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Aerospace Engineering
Lift Equation
Lift
Coefficient of Lift, Cl
Determined experimentally
Combines several factors
Shape
Angle of attack
2
=
2
Alternate format
Direction of Flight
=
=
= 2
=
3
= (1,056 ) 9.81 2
= 10,359
Convert velocity
102 1000
60
60
= 28.3
0.2869
+ 273.1
101.29
0.2869
= 1.196 3
22 + 273.1
18.2 2
= 1.19
2(10,359 )
1.196 3 28.3
Boundary Layer
Fluid molecules stick to objects surface
Creates boundary layer of slower moving
fluid
Boundary layer is crucial to wing
performance
Reynolds Number, Re
Representative value to compare different
fluid flow systems
Object moving through fluid disturbs
molecules
Motion generates aerodynamic forces
Airfoil1
Comparable
to
Airfoil2
when
Re1
Re2
Airflow
Lift
Lift
Airflow
Direction of Flight
Lift
Stall
Direction
of Flight
Angle of Attack
Reynolds Number
Ratio of inertial (resistant to change)
forces to viscous (sticky) forces
Dimensionless number
v
v
=
=
=
or
=
=
=
=
3
2
2
v =
= 15.04 0.00649
= 11.1
11.1 + 273.1
288.08
5.256
0.2869
+ 273.1
61. 5
0.2869
= 0.818 3
11.1 + 273.1
820 1000
60
60
= 227.8
0.817 3 227.8
(1.1 )
5
1.65 10
2
= 12,408,000
Drag Equation
Drag
Coefficient of drag, Cd
Determined experimentally
Combines several factors
Shape
Angle of attack
2
=
2
Alternate format
Direction of Flight
=
=
= 2
=
3
0.05
18.2 2
= 436
1.196 3
28.3
Wingtip Vortices
Air flows both upward and rearward, forming
a vortex
Winglets are vertical airfoils that limit vortices
and improve fuel efficiency
Reference
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (2011). Aerodynamic
forces. Retrieved from http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K12/airplane/presar.html
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (2011). Reynolds
number. Retrieved from
http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/BGH/reynolds.html
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (2011). Winglets.
Retrieved from
http://www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/about/Organizations/Technolog
y/Facts/TF-2004-15-DFRC.html
Raymer, P. (2006). Aircraft design: A conceptual approach. Reston,
VA: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.