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Source Notes

Pg. 256 This may suggest that the rise in

obesity may be partly influenced by a decrease
in energy expenditure not measured by current
instruments, such as reduced dependence on
walking/cycling for transportation, increased
use of labour- saving devices in the home and
at work, and increased involvement in
sedentary behaviours, such as television
watching and video game playing (1)
Pg. 257 "Physical Activity Guides" provided
by Health Canada recommend that children
and youth increase their levels of physical
activity at least 30 minutes per day, but also
decrease time spent in specific sedentary
activities such as television watching, playing
computer games and surfing the internet by at
least 30 minutes per day (1)
Pg. 257 Similarly, the American Academy of
Pediatrics recommends limiting media time for
children to less than 2 hours per day of quality
programming, while children less than 2 years
should be discouraged from any viewing time
(1)
Pg. 257 For example, it appears that reducing
the time spent in behaviours involving screenbased entertainment and motorized transport
may help, independent of physical activity,
attenuate excessive weight gain and reduce the
risk of developing cardiovascular disease and
diabetes among children and adults (1)
Pg. 257 Additionally, experimental studies by
Epstein and colleagues showed that obese
children (8 to 12 years old) who were reinforced only for being less sedentary (e.g.,
watching less television/ video, playing less
computer games) showed equal or better
changes in weight or fitness compared to those
who were reinforced only for being more
physically active (1)

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ENGL- 1102

First Thoughts
I totally agree with this in that we are doing
more activity on technology than physical
activity outside

I think that is this is a good recommendation

because it doesnt completely take away their
sedentary activities but it is making them move
around and get some energy in/out.

I definitely agree than children less than 2

shouldnt be doing sedentary activities since
they are so young. I think that 2 hours or less is
a good amount of time that a kid should have
on media time

I thought the same thing, this is pretty much

basic knowledge.

This is interesting because the kids tended to

lose more weight when pushed to do less
sedentary activities than those who were just
pushed to do more physical activity. This
shows that without their sedentary activities
they are pretty much forced to have to do
physical activities that entertain them.

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Pg. 20 Research findings support the idea that

children who eat more "empty calories" and
expend fewer calories through physical activity
are more likely to be obese than other
This backs up my thesis behind my research
children. (2)
that lack of physical activity has led to an
increase in obesity in children.
Pg. 27 Researchers have found much stronger
links between sedentary activities, especially
television viewing, and overweight and
obesity. (2)
Sedentary activities play a key role of ones
weight, especially during the childhood stage.
Pg. 27 William Dietz and Steven Gortmaker
produced the canonical study on television's
role in childhood obesity, finding that each
additional hour of television per day increased Great quote from reading!
the prevalence of obesity by 2 percent. They
note that television viewing may affect weight
in several ways. First, it may squeeze out
physical activity. Second, television
advertising may increase children's desire for,
and ultimately their consumption of, energydense snack foods. Third, watching television
may go hand in hand with snacking, leading to
higher energy intake among children watching
television (2)
Pg. 35 The National Association of Early
Childhood Specialists in State Departments of
Education recently stressed the importance of
recess and free play, observing that 40 percent Not just happening at home, but also at school
of elementary schools have reduced, deleted, or where we see less physical activity.
are considering deleting recess since 1989 (2)
Pg. 37 According to a 1999 study, children
spent 19.3 hours a week watching television,
another 2.3 hours playing video games, and 2.5
hours in front of the computer, implying just
over one day (24.1 hours) of "screen time" a
week (2)

Pg. 46 Children in the United States spend

approximately 12 minutes per day in vigorous
physical activity and are inactive for 75% of
their waking hour (3)

I cant imagine what the numbers are now,

with that being over 10 years ago and the
advances we have had in technologies. Parents
are also responsible for the increase of obesity
since this time amount is going on/they are
providing these gadgets.

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Pg. 46 Questions in the initial interview

process focused on participants past and
present physical education experiences, their
perceptions of how they were treated by peers
and teachers, their involvement in
extracurricular activities, and their attributions
to success and failure. (3)
Pg. 46 Three major themes emerged from the
data collected during the interviews: (1)
overweight students view physical education as
having little to no benefit, (2) overweight
students possess a desire to become invisible
during physical education class, and (3)
overweight students began to discover the
potential benefits of physical education as the
interview progressed (3)
Pg. 46 In addition, three underlying themes
emerged during the study: (1) overweight
students consistently had negative experiences
linked to inappropriate teaching, (2) they
viewed running as emotional torment with
physical discomfort, and (3) they viewed
fitness tests as a threat due to the visibility and
potential scrutiny from their peers. (3)

Pg. 90 Therefore, the blaming approach

should be condemned, and the focus should be
on the modifiable environmental risk factors.
This approach will firmly establish a
therapeutic alliance. (4)

Pg. 90 Encouraging moderate to vigorous

physical activity for one or more hours
daily[26] and limiting television and other
screen time no screen time for children under
two years of age; less than two hours daily

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ENGL- 1102

This is hard to imagine that more than half of

their day is spent inactive.

I think that this is a good way to benefit both

sides of the spectrum: hearing the students
input and also helping to provide advice for
better healthy lifestyles.

Even though some thought that there was no

point in physical education, the others began to
realize that this could be a good thing. It is
also sad to know that these individuals want to
become invisible during these classes because
of their weight.

If the students arent getting proper teaching or

engaging physical activities, they are going to
have a negative experience. Schools need to
become more accountable for the lack of
physical activity and create better programs
that are enjoyable. Obesity takes a toll on
children and for them to worry about what
others think of them is sad. This overweight
problem is becoming more serious and if these
problems as a child arent fixed, then this just
carries along with the child as they grow up,
continuing the bad habits from the past.
Just one way that we can address the problem
without causing controversy.

Again, this is a good rule for parents.

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after age two (4)

Pg. 90 Schools are a natural setting for
influencing the food and physical activity
environments of children. Other settings, such
as preschool institutions and after school care
services, will have similar opportunities for
action. Prevention may be achieved through a
variety of interventions targeting built
environment, physical activity, and diet. (4)
Pg. 91 Restricting television viewing appears
to prevent obesity. Similarly, reduced eating in
front of the television is also as important as
increasing physical activity.[33] Fast foods are
one of the most advertised products on
television and children are often the targeted
market. Reducing the huge volume of
marketing of energy dense foods and drinks
and fast food restaurants to young children,
particularly through the powerful media of
television, is a potential strategy that has been
advocated. (4)

Not only can we prevent it at home, but also at

school.

The TV not only makes the children less

active, but also promotes an unhealthy eating
lifestyle.

Pg. 91 It has been shown that focusing on

reducing sedentary behavior and encouraging
free play has been more effective than focusing
on forced exercise or reducing food intake in
preventing already obese children from gaining Sedentary behavior is a big factor in the
obesity problem and instead of forcing
more weight. (4)
exercise, a parent can make it fun by going
Pg. 73 Obesity is linked to many of the major outside with them and playing with them to
causes of death in the United States, including encourage a better free time lifestyle.
heart disease, some types of cancer, strokes,
diabetes, and atherosclerosis (5)
Being obese at a young age can also lead to
still being obese as an adult which can cause
Pg. 74 Excess weight may create more wear
any health risk factors.
and tear on joints and may reduce flexibility.
For example, high rates of osteoarthritis,
particularly of the knee joint, are associated
with excess weight. High BMI also may reflect Being overweight can cause a lot of wear and
tear on ones body.
general inactivity, which results in lower
aerobic capacity and less muscle strength. A
third path for the relationship between obesity
and functional limitation may be the increased
risk for diseases associated with high BMI,

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ENGL- 1102

which may directly affect the development of

disability. (5)
Pg. 75 At least three specific conditionsdiabetes, hypertension, and osteoarthritis-are
known to be significantly related to obesity.
Some conditions, such as heart problems, also
may be related to excess weight. (5)

Pg. 77 In addition, the prevalence of obesity

has been widely recognized as increasing over
time With the exception of hip fractures,
obese respondents report a greater prevalence
of all of the disease conditions examined. For
example, over one-half of obese men and
women report suffering from hypertension (5)

Being obese can lead to serious issues and if

the problem isnt taken care of at a younger
age then these bad eating/lack of physical
activity habits will carry on with them into
their adulthood causing a higher chance of
having one, if not multiple, health problems.

The obesity problem is only increasing and this

is leading for more health issues along the way
of getting older.

Pg. 78 increasing levels of obesity are

associated with increased difficulties in all
activities except eating.

Pg. 80 Excess weight appears to contribute to

activity limitation above and beyond the effects
created by disease. In addition, these results
show a steadily increasing effect according to
the level of obesity: Obese persons are at
greater risk than those who are pre-obese.

Mobility is limited when one is older and

obese. This is a serious problem and the fact
that they are able to eat with ease but get
around with difficulty is sad.

We must start now to try to reduce obesity so

that later in life we dont such a high chance of
having to face this possible health risk factors.

Works Cited

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Dagher
ENGL- 1102

Spanier, Paul A., Simon J. Marshall, and Guy E. Faulkner. "Tackling the Obesity
Pandemic: A Call for Sedentary Behaviour Research." Canadian Journal of Public Health 97.3
(2006): 255-57. Print.

(1)

Patricia M. Anderson and Kristin F. Butcher. Childhood Obesity: Trends and Potential
Causes. The Future of Children, Vol. 16, No. 1, (Spring, 2006), pp. 19-45

(2)

Gabrus, Sean L. "What Is The Perception Of Overweight Students Concerning Their

Experiences In Physical Education?." JOPERD: The Journal Of Physical Education, Recreation
& Dance 85.8 (2014): 46. Academic Search Complete. Web. 29 Oct. 2014. (3)
Kar, Subhranshu Sekhar, Rajani Dube, and Sitanshu Sekhar Kar. "Childhood Obesity-An
Insight Into Preventive Strategies." Avicenna Journal Of Medicine 4.4 (2014): 88-93. Academic
Search Complete. Web. 29 Oct. 2014. (4)
Himes, Christine L. "Obesity, Disease, And Functional Limitation In Later Life."
Demography 37.1 (2000): 73-82. Print. (5)