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1.1.1

..o0o..

Tiu lun
ng dng phng php
hunh quang tia X trong
khoa hc v k thut

ng Dng Phng Php Hunh Quang Tia X Trong Khoa Hc V K Thut

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Mc Lc
Mc Lc..................................................................................................................1
Chng 1. L Thuyt Pht X Hunh Quang Tia X ................................................3
1.1 C Ch Pht X Hunh Quang Tia X.............................................................3
1.2 u im V Nhc im .............................................................................5
1.2.1 u im ..................................................................................................5
1.2.2 Nhc im.............................................................................................5
Chng 2. Cc ng Dng Ca Phng Php Hunh...............................................6
2.1 ng Dng Trong Xc nh Nguy Hi V Nguyn T Vi Lng Thit Yu
Trong Mi Trng V Vt Liu Sinh Hc ...........................................................6
2.1.1 Gii thiu ................................................................................................6
2.1.2 Cc loi my s dng v iu kin o......................................................7
2.1.2.a Ph k EDXRF vi bia th cp .........................................................8
2.1.2.b Quang ph k TXRF .........................................................................8
2.1.2.c Quang ph k PXRF..........................................................................9
2.1.2.d Quang ph k XRF/CT ............................................................... 11
2.1.3 Chun b mu ........................................................................................11
2.1.3.a Mu sinh hc...................................................................................13
2.1.3.b Mu mi trng ..............................................................................13
2.1.4 Kt qu..................................................................................................14
2.1.4.a .Mu go .........................................................................................14
2.1.4.b Mu xng......................................................................................14
2.1.4.c Mu mi trng ..............................................................................15
2.1.4.d Mu kh ht nhn ngng t.............................................................. 16
2.1.4.e Mu t nhim Uranium..................................................................17
2.2 ng Dng S2 Picofox Phn Tch Du Vt Nguyn T, Xc nh Tnh Xc
Thc V Kim Tra Tinh Khit Ca Cc Mu Dc Phm............................ 19
2.2.1 Gii thiu .............................................................................................. 19
2.2.2 Nhng thng s o lng ......................................................................21
2.2.3 Chun b mu ........................................................................................21
2.2.4 Kt qu..................................................................................................23
2.2.4.a Kim tra tnh xc thc ca ASA ......................................................23
2.2.4.b Kim tra tinh khit ca Natri clorua............................................24
2.2.5 Kt lun.................................................................................................25
2.3 Mt S ng Dng Khc...............................................................................26
2.3.1 Trong phn tch hnh nh .......................................................................26
2.3.2 Trong php y .........................................................................................27
Ti Liu Tham Kho ............................................................................................. 28

ng Dng Phng Php Hunh Quang Tia X Trong Khoa Hc V K Thut

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Chng 2. L Thuyt Pht X Hunh Quang Tia X

2.1 C Ch Pht X Hunh Quang Tia X
Khi mt ngun kch thch tia X s cp t mt ng tia X hoc t ngun ng v
phng x chiu vo mu, tia X c th c hp th bi cc nguyn t hay phn tn
thng qua vt liu. Qu trnh trong mt tia X c hp th bi cc nguyn t
bng cch chuyn ton b nng lng ca n cho mt electron trong cng c gi
l " hiu ng quang in ". Khi electron cc lp K, L, M. thot ra ngoi, nguyn
t trng thi kch thch v cc l trng c lp y bi s dch chuyn electron
cc lp ngoi c mc nng lng ln hn, mi s chuyn mc u c nng lng
km theo v nng lng ny c s dng theo mt trong hai cch:

Dng cho photon tia X ngha l bc x hunh quang tia X

Quang electron
E E E0

Bc x pht ra t
ng tia X hoc
ngun ng v
phng x

ng Dng Phng Php Hunh Quang Tia X Trong Khoa Hc V K Thut

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Dng cho electron Auger ngha l nng lng tia X hon ton b mt do hp
th trong phm vi nguyn t vi kt qu l electron mc cao hn ( lp ngoi)
s thot ra ngoi.

ng Dng Phng Php Hunh Quang Tia X Trong Khoa Hc V K Thut

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2.2 u im V Nhc im
2.2.1 u im
Hunh quang tia X thch hp cho vic phn tch c lin quan n:
- Phn tch c s lng ln cc nguyn t ha hc chnh (Si, Ti, Al, Fe, Mn,
Mg, Ca, Na, K, P) trong v trm tch.
- Phn tch c s lng ln cc nguyn t vi lng (> 1 ppm; Ba, Ce, Co,
Cr, Cu, Ga, La, Nb, Ni, Rb, Sc, Sr, Rh, U, V, Y, Zr, Zn) trong v trm tch.

2.2.2 Nhc im
Trong l thuyt XRF c kh nng pht hin tia X pht ra t hu ht tt c cc
yu t, ty thuc vo bc sng v cng ca tia X. Tuy nhin :
- Trong thc t, cc ph k thng mi rt hn ch trong kh nng o chnh
xc cc nguyn t c Z <11 hu ht cc vt liu t t nhin.
- XRF phn tch khng th phn bit cc bin th trong s cc ng v ca
mt nguyn t, do , cc phn tch ny thng xuyn c thc hin vi
cc dng c khc.
- XRF phn tch khng th phn bit cc ion ca cng mt nguyn t trong
nhng trng thi ha tr khc nhau, do , nhng phn tch ca v khong
sn c thc hin vi k thut nh phn tch ha hc t hoc ph
Mossbauer.

ng Dng Phng Php Hunh Quang Tia X Trong Khoa Hc V K Thut

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Chng 3. Cc ng Dng Ca Phng Php Hunh

Quang Tia X
3.1 ng Dng Trong Xc nh Nguy Hi V Nguyn T Vi Lng Thit
Yu Trong Mi Trng V Vt Liu Sinh Hc
3.1.1 Gii thiu
S nhim mi trng do thin nhin hoc do hot ng ca con ngi gy
ra, kt qu lm nhim bu kh quyn, nc, tDo nghin cu s nhim
mi trng, cn tip cn mt cch ton din, mt lot cc mu i din cn phi
c phn tch y trong phm vi rng cc thng s. iu ny s bao gm vic
o lng s lng ln cc mu c bn cht khc nhau. Thng tin y thu c
t vic kim tra cp nhim theo di mt cch ton din cc c trng ca
cht gy nhim, thng tin s cho bit cc con ng gy nhim v phc v cho
vic qun l, kim sot chng. T nhng l do trn, cc yu cu t ra l phi phn
tch nhanh, khng ph hy mu v phn tch ng thi nhiu nguyn t. Ph hunh
quang tia X phn tn nng lng ( EDXRF) v k thut lin quan p ng nhu cu
ny. Trong 20 nm qua my EDXRF c pht trin mnh m. Gn y, s tin
b trong detector s dng cht bn dn, trong x l tn hiu s v trong h thng
my tnh iu khin d liu m rng ng dng ca k thut ny vi chi ph thp,
xc nh nhanh nng cc nguyn t trong mu. Li th chnh ca k thut
EDXRF hn cc phng php khc l n c kh nng phn tch c nhiu nguyn
t, phng php chun b mu d dng v pht hin tt gii hn cc nguyn t. Mt
li th khc l chi ph bo tr thp cho php EDXRF c s dng rng ri trong
cc phng th nghim trn th gii. Cc b phn ca EDXRF c sn trn th trng,
cc phng th nghim ph k tia X c th lp t d dng v c lp. IAEA thng
qua cc d n hp tc h tr cc phng th nghim XRF, cung cp phn mm
phn tch v gip bo tr trang thit b. C quan ny cng tham gia o to i
ng nhn vin chuyn nghip. h tr cc hot ng IAEA thnh lp mt
phng th nghim XRF ti Seibersdorf, c.

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Tt c cc cng vic th nghim c tin hnh v kt qu thu c ti

phng th nghim XRF ca IAEA. Phng th nghim c trang b mt h thng
XRF thng mi dng cho cc cng tc phn tch thng xuyn, v mt vi nhm
lm vic vi quang ph k EDXRF. Cc k thut phn tch c th bao gm EDXRF
vi bia th cp, tng phn x hunh quang tia X (TXRF), chm vi m XRF (XRF)
v ph k XRF xch tay phn tch trc tip ti ch ng v phng x ( PXRF). Cc
ph k XRF cng c s dng chp ct lp tia X (CT). S dng nhng k
thut ny, xc nh nguy hi v nguyn t vi lng thit yu trong mi trng, mu
sinh hc v c tnh ca mu hn tp c thc hin.
Mu

EDXRF
sec.target

Mu
Sinh hc
Go
Xng ngi
Mu
Mi trng
t
Kh ht nhn
ngng t
t b nhim
uranium

TXRF

PXRF

XRF

CT

Bng 1: Mu v cc k thut quang ph c s dng

3.1.2 Cc loi my s dng v iu kin o

Cc phn tch XRF thc hin s dng mt vi phng php XRF v quang
ph k. N ty thuc vo ph s dng, cc mu phn tch c chun b dng
vin nn, ht c gi trn b lc polycarbonate ( EDXRF), cht lng - sau khi ha
tan trong h thng l vi sng axit ha tan ( TXRF) hoc lc ht c gi sau mt
chu trnh trc c c ha hc ( EDXRF v TXRF), bt lng ( PXRF), ht ring l
c gi trn l Mylar ( XRF) v mu pht gn kt nhng ht ring l (CT). Cu
to ca cc ph k v iu kin o lng c m t di y

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3.1.2.a Ph k EDXRF vi bia th cp

Hai quang ph k c s dng. H thng th nht l mt b my thng mi
bao gm mt cc dng bng Pd, ng tia X (300W), nm bia th cp
( Al2 O3 , Co, Mo, Pd , nhit phn than ch nh hng cao (HOPG)), mt detector
Si(Li) ( FWHM =150eV / 5.9keV, vng kch hot 20mm2, ca s Be 8m ) . Vic
o lng c thc hin trong chn khng, thi gian phn tch mi mu l 1800s
( bao gm thi gian o vi tt c nm bia) v ng HV c ci t ty thuc vo bia
th cp, l mt trong cc thng s sau: 52,5kV/Al2O3 , 30kV/Co , 30kV/Mo ,
44kV/Pd v 15kV/HOPG. Phn tch c iu khin bi h thng my tnh thu thp
d liu. Cc mu phn tch c chun b dng vin nn vi ng knh bng 32
mm. S phn tch nh lng c s dng trong quang ph k thng mi da
trn cch tip cn thng s tn x c bn. Vi mc ch phn tch trc tip khng
kh ht nhn ngng t trn b lc polycarbonate , h thng th hai l quang ph k
EDXRF sec.target c s dng. Quang ph k ny bao gm cc dng l Mo,
ng tia X (3000W), bia th cp l Mo, mt detector Si(Li) ( FWHM=170eV /
5.9keV, vng kch hot 30mm2, ca s Be 8m) i km vi in t NIM, kt ni
vi h thng my phn tch bin a knh (MCA) da trn my tnh. Cc php o
c thc hin trong chn khng, thi gian o mi mu l 10000s. iu kin hot
ng ca ng l 45kV/40mA.

3.1.2.b Quang ph k TXRF

Quang ph k TXRF bao gm mt bung chn khng gn vi ng tia X
(3000W), cc dng l Mo. Bung c trang b ng c gii hn phn x v c
gii ha giai on mu cho php iu khin t xa gc lt qua. Ph tia X c thu
nhn bi detector Si(Li) ( FWHM = 170eV / 5.9keV, vng kch hot 30mm 2 , ca
s Be 8m). S iu khin gc ti hn v thu thp d liu c thc hin di s
iu khin ca my tnh chy phn mm SPECTOR. ng tia X hot ng ti
45kV/40mA v thi gian o mi mu trong khong 100-500s.

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Mt h thng c thit k v lp rp ti phng th nghim IAEA

Hnh 1: Quang ph k TXRF

3.1.2.c Quang ph k PXRF

Quang ph k c th s dng trc tip trn mu t v cng c th phn tch
mu bt lng ng trong ly nha. Ti a ba ngun ( Fe-55, Cd-109, Am-241) c th
c lp t trn mt bnh xe quay vng cho mu lin tc b kch thch. Cc kt qu
thu c bng cch s dng ngun ng v phng x Cd-109 c hot 925MBq
kch thch bc x hunh quang tia X. Ph tia X c thu nhn bi detector
photodiode Si-PIN c cung cp bi acquy hot ng tch hp nng lng/ b
khuch i gn vi acquy hot ng. D liu thu thp c kim sot bi mt my
tnh. Hiu sut ca quang ph k c xc nhn bng cch phn tch ph rng
ca cc vt liu lin quan di dng bt v thc hin ti ch xc nh nguyn t
trong mt t.

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Ph k cm tay da trn ng v phng x c thit k v lp rp ti phng

th nghim IAEA

Hp ng ngun
c th quay

L chn
bng ch

Hp ng mu
bng nha

Ngun Cd-109 hnh

vnh khuyn
Ngun Fe-56
hnh vnh khuyn
Khung detector
v bn tn nhit

Ngun
cung cp

Hnh 2: Ph k cm tay XRF

ng Dng Phng Php Hunh Quang Tia X Trong Khoa Hc V K Thut