Chemical Reactions e-data chart (Part 1)

Key Question
Bibliographical details of resources

Living Systems:
Cellular Respiration

Reaction 1:
Chemical reaction in words and chemical
language
Energy changes
History of the reaction (when, where, how,
by whom it was discovered)
Importance today
Infer: environmental or social issue description
Solution to issue

Copy and paste information from a website or write

notes from your reading

The term cellular respiration refers to the biochemical

pathway by which cells release energy from the
chemical bonds of food molecules and provide that
energy for the essential processes of life. All living cells
must carry out cellular respiration. It can be aerobic
respiration in the presence of oxygen or anaerobic
respiration. Prokaryotic cells carry out cellular
respiration within the cytoplasm or on the inner surfaces
of the cells. More emphasis here will be placed on
eukaryotic cells where the mitochondria are the site of
most of the reactions. The energy currency of these
cells is ATP, and one way to view the outcome of
cellular respiration is as a production process for ATP.
The respiration (or burning) of a mole of glucose
releases 686 kcal of energy. This value represents the
difference between the energy needed to break the
bonds of the reactants (glucose and oxygen) and the
energy liberated when the bonds of the products (H2O
and CO2) form.

There isn't exactly one scientist that discovered cellular

Picture/diagrammatic representation/clip respiration. Han Krebs was given the Nobel Prize for

Summary of the key ideas from the information

in the middle column
Also include questions, any observations,
things you agree or disagree with, things you
don't understand, related resources, relevance
to the question, etc
Cellular respiration is the process of energy
molecules when they are combined with oxygen
we breathe to release energy needed by our
cells plus carbon dioxide and water. Energy
used by cells is chemical energy in the form of
ATP.
Here is the overall equation for cellular
respiration:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
The respiration of a mole of glucose releases
686 kcal (energy in food). This represents the
difference between energy needed to break the
bonds and the energy liberated when the bonds
of the products form.
There were many scientists that contributed to
the discovery of Cellular Respiration. These
scientists were: Hans Krebs, who won a Noble
Prize for an aspect of cellular respiration, Citric

discovering an aspect of cellular respiration, Citric Acid

Bibliography
Cycle. Claude Bernard, a French physiologist, invented
http://hyperphysics.phya medicinal attribute to cellular respiration. Otto Heinrich
astr.gsu.edu/hbase/biology/celres.html
Warburg, a physicist, discovered a third attribute of
http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet cellular respiration which is the discovery of the nature
/BiologyPages/B/BalanceSheet.html
and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme. All of
http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/ these men were credited for this discovery.
michael.gregory/files/bio%20101/bio%20
101%20laboratory/cellular%20respiratio
The reactions within cells which result in the synthesis of
n/cellular%20respiration1.htm
http://www.colorado.edu/eeb/courses/12 ATP using energy stored in glucose are referred to
as cellular respiration. Aerobic respiration requires
30jbasey/abstracts%202006/13.htm
oxygen as the final electron acceptor. Fermentation does
http://www.ehow.com/about_6554251_o not require oxygen.
xygen-important-cellularThe equation for aerobic respiration is below.
respiration_.html
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6 H2O + 36 or 38 ATP
In aerobic respiration (equation above) glucose is
completely broken down to CO2 + H2O but during
fermentation, it is only partially broken down. Much of the
energy originally available in glucose remains in the
products produced. Plant and fungal cells produce alcohol
as a result of fermentation and animal cells produce lactic
acid. The equation for alcohol fermentation is below.
C6H12O6 2CO2 + 2C2H5OH + 2 ATP
Notice from the above equations that aerobic respiration
produces much more ATP per glucose molecule than
fermentation.
Cellular respiration is the process cells use to retrieve energy
stored in carbohydrates, fats and proteins. Glucose and other
molecules are broken down, and the energy released is used

Acid Cycle. Another was Claude Bernard, a

French physiologist who invented a medicinal
attribute to cellular respiration. Otto Heinrich
Warburg, a physicist, discovered a third
attribute of cellular respiration which is the
discovery of the nature and mode of action of
the respiratory enzyme. These are the
scientists that contributed to cellular respiration.
Aerobic cellular respiration involves the
breaking of sugars, proteins, carbohydrates,
and other molecules with the effect of producing
chemical energy in the form of ATP. In the
process of
aerobic cellular
respiration,
sugar and
oxygen are
used, while
water, carbon
dioxide, and
energy are
yielded.
Respiration is necessary in the function of all
cells and is necessary for the continuation of
life.
The importance in cellular respiration is to
retrieve energy stored in carbohydrates, fats
and proteins. While, Glucose and other
molecules are broken down, and the energy
released is used to make another molecule

Living Systems:
Reaction 2:
Anaerobic Respiration
Chemical reaction in words and chemical
language
Energy changes
History of the reaction (when, where, how,
by whom it was discovered)
Importance today
Infer: environmental or social issue description

to make another molecule called adenosine triphosphate

(ATP), the "energy currency" of the cell. While our cells can
use fermentation to make ATP without using oxygen, cellular
respiration is far more efficient -- so much so that humans
and most other animals quickly die if deprived of oxygen.

known as

Anaerobic respiration is a type of respiration that does

not use oxygen. It is used when there is not enough
oxygen for aerobic respiration. It can be summarized by
the following equation:

In contrast to aerobic respiration,

anaerobic respiration describes a set of
chemical reactions that allow cells to gain
energy from complex molecules without
oxygen. Your muscles cells perform
anaerobic respiration whenever you
exhaust the oxygen being delivered to
them, such as during intense or prolonged
exercise. Anaerobic respiration by yeast
and bacteria is harnessed for
fermentation, to produce ethanol, carbon
dioxide, and other chemicals that
make cheese, wine, beer, yogurt, bread,
and many other common products.

glucose lactic acid (+ energy released)

This type of respiration may be used when, for example,
an animal is being chased by a predator.
Anaerobic respiration also takes place in plants and
some microbial cells in the presence of little or no
oxygen. Examples of this include the roots of plants in
waterlogged soils and bacteria in puncture wounds.
Anaerobic respiration in plant cells and some
microorganisms (such as yeast) produces ethanol and
carbon dioxide, as opposed to lactic acid. It can be
summarized by the following equation:
glucose ethanol + carbon dioxide (+ energy released)

Solution to issue
Picture/diagrammatic representation/clip
Bibliography
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesi
ze/science/add_ocr_21c/life_processes/

Aerobic respiration releases more energy per glucose

molecule than anaerobic respiration.
The number of ATP quickly produced in the cytoplasm
from conversion of one glucose to two pyruvic acid (do
not include ATP later released from the NADH as this
requires oxygen and many more steps, mostly in
mitochondria).

The equation for this process:

glucose lactic acid (+ energy released)

Otto Warburg is to my
mind the father of modern
biochemistry. He is best
known for discovering
what we now call NADH
and FADH2, important
electron carriers during

energyrev3.shtml
https://sites.google.com/site/ganoderma
review/the-root-cause-of-cancer
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaerobic_r
espiration

This number of ATP represents the energy released from

one glucose without any oxygen.

Subtract the number you obtained above for energy

released by one glucose without oxygen from the total
number of ATP released from one glucose (you worked
this out in the table in subsection 9).
38 - __ = __ ATP released from glucose in the many
steps beyond pyruvic acid.

Anaerobic respiration is a form of respiration using electron

acceptors other than oxygen. Although oxygen is not used as
the final electron acceptor, the process still uses a
respiratory electron transport chain; it is respiration without
oxygen. In order for the electron transport chain to function,
an exogenous final electron acceptor must be present to
allow electrons to pass through the system

Non-Living Systems:
Reaction 1:
Combustion
Chemical reaction in words and chemical
language
Energy changes

Combustion or burning is a complex sequence of chemical

reactions between a fuel and an oxidant accompanied by the
production of heat or both heat and light in the form of either a
glow or flames.
Rapid combustion is a form of combustion in which large
amounts of heat and light energy are released.
This often occurs as a fire.
This is used in a form of machinery, such as internal combustion
engines, and in thermobaric weapons.
Combustion is double replacement, on the other hand a
chemical reaction is single replacement.
Slow combustion is a form of combustion which takes place at
low temperatures.
Respiration is an example of slow combustion.

anaerobic respiration.

Warburg investigated the metabolism of tumors

and the respiration of cells, particularly cancer
cells, and in 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize
in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature
and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme."
Instead of oxygen is produced, which allows the
muscles to work. Without oxygen it would have
been impossible. Along with that, a lot of energy
is produced by anaerobic respiration, which
keeps us
going.

Every time you strike a match, burn a

candle, build a fire, or light a grill, you see
the combustion reaction. Combustion
combines energetic molecules with oxygen
to produce carbon dioxide and water. For
example, the combustion reaction of
propane, found in gas grills and some
fireplaces, is:

History of the reaction (when, where, how,

by whom it was discovered)
Importance today
Infer: environmental or social issue description
Solution to issue
Picture/diagrammatic representation/clip
Bibliography
http://www.sciencedaily.com/articles/c/c
ombustion.htm
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/to
pic/127367/combustion/285206/Historyof-the-study-of-combustion

Non-Living Systems:
Reaction 2:

The world and modern society are driven by the

need to produce energy to make products
(manufacturing), to move around (transportation),
to heat homes and buildings, and to create light
(electricity). At least 75% of these needs are met by
the combustion of fossil fuels. Energy is stored in
chemical compounds in the bonds that bind atoms
to each other.
Combustion, fire, and flame have been observed and
speculated about from earliest times. Every civilization has
had its own explanation for them. The Greeks interpreted
combustion in terms of philosophical doctrines, one of
which was that a certain inflammable principle was
contained in all combustible bodies and this principle
escaped when the body was burned to react with air. A
generalization of the concept was provided by
the phlogiston theory, formulated in the 17th century.
Treated at first as a purely metaphysical
quality, phlogiston was later conceived as a material
substance having weight and, sometimes, negative weight.

Rust is an iron oxide, usually red oxide formed by

the redox reaction of iron and oxygen in the presence of

C3H8 + 5O2 4H2O + 3CO2 + energy

Combustion has been discovered since the

Ancient Greek period. It was only til the 17th
century, did people discover that combustion
could be useful with air. The inadequacy of the
phlogiston theory became apparent only in the
late 18th century, when it proved unable to
explain a host of new facts about combustion
that were being observed for the first time as
the result of increasing accuracy in laboratory
experiments.
Conservation of energy requires an efficient
combustion of fossil fuels, and the protection of
the environment demands a limitation of the
pollutants emitted from combustion systems.
In order to operate a heat engine we need a hot
source
together with a cold sink
Occasionally these occur together in nature eg:geothermal sites or solar powered engines, but
usually the
heat source has to be 'artificially' provided.
The most common way of doing this is by the
combustion of
a fuel. (Nuclear fission/fusion & solar are
alternatives )
Over time, iron develops a red, flaky
coating called rust. This is an example of

Rust
Chemical reaction in words and chemical
language
Energy changes

water or air moisture. Several forms of rust are

distinguishable both visually and by spectroscopy, and form
under different circumstances.[1] Rust consists of
hydrated iron(III) oxides Fe2O3nH2O and iron(III) oxidehydroxide (FeO(OH), Fe(OH)3).
Given sufficient time, oxygen, and water, any iron mass will

History of the reaction (when, where, how,

by whom it was discovered)

eventually convert entirely to rust and disintegrate. Surface

rust is flaky and friable, and provides no protection to the
underlying iron, unlike the formation of patina on copper

Importance today

surfaces. Rusting is the common term for corrosion of iron

and its alloys, such as steel. Many other metals undergo

Infer: environmental or social issue description

equivalent corrosion, but the resulting oxides are not

Solution to issue

Other forms of rust exist, like the result of reactions between

Picture/diagrammatic representation/clip

rebarused in underwater concrete pillars is an example

Bibliography
http://www.corrosion-doctors.org/CorrosionHistory/Rust-history.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rust
http://www.corrosiondoctors.org/Experiments/rust-chemistry.htm

an oxidation reaction. Other everyday

examples include formation of verdigris
on copper and tarnishing of silver.

commonly called rust.

iron and chloride in an environment deprived of oxygen

which generates green rust.

The loose porous rust or Fe(OH)3 can slowly

transform into a crystallized form written as
Fe2O3.H2O the familiar red-brown stuff that is called
"rust" forming tubercles as shown here. Since these
processes involve hydrogen ions or hydroxide ions,
they will be affected by changes in pH. With limited
O2, magnetite is formed (Fe3O4).
If other ions like calcium or carbonate are present,
they make a variety of precipitates that mix in with
the iron hydroxide to produce a crusty, twisted
coating which can either slow corrosionby cutting
the iron off from the acid, water, and air supply or

Here is the chemical equation for the

rusting of iron:
Fe + O2 + H2O Fe2O3. XH2O

To the great majority of people, corrosion

means rust, an almost universal object of
hatred. `Rust' is, of course, the name which
has more recently been specifically reserved
for the corrosion of iron, while `corrosion' is
the destructive phenomenon which affects
almost all metals. Although iron was not the
first metal used by man, it has certainly
been the most used, and must have been
one of the first with which serious corrosion
problems were obtained. It is not,
therefore, surprising that the terms
corrosion and rust are almost synonymous.

grow into convoluted shapes called tubercles. The

growth of these tubercles can greatly affect the flow
of water through water mains as shown here.
(picture courtesy)