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2. Specific gravity – this is used for alcoholic solution which is numerically equal to
density.
Density = specific gravity
D = w/v; specific gravity = weight/ volume
Examples:
a) What is the weight in grams of 10 ml H2SO4 whose sp. gr. is 1.84?
10ml g H2SO4 = 18.4 g H2SO4
b) What is the volume in ml of 12 grams HCl whose sp gr is 1.15?
12 g HCl = 10.43 ml HCl
Example/s:
1. What is the normality of a solution which
was prepared by dissolving 3.7 grams of
Ca(OH)2 in q.s. water to make 100 ml
solution?
Preliminary Consideration:
4 requirements in Volumetric Work
1. accurate balance for weighing the sample
2. accurate measuring instrument for measuring volume (burets,
pipets and volumetric flask)
3. a standard solution (ss) or a solution whose accurate
concentration is known
4. An appropriate indicator
NEUTRALIZATION METHODS :
Indicators used in Neutralization Method:
A. PREPARATION
B. COMPARISON
C. STANDARDIZATION
D. ACTUAL ANALYSIS
STEPS INVOLVED IN VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS
A. PREPARATION – computations involved
1. From a solid
Weight = N x V x meq wt
Ex. Solve for the weight needed to prepare 1 liter 0.50 N potassium hydroxide
solution.
If Va is a known volume of acid which is titrated with the base and the volume of base is Vb,
then we say the end point of titration Va = Vb
At end point Na Va = Nb Vb
1 ml A = Vb
Va
1 ml B = Va
Vb
N = wt of primary standard
ml x meq
Examples:
Reaction involved:
Reaction involved:
Aqueous Medium:
% = ml x N x meq x 100
Sample
Examples:
• Calculate the sodium Bicarbonate content of 0.2800 g
sample requiring 3.51 ml of 0.9165 N sulfuric acid.
Solution:
% = ml x N x meq x 100
Sample
Residual or back titration
is used whenever the end point of a direct
titration deviates appreciably from the
stoichiometric points for some reason;