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Phng php nh du ht t
Trong phng php ny, vt kim tra trc ht c cho nhim t, t
trng cm ng vo trong vt kim tra to ra cc ng sc t. Ni no c khuyt
tt s lm ri lon ng sc, lm xut hin t trng r. Khi bt t c rc ln
b mt vt kim tra th t trng r ny s ht cc bt t to nn cc ch th nhn
thy c gn ging kch thc v hnh dng khuyt tt.
Phng php chp nh phng x cho kt qu kim tra tin cy, s liu
kim tra c th lu li c. Tuy nhin phng php ny khng cho ta bit v
chiu su ca khuyt tt. Phng php cng c nguy c gy c hi phng x v
khi thc hin cng trng thng lm gim on cng vic khc.
Phng php siu m
S dng sng siu m p vo vt kim tra. Nu khng c khuyt tt,
chm siu m s i thng, cn nu gp khuyt tt, chm siu m s phn x tr li,
t c th bit c v tr khuyt tt.
Z0=V0I0=R0+jX0=R0+j2fL0=R02+X02=atan2(X0/R0)=|Z|
(1)
Khi mt dng in xoay chiu i qua mt cun dy, n to ra mt t
trng bin thin theo thi gian. Cc ng sc t c xu hng tp
trung ti cc trung tm ca cun dy. Kim tra dng xoy c da trn hin
tng cm ng in t th hin trong cng thc (2). Faraday pht hin ra rng mt
thng lng cm ng theo thi gian bin thin gy ra dng in trong mt dy
dn in. Lc in l t l thun vi s thay i theo thi gian ca mt thng
lng B:
=dBdt
(2)
Khi mt cun dy mang dng xoay chiu tip cn mt vt liu st
t khng dn in, t trng gy ra bi dng xoay chiu s thm nhp vt liu v
to ra dng in xoy lin tc v trn. Cc dng xoy gy ra trong vt liu to ra
mt t trng th hai c xu hng chng li t trng hay ra n, nh th hin
trong hnh 1. Trong thc t, phn o tr khng cun dy gim tng ng khi cng
dng in xoy trong vt liu kim tra tng.. o tr khng ca cun
dy ny bin i t Z0 ZC, bng cch gim st c in p v dng in, c th
tit l thng tin c th nh dn v cc thnh phn ha hc ca vt liu kim tra:
10
11
th 6:
(a)
(b)
3. Cu to thit b
3.1 Cu to c bn ca mt h thng NDT dng dng in xoy
Cc thit b o tuyt i v vi sai
V c bn, nh hnh 2.3, c 2 kiu thit b o: thit b o vi sai v{ thit b
o tuyt i. S u d kim tra lin quan n thit b o l{ dng no. V du,
thit b o vi sai c 2 u d (cun dy) ging ht nhau t ngc nhau. Thit
b o tuyt i chc duy nht mt cun dy kim tra (hay u d).
thit b o vi sai, tin hiu c biu th bng chnh lch gia s bin
i ng thi trn hai cun dy, trong khi thit b o tuyt i, l{ s thay
i tin hiu ca cun d}y n t v tr n{y n v tr khc. C hai loai thit bi v
th m{ a ra nhn thng tin ging nhau ph thuc vo vt kim ra, nhng
c im h thng ca chng kh khc bit. iu ny dn n nhng s la
chn cc thit b dng xoy cho nhng ng dng c th.
Trong vic |nh gi| kim tra mu vt, thit b o vi sai cho s n inh v{
cho chnh xc cao. nh hng ca nhiu s t|c ng ng thi ln 2 cun
d}y, do , s sai khc gia 2 cun dy s loai b nh hng ca nhiu.
13
Trong :
-
16
A, Cun dy d bn trong
17
18
19
Oscillator.
Khi ny to ra mt dng in hnh sin chy qua cun dy kim tra.
Ngun c th l mt m|y ph|t sng sin n tn v b khuch i, my to sng
sin a tn v b khuch i, hoc mt my pht xung cho ta dng xung mong
mun. Cng c th l b t kch thch dao ng m ph thuc vo tr khng
ca cun dy. Ociilator phi c kh nng to ra cc sng hnh sin cc tn s
kh|c nhau, thng thng l t 1kHz n 6MHz.
H thng o v kim tra
21
22
Hin th
Hin th e-lip:
Trong phng ph|p n{y, in th xoay chiu t cun dy kim tra s
c a trc tip ln mn hnh. Tn hiu hin th trn mn hnh s l tn hiu
hnh sin c ly trc tip t mch o.
Hin th tuyn tnh:
Phng ph|p n{y ging vi hin th elip, im khc l tn hiu hin th
khng phi sng sin m l tn hiu rang ca.
Hin th tr khng
Trong phng ph|p n{y, m{n hnh s hin th tn hiu ra di dng
phc. Bin ca tn hiu th hin bng khong c|ch im hin th ti im
cn bng. Gc pha ca tn hiu th hin bng gc gia vector ni im gc v
im hin th vi vector ni im gc v{ im cn bng.
Lc.
Trong php kim tra ny, vic lc tn hiu ra khi cc tn hiu nhiu l
rt cn thit, n em li kt qu chnh x|c hn cho php kim tra.
Cc loi nhiu c th bao gm:
-
24
4. Cm bin
C rt nhiu loi cm bin o lng khng ph hy nh thit b thm d
in t cun dy, cc thit b giao thoa lng t siu dn (SQUID) v hiu ng
Hall v cm bin t in. Phn ny trnh by cc loi cm bin v bao gm cc
nghin cu gn y nht ca cc tc gi trong thit k cm bin.
-Nguyn l chung:
cu to chung l cc vng dy (c th)qun quanh cc tr kim loi
+ nguyn l : di tc dng ca dng xoay chiu sinh ra trong mu
vt kim tra dng in xoy. Khi gp vt nt dng xoy thay i
+ i tng: bn trong ,bn ngoi ca thanh hoc ng
Hnh a.
Hnh b.
25
[Type text]
4.1. Cun dy u d
u d cun dy l cm bin s dng rng ri nht trong kim tra dng
xoy. Tiu mc ny trnh by v cc loi cun dy thm d khc nhau, cc thng
s quan trng nht trong cc u d cun dy v cc mch c s dng nhn
tn hiu.Cc loi cun dy u d c nguyn l gn nh nhau ,ch khc hng
phn b(chiu) cc dng in xoy.
[Type text]
Hnh 17. (a) Bao quanh bn ngoi dng cun dy cho ng hoc thanh kim
tra. (b) dng xoy chy vy quanh kiu cun dy bn ngoi. (c) Bao vy bn trong
kiu cun dy kim tra ng .
Phn tiu chun ca thit b thm d bao quanh l vng trn. Bn cnh
,cu hnh c bit bao quanh u d c thit k cho cc nh nghin cu v cc
nh sn xut kim sot b mt v di b mt khim khuyt trong cc sn phm
vi cc cu hnh c bit v hnh dng .
Cc loi u d kiu xe(bnh)
Loi u d kiu xe l cc cun dy c trc vung gc vi b mt ca mu
th. u d kiu xe c th l dng cun khng kh- hoc cun dy li ferit.
Ferrites(St t) c thm thu cao v tr khng cun dy ban u cao hn so vi
tnh thm ca cun dy li khng kh. u d kiu xe rt nhy cm nng ln
v nghing i vi cc mt phng. Cc odoulidis nh gi nh hng ca cun dy
nghing trong dng xoy th nghim .
27
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29
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30
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Hnh 20.(a) u d hai chc nng c duy nht cun dy. (b) u d chc
nng ring bit
Mt khc, u d chc nng ring bit khng s dng cc cun dy ging
nhau to ra dng xoy v nhn cc tn hiu ph nh Hnh 20 (b) cho thy. Cc
cun dy s cp c th c thit k c bit to ra dng in xoy. Cun dy
th cp c thc hin nhn lnh vc th cp t dng in xoy vi nhy
cm . u im ca u d chc nng ring bit l thit k cun dy c th c ti
u ha. Tr khng cun dy s cp c th c iu chnh to ra mt t trng
s cp mnh m v thng nht bng cch iu chnh cc thng s nh ng knh
cun dy, ng knh dy v s vng. Cun dy th cp c th c thit k
nhn lnh vc th cp ti a bng cch gim thiu cc ngun ting n v thch ng
vi kch thc cun dy vi kch thc vt nt. Bn t hp c th c to ra nh
l hai chc nng hoc ring bit chc nng u d, c th l tuyt i hay khc
bit. Cc tiu mc sau y cho php mt s hiu bit tt hn v cc cu hnh
31
[Type text]
4.1.3. u d ch tuyt i
Cc u d tuyt i n gin bao gm mt cun dy duy nht m to ra
dng in xoy v cm nhn s thay i t trng dng xoy nh Hnh 21 (a) cho
thy. Thm d tuyt i cung cp mt tn hiu in p tuyt i nh hnh 21 (b)
minh ha. Nhng bt li ca cc thit b thm d cun dy l nhy cao ca h
vi thay i nhit .
32
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Hnh 22.
.u d cun dy bao quanh ch tuyt i b
Cc u d pht hin sai st tuyt i di hoc cc bin th chiu chm trong
ng hoc cc thanh, m cc u d khc bit khng th pht hin. Ngoi ra pht
hin vt nt, s thay i tuyt i trong tr khng ca cun dy thm d cung cp
nhiu thng tin v vt liu kim tra nh kch thc ht, cng v o lng s
cng thng.
[Type text]
Hnh 23.(a) Phn bit hai chc nng bao quanh cun dy. (b) Cun dy u
d hai chc nng ring bt. (c) Tn hiu t u d cun dy ring bit.
Cun dy ring bit c li th l c th pht hin gin on rt nh. Tuy
nhin, cc cun dy ring bit khng pht hin dn dn bin th chiu hoc thnh
phn ca mnh kim tra, nh cc cun dy thng rt gn.
Nhiu tc gi c gng ci thin cc u d cun dy khc bit v
nhy vt nt. Peng et al., V d, trnh by mt b cm bin khc bit mi sng tc
ca gradient i quanh co cun dy . Nhng ngi khc nh Bae et al. s dng
mt u d khc bit trong th nghim dy nng .
4.1.5.u d tng tc m hnh- vt nt
Nhiu tc gi nghin cu m hnh ca u d vt nt tng tc gp phn
vo s pht trin ca thit b thm d ti u ha. Cc nh khoa hc thng phn
bit gia pha trc v gii php nghch o vi vn u d vt nt.
Mt mt , cc gii php v pha trc bao gm trong vic d on tr khng
hoc in p ca u d cun xoy - hin khi cc mnh v c th nghim bi
mt u d . Mt s tc gi cng b m hnh t c gii php v pha
34
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35
[Type text]
Hnh 24.(a) phng php dng xoy thng thng . (b) phng php dng
xoy truyn dn
36
[Type text]
Hnh 26.
(a) Kt ni cu khng cn i. (b) Kt ni cu cn bng
u d cun tuyt i b c th c phn cc c hai chn ca cy cu
cn bng n nh Hnh 26 (b) minh ha. H thng ny c u im l bi thng
nhit .
Mch cho cc u d khc bit chc nng ring bit thng c thc
hin bng cch kt ni cc mch chnh s dng mt mch RL. Cc cun dy n
th cp c th c kt ni trc tip n u vo ca mt b khuch i khc bit.
37
[Type text]
4.2. Cm bin t in
Cm bin t in l u d t trng m biu hin mt s thay i tuyn
tnh trong in tr trong mt t trng ngoi. Cm bin t in rt nhy cm v
chnh xc, nhng nhng bt li chnh ca h l h s nhit cao. Germano
etal.presented ng cong chuyn giao cho hai loi cm bin t in: spin-van
(SV) v in t chui hm (MTJ) cm bin.
38
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39
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40
[Type text]
Hnh 28.
Nguyn tc hiu ng Hall. (a) Khng c t trng. (b) t trng p dng.
Mt s tc gi nh Jongwoo v cng s nghin cu th nghim dng
xoy s dng cm bin hiu ng Hall. H trnh by mt nh gi hin ti v s
lng ca cc vt nt trn thp khng g austenite s dng mt hiu ng Hall cm
bin mng.
Cc nh nghin cu khc nh Anh v cc cng s. kim tra vic s dng
mt u d Hall ring bit pht hin cc khuyt tt trong cc cu trc ca my
bay. Cc tn hiu hiu ng Hall b nhiu bi ting n, dn n s thiu chnh
xc trong vic pht hin cc khuyt tt. H s dng mt phng php trung
bnh v phng php wavelet de-ting n x l cc phn ng Hall.
Paasi et al. trnh by cm bin t k Hall 3 trc cho vic th nghim cc cht
siu dn ng nht o ba thnh phn ca t trng t xoy dng chy hin ti
[70]. Cm bin ba trc trng cung cp nhy tng khi so snh vi cc k thut
cm bin o lng c in Hall m ch c mt (thng l theo chiu dc) thnh
phn ca lnh vc ny.
41
[Type text]
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[Type text]
[Type text]
[Type text]
,mm
Hoc
600 / ( f )0.5 , mm
Vi :
f : Tn s
: IACS (International Annealed Copper Standard)
r : Tnh t thm tng i
: in tr sut - cm
[Type text]
radians
Trong :
= giai on tr
x = khong cch di b mt
= tiu chun chiu su ca s thm nhp
47
[Type text]
5.1.3 Khu vc d
Dng in xoy l vng khp kn tun hon gy ra trong mt mt phng
vung gc vi hng ca t thng.
nhy khng
nhy thp
nhy ti a
48
[Type text]
Trong
Rt = in tr sut ca kim loi nhit kim tra,
R0 = in tr sut ca kim loi nhit tiu chun
= h s nhit ca in tr sut
49
[Type text]
T biu thc. (4.3) c th thy rng nu nhit tng ln, in tr sut tng
th dn in gim so vi nhit mi trng xung quanh. Ngc li, nu nhit
in tr sut gim th dn in tng.
chuyn i cc gi tr in tr sut, nh loi thu c t biu thc. (4.3)
chuyn i dn in v% IACS, cng thc chuyn i,
%IACS = 172.41/
Trong :
IACS : international annealed copper standard
( Tiu chun ng quc t )
: in tr sut
5.2.2 lch
dn in tiu chun trong thng c xc nh nhit c th;
20 C l thng c s dng nht . Gi tr ca dn in c thit lp trong
khong nhit ny. Nu tt c cc dng c o lng chun v dn in c th
c thc hin nhit ny, cc li dn in trong khi o lin quan n s
thay i nhit s khng xy ra v / hoc b nhit s khng cn thit. Trong
cc lnh vc c ng dng, nhit kim tra c th chp nhn c bt c ni
no trong phm vi -20 n 50 C. Tr khi bin php phng nga c a ra
trong vic la chn cc tiu chun, hiu chun ca dng c v th nghim, li c
th thu c trong cc gi tr o dn in. hai cch c sai s xy ra l (1) s
khc bit gia nhit tiu chun v nhit kim tra, hoc (2) s khc bit v
nhit m ti dn in ca tiu chun c thit lp ban u, v nhit
dn in m ti cc php o c thc hin.
ngn chn cc li chnh lch v nhit gia phn tiu chun v kim
tra, dng c v cc tiu chun c php n nh nhit phn th nghim
50
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51
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53
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Thc t ph bin nht lin quan n vic tch gc pha l xoay cc bin
th lift-off (khong cch)/ fill-factor (yu t in kn) theo chiu ngang v theo di
cc bin cn li. Da trn khi nim ny ca vic duy tr lift-off/fill-factor nh nm
ngang, so snh chi tit ca giai on phn tch gc gia cc bin th c xc
nh. Cn nhn mnh rng tn s c la chn c th khng nht thit phi l tn
s l tng c lng su gin on. Tip theo l phn tch gin on mt
phng php nh gi loi tr.
5.3.3 Lc
t c tn s mong mun v loi b cc tn s khng mong mun,
lc c s dng. Ba loi lc c th c s dng; lc thng cao,lc thng thp v
di thng qua. B lc thng cao s dng mt mch R- C, loi b cc tn s thp
cc thnh phn ca tn hiu dng xoy. y l loi lc c th loi b tc ng bin
i dn dn trong dn in hoc kch thc trn vic kim tra dng xoy phn
ng. Lc thng thp s dng mch tn hiu trung bnh loi b nhanh (tn s cao)
phn ng t nhiu in t v t tn s sng hi lin quan n bin th trong t
thm. B lc di thng qua s dng s kt hp ca c hai loi mch thc y
p ng trn mt phm vi c th ca tn s v ngn chn cc tn s trn v di
trong phm vi di y. Nhng nh hng ca tng loi b lc trn vi dng xoy
c ghi li trong hnh. 4.3.
La chn tn s
i vi mt loi gin on c bit n, v d nh: cc vt nt nh, cc b
lc thch hp c th c tnh ton bng cch chn lc hai bn dp ng tn s (Fr)
s dng cng thc 4.7. Cho cc thnh phn vi s gin on khc nhau, v d nh:
kim tra ng, la chn tn s b lc c th c ti u ha bng cch s dng mt
mu tham chiu ph hp.
54
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Hnh 4.3 Tc ng ca lc
5.3.4 Bo ha t
Kim tra dng xoy ca vt liu t tnh cho cc khuyt tt rt kh hoc
khng th v thay i tnh thm ngu nhin. Ngoi ra cn c nhng hn ch su
b mt. Nu khng c bo ha, thm ban u ca cc sn phm thp c th
dao ng t 50 n trn 500. Chiu su ca s thm nhp t l nghch vi cn bc
hai ca thm v tn s kim tra, c c thm nhp bng yu cu gim tn
s ca cc yu t tng t t 50 n hn 500. Tic l, lm gim tn s s di chuyn
cc im hot ng ni m phn tch tn hiu km (lift-off), thm v in tr
sut cng nh gim nhy cm vi khuyt tt. Do , bo ha t l cn thit
ngn chn nh hng ca bin th thm thng gy hi, c th b nhm ln tn hiu
li.
55
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56
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5.4.3 H s in kn
Bao quanh cun dy bn ngoi, hoc mt cun dy bn trong, yu in kn
l mt bin php tt (mu th) ph hp vi cc cun dy. N l cn thit duy tr
mt mi quan h lin tc gia ng knh ca cun dy v ng knh ca dy
dn. Nhng thay i nh trong cc ng knh ca dy dn c th gy ra nhng
thay i trong tr khng ca cun dy. iu ny c th hu ch trong vic pht
hin nhng thay i trong ng knh ca dy dn nhng n cng c th che khut
du hiu khc.
i vi mt cun dy bn ngoi:
H s in kn (
D1 2
)
D2
i vi mt cun dy bn trong:
H s in kn (
D2 2
)
D1
= H s in kn
D1 = Mt phn ng knh
D2 = ng knh cun dy
V vy, h s in kn phi nh hn 1 v nu = 1 cun dy c kch thc
tng t nh vt liu. Tuy nhin, yu t in kn lm l 1 chnh xc hn kim tra.
H s in kn c th hin theo %. nhy ln nht, h s in kn cng
cao cng tt tng thch vi chuyn ng d dng u d trong ng. Lu rng
cc yu t lm khng bao gi c th vt qu 1 (100%).
57
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5.4.4 nhy
Vic phn phi cc dng in xoy trn mt thanh trn s dng mt cun
dy bao quanh l nh vy m t trng ti a b mt v bng khng trung tm
ca thanh.
Vic phn phi cc dng in xoy trn mt tm phng bng cch s dng
mt thm d b mt l nh vy m t trng ti a trn b mt trc tip di cun
dy cun dy v l bng khng trung tm ca cun dy.
5.4.5 B
ti u ha u d ghp ni nhiu k thut c th c s dng, bao gm
;
(a) Vic s dng chi tit c kh/ gi u d c th h tr trong vic gim tc
ng ca lift off.
(b) ng knh u d thch hp ti a ha yu t lm.
5.5 nh hng ca tc u d
5.5.1 Dng c ghi theo tc tn s
Thit b dng xoy v thit b ghi kt qu hn ch p ng tn s. iu ny
c ngha yu cu thi gian nht nh p ng vi mt tn hiu u vo.
Tn s p ng, i khi c gi l tc phn hi, c nh ngha l tn
s m tn hiu u ra gim xung 0,707 (-3dB) ca tn hiu u vo ti a.
Mt cun dy c kim tra c hiu qu vi chiu rng cm bin W, i qua
mt li ca vt kim tra vi chiu rng w , tc s, s cm nhn c s khim
58
[Type text]
S
Ww
Trong :
S = Tc chuyn ng u d (mm Sec -1)
W = Chiu rng thm d (mm)
w = Chiu rng vt nt (mm)
Ch : i vi cc mc ch thc t chiu rng vt nt c th c coi nh
bng 0.
V d, mt tc thm d l 0,5 m / s v chiu rng thm d ca cm bin
l 2 mm, Fr= 250 hertz. Nu thit b c p ng tn s 250 Hz, tn hiu u ra c
gim xung 0,707 tn hiu u vo v tn hiu XY b bp mo. Nu p ng tn s
thit b l 500 hertz, tn hiu u ra gim nh. Trong v d ny, thit b dng xoy
nn c mt phn ng tn s bng hoc ln hn 500 hertz c c tn hiu dng.
Hoc ngc li, nu p ng tn s c ch l 350 hertz, tc kim tra ti a nn
c gim n 0,25 m / s.
5.5.2 Tn s p ng thit b theo tc th nghim
Mt s tiu chun xc nh tc qut ti a cho php. V d, theo iu I40 ca ASME iu 8 Ph lc 1, tc qut ti a dng in xoy thm d c th
59
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[Type text]
61
[Type text]
Hnh 4.5. Tn hiu dng xoy (a) tuyt i v (b) thit b thm d b mt
khc bit.
5.6.2 La chn mu tham chiu
Cc mu tham chiu l mt phn c x l theo cch tng t nh cc sn
phm ang c kim tra. N s c kch thc ng k tng t v thnh phn
danh nh tng t nh cc sn phm ang c kim tra. Cc mu tham chiu
phi di m phng vic x l sn phm c kim tra thng qua cc thit b
kim tra. S tch bit gia gin on tham chiu c t trong cc mu tham
chiu cng khng c thp hn so vi chiu di ca n v cm bin ca thit b
kim tra.
5.6.3 Ch to v ti lp cc loi mu tham chiu
Hu ht cc tiu chun tham chiu bao gm cc l khoan c ng knh
khc nhau hoc su khc nhau t b mt bn ngoi. Mt s mu tham chiu c
62
[Type text]
EDM (kim loai) bc theo hng vng trn v trc v trn c hai b mt bn trong
v bn ngoi.
5.7. phng php kim tra
5.7.1 Phm vi kim tra
Kim tra dng xoy bao gm phm vi rt rng l ca cc k thut kim tra, c
th bao gm:
a) Pht hin vt nt trong b mt nh tm v cc thnh phn hnh hc phc
tp s dng cun b mt /pancake, thng s dng tn s cao, u d ng knh
nh.
b) Pht hin vt nt b mt trong l fastener s dng hng cng nh cc
u d quay.
S dng tn s cao, u d ng knh nh.
c) Lp di b mt v lp th hai pht hin vt nt trong tm nh cc thnh
phn s dng cun b mt / pancake, thng s dng tn s thp, u d ng
knh ln hn.
d) Php o dn.
e) o chiu dy lp ph.
f) Cht liu o chiu dy.
g) ng v kim tra thanh s dng bao quanh, sp xp mt hoc nhiu u
d.
63
[Type text]
[Type text]
[Type text]
66
[Type text]
[Type text]
68
[Type text]
6.3 o dn in.
Mt trong nhng ng dng ca kim tra dng xoy l o dn in. Gi
tr ca dn in ca kim loi ph thuc vo nhiu yu t, chng hn nh thnh
phn ha hc ca n v cu trc tinh th ca n. V vy, thng tin dn in c th
c s dng phn loi kim loi, kim tra x l nhit, tn thng gy ra bi
nhit.
69
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70
[Type text]
71