0) PTTS ca d : y = -t

z = 0
Cu hi tng t:
x = -2 + 2t
x + 2 y z -1
.
= =
, (d2 ) : y = -5t
a) Vi M(1;1;1) , (d1 ) :
3
1 -2
z = 2 + t
S: d :
x -1 y -1 z -1
=
=
3
1
-1
Cu 28. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho 2 ng thng c phng trnh:
x = t
x = t '
(d1) : y = 4 + t v (d2) : y = 3t ' - 6

z = 6 + 2t
z = t ' - 1
Gi K l hnh chiu vung gc ca im I(1; 1; 1) trn (d2). Tm phng trnh tham s ca
ng thng i qua K vung gc vi (d1) v ct (d1).
r
r
(d1) c VTCP u1 = (1; 1; 2) ;
(d2) c VTCP u2 = (1; 3; 1)
uur
K (d2 ) K (t; 3t - 6; t - 1) IK = (t - 1; 3t - 5; t - 2)
uur r
18 12 7
18
K ; - ;
IK ^ u2 t - 1 + 9t - 15 + t - 2 = 0 t =
11
11 11 11
uuur 18
56
59
Gi s (d ) ct (d1) ti H (t; 4 + t; 6 + 2t ), (H (d1 )) . HK = - t; - t; - 2t
11
11
11
uuur r
uuur
18
56
118
26
1
HK ^ u1
-t -t- 4t = 0 t = HK = (44; - 30; - 7).
11
11
11
11
11
18
12
7
Vy, PTTS ca ng thng (d ): x = + 44l ; y = - - 30l ; z = - 7l
11
11
11
Cu 29. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho im M(0;1;1) v 2 ng thng (d1), (d2)
x -1 y + 2 z
=
= ; (d2) l giao tuyn ca 2 mt phng (P): x + 1 = 0 v (Q):
3
2
1
x + y - z + 2 = 0 . Vit phng trnh ng thng (d) qua M vung gc (d1) v ct (d2).
vi: (d1):
Phng trnh mt phng (a) i qua M(0;1;1) vung gc vi (d1): 3x + 2 y + z - 3 = 0 .

3 x + 2 y + z - 3 = 0
5 8
A = (d2) (a) x + 1 = 0
A -1; ;
3 3
x + y - z + 2 = 0
x y -1 z -1
Phng trnh AM:
=
=
-3
2
5
Cu 30. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho mt phng (P): 2 x - y + z - 1 = 0 v hai
x -1 y + 2 z - 3
x +1 y -1 z - 2
=
=
, (d2):
=
=
. Vit phng trnh ng
2
1
3
2
3
2
thng (D) song song vi mt phng (P), vung gc vi ng thng (d1) v ct ng thng
(d2) ti im E c honh bng 3.
r
r
x = 3 + t
a ^ n
r
r r
E (d2) E(3; 7; 6). rV rP aV = nP , ad1 = -4(1;1; -1) (D): y = 7 + t .
a
^
a
d1
V
z = 6 - t
ng thng (d1):
Trang 23
Trn S Tng
Cu 31. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho hai im A(0; 0;3), B(2; 0;1) v mt
phng (P) c phng trnh: 3 x - 8y + 7z + 1 = 0 . Vit phng trnh chnh tc ng thng d

nm trn mt phng (P) v d vung gc vi AB ti giao im ca ng thng AB vi (P).
Giao im ca ng thng AB v (P) l: C(2;0;1)
uuur r
x - 2 y z -1
ng thng d i qua C v c VTCP l AB, nP d:
=
=
2
-1 -2
Cu 32. Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho hai ng thng d1:
x +1 y -1 z -1
=
=
;
2
1
-1
x -1 y - 2 z +1
=
=
v mt phng (P): x - y - 2 z + 3 = 0 . Vit phng trnh ng thng
1
1
2
D nm trn mt phng (P) v ct hai ng thng d1 , d2 .
Gi A = d1 D, B = d2 D. V D (P) nn A = d1 (P), B = d2 (P)
A(1; 0; 2), B(2; 3; 1)
x -1 y z - 2
D chnh l ng thng AB Phng trnh D:
= =
.
1
3
-1
d2:
Cu 33. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, vit phng trnh ng thng (d) vung gc vi
mt phng (P): x + y + z - 1 = 0 ng thi ct c hai ng thng (d1 ) :
x -1 y +1 z
=
= v
2
-1 1
x = -1 + t
(d2 ) : y = -1 , vi t R .
z = -t
Ly M ( d1 ) M (1 + 2t1; -1 - t1; t1 ) ; N ( d2 ) N ( -1 + t; -1; -t )

uuuur
Suy ra MN = ( t - 2t1 - 2; t1; -t - t1 )
4
t=
uuuur
5 M = 1 ;- 3;- 2
(d ) ^ ( P ) MN = k .n; k R* t - 2t1 - 2 = t1 = -t - t1
5 5 5
t = -2
1 5
1
3
2
d: x - = y + = z +
5
5
5
Cu hi tng t:
x -1 y +1 z
x - 2 y z -1
a) Vi (P): 2 x + y + 5z + 3 = 0 , (d1 ) :
=
= , ( d2 ) :
= =
2
1
2
1
1 -2
x +1 y + 2 z + 2
S: d :
=
=
2
1
5
x +1 y -1 z - 2
x-2 y+2 z
b) Vi ( P ) : 2 x y 5z + 1 = 0 , d1 :
=
=
, d2 :
=
=
2
3
1
1
5
-2
S:
x -1 y - 4 z - 3
=
=
2
-1
-5
Cu 34. Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho ba mt phng: (P): 2 x y + z + 1 = 0 , (Q):
x - 2 y +1 z
=
= . Gi D2 l
-2
1
3
giao tuyn ca (P) v (Q). Vit phng trnh ng thng (d) vung gc vi (R) v ct c
x y + 2 z + 3 = 0 , (R): x + 2 y 3z + 1 = 0 v ng thng D1 :
Trang 24
Trn S Tng
hai ng thng D1 , D2 .
D1 c PTTS: { x = 2 - 2t; y = -1 + t; z = 3t ;
D2 c PTTS:
{ x = 2 + s; y = 5 + 3s; z = s .
Gi s d D1 = A; d D2 = B A(2 - 2t; -1 + t;3t ), B(2 + s;5 + 3s; s)

uuur
r
AB = (s + 2t;3s - t + 6; s - 3t ) , (R) c VTPT n = (1;2; -3) .
uuur r
1 1 23
s + 2t 3s - t + 6 s - 3t
23
d ^ ( R) AB, n cng phng
=
=
t=
A ; ;
1
2
-3
24
12 12 8
23
1
1
zxy8 .
12 =
12 =
Vy phng trnh ca d:
-3
1
2
Trang 25
Trn S Tng
Dng 4: Vit phng trnh ng thng lin quan n khong cch

x = 2 + 4t
Cu 35. Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz , cho ng thng (d): y = 3 + 2t v mt phng

z = -3 + t
(P): - x + y + 2 z + 5 = 0 . Vit phng trnh ng thng (D) nm trong (P), song song vi
(d) v cch (d) mt khong l 14 .
Chn A(2;3; - 3), B(6;5; - 2)(d), m A, B (P) nn (d) (P) .
r r
u ^ ud
r
Gi u l VTCP ca ( d1 ) (P), qua A v vung gc vi (d) th r r
u ^ uP
r r r
nn ta chn u = [ud , uP ] = (3; -9;6) .
x = 2 + 3t
Phng trnh ca ng thng ( d1 ) : y = 3 - 9t (t R)

z = -3 + 6t
Ly M(2+3t; 3 - 9t; - 3+6t) ( d1 ) . (D) l ng thng qua M v song song vi (d).
Theo : AM =
14
9t 2 + 81t 2 + 36t 2 = 14 t 2 =
1
x -1 y - 6 z + 5
t = - M(1;6; - 5) (D1) :
=
=
3
4
2
1
1
x - 3 y z +1
t = M(3;0; - 1) (D2 ) :
= =
3
4
2
1
1
1
t=
9
3
Cu 36. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho mt phng (P): x + y - z + 1 = 0 v ng
thng: d:
x - 2 y -1 z -1
=
=
. Gi I l giao im ca d v (P). Vit phng trnh ca ng
1
-1
-3
thng D nm trong (P), vung gc vi d sao cho khong cch t I n D bng 3 2 .

r
r
(P) c VTPT nP = (1;1; -1) v d c VTCP u = (1; -1; -3) . I = d ( P ) I (1;2; 4)
r
r r
V D ( P ); D ^ d D c vc t ch phng uD = nP , u = (-4;2; -2)
Gi H l hnh chiu ca I trn D H mp(Q) qua I v vung gc D
Phng trnh (Q): -2( x - 1) + ( y - 2) - (z - 4) = 0 -2 x + y - z + 4 = 0
x = 1
r r
Gi d1 = (P ) (Q) d1 c VTCP nP ; nQ = (0;3;3) = 3(0;1;1) v d1 qua I d1 : y = 2 + t

z = 4 + t
uur
Gi s H d1 H (1;2 + t; 4 + t ) IH = (0; t; t ) . Ta c:
t = 3
IH = 3 2 2t 2 = 3 2
t = -3
x -1 y - 5 z - 7
=
=
-2
1
-1
x -1 y + 1 z -1
Vi t = -3 H (1; -1;1) Phng trnh D :
=
=
.
-2
1
-1
Vi t = 3 H (1;5;7) Phng trnh D :
Cu 37. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho mt phng (P): 2 x + y - 2 z + 9 = 0 v ng
Trang 26
Trn S Tng
x +1 y -1 z - 3
=
=
. Vit phng trnh ng thng D vung gc vi (P) v ct d
1
7
-1
ti mt im M cch (P) mt khong bng 2.
r
V D ^ (P) nn D nhn nP = (2;1; -2) lm VTCP.
thng d :
8
t = - 11
Gi s M (t - 1;7t + 1;3 - t ) d . Ta c: d ( M ,(P )) = 2 11t + 2 = 6
t = 4
11
19
x = - 11 + 2t
19 45 41
8
45
+ Vi t = M - ; - ; D: y = - + t
11 11 11
11
11
z = 41 - 2t
11
7
x = - 11 + 2t
7 39 29
4
39
+ Vi t =
M - ; ; D: y =
+t
11 11 11
11
11
z = 29 - 2t
11
Cu 38. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho mt phng (P ) : x + 3y - z - 1 = 0 v cc
im A(1;0; 0) ; B(0; -2;3) . Vit phng trnh ng thng d nm trong (P) i qua A v cch
B mt khong ln nht (nh nht).
r
Ta c: A(1; 0;0) (P ) . Gi VTCP ca ng thng d l: u = (a; b; c), a2 + b2 + c2 0
rr
Ta c: d (P ) u.nP = 0 c = a + 2b
uuur
uur uuur
AB = (-1;2; -3) ; ud , AB = (-2a - 7b;2a - 2b;2a + b)
uuur
ur , AB
12a2 + 24ab + 54b2
d ( B, d ) =
=
r
u
2a2 + 4ab + 5b2
+ TH1: Nu b = 0 th d ( B, d ) = 6
12t 2 + 24t + 54
a
+ TH2: Nu b 0 . t t = d ( B, d ) =
=
b
2t 2 + 4t + 5
Xt hm s f (t ) =
12t 2 + 24t + 54
2t 2 + 4t + 5
So snh TH1 v TH2

Do :
ta suy ra c
6 d (B, d ) = f (t ) 14
6 d (B, d ) 14
a) min(d ( B, d )) = 6 b = 0 . Chn a =1 c= 1
x = 1 + t
Phng trnh ng thng d: y = 0

z = t
b) max(d (B, d )) = 14 a = -b . Chn b = 1 a =1 , c = 1
Trang 27
f (t )
Trn S Tng
x = 1 + t
Phng trnh ng thng d: y = -t

z = -t
Cu 39. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho mt phng ( P ) : x - 2 y + 2 z - 5 = 0 v cc
im A(-3;0;1) ; B(1; -1;3) . Vit phng trnh ng thng d i qua A, song song vi (P) v
cch B mt khong nh nht.
x + 3 y z -1
S: d :
= =
.
26
11 -2
x +1 y z - 2
= =
, hai im
2
1
-1
A(0; -1;2) , B(2;1;1) . Vit phng trnh ng thng d i qua A v ct ng thng D sao
cho khong cch t B n d l ln nht (nh nht).
uuur
r
Gi M = d D . Gi s M (-1 + 2t; t;2 - t ) . VTCP ca d: ud = AM = (2t - 1; t + 1; -t )
uuur
uuur r
AB(2;2; -1) ; AB; ud = (1 - t;1;4 - 2t )
uuur
AB, ur
12t 2 - 18t + 18
d
=
= f (t )
d ( B, d ) =
r
ud
6t 2 - 2t + 2
Cu 40. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho ng thng D :
Xt hm s f (t ) =
12t 2 + 24t + 54
2t 2 + 4t + 5
. Ta c max f (t ) = f (0) = 18; min f (t ) = f (2) =
1
11
1
d ( B, d ) 18
11
x = 3t
1
t = 2 Phng trnh ng thng d: y = -1 + 3t

a) min(d ( B, d )) =
11
z = 2 - 2t
x = -t
b) max(d ( B, d )) = 18 t = 0 Phng trnh ng thng d: y = -1 + t

z = 2 - t
Cu hi tng t:
x + y + z -1 = 0
a) D :
, A(2;1; -1), B(-1;2; 0) .
x - y + z -1 = 0
x + 1 = 0
x + 2y - 3 = 0
S: dmax :
; dmin :
y + z - 2 = 0
y - z - 2 = 0
x -1 y + 2 z -1
=
=
, A(3; -2;1), B(2;1; -1) .
1
2
-1
x - 3 y + 2 z -1
x - 3 y + 20 z - 1
S: dmax :
=
=
; dmin :
=
=
.
19
-3
5
-5
20
-7
x -1 y + 2 z
c) D :
=
= , A(1; 4;2), B(-1;2; 4) .
-1
1
2
x -1 y - 4 z - 2
x -1 y - 4 z - 2
S: dmax :
=
=
; dmin :
=
=
1
-4
-3
15
18
19
b) D :
Cu 41. Trong khng gian vi h
to Oxyz, vit phng trnh ng thng d i qua

Trang 28
Trn S Tng
A(0; -1;2) , ct ng thng D1 :

thng D2 :
x +1 y z - 2
= =
sao cho khong cch gia d v ng
2
1
-1
x-5 y z
=
= l ln nht.
2
-2 1
uuur
r
Gi M = d D1 . Gi s M (-1 + 2t; t;2 - t ) .VTCP ca d : ud = AM = (2t - 1; t + 1; -t )
uuur
r
r r
D2 i qua N(5; 0; 0) v c VTCP vD = (2; -2;1) ; AN = (5;1; -2) ; vD ; ud = (t - 1; 4t - 1;6t )
r r uuur
vD , ud . AN
(2 + t )2
=
= 3. f (t )
d (D2 , d ) =
3.
r r
vD , ud
53t 2 - 10t + 2
Xt hm s f (t ) =
(2 + t )2
2
53t - 10t + 2
. Ta suy ra c max f (t ) = f (
4
26
)=
37
9
x = 29t
max(d (D, d )) = 26 Phng trnh ng thng d: y = -1 - 41t

z = 2 + 4t
Cu hi tng t:
a) A(2; -1;2), D1 :
x -1 y +1 z -1
x - 2 y +1 z - 2
x + 2y - z + 1 = 0
. S: d :
=
=
.
=
=
, D2 :
2
1
1
41
68
-27
x - y + z + 1 = 0

A(1; -1;2) , song song vi mt phng (P ) : x + y - z + 1 = 0 sao cho khong cch gia d v
x + y + z - 3 = 0
ng thng D :
l ln nht.
2 x - y + z - 2 = 0
x = 1
S: y = -1 + t .
z = 2 + t
Trang 29
Trn S Tng
Dng 5: Vit phng trnh ng thng lin quan n gc

Cu 43. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho im A(3; 1; 1), ng thng D:
x y -2 z
=
= v mt phng (P): x - y + z - 5 = 0 . Vit phng trnh tham s ca ng
1
2
2
thng d i qua A, nm trong (P) v hp vi ng thng D mt gc 450 .

r r r
Gi ud , uD , nP ln lt l cc VTCP ca d, D v VTPT ca (P).
r
Gi s ud = (a; b; c) (a2 + b2 + c2 0) .
r
r
+ V d (P) nn ud ^ nP a - b + c = 0 b = a + c
(1)
+ (
d , D ) = 450
a + 2b + 2c
3 a2 + b2 + c2
T (1) v (2) ta c:
2
2(a + 2b + c)2 = 9(a2 + b2 + c2 ) (2)
2
c = 0
14c2 + 30ac = 0
15a + 7c = 0
+ Vi c = 0: chn a = b = 1 PTTS ca d: { x = 3 + t; y = -1 - t; z = 1
+ Vi 15a + 7c = 0: chn a = 7, c = 15, b = 8
PTTS ca d: { x = 3 + 7t; y = -1 - 8t; z = 1 - 15t .
Cu 44. Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho hnh chp A.OBC, trong A(1; 2; 4), B
thuc trc Ox v c honh dng, C thuc Oy v c tung dng. Mt phng (ABC)

vung gc vi mt phng (OBC), tan
OBC = 2 . Vit phng trnh tham s ca ng thng
BC.
BC: { x = 2 + t; y = -2t; z = 0 .
Cu 45. Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho hai im A(2; -1;1), B(0;1; -2) v ng
x y - 3 z +1
=
=
. Vit phng trnh ng thng D i qua giao im ca ng
1
-1
2
thng d vi mt phng (OAB), nm trong mt phng (OAB) v hp vi ng thng d mt
5
gc a sao cho cos a = .
6
PT mt phng (OAB): x + 4 y + 2 z = 0 . Gi M = d (OAB) M(-10;13; -21) .
r
Gi s D c VTCP u = (a; b; c)
+ V D (OAB) nn a + 4b + 2c = 0
(1)
5
a - b + 2c
5
+ cos a =
=
(2)
2
2
2
6
6
6 a +b +c
thng d :
5
2
b
=
c
,
a
=
c
T (1) v (2)
11
11
b = c, a = -6c
5
2
x + 10 y - 13 z + 21
r
c, a = - c u = (2; -5; -11) PT ca D:
=
=
11
11
2
-5
-11
x + 10 y - 13 z + 21
r
+ Vi b = c, a = -6c u = (6; -1; -1) PT ca D:
=
=
6
-1
-1
+ Vi b =
Cu 46. Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, vit phng trnh ng thng D i qua im
Trang 30
Trn S Tng
A(0;1; -2) , vung gc vi ng thng d :
x +3 y-2 z
=
= v to vi mt phng (P):
1
-1 1
2 x + y - z + 5 = 0 mt gc a = 300 .
r
Gi s D c VTCP u = (a; b; c) .
r
a - b + c = 0
a ^ d
2a + b - c
3 c = 0, a = b
Ta c:
3
=
c = -2a, b = - a
cos a = 2
2
2
2
2
6 a +b +c
x = t
r
+ Vi c = 0, a = b u = (1;1;0) D: y = 1 + t
z = -2
x = t
r
+ Vi c = -2a, b = - a u = (1; -1; -2) D: y = 1 - t .
z = -2 - 2t
Cu 47. Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, vit phng trnh ng thng d i qua
A(1; -1;2) , song song vi mt phng ( P ) : 2 x - y - z + 3 = 0 , ng thi to vi ng thng

x +1 y -1 z
D:
=
= mt gc ln nht (nh nht).
1
-2
2
r
r
D c VTCP uD = (1; -2;2) . Gi VTCP ca ng thng d l u = (a; b; c) .
rr
d P ( P ) u.nP = 0 c = 2a - b . Gi gc gia hai mt phng l a.
1
(5a - 4b)2
= .
2
2
3 5a2 - 4ab + 2b2 3 5a - 4ab + 2b
1
+ TH1: Nu b = 0 th cos a = . 5
3
cos a =
5a - 4b
+ TH2: Nu b 0 . t t =
Xt hm s f (t ) =
1
(5t - 4)2
1
a
cos a = .
= . f (t )
b
3 5t 2 - 4t + 2 3
(5t - 4)2
2
5t - 4t + 2
. Ta suy ra c: 0 cos a =
So snh TH1 v TH2, ta suy ra: 0 cos a

Do :
a) min(cos a ) = 0
b) max(cos a ) =
f (t )
5 3
9
5 3
9
a 4
x -1 y +1 z - 2
= Phng trnh ng thng d :
=
=
b 5
4
5
3
5 3
a
1
x -1 y +1 z - 2
= - Phng trnh ng thng d:
=
=
9
b
5
1
-5
7

x -1 y - 2 z + 2
A(-1; 0; -1) , ct ng thng D1 :
=
=
sao cho gc gia d v ng thng
2
1
-1
x -3 y -2 z+3
D2 :
=
=
l ln nht (nh nht).
-1
2
2
Gi M = d D1 . Gi s M (1 + 2t;2 + t; -2 - t ) .
Trang 31

uuur
r
VTCP ca d : ud = AM = (2t + 2; t + 2; -1 - t ) . Gi a = (
d , D2 ) .
Trn S Tng
2
t2
2
cos a = .
. f (t )
2
3 6t + 14t + 9 3
t2
9 9
. Ta suy ra c max f (t ) = f (- ) = ; min f (t ) = f (0) = 0
7 5
6t + 14t + 9
x +1 y z +1
a) min(cos a ) = 0 t = 0 Phng trnh ng thng d :
= =
2
2
-1
Xt hm s f (t ) =
b) max(cos a ) =
2 5
9
x +1 y z +1
t = - Phng trnh ng thng d :
= =
5
7
4
5
2
Trang 32
Trn S Tng

Dng 6: Vit phng trnh ng thng lin quan n tam gic
Cu 49. Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho D ABC vi ta nh C(3; 2; 3) v phng
trnh ng cao AH, phng trnh ng phn gic trong BD ln lt l:

x -2 y -3 z-3
x -1 y - 4 z - 3
d1 :
=
=
, d2 :
=
=
. Lp phng trnh ng thng cha
1
1
-2
1
-2
1
cnh BC ca D ABC v tnh din tch ca D ABC .
Gi mp(P) qua C v vung gc vi AH ( P ) ^ d1 (P ) : x + y - 2z + 1 = 0
B = ( P ) d2 B(1;4;3) phng trnh BC : { x = 1 + 2t; y = 4 - 2t; z = 3
Gi mp(Q) qua C, vung gc vi d2, (Q) ct d2 v AB ti K v M. Ta c:
(Q) : x - 2 y + z - 2 = 0 K (2;2;4) M (1;2;5) (K l trung im ca CM).
x = 1
1 uuur uuur
AB : y = 4 + 2t , do A = AB d1 A(1;2;5) SD ABC = AB, AC = 2 3 .
2
z = 3 - 2t
Trang 33
Trn S Tng
TKG 03: VIT PHNG TRNH MT CU

Dng 1: Vit phng trnh mt cu bng cch xc nh tm v bn knh
Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho im I(1; -2;3) . Vit phng trnh mt cu
tm I v tip xc vi trc Oy.
Gi M l hnh chiu ca I(1; -2;3) ln Oy, ta c: M(0; -2;0) .
uuur
IM = (-1; 0; -3) R = IM = 10 l bn knh mt cu cn tm.
Cu 1.
Kt lun: PT mt cu cn tm l ( x - 1)2 + ( y + 2)2 + ( z - 3)2 = 10 .

Cu 2.
Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho hai ng thng: (d1) : { x = 2t; y = t; z = 4 v
(d2) : { x = 3 - t ; y = t ; z = 0 . Chng minh (d1) v (d2) cho nhau. Vit phng trnh mt cu
(S) c ng knh l on vung gc chung ca (d1) v (d2).
Gi MN l ng vung gc chung ca (d1) v (d2) M (2; 1; 4); N (2; 1; 0)
Phng trnh mt cu (S): ( x - 2)2 + ( y - 1)2 + ( z - 2)2 = 4.

Cu hi tng t:
x = 2 - 2 t
2
2
2
x - 2 y -1 z
11
13 1
5
a) Vi d1 :
=
= , d2 : y = 3
. S: (S ) : x - + y - + z + =
6
6
3
6
1
-1 2
z = t
Cu 3.
Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho hai ng thng: d1 :
x - 4 y -1 z + 5
=
=
v
3
-1
-2
x = 2 + t
d 2 : y = -3 + 3t . Vit phng trnh mt cu c bn knh nh nht tip xc vi c hai ng

z = t
thng d1 v d2 .
Mt cu nhn on vung gc chung ca hai ng thng l ng knh.

Cu 4.
Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho ng thng (D1) c phng trnh
{ x = 2t; y = t; z = 4 ;
(D2 )
l giao tuyn ca 2 mt phng
(a ) : x + y - 3 = 0
( b ) : 4 x + 4 y + 3z - 12 = 0 . Chng t hai ng thng D1, D2 cho nhau v vit phng trnh

mt cu nhn on vung gc chung ca D1, D2 lm ng knh.
Gi AB l ng vung gc chung ca D1 , D2 : A(2t; t; 4) D1 , B(3 + s; -s; 0) D2
AB ^ D1, AB ^ D2 A(2;1; 4), B(2;1;0)
Phng trnh mt cu l: ( x - 2)2 + ( y - 1)2 + ( z - 2)2 = 4

Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho hnh hp ch nht ABCD.ABCD c
A O, B(3;0;0), D(0;2;0), A(0;0;1). Vit phng trnh mt cu tm C tip xc vi AB.
K CH ^ AB, CK ^ DC CK ^ (ADCB) nn DCKH vung ti K.
49
49
CH 2 = CK 2 + HK 2 =
. Vy phng trnh mt cu: ( x - 3)2 + ( y - 2)2 + z2 =
10
10
Cu 5.
Trang 34
Trn S Tng
Trong khng gian vi h trc to Oxyz, cho 4 im A( 1; 1; 2), B( 1; 3; 2), C( 4; 3;

2), D( 4; 1; 2) v mt phng (P) c phng trnh: x + y + z - 2 = 0 . Gi A l hnh chiu ca
A ln mt phng Oxy. Gi (S) l mt cu i qua 4 im A, B, C, D. Xc nh to tm v
bn knh ca ng trn (C) l giao ca (P) v (S).
D thy A( 1; 1; 0). Phng trnh mt cu ( S): x 2 + y 2 + z 2 - 5 x - 2 y - 2 z + 1 = 0
Cu 6.
29
(S) c tm I ;1;1 , bn knh R =
2
2
+) Gi H l hnh chiu ca I ln (P). H l tm ca ng trn ( C)

x = 5 / 2 + t
5 1 1
+) PT ng thng (d) i qua I v vung gc vi (P): d: y = 1 + t

H ; ;
3 6 6
z = 1 + t
IH =
75 5 3
29 75
31
186
=
, (C) c bn knh r = R 2 - IH 2 =
=
=
36
6
4 36
6
6
Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho im A(1; 2; 3) v ng thng d c

x +1 y - 2 z + 3
phng trnh
=
=
. Tnh khong cch t im A n ng thng d. Vit
2
1
-1
phng trnh mt cu tm A, tip xc vi d.
uur r
BA, a
4 + 196 + 100
d(A, (d)) =
=
=5 2
r
a
4 +1+1
Cu 7.
PT mt cu tm A (1; 2; 3), bn knh R = 5 2 : ( x 1)2 + ( y + 2)2 + ( z 3)2 = 50

x+5 y-7 z
=
= v im
2
-2
1
M(4;1;6) . ng thng d ct mt cu (S), c tm M, ti hai im A, B sao cho AB = 6 .
Vit phng trnh ca mt cu (S).
uuuur
r
d i qua N(-5; 7; 0) v c VTCP u = (2; -1;1) ; MN = (-9;6; -6) .
Gi H l chn ng vung gc v t M n ng thng d MH = d ( M , d ) = 3 .
Cu 8.
Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho ng thng d :
AB
Bn knh mt cu (S): R = MH +
= 18 .
2
2
PT mt cu (S): ( x - 4)2 + ( y - 1)2 + ( z - 6)2 = 18 .

Cu 9.
Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho mt phng (a ) : 2 x - y + 2 z - 3 = 0 v mt
cu ( S ) : x 2 + y 2 + z2 - 2 x + 4 y - 8z - 4 = 0 . Xt v tr tng i ca mt cu (S) v mt
phng (a ) . Vit phng trnh mt cu (S) i xng vi mt cu (S) qua mt phng (a ) .
2
(S ) : ( x - 1) + ( y + 2 ) + ( z - 4 ) = 25 c tm I (1; -2;4 ) v R = 5.
Khong cch t I n (a) l: d ( I ,(a ) ) = 3 < R (a) v mt cu (S) ct nhau.

x = 1 + 2t
Gi J l im i xng ca I qua (a). Phng trnh ng thng IJ : y = -2 - t

z = 4 + 2t
Trang 35
Trn S Tng
x = 1 + 2t
t = -1
y = -2 - t
x = -1
To giao im H ca IJ v (a) tho
H ( -1; -1;2 )
z
t
y
=
4
+
2
=
1
2 x - y + 2 z - 3 = 0
z = 2
V H l trung im ca IJ nn J ( -3; 0;0 ) . Mt cu (S) c tm J bn knh R = R = 5 nn c
2
phng trnh: (S ) : ( x + 3) + y 2 + z2 = 25 .
Cu 10. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, lp phng trnh mt cu (S) bit rng mt phng
Oxy v mt phng (P): z = 2 ln lt ct (S) theo hai ng trn c bn knh bng 2 v 8.

T gi thit ta c v s mt cu (S) tho YCBT. Gi (S0) l mt cu c tm I 0 (0; 0; m)
thuc trc Oz. Khi mp(Oxy) v mp(P) ct (S0) theo 2 ng trn tm O1 O(0;0; 0) , bn
knh R1 = 2 v tm O2 (0;0;2) , bn knh R2 = 8 .
R 2 = 22 + m 2
Gi R l bn knh mt cu th
4 + m 2 = 64 + (m - 2)2 m = 16
2
R 2 = 82 + m - 2
R = 2 65 v I 0 (0; 0;16) . Suy ra mt cu (S) c tm I (a; b;16) (a, b R), bn knh

R = 2 65 .
Vy phng trnh mt cu (S): ( x - a)2 + ( y - b)2 + ( z - 16)2 = 260 (a, b R).
Cu 11. Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho mt phng (P): 2 x - y - 2 z - 2 = 0 v ng
x y +1 z - 2
=
=
. Vit phng trnh mt cu (S) c tm I thuc d, I cch (P) mt
2
1
-1
khong bng 2 v (P) ct (S) theo mt ng trn (C) c bn knh bng 3.
Gi s I (-t;2t - 1; t + 2) d , R l bn knh ca (S), r l bn knh ca (C).
thng d:
1
t =
2
Ta c: d ( I ,(P )) = 2 -6t - 5 = 6 6 . R 2 = ( d ( I ,(P ) ) + r 2 = 13
t = - 11
6
1 2 13
1
2 13
1
+ Vi t = I - ; - ; (S): x + + y + + z - = 13
6
3
6
6
6 3 6
11 14 1
11
14
1
11
+ Vi t = I ; - ; (S): x - + y + + z - = 13
3 6
6
3
6
6
6
Cu 12. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho 2 im A(0; 0; 4), B(2; 0; 0) v mt phng
(P): 2 x + y - z + 5 = 0 . Lp phng trnh mt cu (S) i qua O, A, B v c khong cch t

5
tm I ca mt cu n mt phng (P) bng
.
6
) Gi s (S): x 2 + y 2 + z2 - 2ax - 2by - 2cz + d = 0 .

a = 1
T O, A, B (S) suy ra: c = 2 I (1; b;2) .

d = 0
Trang 36
Trn S Tng
d ( I ,( P )) =
5
6
b+5
b = 0

b = -10
6
Vy (S): x + y + z - 2 x - 4 z = 0 hoc (S): x 2 + y 2 + z2 - 2 x + 20 y - 4z = 0

2
x -1 y +1 z
=
= v mt
3
1
1
Cu 13. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho ng thng d:
phng (P): 2 x + y - 2 z + 2 = 0 . Lp phng trnh mt cu (S) c tm nm trn ng thng

d c bn knh nh nht tip xc vi (P) v i qua im A(1; 1; 1).
Gi I l tm ca (S). I d I (1 + 3t; -1 + t; t ) . Bn knh R = IA = 11t 2 - 2t + 1 .

Mt phng (P) tip xc vi (S) nn: d ( I ,(P )) =
5t + 3
=R
3
t = 0 R = 1
37t 2 - 24t = 0 24
77 .
R=
t =
37
37
V (S) c bn knh nh nht nn chn t = 0, R = 1. Suy ra I(1; 1; 0).
Vy phng trnh mt cu (S): ( x - 1)2 + ( y + 1)2 + z2 = 1 .
x -1 y + 2 z
=
= v mt phng (P):
1
1
1
2 x + y 2z + 2 = 0 . Lp phng trnh mt cu (S) c tm nm trn d, tip xc vi mt phng
(P) v i qua im A(2; 1; 0).
7
Gi I l tm ca (S) I (1 + t; t 2; t ) . Ta c d(I, (P)) = AI t = 1; t = .
13
Cu 14. Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho ng thng d:
Vy: (S ) : ( x 2)2 + ( y + 1)2 + ( z 1)2 = 1

2
20
19
7
121
hoc (S ) : x + y + + z =
.
13
13 13 169
vi h to Oxyz, cho im I(1;2; -2) , ng thng D:

2 x - 2 = y + 3 = z v mt phng (P): 2 x + 2 y + z + 5 = 0 . Vit phng trnh mt cu (S) c
tm I sao cho mt phng (P) ct khi cu theo thit din l hnh trn c chu vi bng 8p . T
lp phng trnh mt phng (Q) cha D v tip xc vi (S).
Ta c: d = d ( I ,(P )) = 3 . Gi r l bn knh hnh trn thit din. Ta c: 2p r = 8p r = 4
Cu 15. Trong khng gian
Suy ra bn knh mt cu: R 2 = r 2 + d 2 = 25 (S ) : ( x - 1)2 + ( y - 2)2 + ( z + 2)2 = 25

5 5 4
Nhn thy mt cu (S) tip xc vi (D) ti im M ; - ; .
3 3 3
uuur 2 11 10
5 5 4
Do : (Q) cha (D) v tip xc vi (S) i qua M ; - ; v c VTPT MI ; - ;
3 3 3
3 3 3
PT mt phng (Q): 6 x - 33y + 30 z - 105 = 0 .
Cu 16. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho ng thng d : x = t; y = -1; z = -t v 2
mt phng (P): x + 2 y + 2 z + 3 = 0 v (Q): x + 2 y + 2 z + 7 = 0 . Vit phng trnh mt cu

(S) c tm I thuc ng thng (d) v tip xc vi hai mt phng (P) v (Q).
Gi s: I (t; -1; -t ) d . V (S) tip xc vi (P) v (Q) nn d ( I ,(P )) = d ( I ,(Q)) = R
Trang 37
Trn S Tng
1- t 5 - t
2
=
t = 3 . Suy ra: R = , I (3; -1; -3) .
3
3
3
2
Vy phng trnh mt cu (S): ( x - 3) + ( y + 1) + ( z + 3) =
4
.
9
Cu hi tng t:
x = 2 + t
a) d : y = 1 + 2t , ( P ) : x + 2 y - 2 z + 5 = 0 , (Q) : x + 2 y - 2z - 13 = 0 .
z = 1 - t
2
16
11
5
S: (S ) : x - + y - + z - = 9
7
7
7
Cu 17. Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho mt phng (P): x - 2 y - 2 z + 10 = 0 , hai
x - 2 y z -1
x-2 y z+3
= =
, (D2):
= =
. Vit phng trnh mt cu (S)
1
1
-1
1
1
4
c tm thuc (D1), tip xc vi (D2) v mt phng (P).
ng thng (D1):
x = 2 + t
r
; D2 i qua im A(2;0; -3) v c VTCP u2 = (1;1;4) .
D1 : y = t
z = 1 - t
Gi s I (2 + t; t;1 - t ) D1 l tm v R l bn knh ca mt cu (S).
uur
AI , ur 5t - 4
uur
uur r
2
Ta c: AI = (t; t; 4 - t ) AI , u2 = (5t - 4;4 - 5t;0) d ( I , D2 ) =
=
r
3
u2
d ( I ,(P )) =
2 + t - 2t - 2(1 - t ) + 10
1+ 4 + 4
t + 10
3
7
(S) tip xc vi D2 v (P) d ( I , D2 ) = d (I ,(P )) 5t - 4 = t + 10 t = 2 .
t = -1
11 7 5
7
9
Vi t = I ; ; - , R =
2 2 2
2
2
2
11
7
5
81
PT mt cu (S): x - + y - + z + = .
2
2
2
4
Vi t = -1 I (1; -1;2), R = 3 PT mt cu (S): ( x - 1)2 + ( y + 1)2 + (z - 2)2 = 9 .
Trang 38
Trn S Tng
Dng 2: Vit phng trnh mt cu bng cch xc nh cc h s ca phng trnh

Cu 18. Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho 3 im A(3;1;1), B(0;1;4), C(1;3;1). Lp
phng trnh ca mt cu (S) i qua A, B, C v c tm nm trn mt phng (P): x + y 2z +

4 = 0.
PT mt cu (S) c dng: x2 + y2 + z2 2ax 2by 2cz + d = 0
(S) qua A: 6a + 2b + 2c d 11 = 0
(S) qua B:
2b + 8c d 17 = 0
(S) qua C: 2a + 6b 2c + d + 11 = 0
Tm I (P): a + b 2c + 4 = 0
Gii ra ta c: a = 1, b = 1, c = 2, d = 3. Vy (S): x2 + y2 + z2 2x + 2y 4z 3 = 0
Cu 19. Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho hnh lng tr ng ABC.ABC c tam gic
ABC vung ti A, nh A trng vi gc ta O, B(1; 2; 0) v tam gic ABC c din tch

bng 5. Gi M l trung im ca CC. Bit rng im A(0; 0; 2) v im C c tung
dng. Vit phng trnh mt cu ngoi tip t din ABCM.
Ta c: AB = 5 v SD ABC = 5 nn AC = 2 5 .
V AA ^ (ABC)uuu
vr A, B (Oxy)
uuur nn C (Oxy).
Gi C ( x; y; 0) . AB = (1;2; 0), AC = ( x; y; 0) .
x + 2y = 0
AB ^ AC
x = -4 x = 4
2
. V yC > 0 nn C(4; 2; 0) .
Ta c:
2
y = 2
y = -2
AC = 2 5
x + y = 20
uuur uuur
uuur uuur
Do CC ' = AA ' C(4; 2; 2), BB ' = AA ' B(1; 2; 2) v M l trung im CC
nn M(4; 2; 1).
PT mt cu (S) i qua A, B, C v M c dng: (S ) : x 2 + y 2 + z2 + 2 x + 2by + 2cz + d = 0
A(0; 0;0) (S )
B '(1;2;2) (S )
3
3
3
2
2
2
C '(-4;2;2) (S ) a = ; b = - ; c = - ; d = 0 (tho a + b + c - d > 0 )
2
2
2
S
(
4;2;1)
(
)
Vy phng trnh mt cu (S) l: (S ) : x 2 + y 2 + z2 + 3x - 3y - 3z = 0 .

Cu 20. Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho t din ABCD vi A(2; 1; 0), B(1; 1; 3),
C(2;1; 3), D(1;1; 0). Tm ta tm v bn knh ca mt cu ngoi tip t din ABCD.
Ta tnh c AB = CD = 10, AC = BD = 13, AD = BC = 5 . Vy t din ABCD c cc

cp cnh i i mt bng nhau. T ABCD l mt t din gn u. Do tm ca mt
cu ngoi tip ca t din l trng tm G ca t din ny.
3 3
14
.
Vy mt cu ngoi tip t din ABCD c tm l G ; 0; , bn knh l R = GA =
2
2 2
Cch khc: Ta c th xc nh to tm I ca mt cu tho iu kin: IA = IB = IC = ID
.
Cu 21. Trong khng gian vi h trc to Oxyz, cho mt phng (P): x + 2 y + 2 z - 6 = 0 , gi A,
B, C ln lt l giao im ca (P) vi cc trc ta Ox, Oy, Oz. Vit phng trnh mt cu

(S) ngoi tip t din OABC, tm ta tm v bn knh ca ng trn (C) l giao tuyn
ca (P) v (S).
Ta c: A(6;0;0), B(0;3;0), C(0;0;3).
PT mt cu (S) c dng: x 2 + y 2 + z2 + 2 Ax + 2By + 2Cz + D = 0 ( A2 + B 2 + C 2 - D > 0) .
Trang 39
Trn S Tng
D = 0
36 + 12 A = 0
3
3
A, B, C, O (S)
A = -3; B = - ; C = - ; D = 0 .
+
B
=
9
6
0
2
2
9 + 6C = 0
3 3
3 6
Vy (S): x 2 + y 2 + z2 - 6 x - 3y - 3z = 0 c tm I 3; ; , bn knh R =
.
2 2
2
8 5 5
Gi H l hnh chiu vung gc ca I trn (P) H l tm ca (C). Tm c H ; ; .
3 6 6
Bn knh ca (C): r = R 2 - IH 2 =
27
5 2
-1 =
.
2
2
Cu 22. Cho hnh lp phng ABCD.ABCD c cnh bng 2. Gi M l trung im ca on
AD, N l tm hnh vung CCDD. Tnh bn knh mt cu i qua cc im B, C, M, N.

Chn h trc to Oxyz sao cho: D O(0; 0; 0), A(2; 0; 0), D(0; 2; 0), C(0; 0; 2).
Suy ra: M(1; 0; 0), N(0; 1; 1), B(2; 0; 2), C(0; 2; 2).
PT mt cu (S) i qua 4 im M, N, B, C c dng: x 2 + y 2 + z2 + 2 Ax + 2By + 2Cz + D = 0 .
1 + 2 A + D = 0
2 + 2 B + 2C + D = 0
5
5
1
M, N, B, C (S)
A = - ; B = - ;C = - ; D = 4
2
2
2
8 + 4 A + 4C + D = 0
8 + 4 B + 4C + D = 0
Vy bn knh R =
A2 + B 2 + C 2 - D = 15 .
Trang 40
Trn S Tng

Dng 3: Cc bi ton lin quan n mt cu
Cu 23. Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho mt phng (P): 2x 2y z 4 = 0 v mt cu
(S): x2 + y2 + z2 2x 4y 6z 11 = 0. Chng minh rng mt phng (P) ct mt cu (S)

theo mt ng trn. Xc nh ta tm v tnh bn knh ca ng trn .
I (1; 2; 3); R = 1 + 4 + 9 + 11 = 5 ; d (I; (P)) =
2(1) - 2(2) - 3 - 4
4 + 4 +1
= 3 < R = 5.
Vy (P) ct (S) theo ng trn (C)

x = 1 + 2t
Phng trnh d qua I, vung gc vi (P) : y = 2 - 2t

z = 3 - t
Gi J l tm, r l bn knh ng trn (C). J d J (1 + 2t; 2 2t; 3 t)
J (P) 2(1 + 2t) 2(2 2t) 3 + t 4 = 0 t = 1
R 2 - IJ 2 = 4
Vy tm ng trn l J (3; 0; 2) , bn knh r =
Cu 24. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho A(2; 0; 0), B(0; 2; 0), C(0; 0; 2). Tnh bn
knh mt cu ni tip t din OABC.

Gi I , r l tm v bn knh ca mt cu ni tip t din OABC.
1
1
1
1
1
VOABC = VIOAB +VIOBC +VOCA +VABC = .r.SOAB + .r.SOBC + .r.SOCA + .r.S ABC = .r.STP
3
3
3
3
3
1
8 4
1
Mt khc: VOABC = .OA.OB.OC = = (vtt); SOAB = SOBC = SOCA = .OA.OB = 2
6
6 3
2
3
3
.8 = 2 3 (vdt) STP = 6 + 2 3
AB2 =
4
4
3V
4
Do :
r = OABC =
(v di)
STP
6+2 3
S ABC =
(vdt)
Cu 25. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho hai im S(0;0;1), A(1;1;0). Hai im M(m;
0; 0), N(0; n; 0) thay i sao cho m + n = 1 v m > 0, n > 0. Tnh khong cch t A n mt
phng (SMN). T suy ra mt phng (SMN) tip xc vi mt mt cu c nh.
uuur
uuur
r
Ta c: SM = (m; 0; -1), SN = (0; n; -1) VTPT ca (SMN) l n = (n; m; mn)
Phng trnh mt phng (SMN):
nx + my + mnz - mn = 0
Ta c: d(A,(SMN)) =
n + m - mn
1 - m.n
n2 + m 2 + m 2 n2
1 - 2mn + m2n2
Suy ra (SMN) tip xc mt cu tm A bn knh R=1 c nh.
Trang 41
1 - mn
=1
1 - mn
Trn S Tng
TKG 04: TM IM THO IU KIN CHO TRC

Dng 1: Xc nh im thuc mt phng
Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho hai im A(1;2;3) v B(3;4;1). Tm to
im M thuc mt phng (P): x - y + z - 1 = 0 DMAB l tam gic u.
Cu 1.
Gi (Q) l mt phng trung trc ca on AB (Q): x + y - z - 3 = 0

d l giao tuyn ca (P) v (Q) d: { x = 2; y = t + 1; z = t
M d M (2; t + 1; t ) AM = 2t 2 - 8t + 11 .
V AB = 12 nn D MAB u khi MA = MB = AB
6 18 4 18
4 18
2t 2 - 8t - 1 = 0 t =
M 2;
;
.
2
2
2
Cu hi tng t:
a) Vi A(4; 0; 0) , B(0;0; 4) , (P): 2 x - y + 2 z - 4 = 0 .
S:
Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho hai im A(0; 0;3) v B(2; 0;1). Tm to
im M thuc mt phng (P): 3 x - y - z + 1 = 0 DMAB l tam gic u.
Cu 2.
Gi s M ( x; y; z) ( P ) 3x - y - z + 1 = 0 (1).
2
x
=
MA2 = MB2
3
4 x + 8z = -4
2 10 1
10
D MAB u MA2 = AB 2 6 z = -1
y =
M ; ;-
3
3 3 6
M (P)
3x - y - z = -1
1
z =
6
Cu hi tng t:
a) Vi A(1;1; -3), B(3;1; -1),( P ) : 3 x - 8y + 7z + 4 = 0 .
2 6
6
2 6
2 6
6
2 6
S: C 2 +
;1 ; -2 ;1 +
; -2 +
hoc C 2
3
3
3
3
3
3
b) Vi A(1;2;3), B(-1; 4;2),( P ) : x - y + z + 1 = 0 .

1 - 3 5 11 - 3 5 3
1 + 3 5 11 + 3 5 3
;
; hoc C
;
;
S: C
4
4
2
4
4
2
Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz , cho hai im A(3;5;4) , B(3;1; 4) . Tm ta
im C thuc mt phng (P ) : x - y - z - 1 = 0 sao cho tam gic ABC cn ti C v c din tch
Cu 3.
bng 2 17 .
Gi s: C ( x ; y ; x - y - 1) (P ) . AB = 4 .
AC = BC ( x - 3)2 + ( y - 5)2 + ( x - y - 5)2 = ( x - 3)2 + ( y - 1)2 + ( x - y - 5)2 y = 3
Gi I l trung im AB I (3;3; 4) .
SIAB = 2 17 CI . AB = 4 17 CI = 17
x = 4 C (4;3; 0)
(3 - x )2 + (8 - x )2 = 17
x = 7 C (7;3;3)
Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho ba im A(0; 1; 2), B(2; 2; 1), C(2; 0; 1).
Vit phng trnh mt phng (ABC) v tm im M thuc mt phng (P): 2 x + 2 y + z 3 = 0
Cu 4.
Trang 42
Trn S Tng
sao cho MA = MB = MC .
uuur
uuur
uuur uuur
r
Ta c AB = (2; -3; -1), AC = (-2; -1; -1) n = AB, AC = (2;4; -8) l 1 VTPT ca (ABC)
Suy ra phng trnh (ABC): x + 2 y - 4 z + 6 = 0 . Gi s M(x; y; z).
x = 2
MA = MB = MC
Ta c:
y = 3 M(2;3; -7)
M (P)
z = -7
Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho ba im A(2;0;0), C(0;4;0), S(0; 0; 4).Tm
ta im B trong mp(Oxy) sao cho t gic OABC l hnh ch nht. Vit phng trnh
mt cu i qua bn im O, B, C, S.
OABC l hnh ch nht B(2; 4; 0) Ta trung im H ca OB l H(1; 2; 0), H
chnh l tm ng trn ngoi tip tam gic vung OCB.
+ ng thng vung gc vi mp(OCB) ti H ct mt phng trung trc ca on OS (mp
c phng trnh z = 2 ) ti I I l tm mt cu i qua 4 im O, B, C, S.
Cu 5.
+ Tm I(1; 2; 2) v R = OI = 1 + 22 + 22 = 3 (S): ( x - 1)2 + ( y - 2)2 + ( z - 2)2 = 9

Trong khng gian Oxyz cho hai im A(1;3; 2), B(3; 7; 18) v mt phng (P):
2 x y + z + 1 = 0 . Tm ta im M (P) sao cho MA + MB nh nht.
Cu 6.
A, B nm cng pha i vi (P). Gi A l im i xng vi A qua (P) A'(3;1;0)

M (P) c MA + MB nh nht th M l giao im ca (P) vi AB M(2;2; -3) .
Cu hi tng t:
2 1
a) Vi A(0; -1;2), B(-1;1;3) , ( P ) (Oxy ) .
S: M - ; - ; 0
5 5
b) Vi A(1;0; 0) , B(1;2;0) , ( P ) : x + y + z - 4 = 0
S:
13
4
c) Vi A(1;2; -1), B(3;1; -2),( P ) : x - y + 2 z = 0 .
S: M ;1; - .
5
5
Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho hai im A(1;5;0), B(3;3;6) v ng thng
D c phng trnh tham s { x = -1 + 2t; y = 1 - t; z = 2t . Mt im M thay i trn ng
Cu 7.
thng D , xc nh v tr ca im M chu vi tam gic MAB t gi tr nh nht.

Gi P l chu vi ca tam gic MAB th P = AB + AM + BM.
V AB khng i nn P nh nht khi v ch khi AM + BM nh nht.
im M D nn M ( -1 + 2t;1 - t;2t ) . AM + BM = (3t )2 + (2 5)2 + (3t - 6)2 + (2 5)2
r
r
Trong mt phng ta Oxy, ta xt hai vect u = 3t;2 5 v v = -3t + 6;2 5 .
r
r
Ta c u = (3t )2 + (2 5)2 ; v = (3t - 6)2 + (2 5)2
r
r
r r
r r
AM + BM =| u | + | v | v u + v = (6;4 5) | u + v |= 2 29
r
r r r
Mt khc, ta lun c | u | + | v || u + v | Nh vy AM + BM 2 29
r r
3t
2 5
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi u, v cng hng
=
t =1
-3t + 6 2 5
M(1; 0;2) v min( AM + BM ) = 2 29 . Vy khi M(1;0;2) th minP = 2( 11 + 29)

Cu 8.
Trong khng gian vi h trc ta Oxyz, cho mt phng ( P ) : x - 3y + 3z - 11 = 0 v

Trang 43
Trn S Tng
hai im A(3; -4;5) , B(3;3; -3) . Tm im M ( P ) sao cho MA - MB ln nht.
Xt tng t nh cu 6).
+ Nu A, B cng pha so vi (P) th MA - MB AB
+ Nu A, B khc pha so vi (P), ta ly im A i xng vi A qua (P).
Khi MA = MA MA - MB = MA - MB AB
31 5 31
S: M - ; - ; .
7 7 7
Cu hi tng t:
a) ( P ) : x + y + z - 4 = 0 , A(1;2;1) , B(0;1;2) .
S:
7 11
S: M ; ;1
2 2
b) ( P ) : x - y + 2 z = 0, A(1;2; -1), C (1; -2;1) .
Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho mt phng (P): x - 2 y + 2 z + 8 = 0 v cc

im A(1;2;3), B(3;0; 1) . Tm im M (P) sao cho MA 2 + MB 2 nh nht.
Cu 9.
AB 2
Gi I l trung im ca AB I(1; 1; 1) . Ta c: MA + MB = 2 MI +
.
2
2
Do : MA2 + MB 2 nh nht IM 2 nh nht M l hnh chiu vung gc ca I trn (P)

x = 1 + t
t = -1
uuur
y = 1 - 2t
IM , nr cung phng
x = 0
P

. Vy M(0; 3; 1).
M (P)
z = 1 + 2t
y = 3
x - 2 y + 2 z + 8 = 0
z = -1
Cu hi tng t:
a) Vi (P): x + y + z = 0 , A(3; 5;5); B(5;3; 7).
S: M O(0; 0; 0).
b) Vi (P): x + 5y - 7z - 5 = 0 , A(4;9; -9), B(-10;13;1) .
50 192 75
S: M - ; ; .
17 17 17
Cu 10. Trong khng gian vi h trc ta Oxyz, cho mt phng ( P ) : x + y + z - 4 = 0 v cc
im A(1;2;1) , B(0;1;2) . Tm im M ( P ) sao cho MA2 + 2 MB 2 nh nht.

uur uur r
uur
uur
1 4 5
Gi s I l im tho mn: IA + 2IB = 0 IA = -2 IB I ; ;
3 3 3
Ta c: MA2 + 2 MB2 = 3MI 2 + IA2 + 2 IB 2 . Do I c nh nn IA2 , IB 2 khng i.
Vy MA2 + 2 MB 2 nh nht MI 2 nh nht MI nh nht M l hnh chiu ca I
5 14 17
trn (P) M ; ; .
9 9 9
Cu 11. Trong khng gian vi h trc ta Oxyz, cho tam gic ABC vi A(1; 2; 5), B(1; 4; 3),
C(5; 2; 1) v mt phng (P): x y z 3 = 0 . Gi M l mt im thay i trn mt phng
(P). Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc F = MA2 + MB2 + MC 2 . Khi tm to ca M.

7 8
56 32 104 64
Gi G l trng tm ca DABC G ; ;3 ; GA2 + GB 2 + GC 2 =
+
+
=
9
9
9
3
3 3
uuuur uuur 2 uuuur uuur 2 uuuur uuur 2
Ta c F = MA2 + MB2 + MC 2 = ( MG + GA ) + ( MG + GB ) + ( MG + GC )
uuuur uuur uuur uuuur
= 3MG 2 + GA2 + GB 2 + GC 2 + 2 MG(GA + GB + GC ) = 3MG 2 + GA2 + GB 2 + GC 2
Trang 44
Trn S Tng
F nh nht MG2 nh nht M l hnh chiu ca G ln (P)

7 8
- -3-3
3 3
19
MG = d (G,(P )) =
=
1+1+1
3 3
2
19 64 553
Vy F nh nht bng 3.
=
khi M l hnh chiu ca G ln (P).
+
3
9
3 3
Cu hi tng t:
a) A(1; 3; 5), B(1; 4; 3), C(4; 2; 1), (P): x - y - z - 3 = 0 .
11 -2 4
S: min F = 65 , M ; ;
3 3 3
22 61 17
b) A(1; 1; 0), B(0; 1; 1) v C(2; 2; 1), (P): x + 3y z + 2 = 0 .
S: M ; ; -
3
3 3
c) A(1; 2; 3), B(3; 0; 1), C(1; 4; 7), (P): x - 2 y + 2 z + 6 = 0 .
S: M (0; 4; 1) .
Cu 12. Trong khng gian vi h trc ta Oxyz, cho cc im A(-1;0;1) , B(2; -1; 0) ,
C(2; 4;2) v mt phng (P): x + y + 2 z + 2 = 0 . Tm to im M thuc (P) sao cho biu

thc T = MA2 + MB 2 + MC 2 t gi tr nh nht.
Gi s M ( x; y; z) ( P ) x + y + 2z + 2 = 0 ( x - 1) + ( y - 1) + 2(z - 1) + 6 = 0
(1)
Ta c: T = 3( x 2 + y 2 + z2 - 2 x - 2 y - 2 z) + 31 = 3 ( x - 1)2 + ( y - 1)2 + (z - 1)2 + 22 (2)

T (1), p dng BT Bunhiacpxki cho cc b s: (1;1;2) v ( x - 1; y - 1; z - 1) , ta c:
2
(-6)2 = 1( x - 1) + 1( y - 1) + 2( z - 1) (1 + 1 + 4) ( x - 1)2 + ( y - 1)2 + ( z - 1)2
T 3.
x = 0
x -1 y -1 z -1
62
+ 22 = 40 . Du "=" xy ra 1 = 1 = 2 y = 0 M(0; 0; -1) .

6
z = -1
x + y + 2z + 2 = 0
im A(1;2;1) , B(0;1;2) , C(0; 0;3) . Tm im M ( P ) sao cho MA2 + 3MB2 + 2 MC 2 nh

nht.
Gii tng t nh Cu 10.
Cu 14. Trong khng gian vi h trc ta Oxyz, cho mt phng (P ) : x - y + z - 1 = 0 v cc
im A(1;2; -1) , B(1; 0; -1) , C(2;1; -2) . Tm im M ( P ) sao cho MA2 + MB 2 - MC 2

nh nht.
2 1 2
Gii tng t nh Cu 10.
S: M ; ; .
3 3 3
Cu 15. Trong khng gian vi h trc ta Oxyz, cho mt phng (P ) : x - y + 2 z = 0 v cc
im A(1;2; -1) , B(3;1; -2) , C(1; -2;1) . Tm im M ( P ) sao cho MA2 - MB 2 - MC 2

nh nht.
S: M ( 2; -2; -2 ) .
Gii tng t nh Cu 10.
Cu 16. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho 3 im A(3; 1; 1), B(7; 3; 9), C(2; 2; 2) v
mt phng (P) c phng trnh: x + y + z + 3 = 0 . Tm trn (P) im M sao cho

Trang 45

Trn S Tng
uuur uuur uuur
MA + 2 MB + 3MC nh nht.
uur uur uur r
23 13 25
Gi I l im tho: IA + 2IB + 3IC = 0 I ; ;
6 6 6
uuur uuur uuur
uuur uur
uuur uur
uuur uur
uuur
uuur
Ta c: T = MA + 2 MB + 3MC = ( MI + IA ) + 2 ( MI + IB ) + 3 ( MI + IC ) = 6 MI = 6 MI
uuur
Do : T nh nht MI nh nht M l hnh chiu ca I trn (P). Ta tm c:
13 2 16
M ;- ; .
9 9 9
uuur uuur uuur

im A(1;2;1) , B(0;1;2) , C(0; 0;3) . Tm im M ( P ) sao cho MA + 3MB + 4 MC nh
nht.
Gii tng t nh Cu 15.
Cu 18. Trong khng gian vi h trc ta Oxyz , cho mt phng (P ) : x + y + z - 1 = 0 v ba
im A(2;1;3), B(0; -6;2), C (1; -1;4) . Tm ta im M trn mt phng ( P ) sao cho

uuur uuur uuur
MA + MB + MC t gi tr b nht.
D thy A, B, C khng thng hng. Gi G l trng tm tam gic ABC , th G(1; -2;3) .
uuur uuur uuur
uuur uuur uuur
uuuur
Khi vi mi M ( P ) ta c MA + MB + MC = 3MG , do MA + MB + MC t gi tr
uuuur
b nht MG t gi tr b nht M l hnh chiu vung gc ca G trn ( P ) .
r
(P) c VTPT n = (1;1;1) . Gi s M ( x0 ; y0 ; z0 ) ( P ) x0 + y0 + z0 - 1 = 0
(1).
uuur
r
M l hnh chiu ca G trn ( P ) GM = ( x0 - 1; y0 + 2; z0 - 3) cng phng vi n
x0 - 1 y0 + 2 z0 - 3 ( x0 - 1) + ( y0 + 2) + ( z0 - 3) ( x0 + y0 + z0 - 1) - 1 -1
=
=
=
=
=
1
1
1
1+1+1
3
3
2 -7 8
2
-7
8
x0 = , y0 = , z0 = . Vy M ; ; .
3
3
3
3 3 3
Cu hi tng t:
5 1 2
a) ( P ) : x - y + 2 z = 0, A(1;2; -1), B(3;1; -2), C (1; -2;1) .
S: M ; ; - .
2 3 3
Cu 19. Trong khng gian vi h trc ta Oxyz, cho mt phng (P): 3 x - 3y + 2 z + 37 = 0 v
cc im A(4;1;5), B(3; 0;1), C (-1;2; 0) . Tm to im M thuc (P) sao cho biu thc sau
uuur uuur uuur uuur uuuuruuur
t gi tr nh nht: S = MA.MB + MB.MC + MC.MA
Gi s M ( x; y; z) ( P ) 3x - 3y + 2 z + 37 = 0 (1)
Khi S = 3 ( x - 2)2 + ( y - 1)2 + ( z - 2)2 - 5 .
p dng BT Bunhiacpxki cho (1) ta c:
2
(-44)2 = 3( x - 2) - 3( y - 1) + 2(z - 2) (9 + 9 + 4) ( x - 2)2 + ( y - 1)2 + (z - 2)2
( x - 2)2 + ( y - 1)2 + (z - 2)2
442
= 88 .
22
x = -4
x - 2 y -1 z - 2
Du "=" xy ra
=
=
y = 7 .
3
-3
2
z = -2
Trang 46
Trn S Tng
Vy min S = 3.88 - 5 = 259 khi M(4;7; -2) .

Cu 20. Trong khng gian vi h trc ta Oxyz, cho cc im A(0;1;2), B(-1;1;0) v mt
phng (P): x - y + z = 0 . Tm to im M thuc (P) sao cho DMAB vung cn ti B.

uur
uuur
Gi s M ( x; y; z) ( P ) . BA = (1;0;2), MB = ( x + 1; y - 1; z) .
-1 - 10
-4 + 10
x =
x =
3
3
uur
M (P)
x + 1 + 2z = 0
uuur
-4 + 10
-2 + 10
Ta c: BA.BM = 0 x - y + z = 0
y =
y =
6
6
BA = BM
2
2
2
( x + 1) + ( y - 1) + z = 5
-2 - 10
-2 + 10
z =
z =
6
6
Cu 21. Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho cc im B(-1;
3; 0) , C(1; 3; 0) ,
M (0; 0; a) vi a > 0. Trn trc Oz ly im N sao cho mt phng (NBC) vung gc vi mt
phng (MBC). Tm a th tch ca khi chp BCMN nh nht
VBCMN = VMOBC + VNOBC =
3
3
3
a + t nh nht a = a = 3 .
3
a
a
Trang 47
Trn S Tng
Dng 2: Xc nh im thuc ng thng

x = -2t
Cu 22. Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho ng thng d : y = t

v mt phng
z = -1 - 2t
(P): x + y - z + 1 = 0 . Gi d l hnh chiu ca d trn mt phng (P). Tm to im H
thuc d sao cho H cch im K(1;1;4) mt khong bng 5.
x = 4 + 7t
Gi A = d (P) A(4; -2;3) . PT hnh chiu d ca d trn (P): y = -2 - 2t .

z = 3 + 5t
Gi s H (4 + 7t; -2 - 2t;3 + 5t ) d . KH 2 = 25 t =
-11 238
H.
39
Cu 23. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho hai im A(1; 4; 2),B(1; 2; 4) v ng
x -1 y + 2 z
=
= . Tm to im M trn D sao cho: MA2 + MB 2 = 28 .
-1
1
2
x = 1 - t
PTTS ca D : y = -2 + t . M D M (1 - t; -2 + t;2t )
z = 2t
thng D :
Ta c: MA2 + MB2 = 28 12t 2 - 48t + 48 = 0 t = 2 M(-1;0; 4)

Cu 24. Trong khng gian to Oxyz, cho cc im A(0;1;0), B(2;2;2), C (-2;3;1) v ng
x -1 y + 2 z - 3
=
=
. Tm im M trn d th tch t din MABC bng 3.
2
2
-1
x = 1 + 2t
1 uuur uuur
r
d : y = -2 - t . Gi s M (1 + 2t; - 2 - t; 3 + 2t ) d . n = - AB; AC = (1; 2; - 2)

3
z = 3 + 2t
thng d :
9
-4t - 11
. PT mt phng (ABC): x + 2 y - 2 z - 2 = 0 . h = d ( M ,( ABC ) =
2
3
1 9 4t + 11
5
17
VMABC = . .
= 3 t = - hoc t = 3 2
3
4
4
3
15 9 11
3 1
M - ; - ; hoc M - ; ;
.
4 2
2
2 4 2
S ABC =
Cu 25. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho im M(2; 1; 2) v ng thng d:
x -1 y z - 3
= =
. Tm trn d hai im A, B sao cho tam gic ABM u.
1
1
1
Gi H l hnh chiu ca M trn d. Ta c: MH = d ( M , d ) = 2 .

Tam gic ABM u, nhn MH lm ng cao nn: MA = MB = AB =
2 MH
3
x -2 y z-3
1 =1= 1
Do , to ca A, B l nghim ca h:
.
( x - 2)2 + ( y - 1)2 + ( z - 2)2 = 8
3
Trang 48
2 6
3
Trn S Tng
2 2
2
2
2
2
Gii h ny ta tm c: A 2 +
;
;3 +
;;3 , B2 .
3 3
3
3
3
3
Cu hi tng t:
x = t
5 + 76 10 + 2 76 1 - 76 2 - 2 76
a) Vi M(1; 0; -1) , d : y = 2t . S: A
;
;1 , B
;
;1
15
15
15
15
z = 1
5 - 76 10 - 2 76 1 + 76 2 + 2 76
hoc A
;
;1 , B
;
;1
15
15
15
15
Cu 26. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho im A(0; 1; 3) v ng thng d:

x = 1- t
y = 2 + 2t . Tm trn d hai im B, C sao cho tam gic ABC u.

z = 3
d c VTCP ud = (-1;2;0) . Gi H l hnh chiu vung gc ca A trn d.

uuuur
Gi s H (1 - t; 2 + 2t;3) AH = (1 - t;1 + 2t;0 )
uuur r
6 8
1
M AH ^ d nn AH ^ ud -1(1 - t ) + 2 (1 + 2t ) = 0 t = - H ; ;3
5
5 5
AH =
3 5
2 AH 2 15
. M DABC u nn BC =
=
hay BH =
5
5
3
2
15
.
5
1 2
15
Gi s B(1 - s;2 + 2s;3) th - - s + + 2s =
25
5 5
-1 3
5
6+ 3 8-2 3
3
;3 v C
;
;3
5
6- 3 8+2 3
3
;3 v C
;
;3
5
25s2 + 10s - 2 = 0 s =
6- 3 8+ 2
Vy: B
;
5
5
6+ 3 8-2
hoc B
;
5
5
Cu 27. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, tm trn Ox im A cch u ng thng (d) :

x -1 y z + 2
= =
v mt phng (P) : 2 x y 2 z = 0 .
1
2
2
Gi A(a; 0; 0) Ox d ( A; (P )) =
d(A; (P)) = d(A; d)
2a
3
2a
22 + 12 + 22
8a2 - 24a + 36
2a
; d ( A; d ) =
3
3
8a2 - 24a + 36
4a2 - 24a + 36 = 0
3
4(a - 3) = 0 a = 3. Vy c mt im A(3; 0; 0).

Cu 28. Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho mt phng (P): x 2 y + 2 z 1 = 0 v hai
x +1 y z + 9
x -1 y - 3 z +1
= =
; D2 :
=
=
. Xc nh ta im M
1
1
6
2
1
-2
thuc ng thng D1 sao cho khong cch t M n ng thng D2 v khong cch t M
n mt phng (P) bng nhau.
ng thng D1 :
Trang 49
Trn S Tng
r
M (1 + t; t; 9 + 6t) D1;
D2 qua A (1; 3; 1) c vct ch phng a = (2; 1; 2)
uuur
uuur
r
AM = (t 2; t 3; 6t 8) AM ; a = (14 8t; 14t 20; 4 t)
261t 2 - 792t + 612 = 11t - 20
Ta c : d (M, D2) = d (M, (P))
53
. Vy M (0; 1; 3) hay M
35
35t2 88t + 53 = 0 t = 1 hay t =
18 53 3
; ; .
35 35 35
Cu hi tng t:
a) Vi (P): 2 x + y + 2 z - 1 = 0 , D1 :
x -3 y -5 z
x -1 2 - y z - 3
, D2 :
=
=
=
=
1
1
-1
4
1
1
S: M(2;4;1) , M(-1;1;4)
Cu 29. Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho hai ng thng D1 :
x -1 y z + 2
=
=
v
2
1
-1
x +1 y -1 z - 3
=
=
. ng vung gc chung ca D1 v D2 ct D1 ti A, ct D2 ti B.
1
7
-1
Tnh din tch DOAB.
r
r
D1 c VTCP u1 = (2; -1;1) , D2 c VTCP u2 = (1;7; -1)
D2 :
Gi s A(1 + 2t1; -t1; -2 + t1 ) D1 , B(-1 + t2 ;1 + 7t2 ;3 - t2 ) D2 .

uuur
AB.ur = 0
t = 0 A(1;0; -2)
6
1 uuur uuur
Ta c: uuur r1
1
SOAB = OA, OB =
.
2
2
t2 = 0 B(-1;1;3)
AB.u2 = 0
Cu 30. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho mt phng (P): x - 2 y + 2 z - 1 = 0 v cc
ng thng d1 :
x -1
2
y-3
-3
z
2
d2 :
x-5
6
y
4
z+5
-5
. Tm cc im M d1 , N d 2 sao
cho MN // (P) v cch (P) mt khong bng 2.

x = 1 + 2t
PTTS ca d1 l: y = 3 - 3t . M d1 nn ta ca M (1 + 2t;3 - 3t;2t ) .

z = 2t
1 + 2t - 2(3 - 3t ) + 4t - 1
12t - 6
t = 1
Theo : d ( M ;( P )) =
=2
=2
3
t = 0
12 + (-2)2 + 22
+ Vi t = 1 ta c M1 ( 3;0;2 ) ;
+ Vi t = 0 ta c M2 (1;3;0 )
ng vi M1, im N1 d2 cn tm phi l giao ca d2 vi mp qua M1 v // (P), gi mp ny

(1) .
l (Q1). PT (Q1) l: ( x - 3) - 2 y + 2( z - 2) = 0 x - 2 y + 2 z - 7 = 0
x = 5 + 6t
PTTS ca d2 l: y = 4t
(2)
z = -5 - 5t
Thay (2) vo (1), ta c: t = 1. im N1 cn tm l N1(1;4;0).
ng vi M2, tng t tm c N2(5;0;5).
Cu 31. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho mt phng (P): 2 x - y + 2 z - 1 = 0 v cc
ng thng d1 :
x -1
2
y -3
1
z
-2
, d2 :
x-5
3
y
4
cho AB // (P) v AB cch (P) mt khong bng 1.

Trang 50
z+5
2
. Tm cc im A d1 , B d 2 sao
Trn S Tng
Gi s: A(2t1 + 1, t1 + 3, -2t1) d1 , B(3t2 + 5,4t2 ,2t2 - 5) d2

uuur
AB = (3t - 2t1 + 4,4t2 - t1 - 3,2t2 + 2t1 - 5)
uuur r 2
AB.nP = 0 2(3t2 - 2t1 + 4) - 4t2 + t1 + 3 + 2(2t2 + 2t1 - 5) = 0 6t2 + t1 + 1 = 0
AB P (P ) d ( AB,( P )) = d ( A,( P )) =
Vi t1 = -5 t2 =
Vi t1 = 1 t2 =
4t1 + 2 - t1 - 3 - 4t1 - 1
3
t1 + 2
3
t = -5
=1 1
t1 = 1
8 -11
2
A(-9; -2;10), B 7; ;
3
3 3
-4 -17
-1
A(3; 4; -2), B 4; ;
3
3 3
Cu 32. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho ba im A(1; 5; 4), B(0; 1; 1), C(1; 2; 1). Tm
ta im D thuc ng thng AB sao cho di on thng CD nh nht.

x = 1- t
uuur
Ta c AB = (-1; -4; -3) . Phng trnh ng thng AB: y = 5 - 4t .

z = 4 - 3t
uuur
Gi D(1 - a;5 - 4a; 4 - 3a) AB DC = (a; 4a - 3;3a - 3) .
uuur uuur
di on CD ngn nht D l hnh chiu vung gc ca C trn cnh AB AB ^ DC
5 49 41
21
- a - 16a + 12 - 9a + 9 = 0 a =
. Vy: D ; ; .
26
26 26 26
Cu 33. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho hai ng thng d1 :
d2 :
x +1 y z -1
= =
v
-2
1
1
x y z
= = . Tm cc im M thuc d1 , N thuc d2 sao cho ng thng MN song song
1 1 2
vi mt phng (P): x - y + z + 2012 = 0 v di on MN bng 2 .

uuuur
MN .nr = 0
MN P ( P )
3 2 5
P
Ly M d1, N d2 . Ta c
M (0; 0;0), N - ; - ; .
7 7 7
MN = 2
MN = 2
x y + 2 z -1
=
=
v cc
1
1
-1
im A(1; 0;0), B(0;1;1), C (0;0;2) . Tm im M thuc d sao cho gc gia hai mt phng
Cu 34. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho ng thng d :
(MAB) v (CAB) bng a = 300 .

S: M(0; -2;1) .
Cu 35. Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho hai ng thng c phng trnh:
x = 1 + t
x - 3 y -1 z
(D1) : y = -1 - t v (D2 ) :
=
= . Xc nh im A trn D1 v im B trn D2 sao
1
2
1
z = 2
cho on AB c di nh nht.
uuur
Gi s A(t+1; t 1; 2) D1, B( t'+3; 2t' +1; t') D2 AB = (-t '- t + 2;2t '+ t + 2; t '- 2)
V on AB c di nh nht AB l on vung gc chung ca (D1) v (D2)
Trang 51

Trn S Tng
uuur r
uuur r
AB ^ u1
AB.u1 = 0
2t + 3t ' = 0
uuur r uuur r
t = t ' = 0 A( 1; 1; 2), B(3; 1; 0).

3t + 6t ' = 0
AB ^ u2
AB.u2 = 0
x = 2 + 4t
thng d : y = -6t . Tm im I trn ng thng d sao cho IA + IB t gi tr nh nht.

z = -1 - 8t
uuur
AB = (2; -3; -4) AB // d. Gi A1 l im i xng ca A qua d .
Ta c: IA + IB = IA1 + IB A1B . Do IA + IB t gi tr nh nht bng A1B. Khi A1,
I, B thng hng I l giao im ca A1B v d. V AB // d nn I l trung im ca A1B.
36 33 15
Gi H l hnh chiu ca A ln d. Tm c H ; ; . A i xng vi A qua H nn
29 29 29
43 95 28
65 -21 -43
A ; ; - . I l trung im ca AB suy ra I ;
;
.
29 29 29
29 58 29
Cu hi tng t:
64
9
45
x - 2 y z +1
=
=
.
S: I ; - ; - .
a) Vi A(1; -1;2), B(3; -4; -2) , d :
4
-6
-8
29 29 29
x -2 y z-4
b) Vi A(1;2; 1), B(7; 2;3) , d :
=
=
.
S: I (2;0; 4) .
3
2
-2
x +1 y -1 z
=
= . Tm to im M trn D sao cho DMAB c din tch nh nht.
2
-1 2
x = -1 + 2t
PTTS ca D: y = 1 - t . Gi M (-1 + 2t;1 - t;2t ) D.

z = 2t
1 uuur uuur
Din tch DMAB l S = AM , AB = 18t 2 - 36t + 216 = 18(t - 1)2 + 198 198
2
thng D:
Vy Min S = 198 khi t = 1 hay M(1; 0; 2).

Cu hi tng t:
x -1 y + 2 z - 3
a) Vi A(0;1;0), B(2;2;2) , D :
=
=
.
2
2
-1
x y - 3 z +1
=
=
.
1
2
-1
x -1 y - 2 z -1
c) Vi A(0;1; -2), B(2; -1;1), D :
=
=
.
1
-1
2
x + y - z -1 = 0
d) Vi A(2; -1;1), B(1; -1;0), D :
.
2 x - y - 1 = 0
x -1 y - 2 z
e) Vi A(1; 4;2), B(-1;2;4), D :
=
= .
-1
1
2
b) Vi A(2; -1;1), B(0;1; -2), D :
S: M(-3;0;1) , min S =
3 2
2
S: M (-5;8; -11),min S =
34
2
S: M (-2;5; -5),min S = 22
1 2 3
S: M ; - ; - .
6 3 2
12 5 38
S: M - ; ; .
7 7 7
Cu 38. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho ba im A(5;8; -11) , B(3;5; -4) , C(2;1; -6)
v ng thng d :
x -1 y - 2 z -1
=
=
. Xc nh to im M thuc ng thng d sao
2
1
1
Trang 52
Trn S Tng
uuur uuur uuur
cho MA - MB - MC t gi tr nh nht.
uuur uuur uuur
Gi s M (2t + 1;2t + 2; t + 1) d MA - MB - MC = (-2t - 1; -2t - 4; -t )
uuur uuur uuur

MA - MB - MC =
10 53
53
(2t + 1) + (2t + 4) + t = 9 t + +
9
9
3
11 2 1
10
Du "=" xy ra t = M - ;- ;-
9
9 9 9
2
Cu 39. Trong khng gian vi h trc to Oxyz, cho ( P ) : x + 2 y - z + 5 = 0 im A( 2; 3; 4)
x+3
= y + 1 = z - 3 . Gi D l ng thng nm trn (P) i qua giao
2
im ca (d) v (P) ng thi vung gc vi d. Tm trn D im M sao cho khong cch AM
ngn nht.
x = 2t - 3
PTTS ca d: y = t - 1 . Gi I l giao im ca (d) v (P) I(-1;0;4)

z = t + 3
r
r
r r
(d) c VTCP l a = (2;1;1) , (P) c VTPT l n = (1;2; -1) [ a, n ] = (-3;3;3) .
v ng thng (d ) :
x = 1 - u
r
r
Gi u l vect ch phng ca D u = (-1;1;1) D : y = u

.
z = 4 + u
uuur
V M D M (-1 - u; u;4 + u) , AM = (1 - u; u - 3; u)
uuur r
4
AM ngn nht AM ^ D AM .u = 0 -1(1 - u) + 1(u - 3) + 1.u = 0 u = .
3
-7 4 16
Vy M ; ;
3 3 3
Cu 40. Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho hai im A(1; 1; 2), B(2; 2; 1) v mt phng (P) c
phng trnh x + 3y - z + 2 = 0 . Vit phng trnh mt phng (Q) l mt phng trung trc
ca on AB. Gi D l giao tuyn ca (P) v (Q). Tm im M thuc D sao cho di on
thng OM l nh nht.
-3 -3 3 uuur
Gi I l trung im ca AB I ; ; ; AB = (-1; -1; -1)
2 2 2
3
PT (Q): x + y + z + = 0
2
7
1
D l giao tuyn ca (P) v (Q) PTTS ca D: x = - + 2t; y = -t; z = - t .
4
4
7
1
15 25
.
Gi s M - + 2t; -t; - t D; OM = 6t 2 - t +
4
4
2
8
1 5 3
5
OM nh nht khi t = M - ; - ; - .
8
2 8 8
Cu 41. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho hai ng thng (d1):
Trang 53
x - 3 y z +1
= =
, (d2):
1
1 -2
Trn S Tng
x-2 y+2 z
=
= . Mt ng thng (D) i qua im A(1; 2; 3), ct ng thng (d1) ti
-1
2
1
im B v ct ng thng (d2) ti im C. Chng minh rng im B l trung im ca on
thng AC.
uuur
uuur
1
Ly B (d1), C (d2). T : AB = k AC k = B l trung im ca on thng AC.
2
Ta c th tnh c B(2; 1; 1), C(3; 4; 1).
Cu 42. Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho hai im E (2;1;5), F (4; 3; 9 ) . Gi D l giao
tuyn ca hai mt phng (P ): 2x + y - z + 1 = 0 v (Q) : x - y + 2 z - 7 = 0 . Tm im I

thuc D sao cho: IE - IF ln nht .
x = 1 + t
x = 2 + t
PTTS ca D: y = -5t . PTTS ca EF: y = 1 + t .

z = 3 - 3t
z = 5 + 2t
1 + t = 2 + t
t = 0
Xt h: -5t = 1 + t
EF ct D ti A(1;0;3).
t = -1
3 - 3t = 5 + 2t
Trong mp( D ,EF) mi im I D ta c IE - IF EF (hiu 2 cnh trong 1 tam gic nh hn
cnh th 3). Du "=" xy ra I, E, F thng hng, t suy ra I trng A.

Vy im I(1;0;3).
A(0; 0;3) , B(0;3;3) . Tm im M d sao cho:

b) MA2 + 2 MB 2 nh nht.
a) MA + MB nh nht.
x = t
a) PTTS ca d: y = t . Gi M (t; t; t ) d . Ta c: P = 3
z = t
Xt hm s f (t ) = (t - 1)2 + 2 + (t - 2)2 + 2 f (t ) =
f (t ) = 0
t -1
2
(t - 1) + 2
=-
t-2
2
(t - 2) + 2
t -1
2
(t - 1) + 2
x y z
= = v hai im
1 1 1
uuur uuur
c) MA - 3MB nh nht.
(t - 1)2 + 2 + (t - 2)2 + 2
t -1
(t - 1)2 + 2
=
t-2
(t - 2)2 + 2
-(t - 2)
2
[ -(t - 2)]
(*)
+2
1
u
2
.
. Ta c g(u) = u2 + 2 - u.
=
>0
u2 + 2
2
2
2
3
u +2
u +2
(u + 2)
nn hm s g ng bin trn .
3
Do t (*), ta c g(t - 1) = g [ -(t - 2)] t - 1 = -t + 2 t =
2
3
Da vo BBT ca hm s f ta suy ra min f (t ) = f = 3 .
2
Xt hm s g(u) =
Vy min( MA + MB) = 3 3 t c ti t =
3 3 3
3
, tc l M ; ; .
2
2 2 2
b) Tng t cu 1), ta tnh c Q = MA2 + 2 MB 2 = 9t 2 - 30t + 45 = (3t - 5)2 + 20 .

Trang 54
Trn S Tng
5 5 5
5
min Q = 20 khi t = , tc M ; ; .
3
2 2 2 uuur
uuur
c) Theo cu 1) , ta c MA = (-t; -t;3 - t ) , MB = (-t;3 - t;3 - t ) .
uuur uuur
uuur uuur
Suy ra MA - 2 MB = (t; t - 6; t - 3) MA - 2 MB = 3t 2 - 18t + 45 = 3(t - 3)2 + 18 3 2
uuur uuur
Vy min MA - 2 MB = 3 2 khi t = 3 , tc M(3;3;3) .
Trang 55
Trn S Tng
Dng 3: Xc nh im thuc mt cu
Cu 44. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho mt cu (S): x 2 + y 2 + z2 + 4 x 6 y + m = 0
v ng thng (d) l giao tuyn ca 2 mt phng (P): 2 x 2 y z + 1 = 0 , (Q):

x + 2 y 2z 4 = 0 v . Tm m (S) ct (d) ti 2 im M, N sao cho di MN = 8.
(S) tm I(2;3;0), bn knh R= 13 - m = IM (m < 13) . Gi H l trung im ca MN

MH= 4 IH = d(I; d) = -m - 3
r uur
r
u; AI
(d) qua A(0;1;-1), VTCP u = (2;1;2) d(I; d) =
= 3.
r
u
Vy :
-m - 3 =3 m = 12.
Cu 45. Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho mt cu (S) v mt phng (P) c phng
trnh l (S ) : x 2 + y 2 + z2 - 4 x + 2 y - 6 z + 5 = 0, ( P ) : 2 x + 2 y - z + 16 = 0 . im M di ng
trn (S) v im N di ng trn (P). Tnh di ngn nht ca on thng MN. Xc nh v
tr ca M, N tng ng.
Mt cu (S) tm I(2;1;3) v c bn knh R = 3.
2.2 + 2.(-1) - 3 + 16
Khong cch t I n mt phng (P): d = d I , ( P ) =
= 5 d > R.
3
Do (P) v (S) khng c im chung. Do vy, min MN = d R = 5 3 = 2.
Trong trng hp ny, M v tr M0 v N v tr N0. D thy N0 l hnh chiu vung gc
ca I trn mt phng (P) v M0 l giao im ca on thng IN0 vi mt cu (S).
Gi D l ng thng i qua I v vung gc vi (P), th N0 l giao im ca D v (P).
x = 2 + 2t
r
ng thng D c VTCP l n P = ( 2;2; -1) v qua I nn c phng trnh l y = -1 + 2t .

z = 3 - t
Ta ca N0 ng vi t nghim ng phng trnh:

2(2 + 2t ) + 2(-1 + 2t ) - (3 - t ) + 16 = 0 9t + 15 = 0 t = -
uuuur 3 uuur
4 13 14
Suy ra N 0 - ; - ; . Ta c IM 0 = IN 0 . Suy ra M0(0;3;4)
5
3 3 3
15
5
=9
3
Cu 46. Trong khng gian ta Oxyz , cho im A(0;1;1), B(1;0; -3), C (-1; -2; -3) v mt cu (S) c
phng trnh: x 2 + y 2 + z2 - 2 x + 2z - 2 = 0 . Tm ta im D trn mt cu (S) sao cho t din

ABCD c th tch ln nht.
(S) c tm I(1; 0; 1), bn knh R = 2 . PT mp(ABC): 2 x - 2 y + z + 1 = 0
1
Ta c VABCD = d ( D;( ABC )).S ABC nn VABCD ln nht d ( D;( ABC )) ln nht .
3
Gi D1D2 l ng knh ca (S) vung gc vi mp(ABC). Ta thy vi D l 1 im bt k
thuc (S) th d ( D;( ABC )) max {d ( D1;( ABC )); d (D2 ;( ABC ))} .
Du = xy ra khi D trng vi D1 hoc D2..

r
D1D2 i qua I(1;0;1), v c VTCP l nABC = (2; -2;1)
D1D2 : { x = 1 + 2t; y = -2t; z = -1 + t
Trang 56
Trn S Tng
x = 1 + 2t
=
t
y = -2t
3
Ta D1 v D2 tha:
=
+
z
1
t
t = 2
( x - 1)2 + y 2 + (z + 1)2 = 4
3
7 -4 -1
-1 4 -5
D1 ; ; ; D2 ; ;
3 3 3
3 3 3
7 4 1
Ta thy: d ( D1;( ABC )) > d ( D2 ;( ABC )) . Vy im D ; - ; - l im cn tm.
3 3 3
Trang 57
Trn S Tng
Dng 4: Xc nh im trong khng gian

Cu 47. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho mt phng (a): 3 x + 2 y z + 4 = 0 v hai
im A(4;0;0) , B(0;4;0) .Gi I l trung im ca on thng AB. Xc nh ta im K

sao cho KI vung gc vi mt phng (a), ng thi K cch u gc ta O v (a).
x -2 y -2 z
I(2;2;0). PT ng thng KI:
=
=
.
3
2
-1
Gi H l hnh chiu ca I trn (a): H(1;0;1). Gi s K(xo;yo;zo).
x 0 - 2 y0 - 2 z0
=
=
1 1 3
3
2
-1
Ta c: KH = KO
K- ; ; .
4 2 4
( x + 1)2 + y 2 + ( z - 1)2 = x 2 + y 2 + z 2
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cu 48. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho 4 im A(2;4;1), B(1;4;1), C(2;4;3),
D(2;2;1). Tm ta im M MA2 + MB2 + MC 2 + MD 2 t gi tr nh nht.

7 14
Gi G l trng tm ca ABCD ta c: G ; ; 0 .
3 3
Ta c: MA2 + MB2 + MC 2 + MD 2 = 4 MG 2 + GA2 + GB 2 + GC 2 + GD 2
7 14
GA2 + GB2 + GC 2 + GD 2 . Du bng xy ra khi M G ; ; 0 .
3 3
Cu 49. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho mt phng (P): x + y + z + 3 = 0 v im A(0;
1; 2). Tm to im A i xng vi A qua mt phng (P).

r
(P) c VTPT n = (1;1;1) . Gi s A(x; y; z).
x y +1 z + 2
;
Gi I l trung im ca AA I ;
.
2 2
2
x y -1 z - 2
uuur
x = -4
AA , nr cung phng
1 = 1 = 1
A i xng vi A qua (P)
y = -3
I (P)
z = -2
x + y +1 + z + 2 + 3 = 0
2
2
2
Vy:
A(4; 3; 2).
Cu 50. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho cc im A(1; 0;0), B(0;1; 0), C (0;3;2) v
mt phng (a ) : x + 2 y + 2 = 0. Tm to ca im M bit rng M cch u cc im

A, B, C v mt phng (a ).
Gi s M ( x0 ; y0 ; z0 ) .
( x - 1)2 + y 2 + z2 = x 2 + ( y - 1)2 + z2
(1)
MA = MB
0
0
0
0
0
20
2
2
2
2
2
Ta c: MB = MC
x0 + ( y0 - 1) + z0 = x0 + ( y0 - 3) + ( z0 - 2) (2)
MA = d ( M ,(a ))
( x 0 + 2 y0 + 2)2
2
2
2
(
x
1)
+
y
+
z
=
(3)
0
0
0
5
x0 = 1, y0 = 1, z0 = 2
23 23 14

23
23
14 M(1; 1; 2) hoc M ; ; - .
x0 = , y = , z0 = 3
3 3
3
3
3
Trang 58
Trn S Tng

Dng 5: Xc nh im trong a gic
Cu 51. Trong khng gian vi h trc to Oxyz, cho ba im A(1;0;0), B(0;2;0), C(0;0;3).
Tm to trc tm ca tam gic ABC.

Lp phng trnh mp(ABC); (P) qua A v (P) ^ BC; (Q) qua B v (Q) ^ AC
36 18 12
Gii h gm ba phng trnh ba mt phng trn ta c trc tm H ; ;
49 49 49
Cu hi tng t:
a) Vi A(3;0;0), B(0;1;4), C(1;2;2).
S:
Cu 52. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho cc im A(-1;3;5) , B(-4;3;2) , C(0;2;1) .
Tm ta tm ng trn ngoi tip tam gic ABC.
Ta c: AB = BC = CA = 3 2 D ABC u. Do tm I ca ng trn ngoi tip

5 8 8
D ABC cng l trng tm ca n. Kt lun: I - ; ; .
3 3 3
Cu 53. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho cc im A(1; 0; 1), B(1; 2; 1), C(1; 2; 3).
Tm ta tm v bn knh ng trn ngoi tip tam gic ABC.
uuur
uuur
Ta c: AB = (2; 2; -2), AC = (0; 2;2). Suy ra phng trnh mt phng trung trc ca AB,
AC l:
x + y - z - 1 = 0, y + z - 3 = 0.
uuur uuur
r
VTPT ca mp(ABC) l n = AB, AC = (8; -4;4). Suy ra (ABC): 2 x - y + z + 1 = 0 .
x + y - z -1 = 0
x = 0
Gii h: y + z - 3 = 0 y = 2 . Suy ra tm ng trn l I(0; 2; 1).

2 x - y + z + 1 = 0 z = 1
Bn knh l R = IA = (-1 - 0)2 + (0 - 2)2 + (1 - 1)2 = 5.

Cu 54. Trong khng gian vi h trc ta Oxyz, cho ba im A(2;3;1) , B(-1;2; 0) ,C(1;1; -2) .
Tm ta trc tm H v tm ng trn ngoi tip tam gic ABC.

H ( x; y; z) l trc tm ca DABC BH ^ AC , CH ^ AB, H ( ABC )
uuur uuur
BH .AC = 0
uuur uuur
2 29 1
2
29
1
CH
x = ; y = ; z = H ; ;-
uuur.AB
uuur= 0uuur
15
15
3
15 15 3
AB, AC . AH = 0
I ( x; y; z) l tm ng trn ngoi tip DABC AI = BI = CI , I ( ABC )

AI 2 = BI 2
14 61 1
14
61
1
2
CIuuu2r =uuu
x = ; y = ; z = - I ; ; -
BI
r uur
15
30
3
15 30 3
AB, AC AI = 0
Cu 55. Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho ba im A(-1;0;1), B(1;2; - 1), C (-1;2;3) v
I l tm ng trn ngoi tip tam gic ABC. Lp phng trnh mt cu (S) c tm I v tip
xc vi mt phng (Oxz).
Phng trnh ( ABC ) : 2 x - y + z + 1 = 0 . Gi I ( x; y; z) .
IA = IB = IC x + y - z - 1 = 0, y + z - 3 = 0 (1) ;
I ( ABC ) 2 x - y + z + 1 = 0 (2)
T (1) (2) I (0; 2; 1) . Bn knh mt cu l R = d ( I ,(Oxz)) = 2
(S): x 2 + ( y - 2)2 + ( z - 1)2 = 4

Trang 59
Trn S Tng
Cu 56. Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho tam gic ABC c A(3;1;0) , B nm trn mt
phng (Oxy) v C nm trn trc Oz. Tm to cc im B, C sao cho im H(2;1;1) l trc

tm ca tam gic ABC.
Gi s B( x; y;0) (Oxy), C (0;0; z) Oz .
uuur uuur
uuur uuur
AH .BC = 0
AH ^ BC
uuur uuur
uuur uuur
H l trc tm ca DABC CH
^
AB
CH
uuur uuur uuur
uuur.AB
uuur= 0uuur
AB, AC , AH ong phang
AB, AH . AC = 0
-3 - 177
17 + 177
3+
x + z = 0
;y =
;z =
x =
4
2
2 x + y - 7 = 0

17 - 177
3-3 + 177
3 x - 3y + yz - z = 0
;y =
;z =
x =
4
2
-3 - 177 17 + 177
3 + 177
B
;
;0 , C 0;0;
4
2
4
-3 + 177 17 - 177
3 - 177
hoc B
;
;0 , C 0;0;
4
2

4
177
4
177
4
Cu 57. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho hnh thang cn ABCD vi A ( 3; -1; -2 ) ,
B (1;5;1) , C ( 2;3;3) , trong AB l y ln, CD l y nh. Tm to im D.
Do ABCD l hnh thang cn nn AD = BC = 3.

Gi D l ng thng qua C v song song vi AB, (S) l mt cu tm A bn knh R = 3.
im D cn tm l giao im ca D v (S).
x = 2 - 2t
uuur
ng thng D c vect ch phng AB = ( -2;6;3 ) nn c phng trnh: y = 3 + 6t

z = 3 + 3t
Phng trnh mt cu (S ) : ( x - 3)2 + ( y + 1)2 + ( z + 2)2 = 9
To im D tho H PT:
x = 2 - 2t
t = -1
y = 3 + 6t
2
49t + 82t + 33 = 0
33
z = 3 + 3t
t =
2
2
2
49
( x - 3) + ( y + 1) + ( z + 2 ) = 9
Vi t = 1, th D(4; 3; 0) : khng tho v AB = CD = 7

164 51 48
33
Vi t = - D
; - ; (nhn)
49
49 49
49
Cu 58. Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y ABCD l hnh
vung, A(1;0; 0) , C(-1;2; 0) , D(-1; 0;0) , S(0; 0; 3) . Gi M, N ln lt l trung im ca

on SB v CD. Chng minh rng hai ng thng AM v BN vung gc vi nhau v xc
nh ta tm ca ng trn ngoi tip tam gic ONB.
uuur uuur
AB = DC B(1; 2; 0). M l trung im SB, N l trung im CD
1
3
M ;1;
, N(1; 1; 0) AM ^ BN. V DONB nm trong mp(Oxy) nn tm I ca
2
Trang 60
Trn S Tng
ng trn ngoi tip DONB thuc mp(Oxy).

1 7
IO = IN
Gi I ( x; y; 0) . Ta c:
I ; ;0 .
IO = IB
6 6
Cu 59. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho hnh vung MNPQ c M(5;3; - 1) ,
P(2;3; - 4) . Tm to nh
( R) : x + y - z - 6 = 0.
bit rng nh
nm trong mt phng
uuur
7
5
Gi I l tm hnh vung I ;3; - . Gi N (a; b; c) ( R) . MP = (-3; 0; -3) .
2
2
uur
7
5
3 2
IN = a - ; b - 3; c + ; MP = 3 2 IN =
.
2
2
2
a + b - c - 6 = 0
uur
N ( Ruuur
)

7
5
a = 2, b = 3, c = -1
Ta c: IN ^ MP -3 a - - 3 c + = 0

2
2

a = 3, b = 1, c = -2
2
2
IN = 3 2
7
5
9
a - + (b - 3)2 + c + =
2
2
2
2
Nu N(2;3 - 1) th Q(5;3; - 4).

Nu N(3;1; - 2) th Q(4;5; - 3).
Cu 60. Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho im A(3; 2; 3) v hai ng thng c phng trnh
x -2 y -3 z-3
x -1 y - 4 z - 3
=
=
v d2 :
=
=
. Chng minh ng thng d1, d2 v
1
1
-2
1
-2
1
im A cng nm trong mt mt phng. Xc nh to cc nh B v C ca tam gic ABC
bit d1 cha ng cao BH v d2 cha ng trung tuyn CM ca tam gic ABC.
r
r
d1 qua M1(2; 3; 3), c VTCP a = (1;1; -2) ; d2 qua M2(1; 4; 3) c VTCP b = (1; -2;1)
urr
r r r uuuuuur
Ta c a,b 0 , a, b .M1M2 = 0 d1, d2 ct nhau.
d1 :
Phng trnh mt phng cha d1, d2 : x + y + z 8 = 0 A mp(d1, d2 ) .

t+5 t+5
Gi s B(2 + t;3 + t;3 - 2t ) d1 trung im ca AB l M

;
;3 - t
2
2
M d2 t = -1 M (2;2;4) B(1;2;5) .
uuur r
Gi s C (1 + t; 4 - 2t;3 + t ) d2 . AC ^ a t = 0 C(1;4;2)
Cu 61. Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho hnh vung ABCD, bit B(3;0;8) ,
D(-5; -4; 0) v nh A thuc mt phng (Oxy). Tm ta im C.
Ta c trung im BD l I(1;2; 4), BD = 12 v im A thuc mp(Oxy) nn A(a; b; 0).

AB 2 = AD 2
2
2
2
2
2
2 (a - 3) + b + 8 = (a + 5) + (b + 4)
ABCD l hnh vung
2
2
2
2 1
(a + 1) + (b + 2) + 4 = 36
AI = BD
2
17
a=
b = 4 - 2a
a = 1
5 A(1; 2; 0) hoc A 17 ; -14 ;0
hoc
2
2
b = 2
5 5
(a + 1) + (6 - 2a) = 20
b = -14
5
17 -14
-27 -6
Vi A(1; 2; 0) C(3;6; 8)
Vi A ;
;0 C
; ;8 .
5 5
5 5
Trang 61

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TRAN S TUNG

---- & ----

TI LIU N THI I HC CAO NG

PP to trong khng gian

A(2;1;3), B(1; -2;1) v song song vi ng thng d : y = 2t

Chng t (d1) // (d2). (P): x + y 5z +10 = 0

Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz,

cho mt cu (S) c phng trnh:

x + y + z - 2 x + 6 y - 4 z - 2 = 0 . Vit phng trnh mt phng (P) song song vi gi ca

phng trnh x + 2 y - z + 2 = 0 . Kim tra thy im M(1; 1;1) (P).

PP to trong khng gian

Dng 2: Vit phng trnh mt phng lin quan n mt cu

Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho ng thng d:

(S): x 2 + y 2 + z2 - 2 x - 2 y - 4 z + 2 = 0 . Lp phng trnh mt phng (P) song song vi d v

Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho mt cu (S): x 2 + y 2 + z2 + 2 x - 4 y - 4 = 0 v

PT (Q) i qua M c dng: A( x - 3) + B( y - 1) + C (z + 1) = 0, A2 + B 2 + C 2 0

Trong khng gian vi h trc Oxyz, cho mt cu (S): x 2 + y 2 + z2 + 2 x - 2 y + 2 z 1 = 0

PP to trong khng gian

+ Vi (2) (P): 7 x - 17y + 5z - 4 = 0

Cu 10. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho hai ng thng D1 :

(P): y + z + 3 + 3 2 = 0 hoc (P): y + z + 3 - 3 2 = 0

x 2 + y 2 + z 2 - 2 x + 4 y - 6 z - 11 = 0 v mt phng (a) c phng trnh 2x + 2y z + 17 = 0.

PP to trong khng gian

Dng 3: Vit phng trnh mt phng lin quan n khong cch

gc vi mt phng (Q): x + y + z = 0 v cch im M(1; 2; 1) mt khong bng

PT mt phng (P) qua O nn c dng: Ax + By + Cz = 0 (vi A2 + B 2 + C 2 0 ).

Cu 13. Trong khng gian vi h trc ta Oxyz, cho ng thng D :

Phng trnh mp (P) i qua M(0; 2; 0) c dng: ax + by + cz + 2b = 0 ( a2 + b2 + c2 0 )

Cu 14. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho ng thng (d ) : y = -1 + 2t v im

T (2) v (3), chn b = -1 a = 2, c = -2 PT mt phng (P): 2 x - y - 2 z + 1 = 0 .

PP to trong khng gian

PT mt phng (P) c dng: ax + by + cz + d = 0 (a2 + b2 + c2 0) .

PT mt phng (P) c dng: ax + by + cz + d = 0 (a2 + b2 + c 2 0) .

PP to trong khng gian

Do (P) cch u d1, d2 suy ra d ( A,( P )) = d (B,(P ))

7.2 - 2.2 - 4.3 + d

7.1 - 2.2 - 4.1 + d

A(0; -1;2) , B(1; 0;3) v tip xc vi mt cu (S): ( x - 1)2 + ( y - 2)2 + (z + 1)2 = 2 .

(S) c tm I(1;2; -1) , bn knh R = 2 .

+ Vi (1) Phng trnh ca (P): x - y - 1 = 0

{ x = -2 + t; y = -2t; z = 2 + 2t . Gi D l ng thng qua im A(4;0;1) song song vi (d)

Cu 22. Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho ng thng d :

PT mt phng (P) c dng: ax + by + cz + d = 0 (a2 + b2 + c2 0) .

PP to trong khng gian

TH1: Nu b = 0 th (P): x - z + 1 = 0 . Khi : d ( A,( P )) = 0 .

Nu B = 0 th d(K, (P)) = 0 (loi)

PP to trong khng gian

Dng 4: Vit phng trnh mt phng lin quan n gc

(Q) : x - 4 y - 8z + 12 = 0 . Lp phng trnh mt phng ( R) i qua im M trng vi gc ta

Gi s PT mt phng (R): ax + by + cz + d = 0 (a2 + b2 + c2 0) .

phng ( P ) : x + 2 y + z - 3 = 0 . Vit phng trnh mt phng (Q) cha AB v to vi mt

PT mt phng (Q) c dng: ax + by + cz + d = 0 (a2 + b2 + c2 0) .

PP to trong khng gian

Cu 27. Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho ng thng d :

p s: (P): 5x + 11y + 2 z + 4 = 0 hoc (P): 2 x - y - z - 2 = 0 .

M(1;2;3) v to vi cc trc Ox, Oy cc gc tng ng l 450 , 30 0 .

Cu 30. Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho mt phng (Q): x + 2 y - z + 5 = 0 v ng

PT mt phng (P) c dng: ax + by + cz + d = 0 (a2 + b2 + c2 0) . Gi a = ((

PP to trong khng gian

(Q): x + 2 y - z + 5 = 0 . Vit phng trnh mt phng (P) i qua M, N v to vi (Q) mt gc

Cu 32. Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho ng thng d : y = -2 + t . Vit phng

PT mt phng (P) c dng: ax + by + cz + d = 0 (a2 + b2 + c2 0) . Gi a = ((

PP to trong khng gian

Cu 33. Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho hai ng thng d1 :